RU2763301C1 - Ball joint - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of mechanical engineering, specifically to articulated joints of parts and assemblies of mechanisms and machines. The predominant area of ​​use is transport engineering, in particular, car building, specifically anti-roll bars (lateral tilt) of railway, mainly double-deck passenger cars, for example, promising electric and hydrogen rolling stock. The ball joint contains a spherical friction pair, a body (1) with an element (2) of its fastening on one of the movably connected parts and a ball pin (3) or a ball axis (3) built into it with external ones in relation to the body (1), fastening elements on another movably connected part. The latter are made in the form of end sections (4, 5) of an opposed and symmetrical design, with seating surfaces (7, 8), through holes (9, 10) for bolts and flat surfaces (14, 15) for bolt heads. The seating surfaces (7, 8) are convex semi-cylindrical, the generatrices of which are parallel to the longitudinal axis (13) of the pin or axis (3). The end sections (4, 5) of the pin or axis (3) can be made cylindrical, with one-sided flats (14, 15), forming the aforementioned flat surfaces for the bolt heads.EFFECT: improving the technical and operational characteristics (capabilities) of the hinge and the assembly unit (machine, mechanism) as a whole: increasing the compactness, efficiency and service life.2 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of mechanical engineering, specifically to hinged joints of parts and assemblies of mechanisms and machines. The predominant area of use is transport engineering, in particular car building, specifically as part of anti-roll bars (lateral tilt) of railway, mainly double-deck passenger cars, for example, promising electric and hydrogen rolling stock.

In ball joints, widely used in various fields of technology, the mutually movable body and pin/axle are each provided with their own fastening elements - respectively, to one (first) and the other (second) parts pivotally connected to each other, for example, a lever with a rod. Here only ball joints are considered - with ball pins, that is, made integral with the ball part of the spherical bearing ("apple") - see below the closest analogue (prototype), or a ball axis or axis (passing through the ball part "apple"). In both cases - with opposite, symmetrical free (outside the body) ends.

An example of a ball joint / spherical bearing not with a ball pin, but with a ball axis (with a spherical element as part of a friction pair mounted on the axis) is the device described in the patent source [1. RU 2556266 C2, F16C 11/06. F16C 17/12, 07/10/2015, "Bearing assembly (options) and method of mounting the bearing in the housing", patent holder - Claverham Limited (GB)].

In the vast majority of spherical bearings, the fastening devices (elements) are made in the form of flanges or paws with bolt holes [2. RU 2107846 C1, F16C 11/06, 03/17/1998 "Ball joint"; 3. RU 2151926 C1, F16C 11/06, 06/27/2000 "Spherical hinge and method of its assembly"; 4. RU 2127835 C1, F16C 11/06, 03/20/1999 "Spherical hinge and method for its manufacture"; 5. RU 2272187 C2, F16C 11/06, 03/20/2006 "Ball joint and method of its assembly"; 6. RU 2267665 C2, F16C 11/06, 01/10/2006 "Ball joint, body, insert and protective cover of this joint"; 7. RU 180267 U1, B60G 3/18, 06/07/2018 "Vehicle elastic wheel suspension"].

However, these fasteners require flat mating surfaces, which narrows the technical and operational capabilities of the bearing, since they are designed for the longitudinal load of the fasteners (bolts) and do not always make it possible to obtain a highly compact assembly device.

Problem groups of assemblies are also known, in particular in rolling stock in railway transport, where much depends on the design of the ball joint.

Thus, torsion stabilizers with ball joints (spherical bearings) are known, in which at least one of them connects the lever of the torsion shaft and the rod [8. RU 2738872 C1, B61F 5/24, B60G 21/04, F16C 11/06, 12/17/2020 "Tie rod of the torsion bar of the vehicle body"; 9. RU 200948 U1, B61F 5/24, B60G 21/05, 11/20/2020 "Torsion assembly of the anti-roll bar of the vehicle"; 10. RU 200957 U1, B61F 5/24, F16F 15/06, 11/20/2020 "Traction bar of the torsion bar of the vehicle body"; 11. RU 202677 U1, B61F 5/24, F16C 11/06, B60G 21/04, 03/02/2021].

The most suitable well-known example of the use of such a hinge in the stabilizer of a railway car can be the German design presented in the source [12. Auto-shimming and auto-levelling. - URL: https://www.hemscheidt.de/produkte-services/federn/]. In it, the body of the ball joint is fixed in the rod, and the fastening of the ball pin is organized at the bifurcated end of the fork lever, so that the bearing housing with the “apple” is located partially in the space between these “horns” of the lever, and the axes of the bolts for fastening the ball pin of the hinge are perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of the lever , coinciding with the axis of its working rotation (that is, the longitudinal axis of the stabilizer torsion shaft). Which helps to increase the compactness of the stabilizer, but not to the full extent.

In the context of the increasing role of anti-roll bars (“rolling”) in the application to cars of high-speed rolling stock, the task of improving the technical and operational capabilities and design characteristics, namely, increasing compactness and increasing durability (operability, service life before overhaul) becomes especially urgent. ) of these nodes.

One of the problems - reducing the dimensions of the device - is directly related to the possibility of assembling stabilizers not on cars (rail tracks), which is not sufficiently provided technically and, in principle, cannot ensure the proper assembly accuracy. In turn, inaccurate assembly can cause an accident with material and human casualties (the latter applies primarily to high-speed passenger trains with double-deck cars).

As the closest analogue (prototype) device to the claimed device in terms of purpose and in terms of essential design features, a ball joint is adopted, containing a spherical friction pair, a body with its fastening element on one of the movably connected parts and a ball pin or a ball axle built into it with external, in relation to the body, fastening elements on another movably connected part, made in the form of end sections of an opposite and symmetrical design, with seating surfaces, through holes for bolts and flat surfaces for the heads of the said bolts [13. HEYD. Made in Germany. HEYD Webshop. Fahrwerksteile für die Automobilindustrie innovative Losungen für Antriebe und Ferbindungen. Achsstrebengelenke (Molekularausfürung). - URL: https://www.heyd-parts.de/shop/index.php?cat=c52].

In it, the seating surfaces are made identical to the surfaces for the bolt heads - flat, in the form of one-sided flats on the cylindrical end sections of the ball pin, so that the flats on each end section are 180° apart and form parallel planes.

Such fastening elements of the ball pin (or, if not specified in the prototype, but in principle possible option of replacing the ball pin with an axle) are suitable as seats for flat mating surfaces on the corresponding connected part (see also the source [12]).

However, if there is a force component perpendicular to the plane containing the axes of the pin and the bolt in a working assembly with such a hinge (that is, with a flat support of the ball pin fastening elements in the seats of the corresponding connected part), this “perpendicular” component is perceived only by bolts operating at the same time bending (in addition to tensile work), which, of course, has a very negative effect on the performance and durability of the hinge assembly and the machine / mechanism as a whole. In addition to this, it should be noted that there are limited possibilities for increasing the compactness of the assembly based on such a hinge, the possibilities for assembling / disassembling the assembly as a whole or a fragment.

So, the task (problem), to which the claimed invention is directed, is to propose a device (a technical solution to the above problems of transverse load, in the form of a bending moment of force, on the bolts of the ball pin or axle) of a ball joint, which has a higher performance and durability ( resource of work), plus advanced options for reducing the dimensions of the assembly unit based on the hinge, its installation / dismantling. And that means - comprehensively improved technical and operational characteristics (TEH) / capabilities of the ball joint and the machine / mechanism as a whole.

Accordingly, the planned technical result of using the invention is the improvement of the TEC of the ball joint.

The solution of the indicated problem (task) is achieved by the fact that in a ball joint containing a spherical friction pair, a body with its fastening element on one of the movably connected parts and a ball pin or a ball axis built into it with external, in relation to the body, fastening elements on another movably connected part, made in the form of end sections of an opposite and symmetrical design, with seating surfaces, through holes for bolts and flat surfaces for the heads of said bolts, according to the claimed invention, the seating surfaces are made convex semi-cylindrical, forming which are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pin or axis.

A particular essential feature of the device is also aimed at solving the set complex task within the framework of the main set of features formulated in the previous paragraph and further in the claims, namely: the end sections of the pin or axis are cylindrical, with one-sided flats, forming the mentioned flat surfaces for the bolt heads ( this enhances the technical result of using the invention, determines the ultimate geometric and technological simplicity of a non-planar, figured bearing surface of a ball pin or axle with rational dimensions of its fastening elements in the assembly, does not contain increased requirements for the accuracy of mating);

Among the array of known devices, no such devices were found, the set of essential features of which would coincide with the declared set of features. At the same time, it is due to the latter that a new technical result is achieved, which determines that the claimed device has the first qualifying feature of the invention - "world-class novelty".

The set of distinctive essential features of the proposed device is not a simple sum of the known technical results of using separately known system components. There is a "super-effect" (in the patent meaning of this term), which was not obvious to a specialist from the state of the art (of course, before considering the proposed technical solution). This convincingly demonstrates inventive development as the second of the triad of invention qualifications.

The third qualifying feature of the invention - industrial applicability - is also undeniable and follows from the vast world experience in design, industrial production, repair and operation of machine parts and composite devices.

The essence of the invention (with an example of practical application as part of the anti-roll bar of a railway car body as a priority object of implementation) is revealed in more detail in the examples below, illustrated by figures 1-5:

in fig. 1 shows a ball joint (spherical bearing) with an opposed ball pin, general view;

in fig. 2 - cross-section of the end section of the ball pin (or ball axis) with a conditional image of a bolted connection with a mating part (a generalization of the said lever), combined with a diagram of the action of forces, where Fn, Fp are the normal and perpendicular (tangential, lateral) components, respectively; R is the radius of curvature of the seating surfaces of the end sections of the pin (axis);

in fig. 3 is a fragment of a 3D image of a computer model of a body anti-roll bar installed on a railway car, showing the swivel of the torsion bar lever with the rod, side-front-bottom view;

in fig. 4 - the same, enlarged front-side-bottom view (with conditionally removed bolts and with black highlighting of the visible part of the ball pin / ball shaft);

in fig. 5 - the same, front-side-top view.

In FIG. 1-5 positions are designated:

1 - body of the ball joint (spherical bearing); 2 - body fastening element (leg, body finger); 3 - ball pin (spherical axis); 4 and 5 - end (landing) sections (elements) of fastening the ball pin (spherical axis); 6 - one of the two parts connected by means of a hinge; 7 and 8 - seating surfaces of elements 4 and 5, respectively; 9 and 10 - through holes in the end elements 4 and 5, respectively, for bolts (screws); 11 and 12 - bolts (screws); 13 - longitudinal axis of the ball pin (spherical axis); 14 and 15 - one-sided flats for the bolt heads on the end elements of the ball pin (ball axle); 16 and 17 - borings of radius R in part 6; 18 - conditional (non-existent) flat with a flat surface; 19 - frame (frame beam) of the body of a railway car (car frame); 20 - wheeled bogie (one of the bogies) of a railway car; 21 - torsion shaft of the anti-roll bar of the body; 22 - lever (fork type) of the stabilizer; 23 - stabilizer rod; 24 - hinge for connecting the traction with the wheeled bogie of the car.

The ball joint (spherical bearing) contains (see Figs. 1-5) a spherical friction pair with sealing elements (attention is not focused on them), a body 1 with an element (leg, body pin) 2 of its fastening on one of the movably connected parts and fastening detail of the "apple" (spherical body, core) of the hinge - built-in body 1 ball pin 3 or (as an option) ball axle (3) with external, in relation to body 1, fastening elements 4 and 5 on another movably connected part - 6. Elements 4 and 5 are made in the form of end sections of the pin (axis) 3, opposite ("up and down" in Fig. 1 and "left and right" in Fig. 3-5) and symmetrical design, with seating surfaces 7 and 8, through holes 9 and 10 for bolts (screws) 11 and 12 and flat surfaces for the heads of said bolts (screws).

The seating surfaces 7, 8 are made convex semi-cylindrical (along the radius R - see Fig. 2), the generatrix of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis 13 of the ball(th) pin (axis) 3.

The end sections (elements) 4 and 5 of the pin (axle) 3 can be made (recommended) cylindrical (radius R), with one-sided flats 14 and 15, forming the mentioned flat surfaces (14 and 15) under the heads of the bolts (screws) 11, 12.

Two additional flats are allowed on each element (not shown), the planes of which are perpendicular to the plane formed by the axes of the holes 9, 10 and the axis 13.

In the mating part 6 (one of the connected parts), the seating surfaces (seats) for the end sections 4 and 5 (that is, mating with the semi-cylindrical surfaces 7 and 8) are made in the form of bores 16 and 17 semi-cylindrical (along the radius R - see Fig. 2) shapes in the body of the connected part 6, based on the gap-free fit of each of the two convex semi-cylindrical surfaces 7 and 8 to the surfaces of bores 16 and 17, respectively, and when the pin (axle) 3 fits into bores 16, 17 with an interference fit (due to force twisting bolts / screws) 11, 12.

Here it is appropriate to recall that in the prototype, the landing surfaces are flat, formed by flats 18 (shown by the dotted line in Fig. 2).

The device operates as follows (see Fig. 3).

In comparison with the design of the prototype - with flat seating surfaces 18, the perpendicular (tangential) component Fp of the working force (that is, the interaction force of the parts to be joined) is perceived by the corresponding part of the areas of the mating semi-cylindrical surfaces in the bores 16 and 17 filled with the bodies of the end elements 4 and 5, respectively, in contrast to the normal component Fн (see Fig. 2), due to which the bolts (screws) 11 and 12 are unloaded from bending moments of force.

At the same time, it is obvious that the possibilities of reducing the dimensions of the assembly along the axes of the bolted connection while maintaining the position of the longitudinal axis 13 of the ball pin (ball axle) 3, that is, increasing the compactness of the assembly assembly (for more details, see the example of the assembly - stabilizer assembly below) are expanded.

Let us consider the above-mentioned example of a specific application of the proposed ball joint as part of the anti-roll bar (transverse slope) of the body of a railway passenger car (in particular, developed with the author's participation of a double-decker passenger electric train - a 2EPE "electric train" or rolling stock on hydrogen fuel) - see Fig. . 3-5. In this example, both the operation of the device and the technical result of its use become clearer.

The node with the inventive ball joint (spherical bearing) is a stabilizer bar (transverse slope) sprung body (body frame 19) of a railway car relative to its wheeled bogie - 20. The stabilizer contains as the main components of the torsion shaft (torsion bar) 21, each end which is connected to the lever 22 of the fork type (hereinafter - on the example of one of the assemblies visible in Fig. 3-5), at the ends of the free bifurcated end of which ("horns") the inventive ball joint is installed, providing a movable in space connection free from connection with the torsion shaft 21 of the end of the lever 22 with the rod 23, the other end of which is hinged (connection 24 in Fig. 3) on the wheeled cart 20 of the car (see Fig. 3).

Seats for a ball pin (or a ball axle as a body) 3 - borings 16 and 17 of a semi-cylindrical (radius R) shape, with longitudinal axes coinciding with the longitudinal axis 13 (as a straight line) of the pin (axle) 3, made at the ends of the fork lever 22. Elements 4 and 5 are built into the bores, respectively, 16 and 17 with their semi-cylindrical parts and are fixed with an interference fit with bolts 11 and 12 (see Fig. 3).

The assembly of the assembly (in any case, the torsion shaft 21 with levers 22) is carried out, preferably, outside the car (at the manufacturer (supplier) of stabilizers. Then the latter (shaft 21 + lever 22) in the assembled form is brought inside the frame, possibly through the mounting window provided in the frame 19 of the car body and fixed on the frame 19 and on the bogie 20 with appropriate fasteners (see Fig. 3-5). especially important - installation-dismantling on the car.In particular, the smaller the required size of the mounting window (if necessary) in the frame 19 and, in turn, the stronger the frame 19, other things being equal to its dimensions.

The force in the stabilizer acts along the rod 23 and can be decomposed into normal (Fn) and perpendicular (Fp) components of the force (see Fig. 2). The normal component Fn loads the bolts 11 and 12 with longitudinal forces and is perceived by their threads (as bolted connections should work), and the perpendicular force (Fp) is assumed by the lever 22 in the semi-cylindrical bores 16 and 17 of its “horns”.

At the same time, it is important that there is a noticeable reduction in the overall length of the "lever - torsion shaft" assembly in the "normal" direction (along the line of action of the force Fn in Fig. 2, that is, along the lever 22). This determines the increase in the compactness of the considered assembly of the possibility of mounting / dismounting the stabilizer as a whole.

The manufacturability and accuracy of assembly and repair (including compliance with permissible gaps) is increased, since with a compact device it is easier to assemble not on site (on a car), but also at the assembly plant of the manufacturer, repair shop or intermediate assembly site. In turn, this reduces the likelihood of an accident on the railway during the operation of the device, with possible human and material casualties.

Thus, the proposed technical innovation solves the set complex problem. The use of such hinges will not only increase their reliability and durability (service life), but also increase the compactness of assemblies based on them, improve manufacturability and accuracy of assembly and repair. So, to improve the technical performance of assembly devices in general (including torsion stabilizer bars of railway car bodies).

Claims (2)

1. A ball joint containing a spherical friction pair, a body with its fastening element on one of the movably connected parts and a ball pin or a ball axis built into it with external, in relation to the body, fastening elements on another movably connected part, made in the form of end sections of opposite and symmetrical design, with seating surfaces, through holes for bolts and flat surfaces for the heads of said bolts, characterized in that the seating surfaces are made convex semi-cylindrical, the generatrix of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pin or axis. 2. The ball joint according to claim 1, characterized in that the end sections of the pin or axle are made cylindrical, with one-sided flats forming the said flat surfaces for the bolt heads.

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