RU2789554C1 - Method for harvesting the testes of the forage kochia and gray teresken by a complex of machines - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method for harvesting the testes of the forage kochia and gray teresken by a complex of machines includes separate harvesting with mowing, laying the mowed mass, picking up the mowed mass and threshing the mowed mass with a combine. Mowing of plants is carried out in the phase of milky-wax ripeness - maturation, a sign of which is the presence of single seeds in the aisles. At the same time, the mowed mass is placed in rolls and picked up on the day of mowing by a roll baler with a density of not more than 100 kg/m³ with the rolls transported to a stationary current by the unit that performed the previous technological operation. After disassembling the rolls, on the same day, the resulting heap is placed on a dryer for simultaneous drying of the heap and ripening of seeds for 10...12 days to bring the moisture content of the heap to 20%, at the operating mode of the dryer 5 inclusions per day lasting 5 minutes, with a heap thickness on the dryer of 20-30 cm. The threshing of the beveled mass is carried out after drying the heap on a stationary current.

EFFECT: invention will ensure the reduction of seed losses.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The field of technology to which the invention belongs

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to mechanized harvesting of seed plants of non-friable seeds of prostrate prostrate and gray teresken.

State of the art

Known methods of harvesting the seeds of prostrate prostrate, developed by KazNIIMESHom [1], the first of which is direct combining by a self-propelled harvester with its appropriate re-equipment. The second method is separate harvesting, which includes mowing plants and digging them with a harvester in combination with a stacker 7-10 days before direct combining. After drying the stems in shocks, they are passed through the harvester. Separate harvesting showed that seed losses amounted to 20.5%, i.e. significantly less than with direct mixing. However, the given separate method of harvesting also has the following disadvantage: the mop dries up very unevenly, which makes high-quality threshing impossible.

There are also known methods for harvesting the testes of the prostrate prostrate in the conditions of the eastern regions of the Stavropol Territory [2], involving harvesting by direct combining of areas where some of the seeds have not yet matured, and the bulk has acquired full ripeness (gray fruit phase). However, the author considers separate harvesting to be the most acceptable, providing an increase in seed collection by 11 ... 13%. Regardless of the ways of re-equipping combines and changing their operating modes, seed losses in all cases turn out to be significant. This is due to the fact that the seeds of the prostrate prostrate and gray teresken ripen at different times, i.e. some of the seeds begin to crumble, while the other part is still ripening.

There is also a separate method of harvesting seeds of desert forage plants [3] by mowing the plant mass, which is accumulated in the harvester bunker, and then sequentially form shocks, wrap them 180 °, unload, then thresh. This method of harvesting allows you to get better indicators in terms of absolute weight and germination than seeds harvested by direct combining. But according to this method, there is no specific data on the loss of seed material.

Authors A.V. Senin and A.K. Dudar [2,4], who propose to harvest the seeds of the prutnyak by direct combining, in order to reduce losses, recommend stuffing hair brushes or rubberized belts with a width of 10 ... 12 cm on the reel strips ^. In this case, the gap between the drum and the deck at the inlet should be 22 ... 23 mm, and at the outlet 4 ... 5 mm.

In case of separate harvesting for threshing a dry swath, the mode 800…1000 min ^-1 and gaps 25…26 mm are recommended; 6…7 mm. Along with this, the sieve mill must be equipped with an additional sieve with holes with a diameter of 10 mm. Install it under the lower louvered sieve with a slope of 5 ... 7 ° towards the large auger. Moreover, it is required to connect it with a pitched board. The same changes must be made to the design of the grain and grain augers, as well as the bunker.

In order to reduce losses, it is also necessary to seal the static and dynamic gaps that occur in the joints of the pick-up, header, thresher and other components of the moving combine [5]. Despite such serious improvements to the combine, significant seed losses cannot be eliminated.

A.P. Bocharov and V.N. Leshko from KazNIIMESKh. The technical process of collecting consisted of two operations: separating the seeds from the stems mechanically and transporting them from the bush to the bunker - pneumatically [6]. Tests have shown that the machine collects seeds almost completely from small and medium bushes, and only a part from large bushes. In this case, the total losses amounted to 20...30%, and the purity of the collected seed material was 41%. In addition, under production conditions, seeds are also harvested by hand from annual bushes in early October, and seedlings are dug up with a hinged digging bracket before planting in autumn and spring.

There are also known methods of harvesting alfalfa seeds with threshing at the hospital [7.8]. In the Kuban, alfalfa for seeds is harvested mainly in two ways: direct combining and separate. With direct combining, the field is pre-treated with a chemical, and after a week it is threshed. However, the loss of valuable seeds in this case often reaches 25% or more.

The most rational method of harvesting is considered to be separate, which includes the following operations: mowing and laying in rolls, wilting to a moisture content of 40 ... As a result, the total loss of seeds is only 0.59 c/ha, and in the case of threshing by combines in the field - 2.98 c/ha.

It is noted in [8] that the threshing of alfalfa seeds using the Newijka technology makes it possible to reduce losses by 27% compared to direct combining.

Studies conducted in the Stavropol Territory have shown that when harvesting alfalfa seeds by direct combining, losses can be 20 ... 65%. This is due to the design of the harvester, so the variant of seed harvesting with the processing of a combine non-winnered heap at the station was tested [9]. As a result, compared to conventional technology, 17...31% more seeds were isolated from the heap, and the total loss of seeds did not exceed 12%.

In the works [10,11,12], the features of the use of combine harvesters for harvesting seed plants of cereals and legumes in wet natural conditions are considered, for which axial-rotary graters of the SKS-5, 54-108A and PST-10 types, equipped with after-threshing devices, are proposed. and interchangeable sieves. In addition, sealing of all cracks was used, which required scarce materials and 3-5 hours of time for each combine. However, the above devices and methods for preparing combines for harvesting grass seed plants have not been widely used. Therefore, there is a need to improve methods and technical means for harvesting seed plants of fodder plants in a humid climate.

The source [13] notes that the loss of small seeds of fodder plants is primarily associated with the unregulated harvesting machines. There are also losses caused by the inconsistency of the working bodies of combine harvesters with the specific features of the harvested testicles. For example, when harvesting the prostrate prostrate, a significant part of the free seeds is injured. Therefore, threshing devices have been developed, the operation of which is based on vibrational vibrations of the threshed mass. The authors of the source [13] recommend using a separate harvesting method, when the mowed mass in the swath dries up to a moisture content of 10 ... 12%. Along with combining in the field, technologies for threshing seed plants of forage grasses in stationary conditions have become widespread. As indicated in the source [14], dry windrows were picked up by a converted PS-1.6 baler (the knitting machine was turned off and the pressing chamber was lengthened) with simultaneous loading into vehicles.

The closest in technical essence and achieved positive effects, adopted for prototypes, are the technologies for harvesting small perennial seeds of fodder plants in a separate way and with threshing in stationary conditions, presented in sources 13 and 14. The disadvantage of the prototype (see source 13) is the following. The selection of dry windrows during the divided harvesting of the seed plants of the prostrate and gray teresken by balers of the PS-1.6 type can lead to significant losses of seeds in the process of forming rectangular bales due to significant shock loads.

The disadvantages of the prototype 14 are:

- the design of the harvester proposed by the authors for harvesting seed plants of fodder plants in the arid zone is, in essence, a new harvester, more complex, and therefore more expensive than a grain harvester;

- in conjunction with various devices for the harvester to perform methods in seven harvesting options, the book value of such a complex is excessively high.

Disclosure of the invention.

The objective of the invention is the development of new technological processes for harvesting the testes of the prostrate and gray teresken and the justification of the corresponding set of machines, including those used to perform other agricultural work.

The technical result that can be achieved with this invention is reduced to minimal losses when harvesting non-friable seeds of wild forage plants.

The set technical task is achieved by the fact that the operations of harvesting the testes of the prostrate prostrate and gray teresken include mowing and laying plants in rolls (phase of milky-wax ripeness, maturation), picking them immediately into rolls with a density of not more than 100 kg/m ³ , transporting rolls with this the same unit to the territory of stationary current, dismantling the rolls, drying the heap, threshing it with a combine and cleaning the seed material. In this case, the first four operations are performed within one working day, and on the same day, the drying of the heap with seeds should begin. To perform the above technological operations, it is necessary to use a ZhS-6 windrow harvester, a round baler similar to PR-F-750, a heap dryer based on the SB4 / S-100.LB30 compressor, a combine harvester and a USM-0.8 seed cleaning machine . The choice of time for mowing the testicles of the prutnyak and teresken is due to the fact that their maturation occurs within 15 ... 20 days. It usually begins in the first decade of October, and most of the seed material continues to ripen, therefore, in order to reduce losses, it is necessary to mow the seed plants from the beginning of shedding in the aisles of single seeds, which was established as a result of many years of research by the authors of the present invention. After disassembling the rolls, the resulting material is placed on a hose with holes, coiled in the form of an Archimedes spiral with a step of 10 cm and a distance between the holes of 20 cm and connected to a compressor with a capacity of 420 l/min. The compressor must be equipped with an MC104-F00 compressed air filter (drawing). The choice of other parameters of the Archimedes spiral depends on the volume of the heap, the thickness of which on the spiral should be no more than 20 ... 30 cm.

Due to the fact that the maturation of seeds requires a minimum of 15 days, and in this case some of them dried up to 22 ... 30%, it is enough to dry the heap for 10 ... 12 days to the required moisture content of 20%. Here, drying is combined with the ripening of most of the seed heap, so an excessive reduction in the time of this process can have a negative effect on seed germination.

Installation for drying seeds of prostrate prostrate and gray teresken includes 1-compressor type SB4/S-100.LB30; 2 - manometer; 3 - air purification filter model МС104-F00; 4 - air line; 5 - Archimedes spiral

Drying operation mode: 5 inclusions per day lasting 5 minutes. After drying, the heap is threshed with a combine and the seed material is cleaned.

Since the processes of mowing the green mass, laying it in rolls, as well as picking up and pressing take place with a relatively wet heap, seed losses cannot be more than 10%.

The complex of machines for harvesting testes of arid fodder plants includes the following: windrower; round baler; heap drying device; grain harvester and seed cleaning machine USM-0.8.

Drying is a compressor with an air capacity of 420 l / min, equipped with a compressed air filter model MC104-F00, to which a hose is connected, with holes laid on the platform in the form of an Archimedes spiral, on which a heap 20 ... 30 cm thick is laid. Drying operation mode: 5 inclusions per day lasting 5 minutes for 10 ... 12 days.

Claims (2)

1. A method for harvesting testes of prostrate prostrate and gray teresken with a complex of machines, including separate harvesting with mowing, laying the mowed mass, picking up the mowed mass and threshing the mowed mass with a combine, characterized in that the mowing of plants is carried out in the phase of milky-wax ripeness - maturation, a sign of which is the presence of single seeds in the aisles, while the mowed mass is placed in rolls and picked up on the day of mowing by a roll baler with a density of not more than 100 kg / m ³ with the transportation of rolls to a stationary current by the unit that performed the previous technological operation, and after disassembly rolls, on the same day, the resulting heap is placed on a dryer for simultaneous drying of the heap and ripening of seeds for 10 ... 20-30 cm, and the threshing of the mowed mass is carried out after drying the heap on stationary current. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heap is placed on the dryer in the form of a hose with holes, the distance between which is 20 cm, folded in the form of an Archimedes spiral with a pitch equal to 10 cm, connected to a compressor with a capacity of 420 l / min, equipped with a filter compressed air model MC104-F00.

Images