RU2782732C1 - Bolted connection for fastening a cylindrical body in a semi-cylindrical seat of the supporting part - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: bolted connections.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to bolted connections. The bolted connection contains a bolt built into a through transverse smooth hole in a fixed cylindrical body with a radius R, a nut with a threaded hole, a metal shaped washer with the function of a thrust piece. The shaped washer is made with a central hole for the bolt and with a concave semi-cylindrical recess with a radius R on its back end, and on the front end - a stiffening element in the form of a cylindrical skirt with a height commensurate with the height of the bolt head. The metal shaped washer is positioned at a distance between the bolt head and the cylindrical body, with the possibility of fixing the cylindrical body on the support part.

EFFECT: bolted connections improvement.

4 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of mechanical engineering, to fasteners, specifically - bolted connections "bolt + nut + washer". The predominant area of use is railway cars, specifically as part of anti-roll bars (lateral tilt) of railway, mainly double-deck passenger cars.

In the vast majority of spherical bearings, the fastening devices (elements) are made in the form of flanges or paws with bolt holes [1. RU 2107846 C1, F16C 11/06, 03/17/1998 "Ball joint"; 2. RU 2151926 C1, F16C 11/06, 06/27/2000 "Spherical hinge and method of its assembly"; 3. RU 2127835 C1, F16C 11/06, 03/20/1999 "Spherical hinge and method for its manufacture"; 4. RU 2272187 C2, F16C 11/06, 03/20/2006 "Ball joint and method of its assembly"; 5. RU 2267665 C2, F16C 11/06, 01/10/2006 "Ball joint, body, insert and protective cover of this joint"; 6. RU 180267 U1, B60G 3/18, 06/07/2018 "Vehicle elastic wheel suspension"].

However, these fasteners require flat mating surfaces, which narrows the technical and operational capabilities of the bearing, since they are designed for the longitudinal load of the fasteners (bolts) and do not always make it possible to obtain a highly compact assembly device.

Problem groups of assemblies are also known, in particular in rolling stock in railway transport, where much depends on the design of the ball joint.

Thus, torsion stabilizers with ball joints (spherical bearings) are known, in which at least one of them connects the lever of the torsion shaft and the rod [7. RU 2738872 C1, B61F 5/24, B60G 21/04, F16C 11/06, 12/17/2020 "Tie rod of the torsion bar of the vehicle body"; 8. RU 200948 U1, B61F 5/24, B60G 21/05, 11/20/2020 "Torsion assembly of the anti-roll bar of the vehicle"; 9. RU 200957 U1, B61F 5/24, F16F 15/06, 11/20/2020 "Traction bar of the torsion bar of the vehicle body"; 10. RU 202677 U1, B61F 5/24, F16C 11/06, B60G 21/04, 03/02/2021].

The most suitable well-known example of the use of such a hinge in the stabilizer of a railway car can be the German design presented in the source [11. Auto-shimming and auto-leveling. - URL: https://wvvw.hemscheidt.de/produkte-services/federn/]. In it, the body of the ball joint is fixed in the rod, and the fastening of the ball pin is organized at the bifurcated end of the fork lever, so that the bearing housing with the “apple” is located partially in the space between these “horns” of the lever, and the axes of the bolts for fastening the ball pin of the hinge are perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of the lever , coinciding with the axis of its working rotation (that is, the longitudinal axis of the stabilizer torsion shaft). Which helps to increase the compactness of the stabilizer, but not to the full extent.

In the context of the increasing role of anti-roll bars (“rolling”) in the application to cars of high-speed rolling stock, the task of improving the technical and operational capabilities and design characteristics, namely, increasing compactness and increasing durability (operability, service life before overhaul) becomes especially urgent. ) of these nodes.

One of the problems - reducing the dimensions of the device - is directly related to the possibility of assembling stabilizers not on cars (rail tracks), which is not sufficiently provided technically and, in principle, cannot ensure the proper assembly accuracy. In turn, inaccurate assembly can cause an accident with material and human casualties (the latter applies primarily to high-speed passenger trains with double-deck cars).

The most successful design that solves the mentioned problem of compactness is a bolted connection for fastening a cylindrical pin or a ball joint shaft in a semi-cylindrical socket at the end of the free end of the railroad car torsion stabilizer bar lever, where a ball joint with single flats on the fingers is used [12. RU 2763301, F16C 11/06, B61F 5/24, 12/28/2021 "Ball joint", fig. 2-5].

At the same time, in general engineering, there are many washers that are GOST-compliant and among the variety of which are known flat cylindrical, conical and spherical [13. Anuryev V.I. Handbook of the designer-machine builder: In 3 volumes. 1. - 5th ed., revised. And extra. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1980. - 728 p. - S. 565, 574; 14. Orlov P.I. Design basics. Reference manual in 3 books. Book. 1. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1977. - 623 p. - S. 503, fig. 353 pos. 1 and 2]. Here, spherical washers are of the greatest interest [15. Orlov P.I. Design basics. Reference manual in 3 books. Book. 3. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1977. - 360 p. - S. 54, fig. 118].

In them, the spherical surface of the back (from the bolt head) side is convex, which, in principle, is not suitable for force pressing the washer to a convex part, including a cylindrical pin or a cylindrical axis of a ball joint.

A variety of washer-shaped intermediate spacers are also known (in fact, thrust parts), but they also have a convex rear surface [16. RU 2151078 C1, B61L 23/16; E01 B 11/54, 06/20/2000 "Electrically insulating joint for track circuits", pos. 1, 2, 10, 6, 9; 17. RU 2292411 C1, E01V 11/54, V60M 5/00, 01/27/2007 "Electrical insulating joint for rail circuits", pos 2, 7, 3, 8], which also makes them unacceptable for these urgent needs, moreover they do not eliminate the need for metal washers in series.

There are also "glasses" washers - with a flat back surface (here - a disadvantage), but with a developed tubular wall that surrounds the bolt head from the sides, while the latter is made with a turnkey internal hexagon [18. RU 189674 U1, F16B 41/00, 05/30/2019 "Anti-vandal bolting"]. This washer design not only insulates the bolt head from the sides, but is also more rigid than a trivially flat one.

All the washers described above are made of metal, which is especially important under conditions of high power variable loads in the structures of railway cars.

Known, however, non-metallic washer lining (essentially thrust parts), the use of which is possible only in lightly loaded, less critical connections with a relatively small service life [19. RU 125859 U1, А63В 17/04, 03/20/2013 "Detachable pipe connection", pos. 3, 4, 7].

As the closest analogue (prototype) device to the claimed device in terms of purpose and (main) in terms of the totality of essential design features, a bolted connection was adopted for fastening a cylindrical body (pipe) in a semi-cylindrical socket of the supporting part (buffer element in front of the end of another pipe installed perpendicular to the first) , containing a bolt built into a through transverse smooth hole in a fixed cylindrical body with a radius R, a nut with a threaded hole, at least in an integral part of the support part, in continuation of the said smooth hole behind the cylindrical body, a metal washer directly under the bolt head and a thrust piece, made with a central hole for the bolt and with a semi-cylindrical recess with a radius R on its back end, and on the front end - a stiffening element in the form of a cylindrical skirt with a height commensurate with the height of the bolt head, while the thrust part is installed at a distance between the bolt head and the cylindrical m body, with the possibility of fixing the cylindrical body on the support part [20. RU 53924 U1, А63В 17/04, 06/10/2006 "Detachable connection of two pipes with perpendicularly intersecting axes"].

In it, the washer and the thrust piece are made in the form of two different parts, while the washer is flat metal directly under the bolt head, and the thrust piece is non-metallic, installed between the metal washer and the cylindrical body made tubular; the nut is made as a separate part-adapter to the end face of the supporting part (also cylindrical tubular); a second part is provided, identical to the thrust part, installed opposite to it on the other side of the cylindrical body.

At the same time, the bolt head is made with a classic turnkey external hexagon; the cylindrical body is made in the form of one pipe, and the supporting part is in the form of another pipe perpendicular to the first; a bolted connection is included as an interconnection node of two mutually perpendicular pipes in the application to a gymnastic apparatus).

However, for the actual tasks of transport, in particular railway, engineering, improvement of ground trackless and rail ground transport, such a technical solution is unacceptable due to high power loads and the required service life of assembly units in difficult road and climatic conditions. Since these products are heavily loaded interconnections using ball joints, it is preferable to use hinges with cylindrical pins or axles planted in the free end of the levers, that is, without flats, as the latter. Especially if ball joints are already manufactured and supplied as such.

This causes the task of adapting the design (device) of the prototype to the specified specific conditions.

Thus, the problem (task) of the claimed invention is to improve the technical, operational and economic characteristics of the known prototype device [20], taking into account a close analogue [12].

Accordingly, the planned technical result of using the invention is the improvement of the TEC of a bolted joint and assemblies of a certain purpose based on it.

The solution to the indicated problem (task) is achieved by the fact that the bolted connection for fastening the cylindrical body in the semi-cylindrical seat of the support part contains a bolt built into a through transverse smooth hole in the fixed cylindrical body with a radius R, a nut with a threaded hole, at least in the component of the support parts in continuation of the said smooth hole behind the cylindrical body, a metal shaped washer with the function of a thrust part, made with a central hole for the bolt and with a concave semi-cylindrical selection of radius R on its back end, and on the front end - a stiffening element in the form of a cylindrical skirt with a height commensurate with the height of the bolt head, while the metal shaped washer is installed at a distance between the bolt head and the cylindrical body, with the possibility of fixing the cylindrical body on the support part.

A number of particular essential features of the device are also aimed at solving the set complex task within the framework of the main set of features formulated in the previous paragraph and further in the claims, namely:

- the head of the bolt can be made with a recessed screw element, for example, an internal hexagon or a Torx slot (this allows the use of bolts with a cylindrical head and thereby minimizing the diameter of the figured washer skirt, further increasing, in turn, the compactness of the assembly unit);

- a cylindrical body can be made in the form of a pin or axis of a ball joint, and the support part can be made in the form of a lever of a torsion shaft lever arm");

- a bolted connection can be included as an interconnection node of a ball joint with a torsion shaft lever in the torsion stabilizer bar of a vehicle body, for example a railway car (this allows the application of the inventive bolted connection in a specific field of technology - transport engineering in solving urgent problems of stabilizing the transverse inclination of bodies automobile freight and passenger transport and bodies of double-deck passenger cars of high-speed and high-speed trains and rail buses).

Among the array of known devices, no such devices were found, the set of essential features of which would coincide with the declared set of features. At the same time, it is due to the latter that a new technical result is achieved, which determines that the claimed device has the first qualifying feature of the invention - "world-class novelty".

The set of distinctive essential features of the proposed device is not a simple sum of the known technical results of using separately known system components. There is a "super-effect" (in the patent meaning of this term), which was not obvious to a specialist from the state of the art (of course, before considering the proposed technical solution). This convincingly demonstrates inventive development as the second of the triad of invention qualifications.

The third qualifying feature of the invention - industrial applicability - is also indisputable and follows from the vast world experience in design, industrial production, repair and operation of machine parts and composite devices, including fasteners.

The essence of the invention (with an example of practical application as part of the anti-roll bar of a railway car body as a priority object of implementation) is disclosed in more detail in the examples below, illustrated in Figs. 1-3:

in fig. 1 shows a bolted connection of a cylindrical body (mainly a pin or a ball joint axis) with a support part (lever), side view in section, where R is the radius of curvature of the seating surface of the socket in the support part and the outer surface of the cylindrical body; H is the height of the cylindrical skirt of the curly washer; Fн, Fп - respectively normal and perpendicular (tangential, lateral) components;

in fig. 2 - curly washer, side view in section, where R is the radius of curvature of the seating surface of the socket in the support part and the outer surface of the cylindrical body; H is the height of the cylindrical skirt of the curly washer;

in fig. 3 - figured washer, top view in section, where H is the height of the cylindrical skirt of the figured washer;

in fig. 4 is a fragment of a 3D image of a computer model of a body anti-roll bar installed on a railway car, showing the swivel of the torsion bar lever with the rod, side-front-bottom view.

In FIG. 1-4 positions are designated:

1 - cylindrical body (as an object of fixation relative to another body); 2 - semi-cylindrical socket of the supporting part; 3 - supporting part (mentioned "another body"); 4 - bolt; 5 - through transverse smooth hole in a cylindrical body for a bolt; 6 - nut (structurally combined with the support part 3); 7 - threaded hole of the nut; 8 - metal curly washer; 9 - central smooth hole in the figured washer for the bolt; 10 - concave semi-cylindrical rear surface (sample) with radius R in the washer; 11 - cylindrical skirt of a figured washer; 12 - recessed screw element of the bolt 4; 13 - car body (frame); 14 - wheeled car bogie; 15 - torsion shaft (torsion bar); 16 - thrust of the torsion stabilizer; 17 - swivel link of the stabilizer on the wheeled bogie of the car; 18 - longitudinal axis (line) of a cylindrical body (finger, axis-body) 1.

Bolted connection for fastening a cylindrical body 1 in a semi-cylindrical socket 2 of the support part 3 contains (see Fig. 1-3):

- bolt 4 built into a through transverse smooth hole 5 in a fixed cylindrical body 1 with radius R,

- a nut 6 with a threaded hole 7, at least in an integral part of the support part 3, in continuation of the smooth hole 5 behind the cylindrical body 1 (i.e. the "nut" in the general case, in this example, the support part 3 itself serves as the nut 6) ;

- a metal figured washer 8 with a central hole 9 for a bolt 4, with a concave semi-cylindrical rear surface (sample) 10 with a radius R on its rear end, and on its front end with a stiffening element in the form of a cylindrical skirt 11 with a height H, commensurate with the height of the head bolt 4, and the washer 8 is installed directly under the head of the bolt 4 with the function of a thrust part - at a distance between the head of the bolt 4 and the cylindrical body 1, with the possibility of fixing the cylindrical body 1 on the supporting part 3.

It is recommended to perform the bolt head with a recessed screw element 12 (see figure 1), for example, a hexagon socket or Torx type slot (T, TX), which allows minimizing the gap between the bolt head 4 and the cylindrical skirt 11, while reducing the size of the connection (node ) generally.

The cylindrical body 1 is preferably made (current specific application) in the form of a pin or axis (particular cases) of a ball joint, and the support part 3 is in the form of a lever (see Fig. 1) of a torsion shaft (see Fig. 4).

At the same time, the inventive bolted connection is included as an interconnection node of the said ball joint and the torsion shaft lever in the torsion stabilizer bar of the vehicle body, for example, a railway car (see the overview of analogues in the characteristics of the state of the art).

With this configuration of the thrust part - metal washer 8, without increasing the dimensions of the connection (assembly), the possibility of using, in particular, ball joints (as purchased products) with cylindrical pins or axles is achieved. In other words, there is no need to chamfer (s) on them, which is advisable from a technological and economic point of view.

The weakening of washer 8 by recess 10 is compensated by skirt 11 (“glass” shape), which increases the rigidity of washer 8.

The device operates as follows (see Fig. 1-4).

As a result of assembling a bolted joint, ending with a power tightening of the set “bolt 4 - washer 8 - nut 6” with a tool (wrench), the cylindrical body 1, in particular the pin or axis (half shaft) of the ball joint, is tightly pressed due to the implementation of the radii of curvature R of the mating surfaces of the selection of a rigid figured washer 8, body 1 and socket 2 of the support part 3, which ultimately ensures reliable fixation of the cylindrical body 1 relative to the support part 3.

Under conditions of external force influences (characteristic, in particular, for the example with a torsion stabilizer (see Fig. 4) on the assembly and, accordingly, on the bolted connection, the perpendicular (tangential) component Fp of the working force (that is, the interaction force of the parts to be connected) is perceived as corresponding part of the areas of the mating semi-cylindrical surfaces in the socket 2, filled with half of the body 1, in contrast to the normal component Fn (see Fig. 1), due to which the bolted connection 4, 6, 8 is unloaded from bending moments of force.

This expands the possibility of reducing the dimensions of the assembly along the axes of the bolted connection while maintaining the position of the longitudinal axis 13 of the ball pin (ball axle) 3, that is, increasing the compactness of the assembly (for more details, see the example of the assembly - stabilizer assembly below).

Let us consider the above-mentioned example of a specific application of a ball joint with a cylindrical pin or a cylindrical axis as part of the anti-roll bar (transverse slope) of the body of a railway passenger car (in particular, developed with the author's participation of a double-decker passenger electric train - a 2EPE "electric train" or hydrogen-fueled rolling stock ) - see fig. four.

In this example, both the operation of the device and the technical result of its use become clearer.

The node with a ball joint (spherical bearing), as the above-mentioned cylindrical body 1, is a stabilizer of transverse stability (transverse tilt) of the sprung body (body frame) 13 of the railway car relative to its wheeled bogie - 14. The stabilizer contains as main components a torsion shaft (torsion bar) 15, each end of which is connected with a fork-type lever 3 (hereinafter - on the example of one of the assembly units visible in figure 4), at the ends of the free bifurcated end of which ("horns") a ball joint is installed, providing a movable in space, the connection of the end of the lever 3, free from communication with the torsion shaft 15, with the rod 16, the other end of which is hinged (connection 17 in Fig. 3) on the wheeled cart 14 of the car.

Seats for a ball pin (or a ball axle as a body) 1 - sockets 2 of a semi-cylindrical (radius R) shape, with longitudinal axes coinciding with the longitudinal axis 18 (as a straight line) of the pin (axle) 1, made at the ends of the fork lever 3. The hinge is pressed against the lever 3 with an interference fit due to the bolted connection.

The assembly of the assembly (in any case, the torsion shaft 15 with levers 3) is carried out, preferably, outside the car (at the manufacturer (supplier) of the stabilizers. Then the latter (shaft 15 + lever 3) in the assembled form is brought inside the frame, possibly through the mounting window , provided in the car body frame 13, and are fixed on the frame and on the bogie 14 with appropriate fasteners. In particular, the smaller the required size of the mounting window (if necessary) in the frame and, in turn, the stronger the frame, all other things being equal to its dimensions.

The force in the stabilizer acts along the thrust 16 and can be decomposed into normal (Fn ₎ and perpendicular (Fp) components of the force (see Fig. 1). The normal component Fn loads the bolts 4 with longitudinal forces and are perceived by their threads (as bolted connections should work), and the perpendicular force (Fp) is assumed by the lever 3 in semi-cylindrical bores - sockets 2 of its "horns" (at the end of the lever 3 - two identical "horns").

At the same time, it is important that there is a noticeable reduction in the overall length of the "lever - torsion shaft" assembly in the "normal" direction (along the line of action of the force Fn in Fig. 1, that is, along the lever 3). This determines the high compactness of the considered assembly, the possibility of mounting / dismounting the stabilizer as a whole.

Thus, the proposed technical innovation allows the use of ball joints with cylindrical pins or axles, without compromising the compactness of the assembly, that is, it solves the set complex problem. The use of such bolted connections will not only increase the reliability and durability (service life) of products as a whole, but also increase the compactness of assemblies, manufacturability and accuracy of assembly and repair. This means improving the technical, operational and economic characteristics of assembly devices as a whole (including torsion stabilizer bars for railway car bodies).

Claims (4)

1. Bolted connection for fastening a cylindrical body in a semi-cylindrical socket of the support part, containing a bolt built into a through transverse smooth hole in the fixed cylindrical body with a radius R, a nut with a threaded hole, at least in an integral part of the support part, in continuation of the mentioned smooth hole beyond a cylindrical body, a metal figured washer with the function of a thrust part, made with a central hole for the bolt and with a concave semi-cylindrical recess of radius R on its back end, and on the front end - a stiffening element in the form of a cylindrical skirt with a height commensurate with the height of the bolt head, while a metal figured washer is installed at a distance between the bolt head and the cylindrical body, with the possibility of fixing the cylindrical body on the support part. 2. Bolted connection according to claim 1, in which the bolt head is made with a recessed screw element, for example, an internal hexagon or a Torx type slot. 3. Bolted connection according to claim 1, in which the cylindrical body is made in the form of a pin or a ball joint axis, and the supporting part is in the form of a torsion shaft lever. 4. Bolted connection according to claim 3, which is included as an interconnection node of a ball joint with a torsion shaft lever in the torsion stabilizer bar of a vehicle body, for example, a railway car.

Images