RU2781620C1 - Optically variable element, protected document, method for production of optically variable element, method for production of protected document - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: information protection.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to an optically variable element, in particular a protection element and/or a decoration element, to a protected document, to a method for the production of an optically variable element, as well as to a method for the production of a protected document. Claimed optically variable element (1a) has at least one pixel matrix (2) including two or several pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f), wherein one or several pixels of two or several pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one pixel matrix (2) have one or several structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f), and one or several structures of one or several structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) display, reflect, and/or dissipate incident electromagnetic radiation (6) at one or several solid angles. Moreover, one, or several, or all solid angles of one or several solid angles, and/or one, or several, or all predetermined solid angles of one or several predetermined solid angles in at least one direction amount up to 70°, while an opening angle of one, or several, or all solid angles is maximum 20°, so that generated visual appearance can be recorded by an observer and/or a sensor as high gloss or silky matte, or as partially high gloss and partially silky matte. In addition, the invention relates to protected document (1d), in particular, including one or several optically variable elements (1a), to a method for the production of optically variable element (1a), preferably protection element (1b) and/or decoration element (1c), preferably for protected document (1d), as well as to a method for the production of protected document (1d), preferably including one or several layers, preferably including one or several optically variable elements (1a).

EFFECT: creation of an improved optically variable element providing an especially easily memorable optically variable effect, as well as creation of an improved protected document including one or several improved optically variable elements, a method for the production of an improved optically variable element and production of a protected document including one or several improved optically variable elements.

63 cl, 23 dwg

Description

The invention relates to an optically variable element, in particular a security element and/or decor element, to a security document, to a method for obtaining an optically variable element, and also to a method for obtaining a security document.

The security elements are used to increase and thereby improve the security against counterfeiting of security documents, such as, for example, banknotes, passports, check cards, visas, credit cards, certificates, and/or similar valuable or, respectively, identification documents. In addition, the optically variable effects created by the security elements should be simple and unambiguously identifiable by non-specialists without additional technical aids, or with the help of additional technical aids, for example, such as cameras, so that a non-specialist, with the least possible difficulty, can verify the authenticity of a device equipped with such an element. protection of the secure document, and was able to identify manipulative interventions in the secure document, and/or, if possible, immediately identify forged security documents.

Diffractive structures and thin-film layered elements are often used as security elements. In this case, the diffractive structures, depending on the viewing angle, create color effects, such as, for example, the effect of a rainbow image. On the contrary, thin-film layered elements differ only in a certain color change effect. However, non-specialists hardly pay attention to such security elements due to their wide distribution and the resulting habituation effect.

For example, such a security element is known from the patent document DE 10 2004 016 596 A1.

Therefore, the present invention is based on the task of providing an improved optically variable element, a security document including one or more improved optically variable elements, a method for obtaining an improved optically variable element, as well as a method for obtaining a security document including one or more improved optically variable elements. In particular, the improved optically variable element provides a particularly memorable optically variable effect.

The problem is solved by means of an optically variable element, in particular a security element and/or a decor element, preferably for a security document, wherein the optically variable element has at least one pixel matrix comprising two or more pixels, wherein one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel array have one or more structures, and wherein one or more structures of one or more structures display, deflect and/or scatter incident electromagnetic radiation at one or more solid angles.

In addition, the problem is solved by means of a security document, in particular, including one or more optically variable elements.

In addition, the problem is solved by a method for obtaining an optically variable element, preferably a security element and/or a decor element, preferably for a security document, which is characterized by the following steps:

- creating at least one virtual matrix of pixels, including two or more virtual pixels,

- associating at least one solid angle with one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels,

- placing one or more virtual field sources in at least one and/or one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle, and at least one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated the solid angle is at the first distance from one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of the said at least one virtual matrix of pixels,

- calculation of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields emanating from one or more field sources at a predetermined distance from one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane,

- calculation of one or more phase portraits for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels from a virtual electromagnetic resulting field, consisting of a superposition (overlay) of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields in and / or on one or several virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane,

- calculation of virtual structural profiles for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels from one or more phase portraits,

- forming virtual structural profiles of one or more virtual pixels from two or more pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels in and / or on the substrate as at least one matrix of pixels, including two or more pixels, and one or more pixels from two or several pixels of at least one pixel array have one or more structures to create an optically variable element.

In addition, the problem is solved by means of a method for obtaining a security document, in particular comprising one or more layers, preferably including one or more optically variable elements, wherein one or more optically variable elements are applied as laminating films and/or as embossing films onto the security document. document and/or onto one or more layers of the security document, and/or embedded in the security document and/or into one or more layers from one or more layers of the security document.

Such an optically variable element is characterized in that it preferably comprises at least one pixel array, wherein at least one pixel array has two or more pixels comprising structures, wherein in particular the light incident on each pixel is displayed, deflected and/or scattered in a predetermined solid angle. Here, preferably, the value of the predetermined solid angle determines the visually detectable appearance of the at least one pixel array. The direction of the incident light reflected, deflected and/or scattered by the structures can be predetermined with high precision.

This achieves that the optically variable element creates an optical movement effect recognizable (recorded) by the observer and/or sensor, which provides excellent recognizability due to the high brightness, intensity and juiciness of the corresponding appearance.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are given in dependent claims.

It is possible that in this case one or more structures among one or more structures display achromatically, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation at one or more solid angles. In this case, the structures, in particular, are designed so that they do not reflect incident electromagnetic radiation at one or more solid angles, such as, for example, micromirrors or microfacets.

In particular, "solid angle" is usually understood as the size of the area of the area A of the spherical surface of the ball, which is preferably divided by the square of the radius R of the sphere. In particular, the solid angle is indicated in the dimensionless unit "steradian". The solid angle as a whole preferably corresponds to the surface of a unit sphere or a sphere with a radius equal to one, that is to say in particular 4π.

In particular, the numerical values of the solid angle at which the structures in the pixel display, deflect and/or scatter light are preferably determined for vertically incident light on the structures, the numerical values of the solid angle preferably indicating the direction of the light cone relative to the vertical z-axis.

By "opening angle", in particular, is meant the width of the light cone relative to the straight line at the center of the light cone. The direction of the light cone with respect to an axis, in particular the x- and respectively the y-axis, preferably depends in each case on the observed optical effect, with x-axis and y-axis preferably oriented perpendicular to each other, in particular in the same plane, which is contracted by x-axis and y-axis, oriented at 90° to each other.

The at least one pixel array is preferably formed as one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, in particular as a superposition of one and/or several one-dimensional and/or two-dimensional matrices, or systems or arrays of pixels.

It is possible that the optically variable element and/or the security document comprises one or more layers, in particular at least one pixel array is located on at least one layer or in one layer of one or more layers, and preferably one or multiple layers of one or more layers selected from: HRI layer (HRI=high refractive index, layer with higher refractive index compared to an average refractive index of about 1.5), in particular a layer comprising HRI and/or varnish LRI -layer (LRI=low refractive index, layer with a lower refractive index compared to an average refractive index of about 1.5), a metal layer, an interference layer, in particular sequences of interference layers, preferably HLH (in the order "high-low- high" in relation to the refractive indices of data layers), or HLHLH ("high-low-high-low-high" in relation to the refractive indices of data layers), more preferably a three-layer system or a Fabry-Perot multi-layer system, a liquid crystal layer, a luminescent layer, in particular a fluorescent layer, an ink layer, in particular a translucent ink layer, a metal layer in direct contact with the translucent ink layer, to create plasmon effects resonance.

In addition, it is possible that an optically variable element and/or a substrate comprising at least one pixel array are embedded between two layers, in particular two additional layers. One or more layers of one or more additional layers are preferably provided as protective layers, adhesion promoter layers or adhesion layers, adhesive layers, barrier layers, decorative layers, reflective coatings, conductive layers.

The layers can be placed on a carrier substrate (for example, polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET)), being separable or non-separable.

The one or more layers are preferably metal layers, which are preferably in each case not provided over the entire area, but only partially, in the optically variable element and/or the security document. In this case, the metal layers, in particular, are made opaque, translucent or translucent. In this case, the metal layers preferably comprise different metals which have different, in particular distinctly different, preferably recognizable by the observer and/or sensor, reflection and/or transmission spectra. The metal layers preferably include one or more metals: aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, tin, and/or one or more alloys of these metals. In addition, the metal layers provided in individual areas are preferably embossed and/or with locally different layer thicknesses. In particular, the raster can be regular, or fractal, or irregular, in particular, stochastically executed, and with a structure varying in places.

In particular, one or more metal layers of the metal layers are preferably patterned in such a form that they include one or more pixels in which the metal of the metal layer is provided, and include a background area in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided. , or vice versa. In this case, the pixels are preferably formed in the form of alphanumeric characters, but also motifs, drawings, graphs and complex representations of objects.

One or more layers preferably include one or more paint layers, in particular translucent paints. These ink layers are in particular ink layers which are applied by printing and which have one or more dyes and/or pigments, which are preferably embedded in a matrix of binder material. Ink layers, in particular paints, can be transparent, light, partially diffuse, translucent, opaque and/or opaque.

It is possible that one or more of the layers, in addition to the at least one pixel array, have one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably in each case introduced into at least one surface of the lacquer layer, preferably the replicated lacquer layer. Such relief structures are, in particular, diffractive relief structures, such as, for example, holograms, diffraction gratings, Fresnel zones of arbitrary order, diffraction gratings with symmetric or asymmetric profile shapes, and/or zero-order diffraction structures.

In addition, the relief structures are preferably isotropic and/or anisotropic scattering matt structures, echelettes (reflective diffraction gratings), and/or mainly reflective and/or transmissive relief structures, such as, for example, microlenses, microprisms or micromirrors.

Additional optically active relief structures, in particular, can be placed either horizontally adjacent to at least one pixel array and/or vertically above and below at least one pixel array in additional layer planes.

By "isotropic intensity distribution" is meant, in particular, an intensity distribution in which the radiation power is the same in all solid angles.

By "anisotropic intensity distribution" is meant in particular an intensity distribution in which the radiation power in at least one first solid angle differs from at least one second solid angle.

It is possible that one or more of the layers have one or more liquid crystal layers, which preferably generate, firstly, polarization-dependent incident light, and preferably, secondly, wavelength-selective reflection and/or transmission of the incident light, in depending on the orientation of the liquid crystals.

By "HRI layer", in particular, is meant a layer with a high refractive index, which, for example, consists entirely or partially of TiO ₂ or ZnS, or consists of a sputtered layer of at least one of metal oxide, metal sulfide, titanium dioxide, and/or other substances and/or combinations of the above substances. In particular, the HRI layer has a layer thickness of 10 nm to 150 nm. In particular, the "HRI layer" may be present in the entire area or in separate areas.

One or more structures of one or more structures and/or at least one array of pixels are preferably embedded in a thin layer system, in particular in a Fabry-Perot layer system. The thin layer system is preferably applied to one or more structures and/or at least one pixel array. In particular, such a system of Fabry-Perot layers, in particular, at least in some areas, has at least one first translucent absorbing layer, at least one transparent separating layer and at least one second translucent absorbing layer and/or opaque reflective layer.

By “thin layer system” is meant in particular a structure of thin layer elements that generates an angle-dependent color change effect based on the stacking order of the layers, which has an optical thickness in the range of half wavelength (λ/2) or quarter wavelength ( λ/4) incident light, respectively, one or more incident electromagnetic waves. The constructive interference in an interference layer with refractive index n and thickness d is preferably calculated using the following equation:

2nd cos(ϴ)=mλ,

where ϴ represents the angle between the direction of illumination and the direction of view of the observer, λ represents the wavelength of light, respectively, fields, and m represents an integer. These layers preferably include a separating layer, in particular placed between the absorbing layer and the reflective layer.

By "translucent" is meant, in particular, a transmittance in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelength ranges, which is between 10% and 70%, preferably between 10% and 50%, whereby a non-negligible part of the incident electromagnetic radiation is preferably absorbed. waves, in particular incident light.

The first translucent absorbing layer preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm. The absorption layer preferably contains aluminum, silver, copper, tin, nickel, Inconel alloy, titanium and/or chromium. The first translucent absorbing layer in the case of aluminum and chromium preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm.

The transparent separating layer preferably has a layer thickness between 100 nm and 800 nm, in particular between 300 nm and 600 nm. The separating layer preferably consists of an organic material, in particular a polymer, and/or inorganic Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ and/or MgF ₂ .

In addition, the transparent separating layer preferably consists of an imprinted resin layer, which is applied in particular by gravure printing, slot-die casting or inkjet printing.

By "opaque" is meant in particular that no light in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelengths is transmitted, or only a negligible amount of light in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelengths, in particular less 10%, more preferably less than 5%, in particular preferably less than 2%, passes through the substrate, in particular one or more layers of one or more layers.

It is possible that each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels is assigned one or more structures of one or more structures, and one or more structures associated with one pixel display, deflect and / or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation under one or more predetermined solid angles, with one or more predetermined solid angles in particular being assigned one direction in each case, preferably a predetermined direction.

It is also possible that one or more structures from one or more structures, and/or one or more related structures from one or more related structures, display, deflect and/or scatter at one or more solid angles from one or more solid angles. and/or at one or more predetermined solid angles from one or more predetermined solid angles, which, in particular, differ from each other, with one or more projected onto the sphere around the pixel, in particular the unit sphere, respectively, with unit radius 1, solid angles from one or more solid angles, and/or predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, form one or more, in particular identical or different, shapes, which are preferably selected in each case from : round surface, elliptical surface, t rectangular surface, square surface, rectangular surface, polygonal surface, annular surface.

It is also possible that one or more molds of one or more molds are open or closed and/or consist of one or more partial molds, whereby in particular at least two partial molds are connected to each other or overlap. .

It is also possible that one or more of the solid angles recorded by the observer among one or more solid angles or predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, in which one or more pixels from one or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels display , deflect and/or scatter incident electromagnetic radiation, follow one function, the function being formed such that the observer registers a solid angle or a predetermined solid angle as undulating bands of brightness (lightness), preferably sinus-shaped moving bright bands.

One or more or all solid angles from one or more solid angles, and/or one or more or all predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, in at least one direction is up to 70°, preferably up to 50°, more preferably up to 40°. The expansion and thus the opening angle of one or more or all of the solid angles is preferably at most 20°, more preferably at most 15°, in particular preferably at most 10°.

Incident light or incident electromagnetic radiation can be displayed, deflected and/or scattered in and/or at a solid angle of up to 70°, preferably up to 50°, more preferably up to 40°, in such a way that, in particular, the resulting visual external the view can be detected by the viewer and/or sensor as high gloss or silky matt or partially high gloss and partially silky matt, preferably with at least a 3D and/or motion effect.

In particular, the silky-matt-appearing area of the high-gloss area with a 3D effect and/or a motion effect is preferably formed in the form of a motif, pattern, graphic or complex representation of objects, for example in the form of a pictogram, letters, names, or the like.

In addition, it is possible that an apparently high-gloss area is provided in the silky-matt area. The combination of silk matt and high gloss appearance is used in particular to make the design elements more realistic and thus even more easily recognizable to non-specialists. For example, a high-gloss 3D mountain effect can be created, with a silky-matt area provided in the region of the mountain top. This preferably creates the illusion of a snow covered mountain top in a high gloss 3D effect. In particular, the combination of a silky matt and high gloss appearance enhances the visually detectable high gloss 3D effect, for example by forming shadows as silky matt-appearing areas in the high gloss area.

By sensor is meant in particular at least a human eye and/or at least a planar detector, preferably at least a CMOS sensor (CMOS = Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), more preferably a CCD sensor (CCD = Charge Coupled Device) ). In particular, the sensor has a spectral resolution, in particular in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The sensor is preferably selected or combined from: a camera, in particular at least one camera including at least one CCD chip, at least one IR camera (IR=infrared), at least one VIS camera (VIS= visible), at least one UV camera (UV = ultraviolet), at least one photomultiplier tube, at least one spectrometer and/or at least one edge transition sensor (TES).

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures and/or associated with one pixel of two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels of the structure are designed so that they provide optically variable information, in particular one or more 3D effects and/or motion effects, preferably create achromatic or monochromatic 3D effects and/or motion effects.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures and/or structures associated with one pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation, at one solid angle, in particular at a point solid angle, in particular with an opening angle close to 0°.

In particular, one or more structures from one or more structures, and/or one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels, including one or more correlated structures from one or more correlated structures, are associated with two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels, in particular, groups of two or more groups of structures and/or groups of two or more groups of pixels differ from each other.

In addition, it is possible that two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation, under the same or different solid angles and/or predefined solid angles, in particular point solid angles and/or predefined solid angles, preferably solid angles with different shapes and/or predefined solid angles.

Two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels preferably output optically variable information including a 3D effect.

It is also possible that one or more or all of the structures diffractively reflect, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation.

In particular, at least one array of pixels in at least one direction, at least in separate areas, has a non-zero curvature.

By "curvature" is meant, in particular, the local deviation of a curve from a straight line. Under the curvature of the curve, in particular, mean a change in direction based on the through length and/or extent of a sufficiently short section of the curve and, accordingly, the extent of the curve. The curvature of a straight line is always zero. A section with radius R has the same curvature everywhere, namely, 1/R. For several curves, the curvature changes from one point on the curve to another point on the curve. In particular, the curvature changes from one point of the curve to another point of the curve continuously so that, in particular, the curves do not have kinks and/or discontinuities. The curvature of a curve at a point P is thus determined by how much the curve in the immediate vicinity of this point P deviates from a straight line. The degree of curvature is determined by the radius of curvature, and this corresponds to the magnitude of the local radius vector. The radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that touches exactly only the touch point P, and/or represents the best approximation in the local environment of the touch point P. For example, a curve corresponds to a two-dimensional surface, and/or a segment of a sphere, or a circular surface, or a circular surface.

At least one side dimension of one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array is preferably between 5 µm and 500 µm, preferably between 10 µm and 300 µm, more preferably between 20 µm and 150 µm.

It is possible that one or more side dimensions of one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel array vary in one or more directions in space in at least one pixel array, in particular at least locally, periodically, non-periodically , pseudo-randomly and/or randomly.

In particular, by random variation is meant that the distribution causing the variation, in particular the value associated with the variation, is a random distribution.

In particular, by pseudo-random variation is meant that the distribution causing the variation, in particular the value associated with the variation, is a pseudo-random distribution.

In particular, by periodic variation is meant that the variation, in particular the value associated with the variation, is preferably, in particular, regularly repeated in regular spatial and/or temporal intervals.

In particular, by non-periodic variation is meant that the variation, in particular the value associated with the variation, is preferably, in particular, not regularly repeated in regular spatial and/or temporal intervals.

In addition, it is possible that one or more side dimensions of one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel array preferably vary about an average value in one or more spatial directions of at least one pixel array, in particular at least measure in individual areas, by a maximum of ±70%, preferably by a maximum of ±50%.

One or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix, in particular at least in separate areas, are placed periodically, randomly and/or pseudo-randomly in at least one pixel matrix.

It is possible that the pixels in the matrix of pixels form a parquet. In this case, parquet is preferably understood to mean a continuous and non-overlapping overlapping of a plane with areas similar in shape or different, here in particular pixels. Areas and, accordingly, pixels, in particular, can have complex outlines. The parqueting advantageously has no periodicity, but in particular is non-periodic. In one embodiment, the parquet is preferably a Penrose tiling. In a further embodiment, the parquet is preferably formed from vector flat pixels, in particular from elongated pixels. In this case, the shape of the elongated pixels, in particular, at least individually, has straight outer edges, but they can preferably also be present as free shapes. Such vector planar pixels preferably have rounded corners and curved edges, wherein the corners and edges of the pixel array are furthermore rounded and accordingly curved, preferably by more than 50%, in particular preferably by more than 70%. By rounded corners it is preferably understood that the corners have a radius of curvature of at least 2 µm, preferably at least 5 µm, in particular at least 10 µm. At the same time, the radius of curvature should in particular be at most 300 µm, preferably at most 200 µm, in particular at most 100 µm.

In addition, one or more pixels of two or more pixels in at least one pixel array are preferably arranged along curves or curve segments or in circular paths or in circular path segments. The outlines of the sections and respectively of the pixels are preferably in the form of segments of curves or segments of circular paths, which, in particular, make it possible to connect one after the other in series without gaps. If predetermined solid angles are assigned to the pixels, preferably stepwise, preferably less than 10°, particularly preferably less than 5°, in particular preferably less than 2°, then a quasi-continuous motion process is advantageously obtained for the observer. individual points, such as the movement of thin lines. In particular, by a combination of points registered by the observer in a pattern, motif, symbol, pictogram, image, alphanumeric characters, arbitrary shapes, square, circle, rectangle or polygon, the process of moving along a curve, a segment of a curve, a circular path or a segment of a circular path can be achieved. trajectories.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array have a grating period and, accordingly, an average distance between the projections of the structure, in particular less than half, preferably less than a third, more preferably less than a quarter , the maximum side dimension of two or more pixels, preferably each of the two or more pixels, of at least one pixel matrix.

Furthermore, it is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures have a limited maximum structure depth, the limited maximum structure depth being in particular less than 15 µm, preferably less than 10 µm, more preferably less than or equal to 7 µm. , even more preferably less than or equal to 4 μm, in particular, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm.

In particular, one or more structures of one or more structures are formed in such a way that the limited maximum depth of one or more structures for more than 50% of the pixels, in particular for more than 70% of the pixels, preferably for more than 90% of the pixels, of at least one pixel array is less than or equal to 15 μm, in particular less than or equal to 7 μm, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm.

One or more structures of one or more structures are preferably formed in such a way that the limited maximum depth of one or more structures for all pixels of at least one pixel array is less than or equal to 15 µm, in particular less than or equal to 7 µm, preferably less than or equal to 2 µm.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are different from each other, or similar to each other, or the same or identical.

In addition, it is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are designed as achromatically deflecting structures, preferably as an echelette, in particular a linear echelette, and in particular the grating period of the achromatically deflecting structures is more than 3 μm, preferably more than 5 μm , and/or where, in particular, more than 70% of the pixels, more preferably over 90% of the pixels, in particular, preferably each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array, include at least two grating periods. The grating period together with the grating depth and the grating orientation in the x/y plane preferably determines in which solid angle the grating present in a given pixel in particular achromatically deflects incident light. The orientation of the grating in the x/y plane is preferably also referred to as the azimuth angle.

In particular, additional microstructures and/or nanostructures, in particular linear grating structures, preferably cruciform grating structures, more preferably subwavelength grating structures, are superimposed on the achromatically deflecting structures in one or more pixels out of two or more pixels in at least one pixel array.

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are made to act as convex or concave microlenses and/or microlens sections, in particular as reflective microlenses and/or microlens sections, and in particular the focal length of one or more structures is between 0.04 mm and 5 mm, in particular between 0.06 mm and 3 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 2 mm, and/or where, in particular, the focal length in the X and/or Y direction is determined equation

,

,

wherein preferably Δ _{X, Y} represents a given lateral dimension of one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array in the X direction, respectively, in the Y direction, and ɸ _{X, Y} represents a given solid angle in the X direction, respectively, in the Y direction, in which one or more structures display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation.

In addition, one or more structures of one or more structures are preferably designed as cylindrical lenses, and, in particular, the focal length of one or more structures is infinitely large.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are formed as Fresnel microlens structures, in particular acting as reflective Fresnel microlens structures, wherein in particular the grating lines of the Fresnel microlens structure are formed as curved grating lines, and/or the grating lines have variable grating periods, and/or where, in particular, each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array, preferably in at least one spatial direction, includes at least two grating periods.

To calculate the microstructure profile for a Fresnel microlens structure, each pixel is preferably assigned exactly one virtual field source depending on the associated solid angle and lateral pixel size. The virtual source of the field, in particular, radiates a virtual spherical wave. The phase portrait of the electromagnetic field emitted by the virtual source of the field is preferably calculated in pixel surfaces, and preferably linearly transformed into a virtual structural profile, and, in particular, the phase value 0 corresponds to the minimum structure depth, and the phase value 2*Pi corresponds to the maximum virtual structure depth.

It is also possible that the options listed above for one or more or all structures from one or more structures have a binary structural profile or a superposition of one or more binary structural profiles, and/or that one or more or all structures from one or more structures have a binary structural profile or a superposition of one or more binary structural profiles. Such binary structures or microstructures, in particular, have a base surface and one or more structural elements, which preferably in each case have an elevated or recessed element surface relative to the base surface, and preferably a lateral side located between the element surface and the base surface, moreover , in particular, the base surface of the microstructure defines a base plane subtended by the coordinate axes x and y, wherein preferably the elementary surfaces of the structural elements are in each case essentially parallel to the base plane, and preferably the elementary surfaces of the structural elements and the base surface are at a distance from each other along an extended perpendicular to the base plane to the direction corresponding to the direction of the coordinate axis z, in particular with a first interval h, which is preferably chosen so that, in particular, due to interference reflected on the bases th surface and the surfaces of the elements of light in reflected light and/or, in particular, due to the interference of light transmitted through the surfaces of the elements and the base surface of the light in transmitted light, a second color is generated in one or more first zones. In this case, direct reflection or transmission preferably generates a second color, and in particular a complementary first color of the first or higher orders. For example, the first color may be yellow and the second color may be blue, or the first color may be green and the second color may be red.

In addition, it is possible that the first interval is set to obtain this desired first color. The first interval h is preferably between 150 nm and 1000 nm, more preferably between 200 nm and 600 nm. For the transmitted light effect, the first range is preferably between 300 nm and 4000 nm, more preferably between 400 nm and 2000 nm. The first spacing to be set here depends in particular on the refractive index of the material, which preferably lies between the two planes.

Preferably, in order to achieve as uniform a color perception as possible, it is advantageous or expedient that the height of the structure and, accordingly, the first interval be sufficiently constant. This first spacing in one area of the surface with uniform color perception preferably varies by less than +/-50 nm, more preferably less than +/-20 nm, even more preferably +/-10 nm.

In addition, multiple structural elements arranged in steps are preferably provided, in particular, all structural elements are arranged essentially parallel to the base surface, and preferably the distance from one structural element to the next is in each case the first interval or an integer multiple of the first interval.

One or more or all structures of one or more structures are preferably substantially smaller than micromirrors and/or microprisms which reflect light preferably achromatically, in particular not formed as micromirrors and/or microprisms which reflect light mainly achromatically.

In addition, one or more or all of the structures of one or more structures preferably diffractively reflect the incident light.

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures have at least 2 protrusions, in particular at least 3 protrusions, preferably at least 4 protrusions, preferably per pixel.

In addition, it is possible that more than 70% of the pixels, in particular more than 90% of the pixels, of two or more pixels in at least one pixel array have one or more structures of one or more structures that have projections of at least 2 , in particular in the amount of at least 3 protrusions, preferably at least 4 protrusions, preferably per pixel.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures, in particular in one or more pixels of two or more pixels in at least one pixel array, are formed as chromatic grating structures, in particular as linear gratings, preferably as linear gratings with a sinusoidal profile and/or with nanotext and/or with mirror surfaces.

In addition, it is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are designed as subwavelength gratings, in particular as linear subwavelength gratings, and/or as moth-eye-like (faceted) structures, preferably the grating period of the subwavelength gratings, in particular, linear subwavelength gratings and/or facet structures, is less than 450 nm, and/or moreover, in particular, at least one such matrix of pixels creates an optically variable effect recorded by the observer, in particular, an additional optically variable effect recorded by the observer, when tilting the optically variable element and/or at least one pixel array.

One or more structures of one or more structures are preferably provided with a metal layer and/or absorb incident electromagnetic radiation, and in particular two or more pixels of at least one pixel array can be registered by the observer in reflection as dark gray to black.

In particular, one or more structures of one or more structures have an HRI layer, whereby, in particular, two or more pixels of at least one pixel array can be detected as colored by an observer in reflection.

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation in a pseudo-random or random manner in all spatial directions, wherein at least one array of pixels, in particular one or more pixels, can be detected by an observer in reflection isotropically white, preferably isotropically achromatic.

In addition, it is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures, when the element and/or at least one pixel array is bent, create an optically variable effect, and in particular in the unbent state of the element and/or at least one pixel array the first motif may be registered, and the second motif may be registered in a bent state of the element and/or at least one pixel array.

For example, motifs when viewed, respectively, when registered by an observer and / or a sensor, can take the form of one / one or more letters, portraits, images of landscapes or buildings, images, bar codes, QR codes, alphanumeric characters, font characters , arbitrary geometric shapes, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines and/or contours, and/or combinations of one or more of the above shapes.

By "arbitrary shape" is meant, in particular, an open or closed two-dimensional surface in three-dimensional space that is flat or curved in at least one direction. For example, a surface or segment of a sphere or a surface or segment of a torus are closed surfaces of arbitrary shape. For example, the surface of a saddle or the surface of a curved circle are free-form open surfaces.

It is also possible that one or more motifs are in each case composed and/or layered with one or more patterns, the patterns preferably having a geometry and/or shape which, in particular, in each case are selected or combined from: line, straight line, motif , image, triangle, barcode, QR code, wave, quadrilateral, polygon, curved line, circle, oval, trapezoid, parallelogram, rhombus, cross, sickle, branching structure, star, ellipse, random pattern, pseudo-random pattern, set Mandelbrot, in particular, a fractal or a Mandelbrot set, and the patterns, in particular, are layered and / or complement each other.

The following are preferred embodiments of the security document.

The security document preferably has one or more optically variable elements in one or more regions, in particular in one or more strip-like regions, preferably in one or more thread-like regions. In this case, the individual optically variable elements can in particular be located at a distance from each other, and optically unvariable regions are preferably arranged between the optically variable elements. Alternatively, it is possible that the optically variable elements are preferably directly adjacent to each other and/or merge into each other, and in particular together form one optically variable combined element.

In particular, one or more areas of one or more areas in each case include one or more optically variable elements in the form of a strip and/or in the form of a patch.

The one or more optically variable elements, when viewing the security document along a plane normal vector extending through the security document, are preferably placed at least partially overlapping.

The following are preferred embodiments of the method for producing an optically variable element.

It is possible that each pixel of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is associated with at least one solid angle.

It is possible that each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix includes one or more structures that directionally display, deflect and/or scatter incident light, in particular microstructures, such structures displaying, deflecting and/or scattering incident light, preferably very effectively, at one or more predetermined solid angles from one or more predetermined solid angles, in particular focusing on a single point in space, such point being, for example, a focal point.

For each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels, one or more predetermined solid angles are preferably formed from one or more solid angles in such a way that the microstructures included in the pixels display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light in these predetermined certain solid angles, whereby preferably one or more effects are produced, in particular one or more static or variable optical effects.

In addition, it is possible that one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels generate a predefined 3D object that can be detected by an observer or a sensor, preferably different groups of one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel arrays comprising one or more structures from one or more structures, in particular comprising one or more different structures, display, deflect and/or scatter incident light at one or more, in particular different, predetermined solid angles from one or several predefined solid angles, preferably one or more solid angles.

Preferably, one or more predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, which in particular are associated with one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix, preferably correlate with a local, at least extended over one spatial direction by bending a 3D object. The 3D object which is virtually detected by the observer in this case includes, in particular, numerous points of light, which preferably have outgoing light, which has preferably been reflected, deflected and/or scattered by one or more structures from one or more structures as incident light. Each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix is preferably assigned one light point in each case and/or one light point is generated in each case, wherein one or more light points of the plurality of light points in particular overlap each other. each other, preferably do not overlap with each other.

One or more or all structures of one or more structures are preferably calculated using one or more computers, in particular including at least one processor and at least one memory device, preferably including at least one graphics processor and at least one storage device. In particular, in contrast to the digital holograms (CGH) known from the prior art, the overall effect, for example, a virtual 3D object or an achromatic motion effect, is not calculated as a whole and, accordingly, jointly. According to the invention, preferably for each pixel, a given structure is calculated separately, which achromatically displays, deflects and/or scatters light in a predetermined direction. In particular, each pixel operates substantially independently of other pixels. The coherence of the optical action of all pixels of the at least one pixel array according to the invention preferably produces the desired cumulative effect of the at least one pixel array.

To calculate security and/or decor elements, each pixel of at least one pixel array is assigned a solid angle in which the microstructure is to reflect, deflect and/or scatter light. This correlated solid angle preferably correlates directly with the local bending of at least one pixel array.

It is possible that at least one related solid angle and/or at least one area of at least one related solid angle subtracts at least one segment, and in particular at least one segment corresponds to at least one segment of a sphere, preferably at least one conical segment, wherein the half opening angle of at least one segment is less than 20°, preferably less than 15°, more preferably less than 10°.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual field sources, which in particular are located in and/or in one or more areas of at least one segment, and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle, at least in at least one direction are periodically and/or pseudo-randomly and/or randomly placed on one or more sections of one or more sections of at least a segment and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle.

It is also possible that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources are between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or on one or several sections from one or more sections of at least one segment and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle, and/or that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources, in particular, average between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or in one or more sections of one or more sections of at least one segment and/or along at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle.

In addition, it is also possible that the configuration of the virtual field sources, in particular the virtual point sources of the field, is implemented as a cross pattern, preferably an equidistant cross pattern, in and/or in one or more areas of one or more areas of at least one segment and /or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle, wherein the distance between adjacent virtual field sources relative to each other is between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, and/or wherein the angle between two adjacent virtual field sources with respect to each other, in particular with respect to the position of data of one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is less than 1°, preferably less than 0.5°.

In addition, it is possible that the half opening angle of the spherical segment and/or at least one segment of the sphere is less than 20°, in particular less than 15°, preferably less than 10°, and one or more point sources of the field from one or more are placed on spherical segment and/or at least one sphere segment, preferably on a spatially equidistant cross-shaped raster, wherein the angle between two adjacent field point sources, in particular spatially adjacent field point sources, is preferably less than 1°, more preferably less than 0.5° .

One or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources are preferably configured in the form of microcharacters, in particular selected from: letters, portrait, image, alphanumeric characters, font characters, arbitrary geometric shapes, square, triangle, circle, curved line, contour.

In addition, the side dimensions of the microsymbols are preferably between 0.1° and 10°, in particular between 0.2° and 5°.

A first group of one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources, preferably from a distance of 0.3 m, in particular from 0.15 m to 0.45 m, cannot be projected onto the screen, and/or a second group of one or of several virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources can be projected onto the screen from a distance of 1.0 m, in particular from 0.8 m to 1.2 m.

In particular, the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from one or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, preferably has the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution at least within the associated solid angle and/or within at least one segment, and/or within at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle.

By "intensity", in particular, is meant the proportion of the total radiation power that is emitted by one or more virtual field sources in one predetermined solid angle, and the radiation power, in particular, is considered as the amount of energy that, over a predetermined period of time, is transmitted from electromagnetic field, in particular, an electromagnetic wave. The radiation power is preferably given in the unit watt.

It is possible that a virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions within one or more solid angles, in particular over the whole solid angle , and/or at least in one area, and/or within at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle.

It is furthermore possible that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has an intensity distribution within at least one associated solid angle, and/or within at least one segment, and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle that exhibits a Gaussian or super-Gaussian distribution.

It is also possible that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions within at least one associated solid angle, and/or in within at least one segment, and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle.

In addition, it is also possible that the virtual electromagnetic field, which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution within at least one correlated solid angle, and/or in at least one region, and/or within at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle.

In particular, one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources, in particular all virtual field sources, form virtual point field sources, the virtual point sources of the field preferably emitting virtual spherical waves.

By "spherical wave" or "virtual spherical wave" is meant a wave that propagates from a field source, in particular a virtual field source, in the entire solid angle, in particular in a solid angle with 4π, in the form of concentric wave fronts, the field source preferably understood as a point source of a spherical wave.

It is possible that one or more virtual field sources, in particular one or more virtual point field sources, in each case radiate one or more virtual fields from one or more virtual fields as virtual spherical waves, from a distance of 1 m, in particular to one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array. This preferably creates a uniformly bright surface and/or a surface with a uniform intensity at a distance of 1 m to one or more pixels, and the size and/or shape of the surface is determined by at least one correlated solid angle and/or at least one segment, and /or at least one area of at least one correlated solid angle.

It is also possible that, in particular, the at least one pixel array obtained and/or the optically variable element obtained, at a distance of 30 cm, preferably at a typical and/or normal reading distance or human viewing distance and/ or sensor, is visually registered not as an image, but more preferably as diffusely illuminated. In particular, at a distance of 1 m, a surface is visible, in particular a uniformly bright surface and/or a surface with a uniform intensity.

Individual virtual point sources of the field can also be switched off, and preferably the switched off point sources of the field at a distance of 1 m can be registered by the observer and/or sensor as one or more motifs, in particular as text, on a uniformly bright surface and/or on a surface with a uniform intensity. In particular, a disconnected field source and/or a point field source does not radiate virtual electromagnetic fields. In particular, the observer and/or the sensor is not able to register the absence of individual light points from a distance of 30 cm due to the switched off point sources of the field, and in this favorable way information can be hidden in at least one matrix of pixels and/or optically variable element.

In addition, the virtual point sources of the field can be placed in at least one related solid angle and/or in at least one region of at least one related solid angle in such a way that preferably one motif, in particular an image, is created at a distance 1 m from one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array, and/or can preferably be detected by an observer and/or a sensor.

The virtual electromagnetic field U _i emanating from the i-th virtual point sources of the field in place (x _i , y _i , z _i ) is preferably calculated on at least one coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h ), in particular, coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h =0)=(x _h , y _h ), in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual matrix of pixels, in particular a plane, using the equation

It is possible that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which, in particular, are in the visible region of the spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably in one or more parts of the infrared, visible, respectively, visually recorded, and/or ultraviolet spectral region, and one or more, in each case, adjacent wavelengths of one or more wavelengths, preferably in the visible region of the spectrum, are preferably spaced equidistant from each other.

In addition, it is possible that one or more wavelengths, in particular one or more wavelengths from one or more virtual electromagnetic waves, preferably one or more wavelengths of incident light and, accordingly, incident electromagnetic radiation, are selected from infrared, and/ or visible and/or ultraviolet spectrum, in particular from the electromagnetic spectrum.

By infrared spectrum is preferably meant one or more parts of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared spectrum being in particular selected from one or more parts of the wavelength range from 780 nm to 1400 nm.

The visible spectrum is preferably one or more parts of the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum being in particular selected from one or more parts of the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm. In particular, the visible spectrum may be detectable to the human naked eye.

Under the ultraviolet spectrum is preferably meant one or more parts of the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the ultraviolet spectrum, in particular, is selected from one or more parts of the wavelength range from 250 nm to 380 nm.

The calculation of one or more virtual structural profiles from one or more virtual structural profiles of one or more, or all, virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is possible for one or more wavelengths, in particular for several wavelengths wavelengths in the visible region between 380 nm and 780 nm, preferably between 430 nm and 690 nm, with one or more wavelengths preferably calculated with equally high efficiency. The wavelength-dependent subfields Ui are in particular evaluated for efficiency and summarized.

Preferably, one or more virtual structural profiles are calculated for at least five wavelengths distributed in the visible region, the resulting formed structures displaying, deflecting and/or scattering incident light in an achromatic and favorable manner without disturbing diffractive color effects in at least one predetermined solid angle.

The at least five wavelengths are preferably chosen to be uniformly distributed over the visible spectrum. In one alternative embodiment, preferably at least six wavelengths are selected at the edges of the human photoreceptor response curve, and preferably two wavelengths at each edge for each photoreceptor. For the blue receptor, two wavelengths are chosen, preferably in the region of 420 nm to 460 nm, and/or for the green receptor, two wavelengths are chosen, preferably in the region of 470 nm to 530 nm, and/or for the red receptor, two wavelengths are chosen, preferably in the region from 560 nm to 630 nm.

In particular, at least one wavelength is contained in the wave vector, preferably in the wave vector k=2×π/λ.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which are in particular in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet spectral region, with one or more, in each case adjacent, wavelengths from one or several wavelengths, preferably in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet region of the spectrum, are preferably equidistant from each other.

The resulting virtual electromagnetic field U _p in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual matrix of pixels, in particular a plane, preferably calculated according to the equation

moreover, in particular, virtual electromagnetic fields U _i emanating from i=1,...,N _p virtual point sources of the field are calculated on at least one coordinate (x _p , y _p , z _p =0)=(x _p , y _p ), and/or, in particular, optional reference waves U _r *, preferably at least one optional reference wave U _r *, at least one point, or for the parameter (x _p , y _p ) in and /or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane.

It is possible that at least one optional reference wave is chosen such that for one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources, the corresponding intensities and phases are ideally compensated. In this case, at least one optional reference wave can simulate, for example, incident electromagnetic radiation from a directional lighting lamp at a distance of 1.5 m from at least one pixel array and/or optically variable element. In particular, the phase of at least one optional reference wave in one or more phase portraits from one or more phase portraits is contained to calculate virtual structural profiles for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel matrix.

In particular, one or more phase portraits from one or more phase portraits are transformed into a virtual structural profile, preferably linearly transformed into a virtual structural profile, with a phase value of 0 corresponding to the minimum depth, and a phase value of 2π corresponding to the maximum depth of the formed one or more structures from one or several structures of one or more, or all pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels.

In addition, one or more or all phase portraits from one or more phase portraits can be converted into a binary virtual structural profile, with phase values preferably between 0 and π corresponding to the minimum depth, and phase values preferably between π and 2π corresponding to the maximum depth of the formed one or more structures from one or more structures of one or more, or all pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels. In addition, it is possible to assign phase values to more than two steps, in particular to an n-step virtual structural profile.

Preferably, phase portraits are transformed for each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix, and in particular, each pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix in each case is assigned one or more phase portraits from one or more several phase portraits.

It is also possible that a virtual structural profile of one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is formed by laser irradiation and development on a photoresist coated plate, or by electron beam lithography, in the form of one or more structures one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels. Additional production methods are, in particular, laser ablation, for example directly in a polymer or glass or metal substrate, in particular polycarbonate (PC) or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or copper.

In addition, it is also possible that one or more contained and, respectively, formed in one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels of the structure have an optical depth, in particular an optical depth in air or a polymer, from half the average the wavelength of the virtual electromagnetic field and/or the virtual electromagnetic resultant field.

Under the optical depth, in particular, mean a dimensionless value, according to which the value of the physical medium and/or substance attenuates electromagnetic waves, respectively, electromagnetic radiation.

One or more structures of one or more structures preferably have an optical depth corresponding to half the average wavelength of the calculated virtual electromagnetic fields. The fields are preferably calculated and also generated for an integer multiple of the observed wavelength, eg calculated for 5×550 nm=2750 nm, and generated for a depth of 1375 nm. In particular, this provides the advantage that the structures exhibit less diffraction and thus appear achromatic.

In particular, the structures differ from conventional holograms by having an increased depth in this way, preferably an optical depth, wherein the structures, in particular, do not act as purely deflective and/or diffractive. In addition, the structures are small and flat so that, in particular, they do not act as purely refractive, and yet preferentially differ from micromirrors. The shallow structure depths compared to micromirrors advantageously reduce the required thickness of the security element and, in particular, make it possible to further simplify production in mass production. The structures are preferably so-called "multi-order diffractive elements", which have the properties of traditional holograms and standard micromirrors.

The following are preferred embodiments of the method for obtaining a security document, in particular, including one or more optically variable elements.

The formed structural profiles are preferably introduced or applied to an opaque or transparent substrate, respectively, in particular to opaque or transparent paper or plastic documents, or to opaque or transparent paper or plastic banknotes, respectively.

In particular, the structural profiles are introduced by means of electroplating, recombination and roll-to-roll replication into one layer per film, in particular at least one replication layer, and/or into a metal layer, and/or into a transparent high-refraction or low-refraction layer. In the case of a replication layer, it can additionally be provided, in particular, with a metal layer and/or a transparent high refractive or low refractive layer, so that the metal layer and/or the transparent high refractive or low refractive layer preferably follows the structural profile of the replication layer.

By "highly refractive layer" is meant in particular a layer with a high refractive index, in particular with a refractive index greater than 1.5, preferably greater than 1.7.

By "low refractive layer" is meant in particular a layer with a low refractive index, in particular with a refractive index of less than 1.5, preferably less than 1.4.

The refractive index, or refractive index, and/or optical density preferably means, in particular, a dimensionless optical characteristic of the material, which, in particular, indicates how many times the wavelength and/or phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave, respectively, electromagnetic radiation, in the material are smaller than in vacuum. When an electromagnetic wave passes between materials and/or substances with different refractive indices, the electromagnetic wave is refracted and/or scattered, in particular reflected.

In particular, the film has an HRI layer (HRI=high refractive index=high refractive index; HRI layer=high refractive layer). Such a highly refractive layer is formed, in particular, from ZnS or TiO ₂ . Alternatively or additionally, the film preferably has a metal layer, in particular a metal layer selected from the following metals: aluminium, copper, gold, silver, chromium, tin, and/or one or more alloys of these metals. The HRI layer and the metal layer are preferably applied after the roll-to-roll replication step onto and/or into one or more structural profiles from one or more structural profiles on the film.

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures, and/or at least one array of pixels, is introduced or applied in at least one area of the window, in particular, respectively, on at least one area of the window of the ID1 card ( identification card format ID1), or, respectively, on a transparent substrate, in particular, respectively, on a transparent polymer banknote, as a result of which one or more structures and/or at least one matrix of pixels become detectable at least from the front and back side , and/or when viewed through the light. At least one window area has, in particular, a through hole in the substrate and/or an uncut transparent area on the substrate.

By "transparent", in particular, is meant a transmittance of light in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelength range, which is between 70% and 100%, preferably between 80% and 95%, and a negligible part of the incident electromagnetic radiation is absorbed, in particular, incident light.

By "ID1 card", in particular, is meant a security document or card with dimensions of 85.6 mm×53.99 mm, the security document or card being sized according to the ID1 format.

In particular, one or more optically variable elements, preferably for decorative and/or identification purposes, are introduced and/or applied to and/or on all types of packages.

It is possible that one or more optically variable elements, in particular, are introduced and/or placed, respectively, deposited, in and/or on the substrate and/or one or more additional layers, in particular in exact alignment, respectively, with accurate register , relative to each other, and/or other security elements, and/or additional decorative elements, and/or edges of the substrate, and/or in one or more layers.

Under the exact alignment or registration, respectively, the accuracy of alignment, or accuracy of registration, or positioning accuracy, in particular, understand the accuracy of the mutual placement of two or more elements and/or layers relative to each other. In this case, the register accuracy should preferably fluctuate within a predetermined tolerance, and it is preferable to be as high as possible. At the same time, the registration accuracy of the multiple elements and/or layers relative to one another is more preferably an important feature in order to increase the reliability of the process in particular. Placement-accurate positioning in this case can in particular be achieved by touch-sensitive, preferably visually detectable registration marks or alignment marks. These register marks or alignment marks can either be special individual elements or regions or layers or be part of the positioned elements or regions or layers itself.

It is possible that the substrate before or after the introduction of the virtual structural profiles is provided with a translucent ink layer which has the function of a color filter. The application of the translucent ink layer can be performed before or after the introduction of the virtual structural profiles and the application of the metal layer and/or the transparent high or low refraction layer. For example, the translucent ink layer changes the appearance of at least one pixel array and/or optically variable element to an observer and/or sensor from an achromatic white to a monochromatic appearance.

The invention is further explained by way of example by means of several exemplary embodiments with the help of the accompanying drawings. This shows:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a security document.

Fig. 1a shows a schematic representation of a security document.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 3 schematically shows a sectional cross section of an optically variable element.

Fig. 3a schematically shows a sectional cross section of an optically variable element.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 6 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 8 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 9 shows a schematic representation of a pixel array.

Fig. 10 shows a schematic view of a pixel.

Fig. 11 shows a schematic view of a pixel.

Fig. 12 shows a schematic view of a pixel.

Fig. 12a shows a schematic view of a pixel.

Fig. 13 shows a photograph as well as microscope images of an optically variable element.

Fig. 13b shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 13c shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 14 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 15 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 16 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 17 shows a photograph of an optically variable element.

Fig. 18 shows microscope images of a pixel array.

Fig. 19 shows a schematic representation of an optically variable element.

Fig. 20 shows a photograph of an optically variable element.

Fig. 21 shows microscope images of a pixel array.

Fig. 22 shows a photograph of an optically variable element.

Fig. 23 shows a photograph of an optically variable element.

Fig. 1 shows a security document 1d, in particular a banknote, including a substrate 10, in top view, which has a strip-like security element 1b', wherein for the observer when viewing the security element 1b' in top view and/or in transmitted light, movement effects are detectable, and /or visually in the viewing direction virtually protruding forward and/or from another viewing direction receding 3D elements. Such optical effects preferably depend on the angle of inclination and/or viewing angle relative to the plane extending through the substrate 10 .

It is possible that the security document 1d in or outside the strip-like region 1b' has one or more additional optically variable security elements and/or optically non-variable security elements, which in particular can partially or completely overlap with the security element 1b'.

In addition, it is possible that in and/or on the security document 1d one or more additional areas, including in each case additional one or more optically variable elements, are formed in the form of a strip and/or in the form of a patch.

It is also possible that one or more optically variable elements, when viewing the security document 1d, in particular by an observer and/or a sensor, along a plane normal vector extending through the security document 1d are preferably arranged at least partially overlapping.

In addition, the strip-like security element 1b comprises two optically variable elements 1a, which in particular in each case have at least one pixel array comprising two or more pixels. An optically variable element of two optically variable elements is made in the form of a motif including the sun, and an additional optically variable element of two optically variable elements is formed in the form of a motif including a plurality of ten wavy lines drawn at a distance from each other, respectively, narrow strips. Such motifs are in particular selected from: a pattern, a letter, a portrait, an image, alphanumeric characters, type characters, landscapes, buildings, arbitrary geometric shapes, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines and/or contours.

In addition, the strip-like security element 1b' includes numerous security elements 8, which are designed as a sequence of numbers "45", two cloud motifs, an aircraft-shaped motif, and a sequence of letters "UT" crossed out by two horizontal lines. For example, the sequences of the numbers "45" and the sequences of the letters "UT" crossed out by two horizontal lines are formed, and in particular, two cloud motifs, an airplane-shaped motif, and a sailboat-shaped motif can be formed by intensely colored diffraction patterns.

In addition, the security document 1d includes a security element 8' which has a portrait motif. In this case, it is possible that the optically variable structures 8' are designed as diffraction-emitting surfaces when illuminated, and/or that the visual recording of the portrait 8', which, in particular, is designed as a Fresnel zone of arbitrary order, can be recorded by the observer and/or sensor in the incident light and/or in transmitted light. Alternatively, in particular, the security element 8' can also be produced by gravure or offset printing.

The strip-like security element 1b', in addition to the optically variable elements 1a, which in each case have one pixel array, preferably comprises at least one longitudinal profile of at least one additional optically variable structure, in particular selected from: a diffractive relief structure, in particular, a diffraction grating, an arbitrary order Fresnel lens, a zero order diffraction structure, a reflective diffraction grating (echelette), a micromirror structure, an isotropic and/or anisotropic matte structure, and/or a microlens structure.

It is also possible that one or more or all of the structures diffractively scatter, deflect and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation.

In particular, at least one array of pixels in at least one direction, at least in places, has a non-zero bend.

In particular, the document backing of the security document 1d comprises one or more layers, the backing 10 being preferably a paper backing and/or a backing made of synthetic material, or a hybrid backing consisting of a combination of paper and synthetic material.

It is also possible that the strip-like security element 1b' has one or more layers, and in particular has a carrier substrate (preferably made of polyester, in particular PET) which is detachable or non-removable and/or one or more layers. polymer varnish, in particular one or more replication layers, in which longitudinal profiles of at least one additional optically variable structure can be reproduced.

It is also possible that the strip-like security element 1b' comprises one or more protective layers and/or one or more decorative layers and/or one or more adhesive layers or adhesion-enhancing layers, respectively, adhesion promoter layers, and/or one or more barrier layers, and/or one or more additional security features.

One or more decorative layers of the decorative layers preferably have one or more metal and/or HRI layers, which preferably in each case not over the entire area, but only partially, are provided in the optically variable element and/or the security document. In particular, the metal layers are opaque, translucent or translucent. In this case, the metal layers preferably include different metals, which have different, in particular, clearly different, preferably recorded by the observer and/or sensor, reflection, absorption and/or transmission spectra, in particular reflection, absorption and/or transmission characteristics. The metal layers preferably include one or more of the metals aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, tin, and/or one or more alloys of these metals. In addition, the provided partial metal layers are rasterized and/or with locally different layer thicknesses.

By reflectivity is meant in particular the ratio between the intensity of the reflected part of an electromagnetic wave, respectively, of electromagnetic radiation, and the intensity of the incident part of an electromagnetic wave, respectively, of electromagnetic radiation, and the intensity, in particular, is a measure of the energy carried by the electromagnetic wave, respectively, electromagnetic radiation.

Under the absorbing capacity or absorption coefficient, in particular, understand the measure of the decrease in the intensity of an electromagnetic wave, respectively, electromagnetic radiation, when passing through a substance and / or through a material, and the dimension of the absorption capacity and / or absorption coefficient is expressed, in particular, as 1 / unit length, preferably 1/measure of length. For example, an opaque layer for visible radiation has a greater absorption coefficient than air.

The transmission characteristic and/or optical thickness is preferably understood in particular to be a dimensionless quantity which indicates how much the intensity of an electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation is reduced when it/it passes through a substance and/or material.

In particular, one or more metal layers of the metal layers are preferably patterned in such a way that they include one or more pixels in which the metal of the metal layer is provided, and include a background area in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided. In this case, the pixels are preferably formed in the form of alphanumeric characters, but also graphics and complex images of objects. In particular, the pixels may also be formed as a high-resolution screened halftone gray image, such as a portrait, a building, a landscape, and an animal. In particular, the raster can be made regular, or fractal, or irregular, in particular stochastic, and preferably in separate areas in the image.

One or more decorative layers of the decorative layers preferably include, in particular, additional one or more ink layers, in particular translucent ink layers. These ink layers are in particular ink layers which are applied by printing and which have one or more dyes and/or pigments, which are preferably introduced into a matrix of binder material. Ink layers, in particular paints, can be transparent, light, partially diffuse, translucent, opaque and/or opaque. For example, a yellow color layer can be provided in the sun area 1a and a blue color layer in the wave area 1a.

It is possible that one or more decorative layers of the decorative layers have one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably in each case introduced into at least one surface of the lacquer layer, preferably the replication layer. Such relief structures are, in particular, diffractive relief structures, such as, for example, holograms, diffraction gratings, Fresnel zones of arbitrary order, diffraction gratings with symmetric or asymmetric profile shapes, and/or zero-order diffraction structures.

In addition, the relief structures are preferably isotropic and/or anisotropic scattering matt structures, reflective diffraction gratings (echelettes), and/or mainly reflective and/or transmissive relief structures, such as, for example, microlenses, microprisms or micromirrors.

It is possible that one or more decorative layers of the decorative layers have one or more liquid crystal layers, which preferably generate, firstly, polarization-dependent incident light, and preferably, secondly, wavelength-selective reflection and/or transmission of the incident light. light, depending on the orientation of the liquid crystals.

One or more structures of one or more structures and/or at least one array of pixels are preferably embedded in a thin layer system, in particular in a Fabry-Perot layer system. The thin layer system is preferably applied to one or more structures and/or at least one pixel array. In particular, such a system of Fabry-Perot layers, in particular, at least in some areas, has at least one first translucent absorbing layer, at least one transparent separating layer and at least one second translucent absorbing layer and/or opaque reflective layer. All these layers of the thin-layer system, in particular, can in each case be present over the entire area or partially, and the transparent and opaque, respectively, translucent areas either overlap or do not overlap.

In particular, the first translucent absorbing layer preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm. The absorption layer preferably contains aluminium, silver, copper, tin, nickel, Inconel alloy, titanium and/or chromium. The first translucent absorbing layer in the case of aluminum and chromium preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm.

The transparent separating layer preferably has a layer thickness between 100 nm and 800 nm, in particular between 300 nm and 600 nm. The separating layer preferably consists of an organic material, in particular a polymer, and/or inorganic Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ and/or MgF ₂ .

In addition, the transparent separating layer preferably consists of an imprinted resin layer, which is applied in particular by gravure printing, by slot-die casting or by inkjet printing.

In addition, for example, one or more optically variable elements 1a and/or strip-like security element 1b' and/or one or more layers of the above layers and/or substrate 10 can be combined or used with the following additional layers and/ or multilayer systems: one or more HRI-layers, including ZnS, TiO ₂ , etc., in particular, applied by evaporation, sputtering or by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), on the entire area or in part; one or more HRI or LRI lacquer layers (for example for optical effects in transmission), in particular those applied by gravure printing methods over the entire area or in part; one or more metals, including aluminium, silver, copper and/or chromium, and/or one or more alloys of these metals, in particular deposited over the entire area or in part by evaporation, sputtering, in particular by cathode sputtering, and/or imprinted ink, including nanoparticles; one or more interference layer systems, including HLH (sequence consisting of HRI layer, LRI layer, HRI layer), HLHLH (sequence consisting of HRI layer, LRI layer, HRI layer, LRI layer, HRI -layer); sequences consisting of one or more HRI and LRI layers, with HRI and LRI layers preferably alternating with each other, as well as a three-layer Fabry-Perot system, in particular, including one or more formed by methods of physical vapor deposition (PVD ) and/or CVD separating layers; one or more liquid crystal layers; insertion as a master hologram in an illuminated volume hologram; superpositions with one or more translucent paint layers; and/or pasted as a blank to create Aztec code structures and/or to be converted to a multistage phase relief that produces at least one color effect.

In particular, the superposition with one or more translucent ink layers advantageously makes it possible to generate optical effects that are easy to remember and easy to interpret. In addition, the achromatic diffraction effects of at least one pixel array of the optically variable element created by superposition with one or more translucent ink layers preferably appear monochromatically in the color that is transmitted through the one or more translucent ink layers, respectively, without being filtered out by one or more translucent ink layers. layers. In particular, one or more translucent ink layers act as a color filter.

The two optically variable elements 1a in each case preferably comprise at least one pixel array, each of the pixel arrays having two or more pixels, wherein one or more pixels of the two or more pixels of a given pixel array (2) have one or more structures, and moreover, one or more structures of one or more structures display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation at one or more solid angles.

Fig. 1a explains, in particular, the definition of the solid angle, which preferably means the area of the area A of the spherical surface of the sphere E, and the area of the area A is preferably divided by the square of the radius R of the sphere. The numerical values of the solid angle preferably indicate the angle α of the light cone with respect to the vertical z-axis. The opening angle Ώ preferably indicates the width of the light cone with respect to a straight line at the center of the light cone, indicated by an arrow in Figure 1a. The direction of the light cone with respect to the x- and, accordingly, the y-axis depends, in particular, on the observed optical effect.

The process for producing an optically variable security element, in particular an optically variable security element 1a, is characterized by the following steps:

creating at least one virtual pixel array including two or more virtual pixels;

correlating at least one solid angle with one or more virtual pixels of the two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array;

placement of one or more virtual field sources in at least one and/or one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle, and at least one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle the corner is at a first distance from one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array;

calculation of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields emanating from one or more field sources at a predetermined distance from one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels in and / or on one or more virtual pixels of two or several virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane;

calculation of one or more phase portraits for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels from a virtual electromagnetic resulting field, consisting of a superposition of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields in and / or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane;

calculating virtual structural profiles for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels from one or more phase portraits;

forming virtual structural profiles of one or more virtual pixels from two or more pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels in and/or on a substrate as at least one matrix of pixels, including two or more pixels, wherein one or more pixels from two or several pixels of at least one pixel array have one or more structures to create an optically variable element.

It is possible that at least one correlated solid angle and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle subtracts the S segment, the S segment in particular corresponding to a sphere segment, preferably a conical segment, wherein, for example, half of the angle solution, in particular, θ/2 and/or φ/2, shown in Figure 11 segment S is less than 10°, preferably less than 5°, more preferably less than 1°.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual field sources, which, in particular, are located in and/or in one and/or several areas shown in Figure 11 or 12 segment S, and/or in at least one area of at least one correlated solid angle, placed in at least one direction periodically, and/or pseudo-randomly, and/or randomly, in one or more areas of one or more areas shown in Figure 11 or 12 segment S, and/or at least one area at least one related solid angle.

It is also possible that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources are between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or on one or several sections of one or more sections of the segment S shown in Figure 11 or 12, and / or at least one area of \u200b\u200bat least one correlated solid angle, and / or that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources, in particular, average between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or on one or more sections of one or more sections shown in Figure 11 or 12 segment S, and/or at least one region of at least one associated solid angle.

In addition, it is also possible that the configuration of virtual field sources, in particular virtual point sources of the field, is implemented as a cross-shaped raster, preferably an equidistant cross-shaped raster, in one or more areas from one or more areas of the segment S shown in Figure 11 or 12, and /or at least one area of at least one related solid angle, wherein the distance between adjacent virtual field sources relative to each other is between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0 , 25 mm and 20 mm, and/or wherein the angle between two adjacent virtual field sources with respect to each other, in particular with respect to the data position of one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is less than 1° , preferably less than 0.5°.

One or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources are preferably configured in the form of microcharacters, in particular selected from: letters, portrait, image, alphanumeric characters, font characters, arbitrary geometric shapes, square, triangle, circle, curved line, contour.

In addition, the side dimensions of the microsymbols are preferably between 0.1° and 10°, in particular between 0.2° and 5°.

A first group of one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources, preferably from a distance of 0.3 m, in particular from 0.15 m to 0.45 m, cannot be projected onto the screen, and/or a second group of one or of several virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources can be projected onto the screen from a distance of 1.0 m, in particular from 0.8 m to 1.2 m.

In particular, the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from one or more virtual field sources, in particular emanates from all virtual field sources, preferably has the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution at least within the associated solid angle, and/or within at least one region, and/or within at least one segment, and/or within segment S of at least one correlated solid angle.

It is furthermore possible that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from one or more virtual field sources, in particular emanates from all virtual field sources, has an intensity distribution at least within the associated solid angle, and/or within at least one area, and/or within at least one segment, and/or within segment S of at least one correlated solid angle that exhibits a Gaussian or super-Gaussian distribution.

It is also possible that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions within at least one correlated solid angle and/or in at least one region, and/or within at least one segment, and/or within segment S of at least one correlated solid angle.

In addition, it is also possible that the virtual electromagnetic field, which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution within at least one correlated solid angle, and/or in at least one region, and/or within at least one segment, and/or within segment S of at least one correlated solid angle.

In particular, one or more virtual field sources, in particular all virtual field sources, form virtual point field sources, the virtual point sources of the field preferably emitting virtual spherical waves.

The virtual electromagnetic field U _i emanating from the i-th virtual point sources of the field in place (x _i , y _i , z _i ) is preferably calculated on at least one coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h ), in particular, coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h =0)=(x _h , y _h ), in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual image elements 4aa-4dd of at least one virtual matrix 4 pixels , and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual matrix of pixels, in particular a plane, and/or, for example, in the pixels 2aa-2dd shown in Figures 2, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 12a , 2aa-2dd, 2ad, 2da, 2da, respectively, 2da, by means of the equation

It is possible that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which, in particular, are in the visible region of the spectrum from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm, and one or more, in each case adjacent wavelengths waves from one or more wavelengths, preferably in the visible region of the spectrum, are preferably equidistant from each other.

The virtual electromagnetic field U _i preferably comprises one or more wavelengths which are 2 to 40 times, in particular 3 to 10 times, preferably 4 to 8 times, greater than the one or more wavelengths of the incident electromagnetic radiation.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which, in particular, are in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet spectral region, and one or many, in each case adjacent wavelengths of one or more wavelengths, preferably in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet spectral region, are preferably at equidistant distances from each other.

The virtual electromagnetic resulting field U _p in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual image elements 4aa-4dd of at least one virtual matrix 4 pixels, and/or in and/or along at least one virtual a matrix 4 of pixels of a surface, in particular a plane, and/or, for example, in the pixels 2aa-2dd, 2aa-2dd, 2ad, 2da, 2da, respectively, 2da shown in Figures 2, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 12a, preferably calculated according to the equation

moreover, in particular, virtual electromagnetic fields U _i emanating from i=1,...,N _p virtual point sources of the field are calculated on at least one coordinate (x _p , y _p , z _p =0)=(x _p , y _p ), and/or, in particular, optional reference waves U _r *, preferably at least one optional reference wave U _r *, at least one point, or for the parameter (x _p , y _p ) in and /or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual image elements 4aa-4dd of at least one virtual pixel matrix 4, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel matrix 4, in particular, planes.

It is possible that one or more phase portraits from one or more phase portraits are transformed into one or more virtual structural profiles, preferably linearly transformed into a virtual structural profile, with a phase value of 0 corresponding to the minimum depth and a phase value of 2π corresponding to the maximum depth of the formed one or more structures of one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual structural profile of one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array is formed by laser irradiation and development on a photoresist-coated plate, or by means of electron beam lithography, in the form of one or several structures of one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels.

It is also possible that one or many of one or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix, respectively comprising formed structures, have an optical depth, in particular an optical depth in air, half the average wavelength of a virtual electromagnetic field and/or a virtual electromagnetic resulting field.

In addition, the method for producing a security document, in particular a security document 1d, preferably including one or more layers, more preferably including one or more optically variable elements, in particular preferably optically variable elements 1a, is preferably characterized by the following steps:

applying and/or introducing one or more optically variable elements in the form of a laminating film and/or as an embossing film onto the security document and/or onto one or more layers of the security document, and/or embedding into the security document and/or into one or multiple layers from one or more layers of the protected document.

Figure 2 shows in plan view a pixel matrix including sixteen image elements 2aa-2dd, the image elements 2aa-2dd arranged as a 4×4 matrix which has four rows and four columns. The first line includes the image elements 2aa, 2ab, 2ac, 2ad along the x direction, the second line includes the image elements 2ba, 2bb, 2bc, 2bd along the x direction, the third line includes the image elements 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd along the x direction, and the fourth the line includes elements 2da, 2db, 2dc, 2dd of the image along the x direction. The first column includes along the y direction the image elements 2da, 2ca, 2ba, 2aa, the second column includes along the y direction the image elements 2db, 2cb, 2bb, 2ab, the third column includes along the y direction the image elements 2dc, 2cc, 2bc, 2ac, and the fourth the column includes along the y direction the elements 2dd, 2cd, 2bd, 2ad of the image.

The image elements 2aa-2dd shown in FIG. 2 have the same side dimensions ΔX along the x direction and the same side dimensions ΔY along the y direction, and in each case they form square shapes in the plane extending through the x and y directions.

It is also possible that one or many or all of the pixels from two or more image elements 2aa-2dd form the same or different shapes, in particular in the plane defined by the pixel matrix 4 and/or in the plane defined by the x and y directions, which preferably in each case selected from: a circular surface, an ovoid surface, an elliptical surface, a triangular surface, a square surface, a rectangular surface, a polygonal surface, an annular surface, a surface with an arbitrary shape, with two or more pixels in the case of choosing the shape of the pixels as a round surface and /or egg-shaped surfaces, in particular, in each case, have one or more adjacent background surfaces, which preferably also adjoin or not adjoin adjacent pixels. The shape of the pixels, in particular, varies as polygonal, random or pseudo-random. In addition, at least one pixel array, in particular pixel array 2, preferably includes two or more pixels, which preferably include different shapes from the above shapes, and/or preferably have different shape variations from the above shape variations.

In addition, it is also possible that one or many or all pixels of two or more image elements 2aa-2dd in different directions, in particular in different x and y directions, in particular in the plane defined by the pixel matrix 2, and/or in the plane defined by the x and y directions, have different side dimensions.

It is also possible that one or many or all pixels from two or more image elements 2aa-2dd, in particular in the plane defined by the pixel matrix 2 and/or in the plane defined by the x and y directions, occupy different areas and/or overlap each other. with each other and/or do not overlap with each other.

It is also possible that the placement of image elements 2aa-2dd in the 2 pixel matrix follows a periodic function. For example, the midpoints of the pixels in one row or column of the pixel matrix are arranged in such a way that the midpoints of the pixels in each case of neighboring pixels along a certain direction extending through the column or row are preferably spaced equally apart. The image elements 2aa-2dd shown in FIG. 2 have, in each case, the same distances along the x or y directions, and this applies in particular to adjacent pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd. In addition, one or many or all of the pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd are preferably arranged non-periodically, or in particular randomly and/or pseudo-randomly, in a matrix of 2 pixels, and/or along one or more directions, and/or extending through the x and y directions, respectively, of the plane they define.

By the midpoint of the pixels or the geometric center of gravity of the pixels, in particular in the case of flat pixels, is meant the center of gravity of the surface, which, in particular, is determined by averaging all the points of a given respective pixel.

The non-periodic arrangement of the pixels has the advantage that interfering diffraction effects which are due to the size, respectively shapes and/or lateral dimensions of the pixels can be reduced or suppressed, in particular completely suppressed.

The lateral dimensions of one or more pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd along at least one direction, in particular along the x direction and/or along the y direction, are preferably between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 300 µm in particular between 20 µm and 150 µm.

Such lateral dimensions have the advantage that the pixels at these orders of magnitude of lateral dimensions are optically indistinguishable or barely visible to the eye of a human observer, in particular at a normal or normal reading distance of 300 mm. At the same time, in particular, the pixels are large enough so that the provided microstructures can appear achromatic.

It is possible that the pixel dimensions and/or one or more side dimensions of one or more pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd in at least one pixel matrix 2 vary in one or more directions, in particular in one or both of the x and y, preferably in separate areas, non-periodically, periodically, pseudo-randomly or randomly, or do not vary. The pixel dimensions preferably vary in at least one pixel array in at least one spatial direction by a maximum of ±70% around the mean value, preferably by a maximum of ±50%. One or more side dimensions of one or more pixels from two or more image elements 2aa-2dd in at least one pixel matrix 2 preferably vary in one or more spatial directions, in particular in one or both of the x and y directions, along in at least one matrix 2 pixels, at least in separate areas, by a maximum of ±70%, preferably by a maximum of ±50%, around the average value, the average value in one or more directions being in particular between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 300 µm, in particular between 20 and 150 µm.

In addition, it is possible that one or more pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd in at least one pixel matrix 2, in particular at least in separate areas, are placed periodically, non-periodically, fractally, randomly and/or pseudo-randomly, at least least in one matrix 2 pixels.

Figure 3 shows the pixel matrix 2 shown in Figure 2, including image elements 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd, along a section Q in cross section. Pixel 2ca includes pattern 3ca, pixel 2cb includes pattern 3cb, pixel 2cc includes pattern 3cc, and pixel 2cd includes pattern 3cd. The structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc and 3cd are formed on, applied to and/or formed on the substrate 10, the substrate in particular having one or more layers.

Figure 3a shows an additional embodiment of the pixel array 2 shown in Figure 2, including image elements 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd, along a section Q in cross section. Pixel 2ca includes pattern 3ca, pixel 2cb includes pattern 3cb, pixel 2cc includes pattern 3cc, and pixel 2cd includes pattern 3cd. The structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc and 3cd are formed on, applied to and/or formed on the substrate 10, the substrate in particular having one or more layers. In contrast to Figure 3, structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc and 3cd in this embodiment, in particular, are binary structures with a first interval, respectively, uniform height h structures.

In this case, the binary microstructures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc and 3cd shown in Figure 3a, respectively, are binary microstructures, preferably including one or more structural elements, in particular, have a base surface GF and numerous structural elements, which preferably in each case have an elevated relative to the base surfaces GF, the surface of the elements EF and preferably the flank located between the surface of the elements EF and the reference surface GF, wherein in particular the reference surface GF of the structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc and 3cd defines a reference plane extending through the coordinate axes x or y, the reference plane preferably being the surfaces EF elements on the structural elements in each case run essentially parallel to the base surface GF, and preferably the surfaces EF of the elements on the structural elements and the base surface GF are at a certain distance from each other perpendicular to the base plane in the direction coo z-axis direction, in particular at a first distance h, which is preferably chosen such that, in particular, as a result of the interference of the elements reflected on the base surface GF and the surfaces EF in reflected light, and/or in particular as a result of the interference of the transmitted through the element surfaces EF and the transmitted light base surface GF, a second color is generated in one or more first zones. In this case, a second color is preferably generated by direct reflection or transmission, and in particular a first color of the first or higher orders complementary to it. For example, the first color may be purple and the second color may be orange, or the first color may be blue and the second color may be yellow.

It is possible that the optically variable element 1a comprises one or more layers, in particular at least one pixel array 2 is placed on or in at least one layer of one or more layers, and preferably one or more layers of one or more several layers selected from: an HRI layer, in particular a layer comprising an HRI and/or LRI lacquer layer, a metal layer, an interference layer, in particular sequences of interference layers, preferably HLH or HLHLH, more preferably a three-layer system or a multi-layer system Fabry-Perot, liquid crystal layer, ink layer, in particular, translucent ink layer.

Each of the structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd preferably has a limited maximum structure depth Δz, in particular a maximum structure depth which, in particular in Figure 3, is the same for all structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd in the respective elements 2ca, 2cb , 2cc, 2cd images.

In addition, one or more structures of one or more structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd preferably have a limited maximum structure depth Δz, wherein in particular the maximum structure depth Δz is less than 35 µm, preferably less than 20 µm, more preferably less than or equal to 15 µm, even more preferably less than or equal to 7 µm, particularly preferably less than or equal to 2 µm.

In this case, in particular, the advantage is achieved that the thickness, respectively, the total thickness of the optically variable element 1a contained in at least one pixel matrix 2 is kept compatible for use in security documents 1d, in particular on banknotes, identification cards or passports.

In particular, the total thickness of the optically variable film-based elements 1a, preferably security elements and/or decorative elements, preferably on banknotes, identification cards or passports, is less than 35 µm. Preferably, the total thickness is less than 20 µm, in particular to advantageously prevent banknotes from bending on the applied film comprising one or more optically variable elements 1a. In addition, it is possible that the limited maximum structure depth for all structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd of the respective image elements 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd is limited in such a way that the structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd are preferably inserted, applied and/or formed by replication.

It is possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd are formed in such a way that the limited maximum depth Δz of the structure of one or more structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd for more than 50% of the pixels, in particular , for more than 70% of the pixels, preferably for more than 90% of the pixels, at least one pixel array 2 is less than or equal to 15 µm, in particular less than or equal to 7 µm, preferably less than or equal to 2 µm.

In addition, it is possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd are formed in such a way that the maximum depth Δz of the structure of one or more structures for all pixels is less than or equal to 15 μm, in particular less than or equal to 7 µm, preferably less than or equal to 2 µm.

A limited maximum structure depth of less than or equal to 15 μm is advantageous, in particular compatible with a method involving UV replication (UV=ultraviolet), and a limited maximum structure depth of less than or equal to 7 μm, in particular less than or equal to 2 µm, is advantageous, in particular compatible with a method involving UV replication and/or thermal replication.

It is also possible that one or more of the structures of one or more of the structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd have a grating period, in particular less than half, preferably less than a third, more preferably less than a quarter, of the maximum lateral dimension of the elements. 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd images, preferably each of the image elements 2ca, 2cb, 2cc, 2cd.

In addition, in particular, it is possible that one or more of the structures of one or more of the structures 3ca, 3cb, 3cc, 3cd differ from each other, or are similar, or the same, or identical to each other.

Figure 4 shows the matrix 2 of pixels shown in Figure 2 in such a form that each of the image elements 2aa-2dd is given a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, respectively, that each of the image elements 2aa-2dd includes a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, and the structures 3aa- 3dd are formed as hologram-like, in particular, achromatically displaying, deflecting and/or scattering incident light structures.

In particular, one or many or all of the 3aa-3dd structures have different optical properties.

It is possible that each pixel of the image elements 2aa-2dd of at least one matrix 2 of pixels is assigned one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd, and one or more structures attached to one pixel display, deflect and / or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation at one or more predetermined solid angles, with one or more predetermined solid angles in particular being assigned one direction in each case, preferably a predetermined direction.

In addition, it is possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd, and/or one or more associated structures of one or more associated structures 3aa-3dd, display, reject and/or diffuse under one or more predefined body corners from one or more predefined solid angles, which, in particular, differ from each other, and one or more projected onto the surrounding one pixel sphere, in particular, a unit sphere with unit radius 1, solid angles from one or more solid angles and /or predefined solid angles among one or more predefined solid angles, form one or more, in particular the same or different, shapes, which are preferably selected in each case from: round surface, elliptical surface, triangular surface, square surface, rectangular surface, polygonal surface hnosti, an annular surface, and in particular, one or more of the one or more molds are open or closed, and/or consisting of one or more partial molds, and preferably two partial molds are connected or overlap with each other.

Figure 5 shows the matrix 2 of pixels shown in Figure 2 in such a way that each of the image elements 2aa-2dd is given a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, respectively, that each of the image elements 2aa-2dd includes a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, and the structures 3aa- 3dd are formed as grating structures that achromatically display, deflect and/or scatter incident light. In particular, the lattice structures are linear lattice structures, which preferably have an echelette-like lattice profile.

The achromatically deflecting grating structures in one or more pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd preferably in at least one pixel array 2 overlap with additional microstructures and/or nanostructures, in particular linear grating structures, more preferably cruciform grating structures, more preferably subwavelength grating structures. gratings.

It is possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd, which are designed as achromatically deflecting grating structures, preferably as profiled gratings, in particular have a grating period of more than 3 µm, preferably more than 5 µm, and/or in particular , each pixel of the image elements 2aa-2dd includes at least two periods of the array of achromatically deflecting structures.

Figure 6 represents the matrix 2 of pixels shown in Figure 2 in such a way that each of the image elements 2aa-2dd is given a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, respectively, that each pixel of the image elements 2aa-2dd includes a corresponding structure 3aa-3dd, and the structures 3aa -3dd are formed as Fresnel microlens structures and/or portions, respectively, Fresnel microlens sectors, wherein in particular the grating lines of the Fresnel microlens structure are formed as curved grating lines and/or the grating lines have variable grating periods, and/or wherein, in in particular, each pixel of two or more pixels, preferably in at least one spatial direction, includes at least two grating periods.

It is possible that the structures of the Fresnel microlenses are formed as profiled gratings (echelettes), the grating lines being in particular curved and/or the grating periods preferably varying.

In particular, one or more or all of the structures are less preferably embodied as micromirrors and/or microprisms, in particular less preferably embodied as achromatically refractive imaging microstructures.

In addition, it is possible that more than 70% of the pixels, in particular more than 90% of the pixels, of the image elements 2aa-2dd in at least one pixel matrix 2 have one or more structures of one or more structures 3aa-3dd, which have protrusions number of at least 2, in particular at least 3 protrusions, preferably at least 4 per pixel.

One or more structures of one or more structures more preferably have at least 2 ridges, in particular at least 3 ridges, preferably at least 4 ridges per pixel.

At least one pixel has at least two grating periods formed as profiled gratings and/or microlens Fresnel structures, in which case the grating periods are preferably less than half of the maximum lateral dimension of each pixel.

It is also possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd are formed as chromatic grating structures, in particular as linear gratings, preferably as linear gratings with a sinusoidal profile, and/or as nanotext and/or as mirror surfaces. In this way, in particular, it is possible to incorporate colored decor elements and/or hidden features into an apparently achromatic pixel array.

Figure 7 represents the pixel matrix 2 shown in Figure 2 in such a way that the image elements 2aa-2dd each have a linear array 30aa, 30ad, respectively 30cc, in particular including a sinusoidal profile.

It is possible to extend the achromatic effects of one or more of the structures 3aa-3dd by applying, respectively, the deposition or formation of additional structures by means of additional optical effects, and thus advantageously further improve the security against forgery.

It is also possible that one or more of the structures of one or more of the structures 3aa-3dd, preferably in one or more pixels of the image elements 2aa-2dd, are designed as subwavelength gratings, in particular as linear subwavelength gratings, preferably the grating period of the subwavelength gratings, in particular linear subwavelength gratings, is less than 450 nm, and/or wherein, in particular, at least one such array of pixels creates an optically variable effect for the observer when tilting and/or rotating the optically variable element and/or at least at least one matrix of pixels. In particular, such an optically variable effect is one or more pictograms, logos, images and/or additional motifs recorded by the observer and/or sensor, which are preferably displayed when the optically variable element 1a is strongly tilted.

In addition, it is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures 3aa-3dd are, in particular, at least partially provided with a metal layer and/or absorb incident electromagnetic radiation, preferably one or more pixels from two or more pixels are recorded in reflection, preferably in direct reflection, for an observer in a shade from dark gray to black.

Figure 8 shows the pixel array 2 shown in Figure 2 in such a way that the picture elements 2aa, 2ad and 2cc each have a light absorbing, in particular incident light absorbing, microstructure 31aa, 31ad, respectively 31cc, these absorbing microstructures 31aa , 31ad, respectively, 31cc, are registered by the observer and/or the sensor preferably as shades from dark gray to black. In particular, the absorbing microstructures 31aa, 31ad, respectively 31cc, are formed as subwavelength cross gratings, in particular with a grating period less than or equal to 450 nm, preferably less than or equal to 350 nm. Such pixels with microstructures, which appear as shades from dark gray to black, make it possible, in particular, to increase the contrast of the appearance of the pixel array and, for example, to create the illusion of cast shadows.

It is also possible that one or more of the structures of one or more of the structures 3aa-3dd are formed as microstructures that absorb light, in particular absorb incident light, and/or, when viewed normally, respectively in direct reflection, look to the observer and/or colored sensor.

It is possible to expand additional structures by means of additional optical effects, and at the same time favorably further increase the security against counterfeiting.

In addition, it is possible to complement the achromatic effects of one or more structures 3aa-3dd by applying, respectively, the deposition or formation of light-absorbing microstructures in one or more pixels from the image elements 2aa-2dd of at least one matrix 2 pixels around contrast lines or contrast surfaces in one execution variant. In this case, for example, it is possible to generate a 3D object that is visually striking for the observer and/or expressive for the sensor, for example, such as a portrait, which is created by directionally displaying, deflecting and/or scattering incident light structures 3aa-3dd in the corresponding pixels from the elements 2aa-2dd images, by means of which pixels which are registered for the observer and/or the sensor and which are registered more contrast as shades from dark to black, including light-absorbing microstructures, are achieved. In particular, it is possible that seemingly dark pixels, for example, provide the high contrast cast shadow expected by the observer.

In particular, one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd have an HRI layer, and in particular pixels that have one or more layers are detected as colored by the observer and/or sensor in the reflection.

In one of the number of pixels predetermined in the embodiment, microstructures can preferably be provided from the image elements 2aa-2dd, which, in particular, when at least partially coated with at least one highly refractive dielectric layer, in particular at least one The HRI layers, preferably in normal viewing, respectively in direct reflection, are detected by the observer and/or sensor in color, for example red or green. Such microstructures are preferably designed as linear sub-wavelength gratings, with colored pixels comprising such microstructures, for example in a portrait, producing green-recordable pupils for the observer and/or sensor.

Figure 9 shows a fragment of a pixel array 2 comprising sixteen image elements 2aa-2dd in perspective view, the pixel array being extended along a plane running through the x or y directions. In addition, Figure 9 shows the incoming direction of the incident light 6 and the outgoing direction of the outgoing light 20aa-20dd for the respective picture elements 2aa-2dd. In particular, the outgoing light 20aa-20dd is emitted into a half-space, which is in particular determined by the plane of the pixel array, the incident light 6 preferably coming from one direction in this half-space. In particular, the incident light 6 is achromatically deflected in the respective directions of the outgoing light 20aa-20dd as the outgoing light 20aa-20dd. In this case, the incident light 6 is achromatically displayed, deflected and/or scattered, in particular pseudo-randomly, in arbitrary spatial directions as outgoing light 20aa-20dd, in and/or on each image element 2aa-2dd, preferably individually in and/or on each element 2aa-2dd of the image, including this structure 3aa-3dd.

It is possible that one or more structures from one or more structures 3aa-3dd, preferably in the respective pixels from image elements 2aa-2dd, display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation, in particular the incident light 6, pseudo-randomly or randomly over all spatial directions in such a way that one or more pixels of the pixel array 2 in reflection are recorded by the observer and/or sensor, preferably isotropically white, preferably isotropically achromatic.

Figure 10 shows an enlarged view of a fragment of the matrix 2 of pixels indicated in Figure 9, which includes, for example, a pixel 2ad, including displaying, deflecting and / or scattering structures 3ad, which displays, deflects and / or scatters the incident light, respectively, the incident electromagnetic radiation , as outgoing light 20ad in a predetermined direction and/or in a predetermined solid angle. In this case, the paths and/or propagation directions of the outgoing light 20ad are preferably parallel to each other.

It is also possible that the light incident on the pixel array 2, respectively the incident electromagnetic radiation, is pseudo-randomly or randomly displayed, deflected and/or scattered only in at least one area, in particular one or more at least partially adjacent or non-adjacent to each other, and/or at least partially overlapping or non-overlapping areas, one or more predefined solid angles. As a result, in these areas and/or predetermined solid angles, the brightness and/or the intensity of the outgoing light or the outgoing electromagnetic radiation is advantageously increased, whereby in particular the effect detected by the observer and/or the sensor, preferably the visual effect, is better detected in low light conditions.

In addition, when severely limited, in particular one or more opening angles, one or more predetermined solid angles in at least one direction can also produce an asymmetric and/or dynamic white effect. In this case, the opening angles of the predetermined solid angles are preferably limited to less than +/-10°, preferably less than +/-5°, more preferably +/-3°, in particular in at least one direction.

A summary of the most important structural parameters, as well as the ranges of these parameters, is given in Table 1.

Structural parameter Ranges Preferred Ranges Particularly preferred ranges Lateral pixel dimensions and/or Δ _X and/or Δ _Y from 5 µm to 500 µm from 10 µm to 300 µm from 20 µm to 150 µm Limited maximum structure depth ≤15 µm ≤4 µm ≤2 µm Distance between adjacent virtual field sources from 0.001 m to 100 m from 0.1 m to 5 m from 0.25 to 2 m Focal length of microlenses from 0.04 mm to 5 mm from 0.06 mm to 3 mm from 0.1 mm to 2 mm No. of projections per pixel ≥2 ≥3 ≥4

Figure 11 is an enlarged view of a fragment of the pixel array 2 shown in Figure 6, including the pixel 2da, in which at least one structure 3da is formed as a Fresnel microlens structure, wherein the incident light, respectively, the incident electromagnetic radiation, is displayed, deflected and/or scattered by the structure 3da at one or more points and/or one or more surfaces into space perpendicular to a plane running through the pixel array 2 and/or a plane extending through the x or y directions, in particular, is focused. Figure 11 is only schematic and not to scale.

In addition, it is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are formed as microlenses, in particular Fresnel microlenses, and in particular the focal length of one or more structures is between 0.04 mm to 5 mm, in particular from 0.06 mm to 3 mm, preferably from 0.1 mm to 2 mm, and/or where, in particular, the focal length in the x and/or y direction is given by the equation

,

,

where Δ _{x, y} preferably represents a given lateral dimension of one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array in the x direction, respectively, in the y direction, and ɸ _{x, y} represents a given solid angle in the x direction, respectively, in the y direction, in which one or more structures display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation, in particular the incident light.

In addition, it is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures are formed as cylindrical lenses, and, in particular, the focal length of one or more structures is infinitely large.

In particular, the respective focal lengths are determined by the magnitudes and/or lateral dimensions of the pixels and/or the associated solid angles.

Figure 12 shows an enlarged view of a fragment of the pixel array 2 shown in Figure 6, including the pixel 2da, in which at least one structure 3da is formed as a Fresnel microlens structure, wherein the incident light, respectively the incident electromagnetic radiation, is displayed, deflected and/or scattered by the structure 3da at one or more points and/or one or more surfaces in space, in particular not perpendicular to the plane passing through the pixel matrix 2 and/or the plane extending through the x or y directions, but at an angle α relative to the normal f to the surface of the above planes in the R direction, in particular, is focused.

The radius of the sphere E, in particular, is equal to the height f of the focus. The structure of the Fresnel microlenses is preferably calculated and accordingly determined for a wavelength of 550 nm, in particular for the wavelength range from 450 nm to 650 nm, of incident light.

Figure 12a shows an enlarged view of a fragment of the pixel array 2 shown in Figure 6, including the 2da pixel, in which at least one structure 3da is formed as a Fresnel microlens structure, wherein the incident light, respectively the incident electromagnetic radiation, is displayed, deflected and/or scattered by the structure 3da at one or more points and/or one or more surfaces in space, in particular not perpendicular to the plane passing through the pixel matrix 2 and/or the plane extending through the x or y directions, but at an angle α relative to the normal f to the surface of the above planes in the R direction, in particular, is focused.

In particular, in and/or on the segments S shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a, at least one virtual pixel array is obtained, including two or more virtual pixels, and preferably each of the one or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array at least one solid angle is intended. The half angle of the opening shown in Figure 11 related solid angle, which is limited by the lines 20da, are, for example, θ/2 and φ/2. In Figures 11, 12 and 12a, one virtual pixel of the pixel data 2da is preferably assigned in each case.

In addition, one or more virtual field sources are preferably placed in and/or on the segments S shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a, and in particular the segments S shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a are in each case at first distances relative to virtual pixel data, the position and/or orientation of a given virtual pixel in Figures 11, 12, respectively 12a, in each case preferably corresponding to the position and/or orientation of the virtual pixel 2da shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a.

One or more virtual electromagnetic fields emanating from one or more virtual field sources, in particular located in the segments S shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a, are preferably calculated at a predetermined distance from one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels at least one virtual pixel array in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular, planes.

One or more phase portraits for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array are preferably calculated from a virtual electromagnetic resultant field consisting of a superposition of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields in and/or on one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane, moreover, the plane data in Figures 11, 12 and 12a, in particular, they correspond to planes extended through the given pixels 2da.

In addition, virtual structural profiles are preferably calculated for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual matrix of pixels from one or more phase portraits.

In particular, virtual structural profiles of two or more virtual pixels of at least one virtual pixel array are preferably formed in and/or on a substrate as at least one pixel array including two or more pixels, the data shown in Figures 11, 12 and 12a, pixels 2da of at least one pixel array have one or more structures 3da to create an optically variable element.

Figure 13 shows by way of example a design including a 3D model of a portrait 9 of the mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. The six variants in the upper part of the Figure each have one solid angle opening angle increasing from left to right, in which the respective microstructures of the base pixel array progressively display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light, respectively, the incident electromagnetic radiation within the limits predetermined in each case of a solid angle. In particular, the opening angles of these related solid angles, in which the corresponding structures broadly display the incident light, are from left to right: 0.5°, 1.25°, 2.5°, 5°, 7.5°, 10°.

In particular, a small and/or smaller opening angle of the predetermined solid angles creates a 3D effect that can be registered for the observer and/or the sensor with an apparently smooth surface of the portrait, respectively, of the motif. A large and/or larger opening angle of solid angles creates a 3D effect registered for the observer and/or sensor with an apparently very matte surface of the portrait, respectively, of the motif. This adjustable opacity can be used as a design element, for example to allow the top to be rendered as a 3D effect of a snow-covered mountain.

The opening angle is preferably between 0.5° and 70°, and preferably between 1° and 60°.

The upper part of Figure 13b shows five fragments 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 of the 3D model of a lion, with, in particular, from left to right, the opening angle increases from 1° to 60°. All pixels deflect incident light, in particular with approximately the same opening angle in the direction intended for the pixels. The leftmost lion fragment 91 has a mirror-reflective virtual surface, the rightmost lion fragment 95 has a silky matte surface. Three fragments 92, 93, 94 lions between them show intermediate haze values.

In addition, the 3D effect area may appear with a different haze. The lower part of Figure 13b shows this by means of a 3D model 96, 97 of a lion, wherein the left side of the K-section of the lion 96 has more haze than the rest of the lion, and the right-hand side of the lion 97 has less haze than the rest of the K-section lion. The opening angle in the left lion 96 in areas without a K-shaped area is 1°, and in the right lion 97 the opening angle is 15°. The K-section in the left lion 96 has an opening angle of 60°, and the K-section in the right lion 97 has an opening angle of 1°.

The lower parts of Figure 13 show photomicrographs of fragments of the basic pixel arrays in the portraits depicted in the upper part of Figure 13 at various magnifications of these areas. In particular, registerable structures of pixels located in pixel matrices.

In particular, an increase in the predetermined solid angle in which the pixels reflect, deflect and/or scatter incident light preferably leads to a clear change in the underlying structures, and with increasing opening angles, in particular to a clear misalignment of the ordered, respectively periodic structures.

Figure 14 shows, by way of example, a similar change in the structure of a selected pixel in the design shown in Figure 13, with the structure changing from left to right as the opening angle increases.

In addition, the 3D effect, in particular as described above, can be partially, or complexly, or completely, made visible, respectively, registered in one predetermined direction. To this end, the structures in the pixels are preferably chosen in such a way that they display and/or deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation in a predetermined area of the 3D effect, preferably in a predetermined direction. The opening angle in this case, in particular, is chosen depending on the direction.

The left panel 98 of Figure 13c shows an embodiment including a 3D model of a portrait of the mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss, wherein, when viewed normally, the face displays and/or deflects and/or scatters incident electromagnetic radiation substantially preferentially towards the viewer. This area of the portrait appears in particular to be 3D-bumped and matte-light. In contrast, other areas of the portrait preferably appear dark to barely registerable. In particular, after rotating the optically variable element by 90° clockwise, as shown in the right part 99 of Figure 13c, the face, on the contrary, appears dark to the point of being barely visible, and the remaining areas of the portrait appear, in particular, as 3D-convex and matte light. The opening angle is preferably in the range between 0.5° and 70°, more preferably between 1° and 60°.

It is possible that structures formed as achromatic microstructures in one or more or all pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel array overlap with additional microstructures and/or nanostructures. Examples of such additional microstructures and/or nanostructures are linear grating structures, cross grating structures, in particular subwavelength grating structures. In this case, a combination of the achromatic effect produced by the achromatic structure with the color effect generated by subwavelength grating structures, in particular the so-called zero-order diffraction color effect, can be achieved. Examples of such a zero-order diffraction color effect are in particular so-called resonant gratings in the case of an HRI coating, or gratings with plasmon resonance effects in the case of metallic coatings, in particular an aluminum coating. In both of these cases, an optical effect of at least one array of pixels occurs, in particular in the color of the superimposed effect of the subwavelength grating structures. The grating period for resonant gratings that are coated with an HRI layer is preferably in the range of 200 nm to 500 nm. In addition, the structures of the subwavelength gratings of resonant gratings are preferably linear gratings.

Furthermore, as an alternative to subdividing at least one pixel array and one surface in a pixel into differently correlated and/or predetermined solid angles, surfaces or adjacent pixels in particular can be provided with identical or almost identical structures and/or microstructures.

Figure 15 shows the arrangement of the pixels of a pixel array 2 comprising corresponding structures, which, in particular, are formed in such a way that a movement of thin lines registered by the observer and/or sensor is created (“movement of narrow or thin lines”), the width of the registered lines preferably depending on the magnitude and/or side dimensions of the pixels.

In the optically variable structure element shown in FIG. of such an optically variable element, depending on the viewing conditions and/or the viewing direction and/or the incident light and/or the direction of incidence of the incident light, in each case adjacent line-shaped groups of pixels G are illuminated in turn, in particular depending on tilt directions, in particular achromatically.

It is also possible that one or more of the line-shaped pixel groups do not develop and/or are illuminated at one random angle, the illumination of the line-shaped pixel groups being preferably generated in random order. In particular, an achromatic thin line morphing effect ("movement and/or change in the shape of narrow or thin lines") can also be produced, which is preferably detectable by the observer and/or sensor.

In addition, one or more of the following effects recorded by the observer and/or sensor can also be created: freeforms that appear to protrude towards the observer and/or sensor or recessed; appearing to hover in front of or behind a plane extended through an optically variable element; achromatic movement and transformation of thin lines; achromatic movement, in particular linear and/or radial achromatic movement; achromatic image flipping, in particular double, triple or multiple flips, and/or preferably animations comprising multiple motifs, preferably images; one or many registered by the observer and/or sensor as isotropically matte surfaces; one or many registered by the observer and/or sensor as anisotropically matte surfaces; one or more pixels of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix, including latent effects such as nanotext, for example; hidden motif (hidden, respectively, secret for the observer and/or sensor at a predetermined distance and/or in one or more predetermined wavelength ranges motif), in particular, hidden text (hidden, respectively, secret for the observer and/or sensor at a predetermined distance and/or in one or more predetermined wavelength ranges text), and/or a hidden image (hidden, respectively, secret to the observer and/or sensor at a predetermined distance and/or in one or more predetermined ranges image wavelengths), in one or more predefined display planes, respectively, at one or more predefined solid angles, and/or at distances to the optically variable element.

It is possible that in order to create a double flip in the first pixel group, the pixel arrays form a first group of structures that display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light, in particular achromatically, for example, holographic structures formed by computer graphics, and these structures of the first group of structures achromatically display , deflect and/or scatter incident light at a first inclination angle of about 30° to the surface extended through the optically variable plane element. The pixels of the first group of pixels in this case preferably display the first motif.

In addition, it is possible that in order to create a double flip in the second group of pixels, the pixel arrays form a second group of structures that display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light, in particular achromatically, for example, holographic structures formed by computer graphics, and these structures of the second group structures achromatically display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light at a second angle of inclination of about 5° to the surface extended through the optically variable element of the plane. The pixels of the second group of pixels in this case preferably display the second motif.

It is also possible that one or more structures of one or more structures and/or structures associated with one pixel of two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation, under one solid angle, in particular, in one point solid angle.

One or more structures from one or more structures and/or one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels, including one or more correlated structures of one or more correlated structures, are preferably assigned to two or more groups of structures and/or two or more pixel groups, in particular, wherein the groups of two or more structure groups and/or the groups of two or more pixel groups differ from each other.

It is possible that two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures, and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels, display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation, in the same or different solid angles and/or predefined solid angles, in particular point solid angles and/or predefined solid angles, preferably different shaped solid angles and/or predefined solid angles.

In addition, it is possible that two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures, and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels, create optically variable information, including a 3D effect.

In addition, it is also possible for the first motif to appear light and the second motif to appear dark if the optically variable element, in particular one for which a corresponding inclination angle has been predetermined, includes a solid angle. It is furthermore possible that the optically variable element, after being tilted with respect to the observer and/or the sensor, is oriented in such a way that the optically variable element, in particular from one that is detectable at a second inclination angle of the respective predetermined second inclination angle, whereby preferably the second motif appears light, and the first motif seems dark. Such an effect is preferably also referred to as an image flip effect.

Preferably, it is possible that the structures display, deflect and/or scatter the incident light in three or more predefined solid angles, with each of the predefined solid angles in particular being assigned a different motif, in particular an image, in each case. For example, here it is possible to create a flip between three or more motifs depending on the viewing direction and/or in one of the viewing directions corresponding to predetermined solid angles. In particular, an illusion of continuous and/or abrupt movement of the motif is created for the observer and/or sensor, which, in particular, occurs when the optically variable element is moved, rotated and/or tilted accordingly. The basic matrix of pixels is preferably divided into parts that create a given motif, and/or one or more pixels of two or more pixels of the pixel matrix in each case are divided into parts or sub-pixels, which in each case have different structures that display, reject and/ or scatter the incident light in a predetermined solid angle to create an appropriate motif.

One or more pixels of two or more pixels are in each case divided into three, in particular four, more preferably five, parts or sub-pixels, the parts or sub-pixels, in particular preferably in each case, having different structures.

It is possible that one or more solid angles recorded by the observer from one or more solid angles or predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, in which one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one matrix of pixels display, reject and/or scatter incident electromagnetic radiation, correspond to one function, the function being formulated in such a way that the observer registers solid angles or predetermined solid angles as wavy moving luminance bands, preferably sinusoidally moving luminance bands.

In addition, it is possible to generate a changing shape of the motif, for example, the transformation of a motif, for example, the letter sequence "CH", to another motif, for example, a Swiss cross, which is detectable for the observer and/or sensor, and, in particular, visually enlarged or reduced motif contour lines.

In addition, it is also possible that one or more pixels from two or more pixels of at least one pixel matrix display, deflect and/or scatter at least two views of the same motif into different predetermined solid angles, moreover, in particular by the observer and /or at least one stereo image of the motif is recorded by a sensor from at least one predetermined distance.

Figure 16 shows on the left side the strip-like security element 1b' shown in FIG. /or out of the viewing direction, 3D elements that appear to be indented.

It is possible that the security document 1d has one or more additional optically variable elements in or outside the strip-like region 1b'.

In addition, the strip-like security element 1b includes two optically variable elements 1a, which in particular in each case have at least one pixel array comprising two or more pixels, and are shown on the right side of Figure 16 in an enlarged view.

In addition, the strip-like security element 1b' includes many security elements 8, which are designed as sequences of numbers "45", two cloud motifs, an aircraft-shaped motif, and a sequence of letters "UT" crossed out with two horizontal lines.

The sun-shaped optically variable element 1a shown in FIG. 16 at top right produces, in particular, an optical effect in such a way that the incident light appears to the observer and/or sensor preferably as reflected from the convex surface of the sun 9a. In appearance, the sun 9a is preferably felt to protrude, in particular to the observer as perceptible, or as expected by touch, from the plane and/or surface extended through the optically variable element, although the protection element is preferably substantially smooth and/or or flat. The optically variable element shown in FIG. 16 at the bottom right includes a pixel array which in particular creates an illusion for the viewer and/or sensor, in particular an optical illusion, of undulating water 9b. By tilting the optically variable element 1a, a bright band preferably appears for the observer and/or sensor, which moves from left to right and/or in the opposite direction.

It is possible that one or more structures of one or more structures, when the element and/or at least one pixel array is bent, create an optically variable effect, moreover, in particular, in the unbent state of the element and/or at least one pixel array, the first motif, and in the bent state of the element and/or at least one matrix of pixels, the second motif is detectable.

It is also possible that the flip of the image is detected by the observer and/or the sensor in such a way that, in particular, the first motif is detected in the non-bent state and the second motif is detected in the bent state. In particular, the virtual pixel array for calculating the corresponding structures in the virtual pixels is created in a bent state, and the virtual electromagnetic fields, which are preferably emitted from one or more virtual point field sources, are preferably calculated on the bent virtual pixel array. In this way, in particular, it is achieved that one or more predetermined solid angles, in which the structures reflect, deflect and/or scatter incident light, are compensated according to the local bending of the optically variable element, preferably in a bent state. If the incident light strikes a flat array of pixels, the pixels of which are in particular designed for a curved state, then the motif is preferably displayed, deflected and/or diffused into one or more predetermined solid angles in such a way that the motif is preferred to the viewer and/or sensor. is not fully registerable and/or only visually distorted.

It is possible that the observer and/or the sensor distinguishes one or more of the following effects produced by one or more optically variable elements, in particular the following effects produced by one or more optically variable elements: one or more reflection effects; one or more transmission effects; a combination of the above reflection and transmission effects, such as, for example, different reflection and transmission motion effects, in particular using 50% of the pixels and/or subpixels of at least one pixel array for a given reflection or transmission effect, respectively; one or more effects for a bent or unbent state of one or more optically variable elements from one or more optically variable elements.

It is also possible to form one or more structures from one or more structures in such a way that there are phase jumps of 2×180° in reflection and 1×360° in transmission. Such a phase jump is preferably accurate for only one wavelength, the corresponding effect being preferably color selective around that wavelength. The effect thus appears to the observer and/or the sensor, in particular in a well-defined color. All of the above effects, in particular all of the above optical effects, for example, can be converted in a similar way with a corresponding defined color.

Figure 17 shows, by way of example, an achromatic arc comprising multiple points of light 200 which move up and/or down along the R' direction, in particular in a forward and/or backward tilt, respectively, in an optically variable tilt along the R' direction. element up and/or down, respectively, along the direction R', in the plane of the figure passing through the x and y directions. The structures in the pixels of the base pixel array are in particular designed in such a way that the incident light, when the optically variable element is tilted from the figure plane running through the x and y directions by a value of -30° to +30°, preferably creates an illusion for the observer and/or sensor moving light arc.

Figure 18 shows in the upper part the first enlarged area, and in the lower part of the second, in particular, a further enlarged area of the basic matrix of pixels, including the pixel with the corresponding structures. The framed pixel 2e containing the structure 3e has a side dimension of 50 µm in each case in the x and y directions.

Figure 19 shows, in a schematic perspective view, the process of movement of an achromatic arcuate motif 9c recorded for an observer B and/or sensor S, which moves in a plane extending through the optical element 1a, in particular along the direction R", the structures contained in the optically variable element 1a pixel arrays 2 display, deflect and/or scatter incident light towards viewer B and/or sensor S.

Figure 20 shows a 3D object in the form of a gastropod shell 9d protruding achromatically for the observer and/or sensor from the plane of the figure, in particular from a plane extending through the x and y directions. In particular, the structures in the pixels of the base pixel array are designed such that the incident light gives the illusion of a 3D object. When tilted forward and backward, as well as to the left and right, light and shadows move for the observer and / or sensor along the helical surface.

Figure 21 shows in the upper part the first enlarged area, and in the lower part of the second, in particular, even more enlarged area of the basic matrix of pixels in the gastropod shell 9d shown in Figure 20, including pixels with the corresponding structures. The framed pixel 2f containing the structure 3f has a lateral size of 50 µm in each case in the x and y direction.

Figure 22 shows a design including a 3D model of a portrait 9e of the mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 28 different versions, and Figure 23 shows an enlarged section of Figure 22, with the structures in the pixels of the underlying pixel array being specifically formed as Fresnel microlens structures, that were used to create variants. In particular, the portraits show in the first row, from left to right, an enhanced variation of the strength of the 3D effect recorded for the observer and/or sensor. The first four portraits in each case in the next line show from left to right in each case the effect by the corresponding portrait based on structures with a structure depth of 2 µm, and in each case the last three portraits in the next line show from left to right in each case the effect by the corresponding portrait, based on structures with a structure depth of about 1 µm of structure depth.

List of reference positions:

1a optical variable element

1b security element

1b' security strip

1c decor element

1d security document

10 substrate

2 pixel matrix

2aa-2dd, 2e-2f pixel

20aa-20dd incident light

200 light points

3aa-3dd, 3e-3f structure

30aa, 30ad, 30cc microstructure

31aa, 31ad, 31cc microstructure

4 virtual pixel matrix

4aa-4dd virtual pixel

6 incident light

9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e motif

91, 92, 93, 94, 95 motive

96, 97 motive

98, 99 motive

Δx, Δy side dimension

Δz structure depth

P focus point

F focal plane

f distance

θ, φ, α, Ω angle

S segment

R, R’, R’’ direction

G pixel group

B observer

S sensor

L light source

GF base surface

EF element surface.

Claims (200)

1. An optically variable element (1a), in particular a security element (1b) and/or a decor element (1c), preferably for security documents (1d), different in that that the optically variable element (1a) has at least one matrix (2) of pixels, including two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f), wherein one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e- 2f) at least one matrix (2) of pixels has one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f), and wherein one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) display, reject and/ or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation (6) at one or more solid angles, and wherein one or more or all solid angles from one or more solid angles and/or one or more or all predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles in at least one direction is up to 70°, and wherein the opening angle of one or more or all of the solid angles is at most 20°, so that the visual appearance thus generated can be detected by the observer and/or sensor as high gloss or silky matt, or as partly high glossy and partly silky matt. 2. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 1, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) achromatically display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation (6) at one or more solid angles. 3. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that the optically variable element (1a) comprises one or more layers, in particular at least said one matrix (2) of pixels is placed on or in at least one layer of one or more layers, and preferably one or more layers of one or more layers selected from: an HRI layer, in particular a layer comprising an HRI and/or an LRI lacquer layer, a metal layer, an interference layer, in particular sequences of interference layers, preferably HLH or HLHLH, more preferably a three-layer system or a Fabry multi-layer system - Pen, liquid crystal layer, ink layer, in particular the translucent ink layer. 4. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that each pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels is associated with one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f), wherein one or more structures associated with one pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation (6) at one or more predetermined solid angles, and in particular one or more predetermined solid angles are in each case associated with one direction, preferably a predetermined direction. 5. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) and/or one or more related structures of one or more related structures display, deflect and/or scatter at one or more solid angles from one or more solid angles and/or at one or more predetermined solid angles from one or more predetermined solid angles, which, in particular, differ from each other, and one or more projected onto the sphere located around the pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f), in particular a unit sphere, each with a unit radius of 1, solid angles from one or more solid angles and/or predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles form one or more, in particular identical or different, shapes, which preferably in each case selected from: round surface, elliptical surface, triangular surface, square surface, rectangular surface, polygonal surface, annular surface. 6. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 5, different in that that one or more of the one or more molds are open or closed and/or consist of one or more partial molds, wherein in particular at least two partial molds are connected to each other or overlap. 7. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more of the solid angles recorded, in particular by the observer and/or the sensor, from one or more solid angles or predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles, in which one or more pixels from two or more pixels (2aa -2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels display, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation (6), correspond to one function, the function being formed so that the observer registers a solid angle or a predetermined solid angle as undulating luminance bands, preferably sine-moving luminance bands. 8. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more or all solid angles from one or more solid angles and/or one or more or all predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles in at least one direction are preferably up to 50°, more preferably up to 40°, and that the opening angle of one or more or all of the solid angles is preferably at most 15°, in particular preferably at most 10°. 9. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one, or more, or all solid angles from one or more solid angles and/or one, or more, or all predefined solid angles from one or more predefined solid angles in at least one direction are up to 70°, preferably up to 50°, more preferably up to 40°. 10. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) and/or associated with one pixel of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels of the structure designed to provide optically variable information, in particular one or more 3D and/or motion effects, preferably producing achromatic or monochromatic 3D and/or motion effects. 11. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures and/or associated with one pixel of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels of the structure of correlated structures (3aa-3dd, 3e -3f) display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation (6), at one solid angle, in particular at a point solid angle. 12. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) and/or one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels, comprising one or more associated structures from one or more associated structures, are associated with two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels, in particular, groups of two or more groups of structures and/or groups of two or more groups of pixels differ from each other. 13. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 12, different in that that two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) display, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation (6), at the same or different solid angles and/or predetermined solid angles, in particular point solid angles, preferably with an opening angle close to 0°, and/or predetermined solid angles, preferably solid angles with different shapes and/or predefined solid angles. 14. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 12 or 13, different in that that two or more groups of structures from two or more groups of structures and/or two or more groups of pixels from two or more groups of pixels create optically variable information including a 3D effect. 15. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more or all of the structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) and/or one or more or all of the associated structures diffractively reflect, deflect and/or scatter electromagnetic radiation, in particular incident electromagnetic radiation (6). 16. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that at least one matrix (2) of pixels in at least one direction, at least in separate areas, has a non-zero curvature. 17. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that at least one side dimension of one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one pixel array (2) is between 5 µm and 500 µm, preferably between 10 µm and 300 µm, more preferably between 20 µm and 150 µm. 18. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more side dimensions of one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels vary in one or more directions in space in the matrix (2) of pixels, in particular, at least in separate areas, periodically, non-periodically, pseudo-randomly and/or randomly. 19. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more side dimensions of one or more pixels out of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels vary around an average value in one or more spatial directions in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels, in particular at least in separate areas, by a maximum of ±70%, preferably by a maximum of ±50%. 20. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more pixels of one or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels, in particular at least in separate areas, are placed periodically, non-periodically, randomly and/or pseudo-randomly in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 21. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) have a lattice period, in particular less than half, preferably less than a third, more preferably less than a quarter, of the maximum lateral dimension of the two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f), preferably each of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 22. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) have a limited maximum structure depth, the limited maximum structure depth being in particular less than 15 μm, preferably less than 10 μm, more preferably less than or equal to 7 μm, even more preferably less than or equal to 4 μm, in particular, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm. 23. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 22, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are formed in such a way that the limited maximum depth of one or more structures for more than 50% of the pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) , in particular for more than 70% of the pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) , preferably for more than 90% of the pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) said at least one matrix (2) of pixels is less than or equal to 15 µm, in particular , less than or equal to 7 μm, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm. 24. Optically variable element (1a) according to claim 22 or 23, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are formed in such a way that the limited maximum depth of one or more structures for all pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) is less than or equal to 15 µm, in in particular less than or equal to 7 μm, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm. 25. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures from one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are different from each other, or similar to each other, or the same, or identical. 26. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are designed as achromatically deflecting structures, preferably as an echelette, in particular a linear echelette, moreover, in particular, the lattice period of the achromatically deflecting structures is more than 3 μm, preferably more than 5 µm, and/or where, in particular, more than 70% of the pixels, more preferably more than 90% of the pixels, in particular preferably each pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e -2f) of said at least one pixel array (2) comprises at least two grating periods. 27. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that additional microstructures and/or nanostructures, in particular linear grating structures, are superimposed on the achromatically deflecting structures in one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels, preferably cruciform grating structures, more preferably subwavelength grating structures. 28. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) of one or more structures are made to act as convex or concave microlenses and/or microlens sections, in particular as reflective microlenses and/or microlens sections, and, in particular, the focal length of one or more structures is between 0.04 mm and 5 mm, in particular between 0.06 mm and 3 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 2 mm, and/or wherein, in particular, the focal length in the X direction and/or Y is defined by the equation

, wherein preferably Δ _X,Y represents the corresponding lateral dimension of one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels in the X direction or respectively in the Y direction, and

represents a corresponding solid angle in the X direction or respectively in the Y direction, in which one or more structures reflect, deflect and/or scatter the incident electromagnetic radiation. 29. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are made as cylindrical lenses, and, in particular, the focal length of one or more structures is infinitely large. 30. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are formed as Fresnel microlens structures, in particular acting as reflective Fresnel microlens structures, wherein in particular the grating lines of the Fresnel microlens structures are formed as curved grating lines and/or the grating lines have variable grating periods, and/or wherein, in particular, each pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix ( 2) pixels, preferably in at least one spatial direction, includes at least two grating periods. 31. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) have at least 2 protrusions, in particular at least 3 protrusions, preferably at least 4 protrusions, preferably per pixel (2aa-2dd , 2e-2f). 32. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that more than 70% of the pixels, in particular more than 90% of the pixels, of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) in said at least one matrix (2) of pixels have one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa -3dd, 3e-3f) which have at least 2 protrusions, in particular at least 3 protrusions, preferably at least 4, preferably per pixel (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f). 33. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are formed as chromatic grating structures, in particular as linear gratings, preferably as linear gratings with a sinusoidal profile, and/or with nanotext, and/or with mirror surfaces. 34. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are made as subwave gratings, in particular as linear subwave gratings, and/or as facet structures, the grating period of subwave gratings, in particular linear subwave gratings being preferred and/or facet structures is less than 450 nm, and/or where, in particular, at least one such matrix (2) of pixels creates an optically variable effect recorded by the observer, in particular an additional optically variable effect recorded by the observer, when the optically variable element is tilted and/or said at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 35. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) are provided with a metal layer and/or absorb incident electromagnetic radiation, and in particular one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e -2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels can be registered by the observer in reflection as dark gray to black. 36. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) have an HRI layer, and in particular one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least at least one matrix (2) of pixels can be registered by the observer in the reflection as colored. 37. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures from one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) display, deflect and/or scatter incident electromagnetic radiation in a pseudo-random or random manner in all spatial directions, and in particular one or more pixels from two or several pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels can be recorded by the observer in reflection as isotropically white, preferably isotropically achromatic. 38. Optically variable element (1a) according to one of the preceding paragraphs, different in that that one or more structures of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) when the element and/or said at least one matrix (2) of pixels are bent create an optically variable effect, moreover, in particular in the unbent state of the element and /or said at least one matrix (2) of pixels, the first motif can be registered and the second motif can be registered in the bent state of the element and/or mentioned at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 39. A security document (1d), in particular comprising one or more optically variable elements (1a), in particular according to one of the preceding claims. 40. Security document (1d) according to paragraph 39, different in that that the security document (1d) preferably has one or more optically variable elements (1a) in one or more areas, in particular one or more strip-like areas, preferably one or more thread-like areas. 41. Security document (1d) according to paragraph 39 or 40, different in that that one or more areas of one or more areas, in each case including one or more optically variable elements (1a), are made in the form of a strip and/or in the form of a patch. 42. Security document (1d) according to one of paragraphs. 39-41, different in that that one or more optically variable elements (1a) when viewing the security document (1d) along the plane normal vector extended through the security document (1d) are preferably placed at least partially overlapping. 43. The method of obtaining an optically variable element (1a), in particular, according to one of paragraphs. 1-38, preferably a security element (1b) and/or a decor element (1c), preferably for a security document (1d), in particular according to one of paragraphs. 39-42, different in that what they do creation of at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, including two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd), correlation of at least one solid angle with one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, placement of one or more virtual field sources in at least one and/or one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle, and at least one area or at least one segment of at least one correlated solid angle the corner is at the first distance from one or more virtual elements of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of the said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, calculation of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields emanating from one or more field sources at a predetermined distance from one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of the said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels in and/ or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, and/or in and/or extending through at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels surfaces, in particular planes, calculation of one or more phase portraits for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels from a virtual electromagnetic resulting field, consisting of a superposition of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels of said at least one virtual pixel array, and/or in and/or on a surface extending through at least one virtual pixel array, in particular a plane, calculation of virtual structural profiles for one or more virtual pixels from two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels from one or more phase portraits, the formation of virtual structural profiles of one or more virtual pixels from two or more pixels (4aa-4dd) of the said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels in and/or on the substrate as at least one matrix (2) of pixels, including two or several pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f), wherein one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels have one or more structures (3aa- 3dd, 3e-3f) to create an optically variable element (1a). 44. The method according to p. 43, different in that that at least one related solid angle and/or at least one area of at least one related solid angle subtracts at least one segment, wherein in particular said at least one segment corresponds to at least one segment of a sphere, preferably at least one conical segment, wherein the half opening angle of said at least one segment is less than 20°, preferably less than 15°, more preferably less than 10°. 45. The method according to paragraph 43 or 44, different in that that the virtual field sources, which, in particular, are located in and/or in one or more areas of at least one segment and/or at least one region of at least one correlated solid angle, in at least one direction periodically, and/or pseudo-randomly and/or randomly placed on one or more sections of one or more sections of said at least one segment and/or said at least one region of said at least one correlated solid angle. 46. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-45, different in that that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources are between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or in one or more areas from one or several sections of said at least one segment and/or said at least one region of said at least one correlated solid angle and/or that the distances between adjacent virtual field sources, in particular, average between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 20 mm, in and/or on one or more sections of one or more sections of said at least one segment and/or said at least at least one region of said at least one related solid angle. 47. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-46, different in that that the placement of virtual field sources, in particular virtual point sources of the field, is carried out as a cross-shaped raster, preferably an equidistant cross-shaped raster, in and / or on one or more sections of one or more sections of the mentioned at least one segment and / or the mentioned at least one region of at least one related solid angle, wherein the distance between adjacent virtual field sources relative to each other is between 0.01 mm and 100 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 50 mm, and/or wherein the angle between two adjacent virtual the field sources relative to each other, in particular relative to the position of one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, is less than 1°, preferably less than 0.5°. 48. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-47, different in that that one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources are preferably in the form of microcharacters, in particular selected from: letters, portrait, image, alphanumeric characters, font characters, arbitrary geometric shapes, square, triangle, circle, curved lines, contours. 49. The method according to p. 48, different in that that the lateral dimensions of the microsymbols in one or more sections of one or more sections of said at least one segment are between 0.1° and 10°, in particular between 0.2° and 5°. 50. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-49, different in that that the first group of one or more virtual field sources from one or more virtual field sources cannot be projected onto the screen from a distance of 0.3 m, in particular from 0.15 to 0.45 m, and/or the second group of one or more virtual sources fields from one or more virtual field sources can be projected onto the screen from a distance of 1.0 m, in particular from 0.8 to 1.2 m. 51. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-50, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from one or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution within said at least one correlated solid angle and/or within said at least at least one region of said at least one related solid angle. 52. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-51, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has an intensity distribution within said at least one correlated solid angle and/or within said at least one segment and/or said at least one region of said at least one correlated solid angle that exhibits a Gaussian or super-Gaussian distribution. 53. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-50, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions within said at least one correlated solid angle and/or within said at least at least one segment and/or at least said one region of said at least one correlated solid angle. 54. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-53, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more virtual field sources, in particular from all virtual field sources, has an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution within said at least one correlated solid angle and/or within said at least one segment and/or said at least one region of said at least one correlated solid angle. 55. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-54, different in that that one or more virtual field sources, in particular all of the virtual field sources, form virtual point field sources, the virtual point sources of the field preferably emitting virtual spherical waves. 56. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-55, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i emanating from the i-th virtual point sources of the field at the location (x _i , y _i , z _i ) is calculated from at least one coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h ), in particular the coordinate (x _h , y _h , z _h =0)=(x _h , y _h ), in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix ( 4) pixels, and / or in and / or on a surface, in particular a plane, extending at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, using the equation

. 57. The method according to p. 56, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which, in particular, are in the visible region of the spectrum from 380 to 780 nm, preferably from 430 to 690 nm, and one or more, in each case adjacent wavelengths from one or several wavelengths, preferably in the visible region of the spectrum, are preferably equidistant from each other. 58. The method according to one of paragraphs. 56, 57, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic field U _i comprises one or more wavelengths, which are in particular in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet region of the spectrum, with one or more, in each case adjacent, wavelengths from one or more wavelengths, preferably in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet region of the spectrum, preferably are equidistantly spaced from each other. 59. The method according to one of paragraphs. 56-58, different in that that the virtual electromagnetic resulting field U _p in and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of the said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels and/or in and/or along at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels of a surface, in particular a plane, is calculated according to the equation

, moreover, in particular, calculate the virtual electromagnetic fields U _i emanating from i=1, ..., N _p virtual point sources of the field, at least on one coordinate (x _p , y _p , z _p =0)=(x _p , y _p ), and/or, in particular, optional reference waves U _r *, preferably at least one optional reference wave U _r *, at least one point, or for the parameter (x _p , y _p ) at and/or on one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels, and/or in and/or on a surface, in particular a plane, extending through at least at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels. 60. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-59, different in that that one or more phase portraits from one or more phase portraits are converted into a virtual structural profile, wherein the phase value 0 corresponds to the minimum depth and the phase value 2π corresponds to the maximum depth of the formed one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) of one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of said at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 61. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-60, different in that that a virtual structural profile of one or more virtual pixels of two or more virtual pixels (4aa-4dd) of said at least one virtual matrix (4) of pixels is formed by laser irradiation and development on a coated photoresist plate, or by means of electron beam lithography, in the form of one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) of one or more pixels of two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels. 62. The method according to one of paragraphs. 43-61, different in that that one or more structures (3aa-3dd, 3e-3f) formed in one or more pixels from two or more pixels (2aa-2dd, 2e-2f) of at least one matrix (2) of pixels have an optical depth, in in particular the optical depth in air, from half the average wavelength of the virtual electromagnetic field and/or the virtual electromagnetic resultant field. 63. The method of obtaining a secure document (1d), in particular, according to one of paragraphs. 39-42, preferably including one or more layers, preferably including one or more optically variable elements (1a), in particular, according to one of paragraphs. 1-39, and/or, in particular, obtained according to one of paragraphs. 43-62, different in that that one or more optically variable elements (1a) are applied as laminating films and/or as embossing films on the security document (1d) and/or on one or more layers of the security document (1d) and/or embedded in the security document (1d ) and/or into one or more layers from one or more layers of the security document (1d).

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