RU2788011C1 - Method for pneumatic threshing of heads and threshing device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural machinery. A threshing device is proposed, which includes a cylindrical body, on the inner side surface of which there is a deck, the surface of which has an undulating profile, a rotor with blades, a loading hopper and a sieve located in the lower part of the cylindrical body, under which there is an unloading chamber with an unloading hole for grain. The rotor with blades is placed outside the cylindrical body, to which it is connected by means of an air duct combined with a loading hopper. A block of dampers is located on the section of the duct between the cylindrical body and the loading hopper. The duct in the section from the damper block to the cylindrical body is divided by vertical walls located at an equal distance from each other into channels, and the damper block consists of a vertical wall located at an equal distance from its side walls and two rotating dampers, each of which consists of a vertical axis and three dampers rigidly fixed to it, which have the shape, coinciding with the shape of the cross-section of the channels.

EFFECT: invention reduces the injury of grains and prevents their crushing when threshing heads.

2 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to methods for threshing grain crops and threshing and separating devices for threshing individual ears during selection work.

From the prior art there are methods for threshing ears of grain crops, which consist in the fact that the drum of the threshing device, rotating, with its working bodies, for example, whips, hits the ears, grabs them and stretches them in the gap between the drum and the concave (deck), resulting in the separation of grains from the ears that pass through the concave grate, and the separation of the chaff is carried out by exposing it to the air flow created by the fan.

The disadvantage of these methods of threshing ears is a high level of injury to the grains, due to the direct impact of the working bodies of the drum of the threshing device on them.

To overcome the above disadvantage, various threshing methods known from the prior art have been proposed, excluding the direct impact of the working bodies on the grains. These threshing methods include loading the ears into the threshing chamber, creating a vortex air flow in it, rotating the ears with the air flow, causing them to collide with the inner surface of the threshing chamber and each other, and contact interaction, leading to the release of grains from the ears, as well as the separation of grain and sexes.

In particular, a method for threshing ears is known (patent for the invention SU 1160986 A, declared 08/19/83, publ. 06/15/85), including their supply to the threshing body and the selection of light and heavy threshing products, moreover, in order to intensify the technological process and to reduce grain injury, a vortex tube is used as a threshing organ, in which a rotating pneumoflow is created.

The disadvantage of this method of threshing is a high level of grain injury as a result of impact when grains collide with the inner surface of the threshing chamber housing and with each other.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed invention in terms of the method is a method of threshing and cleaning grain (patent for invention RU 2269887, declared 26.01.2004, publ. air flow and threshing in a vortex tube, grain cleaning and removal of threshing by-products, characterized in that the loading of the source material, threshing, grain cleaning and removal of threshing by-products are carried out continuously during the technological process, and the supply of the source material to the vortex tube is carried out from the initial a speed close in the direction to the speed of the air flow supplied to the vortex tube, and the complete threshing of the grain is carried out by circulating the material in the vortex tube with the division into component parts of the threshing material according to the speed of soaring.

The disadvantage of this method of threshing is a high level of grain injury due to impacts when grains collide with the inner surface of the threshing chamber body and with each other, and partial crushing of grains, which is caused by the phenomenon of cascade shock crushing of grains as a result of a series of their successive collisions at a high constant speed.

From the prior art, threshing devices for threshing ears by the impact of the working bodies are known.

In particular, a threshing and cleaning device for breeding work is known (patent for invention RU 2668424, applied on 12/15/2017, published on 10/01/2018), including a loading tray, a threshing chamber, an unloading chamber, a pneumatic separating channel, a sedimentation chamber, a fan, trays to collect the separated fractions. It is equipped with a bone separator and an exhaust air purification device, an inclined supporting mesh is placed in the pneumatic separating channel, divided into cleaning and sorting sections, and the settling chamber is divided into sections of separated impurities and sorted seeds.

The disadvantage of this invention is a fairly high level of injury to the grains, due to the direct impact on them of the movable working bodies in the threshing chamber of the device.

To overcome the above disadvantage, various gas-dynamic (pneumatic) threshing devices known from the prior art were proposed, in which the working body is a rotor with blades that creates an air flow that acts on the ears and causes them to collide with the inner surface of the threshing chamber and each other, resulting in to separating grains.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed invention in terms of the device is a threshing device for selection work (utility model patent RU 195355, filed 08/12/2019, publ. 01/23/2020), including a cylindrical body in which blades with the possibility of rotation, forming a gap with the body, and the profile of the inner side surface of the cylindrical body is a periodic alternation of protrusions and depressions, and the gap between the edge of the blade and the protrusion of the inner side surface of the cylindrical body is 15 ... 25 mm.

The advantage of this utility model is a significant reduction in injury to the grains as a result of replacing the impact action on them of the working bodies with the contact effect, which consists in rolling the ear over the surface of the deck of the threshing device under the action of high air pressure created by the rotor blades, which acts as a fan.

The disadvantage of this utility model is the injury of some of the grains as a result of impact in case of accidental contact with the rotating rotor blades that create an air flow. Thus, this technical solution does not provide a complete replacement of the traumatic impact on the ear and the grains contained in it with a non-traumatic contact.

The objective of the invention is to reduce injury to grains and prevent their crushing during threshing of ears of grain crops in the course of breeding work.

To solve this problem, a threshing device is proposed, characterized in that it includes a cylindrical body, on the inner side surface of which there is a deck, the surface of which has a wavy profile, a rotor with blades, a hopper and a sieve located in the lower part of the cylindrical body, under which there is an unloading a chamber with an unloading opening for grain, while the rotor with blades is located outside the cylindrical body, with which it is connected by means of an air duct combined with a loading hopper, and a block of dampers is located in the section of the air duct between the cylindrical body and the loading hopper, while the air duct is located in the area from the block of dampers to the cylindrical body is divided by vertical walls at equal distance from each other into channels, and the damper block consists of a vertical wall located at an equal distance from its side walls and two rotating dampers, each of which consists of a vertical cal axis and three barriers rigidly fixed on it, which have a shape coinciding with the shape of the channel section.

To solve this problem, a method for pneumatic threshing of ears is also proposed, implemented using a threshing device, including continuously feeding ears into the threshing chamber in the direction and at a speed coinciding with the direction and speed of the air flow, rotating them with an air flow and threshing by means of circulation in the threshing chamber , separation of grain and removal of threshing by-products, while the speed of the rotating air flow in the threshing chamber is changed by opening and closing the channels in the air duct, and the ears are threshed by their contact interaction with the wavy surface of the deck during circulation in the threshing chamber.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the implementation of the method of pneumatic threshing of ears by means of a threshing device.

In FIG. 2 shows a general view of the threshing device.

In FIG. 3 shows a frontal view of the threshing device.

In FIG. 4 shows the appearance of the air duct of the threshing device combined with the loading nozzle.

In FIG. 5 shows an internal view of the air duct of the threshing device combined with the loading nozzle.

In FIG. 6 shows an internal view of the threshing chamber of the threshing device.

In FIG. 7 shows a diagram of the operation of the damper block, combined with the loading nozzle of the threshing device air duct.

The threshing device for implementing the proposed method of pneumatic threshing of ears includes a cylindrical body 1 containing a threshing chamber 2 and a rotor 3 with blades, which is used as a radial blower placed outside the cylindrical body 1 (Fig. 1, 2, 3). The rotor 3 and the cylindrical body 1 are connected through the duct 4, combined with the boot pipe.

The air duct 4, combined with the loading pipe, communicates with the loading hopper 5, equipped with a damper 6 to control the flow of ears into it (Fig. 2, 3).

The duct 4 has a rectangular cross section (Fig. 2, 3). In the section of the air duct 4 between the cylindrical body 1 and the loading hopper 5 there is a block of dampers 7. The air duct 4 in the area from the block of dampers 7 to the cylindrical body 1 (Fig. 1, 2) is divided by vertical walls 8 located at an equal distance from each other into four channels 9 (Fig. 4, 5).

The damper block 7 includes a vertical wall 10 located at an equal distance from its side walls and two rotating dampers 11 (Fig. 5, 7). The rotating shutter 11 consists of a vertical axis 12 and three shutters 13 rigidly fixed on it. , and each of the others forms an angle of 90° with one of the neighboring ones, and 180° with the other (Fig. 7). Each of the rotating shutters 11 is rotated by 90° relative to the other. The vertical axes 12 of the rotating dampers 11 are placed at an equal distance from the side walls of the damper block 7 and the vertical wall 10. The parts of the vertical axes 12 of the rotating dampers 11 protruding from the duct 4 are connected to the driven sprockets 14, which are part of the chain drive 15 (Fig. 4). A part of the chain transmission 15 is a shaft 16, at the ends of which sprockets 17 are placed, one of which is leading for the chain transmission 15, and the other is driven for the chain transmission (not shown in Fig.), which transmits torque from the shaft 18 of the gear motor 19 .

On the inner side surface of the cylindrical body 1 there is a deck 20 made of a polymeric material. The surface of the deck 20 has a wave-like profile.

Inside the cylindrical body 1 in the threshing chamber 2 on the horizontal axis 21, a reel 22 is installed with the possibility of rotation (Fig. 1, 2, 6). The reel 22 is formed by six strips 23, which are attached to the flanges 24 by means of beams 25 fixed on the horizontal axis 21 (Fig. 2, 6). The reel 22 forms a gap with the cylindrical body 1 and the deck 20. On the part of the horizontal axis 21 protruding from the cylindrical body 1, a belt drive pulley equipped with a brake is installed (not shown in Fig.).

The upper part of the cylindrical body 1 has a loading pipe, combined with the duct 4 (Fig. 2, 3). In the lower part of the cylindrical body 1 under the threshing chamber 2 there is a sieve 26 (Fig. 1), under which there is an unloading chamber 27 for collecting threshed grain, ending with an unloading opening for grain 28. On the side of the cylindrical body 1, opposite to the deck 19, there is an unloading neck for threshing by-products 29.

The cylindrical body 1, the rotor 3 and other components of the threshing device are placed on the frame 30.

The proposed method of pneumatic threshing of ears is carried out in the following sequence (Fig. 1). The cut ears are continuously loaded into the threshing chamber 2 of the threshing device in a direction and at a speed coinciding with the direction and speed of the air flow. In the threshing chamber, the air flow and the ears moved by it acquire a rotational direction of movement. The speed of the rotating air flow and the ears it moves in the threshing chamber is changed by opening and closing the channels in the air duct with dampers. The threshing of the ears is carried out by their contact interaction with the wavy surface of the deck 20 during circulation in the threshing chamber 2. With an increase in the speed of the air flow, the contact interaction of the ears with the wavy surface of the deck 20 occurs, and with a decrease in speed, they move away from it. As a result, the grains are released from the ears. Then, by means of the air flow, the threshing by-products are removed from the threshing chamber.

Threshing device works as follows (Fig. 1). The cut ears of grain crops enter the loading hopper 5, from which, under the action of gravity, they are transported to the loading pipe, which also serves as an air duct 4, where they are picked up by the air flow created by the rotor 3, acquiring its speed and direction. The number of ears loaded into the loading pipe 4 is regulated by changing the position of the damper 6 of the hopper 5. The ears that enter the damper block 7 through the air duct 4 are directed by the air flow into one of the currently open channels 9 of the air duct 4.

The damper block 7 operates as follows. The shaft 18 of the motor-reducer 19, through the sprocket fixed at its end, by means of a chain drive, rotates the upper sprocket 17 of the shaft 16, which transmits the rotation to the lower sprocket 17 (Fig. 4). The sprocket 17 drives the chain drive 15, which, through its driven sprockets 14, rotates the vertical axes 12 of the rotating shutters 11. Due to this, the change in the position of the rotating shutters 11 is performed synchronously. When the vertical axis 12 rotates, the barriers 13 rigidly fixed on it also rotate (Fig. 7). The rotation of the rotating shutters 11 is counterclockwise. During the rotation of the vertical axis 12, the shutters 13, having a shape coinciding with the cross-sectional shape of the channels 9, periodically open or close the channels 9 of the air duct 4 in such a way that one channel is open at a given time, and the other three are closed. The order of opening the channels 9 of the duct 4 is as follows (Fig. 7): I-III-II-IV. When channels 9 are opened and closed, a periodic pulsation of the air flow occurs, under the influence of which, in the threshing chamber 2, the ears approach the deck 20 and move away from it (Fig. 1).

From the open channel 9 of the air duct 4, combined with the loading pipe, the ears with the air flow enter the threshing chamber 2, where the air flow acquires a rotational direction of movement in accordance with the shape of the cylindrical body 1 (Fig. 1). The ears are carried away by the air flow into rotational motion along the inner side surface of the cylindrical body 1, on which the deck 20 is placed.

The threshing of the ears occurs during their periodic contact interaction with the deck 20, carried out under the action of a pulsating air flow created by the periodic opening and closing of the channels 9 of the air duct 4 by rotating dampers 11. The moving air flow creates an increased air pressure, under the influence of which the ears are pressed against the deck 20, simultaneously moving along it. When this occurs, the contact interaction of the ear with the wavy surface of the deck 20, as a result of which the bonds of the grains with the ear are destroyed and they are released from it. When the channels 9 of the duct 4 are periodically closed, the air pressure and the air flow rate decrease. With a decrease in air pressure and air flow velocity, the ears move away from the deck 20 surface. from it, leads to the destruction of the ear and the release of all the grains from it. The threshed grain, under the action of air flow and gravity, moves to the sieve 26 and through its holes, under the action of gravity, flows by gravity into the unloading chamber 27, and then into the unloading pipe 28, through which it is taken out of the threshing device.

The air flow, acting on the strips 23, drives the reel 22 in rotation (Fig. 1). Due to the fact that the horizontal axis 21 of the reel 22 is connected through a pulley placed on it to a belt drive equipped with a brake (not shown in Fig.), rotation of the reel 22 is ensured at a constant speed. The reel 22 stabilizes the air flow with its rotational movement, ensuring the movement of the ears along the deck 20 at a speed sufficient to separate the grains and preventing the distance of incompletely threshed ears from the deck 20 and their premature entry onto the sieve 26 (Fig. 1).

By-products formed during threshing of ears under the action of air flow and gravity move to the lower part of the threshing chamber 2. The slats 23 of the reel 22 and the air flow move them along the sieve 26 to the unloading neck 29, through which they, together with the air flow, are discharged outside the threshing device , where they are deposited in a bag filter (not shown in Fig.).

Due to the supply of ears of corn into the threshing chamber provided according to the proposed method in the direction and at a speed coinciding with the direction and speed of the air flow, the threshing efficiency is increased, since it does not take time to accelerate the ears to the required speed, so that the threshing process can be started immediately after ear entering the threshing chamber.

The reduction of injury to the grains and the prevention of their crushing during threshing of ears according to the proposed method is achieved by the fact that due to the periodic decrease in the speed of the air flow, the occurrence of the phenomenon of cascade impact crushing of grains as a result of a series of their successive collisions that occurs at a high constant speed of the vortex air flow is prevented.

The reduction of grain injury during threshing of ears according to the proposed method is also achieved by the fact that the ears moving in the threshing chamber and the grains contained in them come into contact not with a smooth, but with a wavy inner surface of the body, which reduces the impact.

The reduction of injury to grains during threshing ears in the proposed threshing device is achieved by eliminating the direct traumatic impact on them of the working bodies, in this case, the rotor blades, while they are in the threshing chamber.

Placing the rotor with blades that create an air flow outside the threshing chamber of the proposed device is justified by the fact that this prevents damage to the grains as a result of shock when they accidentally come into contact with moving blades. Unlike rotor blades, reel bars have a much smaller area, and the reel itself rotates at a much lower speed, as a result of which accidental collisions of grains with reel bars occur much less often and do not lead to injury.

In the design of the proposed threshing device, the division of the air duct combined with the loading nozzle into channels equipped with rotating shutters is justified by the fact that this creates a pulsation of the air flow, causing a periodic change in its speed and ensuring effective periodic contact interaction between the ear and the deck, leading to the release of grains from it. .

The use of the proposed invention will reduce injury and eliminate the crushing of grains of spiked crops during threshing of individual ears, which is especially important in breeding work, as it will increase the yield of valuable seed material.

Claims (2)

1. A threshing device, characterized in that it includes a cylindrical body, on the inner side surface of which there is a deck, the surface of which has a wavy profile, a rotor with blades, a hopper and a sieve located in the lower part of the cylindrical body, under which there is an unloading chamber with an unloading a hole for grain, while the rotor with blades is placed outside the cylindrical body, with which it is connected by means of an air duct combined with a loading hopper, and a block of dampers is located in the section of the air duct between the cylindrical body and the loading hopper, while the air duct is located in the area from the block of dampers to the cylindrical body divided by vertical walls at equal distance from each other into channels, and the damper block consists of a vertical wall located at an equal distance from its side walls and two rotating dampers, each of which consists of a vertical axis and rigidly fixed on it t three barriers, which have a shape coinciding with the cross-sectional shape of the channels. 2. The method of pneumatic threshing of ears, implemented using the threshing device according to claim 1, including the continuous supply of ears into the threshing chamber in the direction and at a speed coinciding with the direction and speed of the air flow, their rotation by the air flow and threshing by circulation in the threshing chamber , separation of grain and removal of threshing by-products, while the speed of the rotating air flow in the threshing chamber is changed by opening and closing the channels in the air duct, and the ears are threshed by their contact interaction with the wavy surface of the deck during circulation in the threshing chamber.

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