RU2777614C2 - Method for manufacture of hologram, as well as protective element and protected document - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: information protection.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method for the manufacture of hologram (1), in particular hologram (1) for protective element (1a) and/or protected document (1b). One or more virtual planes (10) are positioned in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models (20), and/or one or more virtual planes (10) are positioned so that they intersect one or more virtual models (20). One or more virtual light sources (30) are located on one or more subareas of surface (21) of one or more of virtual models (20). One or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) emanating from at least one of virtual light sources (30) in one or more zones (11) of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are calculated. In one or more zones (11), respectively, virtual total electromagnetic field (41) is calculated based on the sum of two or more, in particular all, of virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in corresponding zone (11). One or more phase images (50) are calculated from virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11). From one or more phase images (50), profile (60) of heights of hologram (1) is calculated, and profile (60) of heights of hologram (1) is introduced into substrate (2) to provide hologram (1).

EFFECT: invention provides for the reduction in a load, when calculating an initial image for a hologram, including micro-signs.

66 cl, 31 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hologram, as well as to a security element and a security document.

Optically variable security elements are used to increase the degree of security against counterfeiting of security documents such as passports, banknotes, insert cards, Visa cards, credit cards or certificates. In addition to improving the counterfeit security of these security elements, the optically variable effects provided by the security elements are easily and unambiguously recognized by non-specialists, so that a non-specialist can easily determine the authenticity of a security document equipped with such a security element and can recognize forgeries or forgeries in the security document.

Diffractive structures such as diffraction gratings or holograms are often used as security elements in particular.

Holograms in this case, as a rule, are produced using holographic methods. To do this, for example, the three-dimensional model is illuminated with a coherent light beam, and the light reflected from the three-dimensional model is superimposed on the coherent reference light beam, and the interference pattern thus formed is recorded.

In addition, methods for producing holograms are known which rely on mathematical calculations. For example, EP 0 766 103 B1 describes a method for producing a hologram, in which one or more image templates are divided into sub-regions, in particular strip-shaped sub-regions. Depending on the corresponding gray scale value of this sub-region, the diffraction grating assigned to it is determined, and then the diffraction gratings thus determined are rasterized into one another to generate the corresponding holographic representation.

However, the disadvantage of this method is that due to the division into subregions, undesirable diffraction effects occur at their transitions. In addition, there are also limitations regarding the optical effects that can be generated by such methods.

The present invention is based on the object of providing a method for manufacturing a hologram, which can improve the security against counterfeiting and/or the security against forgery of the hologram, as well as provide an improved security element and an improved security document.

The problem is solved by means of a method for producing a hologram, in particular a hologram for security elements and/or security documents. This method is carried out as follows:

- positioning one or more virtual hologram planes in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models, and/or positioning one or more virtual hologram planes in such a way that they intersect one or more virtual models,

- one or more virtual light sources are placed on one or more sub-areas of the surface of one or more virtual models,

- one or more virtual electromagnetic fields are calculated, emanating from at least one of the virtual light sources, in one or more zones of one or more virtual planes of the hologram,

- in one or more zones, respectively, the virtual total electromagnetic field is calculated on the basis of the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields in the corresponding zone,

- one or more phase images are calculated from virtual full electromagnetic fields in one or more zones,

- a hologram height profile is calculated from one or more phase images, and the hologram height profile is introduced into the substrate to provide the hologram.

In addition, the problem is solved by means of a protective element. The security element contains a substrate into which the height profile of the hologram is inserted. The hologram is computed from one or more phase images. One or more phase images are calculated from one or more virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more zones of one or more virtual planes of the hologram. Each of the virtual total electromagnetic fields is calculated respectively based on the sum of two or more virtual electromagnetic fields respectively emanating from at least one virtual light source, preferably emanating from at least two virtual light sources, in the respective zone. Two or more virtual lights are located on one or more sub-regions of the surface of one or more virtual models. One or more virtual hologram planes are located in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models, and/or one or more of the virtual hologram planes intersect one or more of the virtual models.

In addition, the problem is solved by means of a security document that has at least one such security element.

Such a method for producing a hologram is characterized in that economical holograms can be produced which are characterized by high complexity and/or optical effects which cannot be realized by known methods. This provides the additional advantage that holograms produced in this way cannot be copied by known methods or can only be reproduced at great expense.

The security elements and security documents according to the invention are thus characterized by significantly improved security against forgery and/or security against forgery.

By "virtual" is meant, in particular, "computer-simulated". For example, a hologram virtual plane is a hologram plane that is modeled by a computer. Such computer-simulated holograms are also referred to as computer generated holograms (CGH) (CGH=computer generated hologram).

By "virtual plane of the hologram" is meant a plane in virtual space, in particular three-dimensional space, which is defined by the x, y, z coordinate axes. The x, y, z coordinate axes are preferably orthogonal to each other, whereby each of the directions defined by the x, y, z coordinate axes are orthogonal, ie at right angles, to each other. In particular, the x, y, z coordinate axes have a common origin at a virtual point (x=0, y=0, z=0). The virtual planes of the hologram (x _h , y _h ) are defined by the plane (x=x _h , y=y _h , z) in virtual space, in particular, as a one-dimensional or two-dimensional partial body of virtual space (x, y, z), in particular three-dimensional virtual space. In this case, z can take on the value of zero or also values other than zero.

Defined by the coordinate axes x, y, z and/or x=x _h , y=y _h virtual space or virtual planes of the hologram consist, in particular, of a set of discrete virtual points (x _i , y _i , z _i ) or (x _h , y _h ), and index i or index h is mainly chosen from a subset of natural numbers.

By "discrete virtual points" is meant virtual points in virtual space that are spaced at the same or different distances from each other. In particular, adjacent discrete virtual points are spaced equally or at different distances from each other.

For example, the index i for each of the three coordinate axes x, y, z can vary from 1 to 1000, while the virtual space is represented by 1000×1000×1000 virtual points (x _i , y _i , z _i ) relative to the x coordinate axes, y, z, and index h for each of the two coordinate axes x=x _h , y=y _h can vary from 1 to 5000, while the plane of the hologram is represented by 5000×5000 virtual points (x _h , y _h ). One or more of the virtual planes of the hologram continue in the directions defined by the coordinates x=x _h , y=y _h , mostly not completely through the virtual space in the respective directions.

By "virtual model" is meant one or more one-dimensional curved or straight lines and/or one or more two-dimensional curved or non-curved planes and/or one or more two-dimensional curved or non-curved surfaces or surface subregions of one or more three-dimensional objects or bodies. One or more virtual models are preferably located in the virtual space. Virtual dots on virtual models can act as virtual light sources in computer simulations.

By "virtual light source" is meant the origin of one of the virtual electromagnetic fields in virtual space, where one or more electromagnetic fields are modeled by electromagnetic wave equations.

By "phase image" (phase portrait) is meant an image, in particular a two-dimensional image, which includes the phases of one or more full electromagnetic fields in one or more of the zones and/or in one or more of the virtual planes of the hologram. Preferably, the phase at a virtual point (x _h , y _h ) in one of the planes of the hologram is correlated with the corresponding point of one of the respective phase images. In particular, the phase images have the same resolution as the corresponding zones and/or virtual planes of the hologram.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.

Preferably, one or more of the virtual models is implemented as a 2D (2D=2D) virtual model or as a 3D (3D=3D) virtual model, respectively.

A virtual 2D model is here preferably understood to mean one or more connected or partially connected or not connected two-dimensional planes. One or more of the two-dimensional planes is designed, in particular, open, such as, for example, a circular plane. For example, a 2D model corresponds to a subregion of the surface of a 3D body, such as a human head. By a virtual 3D model is meant, in particular, a closed surface of a three-dimensional body, such as the surface of a sphere.

One or more of the 2D and/or 3D models can be positioned in front of and/or behind one or more of the hologram planes and/or positioned such that one or more of the 2D and/or 3D models intersect with one or more of the planes. holograms.

Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic field which comes from two or more of the virtual light sources, in particular from all virtual light sources, has the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution over the entire spatial (solid) angle.

By "intensity" is meant the proportion of the total radiant power that is emitted from one or more of the virtual light sources into a predetermined spatial angle, the radiant power being considered in particular as the amount of energy that is carried within a given time interval by an electromagnetic field, in particular by one or several of the virtual electromagnetic fields. The radiation power is indicated in watts.

By "intensity distribution" is meant the corresponding radiation power at one or more different spatial angles. The respective radiation powers of one or more of the different spatial angles, in particular, differ from each other.

By "space angle range" or "space angle" is meant the content of the subsurface of the spherical surface, which is distinguished by the square of the radius R of the sphere. The range of spatial angles is indicated, in particular, in dimensionless units - steradians. The full spatial angle corresponds to the surface of a unit sphere, that is, a sphere of radius one, that is, 4π.

Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from two or more of the virtual light sources, in particular from all of the virtual light sources, has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions in one or more spatial angle ranges, in particular in a full spatial angle.

Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic field which emanates from one or more of the virtual light sources, in particular from all of the virtual light sources, has an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution in one or more spatial angles, in particular in a full spatial angle.

By "isotropic intensity distribution" is meant an intensity distribution whose radiation power is the same in all spatial angles.

By "anisotropic intensity distribution" is meant an intensity distribution whose radiation power in at least the first spatial angle differs from that in at least the second spatial angle.

In particular, one or more or all of the virtual light sources, in particular one or more or all of the virtual point lights, have the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution.

Preferably, one or more of the virtual light sources, in particular all of the virtual light sources, form a virtual point light source, the virtual point light sources preferably emitting a virtual spherical wave.

A point that is illuminated by a plane wave emits a spherical wave. The interference pattern that arises in this case in the plane of the hologram is called the Fresnel zone plate. Therefore, a single point hologram is a Fresnel zone plate. If the object consists of many points, then each point forms its own Fresnel zone plate when recording a hologram or calculating a hologram. These Fresnel zone plates overlap and together form a hologram of the object.

By "spherical wave" is meant a wave that propagates from a light source, in particular a virtual light source, over the entire spatial angle in concentric wave fronts. The virtual light source is preferably considered as a point source of a spherical wave.

Preferably, the emission cone of the virtual light source, in particular the virtual point light source, is limited by means of one or more virtual diaphragms to a spatial angle range of ±45°, preferably to a spatial angle range of ±35°, more preferably to a spatial angle range of ±25°, and in particular preferably ± 15°.

Preferably, one or more of the virtual diaphragms has a circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, or annular opening. It is possible that virtual apertures have other shapes, such as star-shaped ones.

One or more ranges of spatial angles are located, in particular, symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the normal to the plane, in particular with respect to the average normal to the plane, the virtual plane of the hologram. One or more of the spatial angle ranges cover, in particular, an angular range of 0° to 45°, preferably an angular range of 0° to 30°, in particular preferably an angular range of 0° to 15°, to the respective normals of the respective virtual planes of the hologram , in particular, to the mean normal to the plane. In particular, the spatial angle range may cover an angular range of 5° to 30°, particularly preferably 5° to 15°.

In the case of overlapping multiple motifs (contents) of the same and/or different objects in the same or different viewing directions, it is preferable that the spatial angle is divided into equidistant or non-equidistant angular ranges. For example, the range of spatial angles from 0° to 30° when using 30 motifs is divided into angular ranges with a width of 1° per motif. Angular ranges may also overlap completely or partially. This has the advantage of presenting continuous or quasi-continuous effects of movement and/or transformation, like a movie of slightly different still images stacked together.

One or more virtual diaphragms limit, in particular, one or more virtual electromagnetic fields, in particular the spatial angle of one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields, one or more virtual light sources in such a way that the virtual total electromagnetic field summed from the virtual electromagnetic fields is only calculated in the corresponding one or more zones of one or more virtual planes of the hologram. This results in an advantageous reduction in the required computation time on the computer.

Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic field U _i that comes from the i-th virtual point light source at the point (x _i , y _i , z _i ) is calculated at the point (x _h , y _h , z _h ) of at least one zone, in in particular, at least one zone in the plane of the hologram, using the equation

The distance z _h of the electromagnetic field U _i to the plane of the hologram or zone, which is defined by the coordinates (x _h , y _h ), is, for example, zero in the special case of a non-curved hologram plane, which is placed at the origin. The letter "i" in the argument of the exponential function denotes the imaginary unit. The distance r describes the Euclidean distance between a point (x _i , y _i , z _i ) in virtual space and a point (x _h , y _h , z _h =0) in the virtual plane of the hologram.

Optionally, the z-component of z _i can still vary by a random amount, preferably within ±10 times the wavelength λ used for the calculation, more preferably ±5 times λ, and in particular preferably ±0.5 times λ. This has the advantage that the calculated phase image has no or significantly reduced periodic structural components that lead to unwanted diffraction effects and/or color effects.

It is possible that one of the zones is determined from one or more intersections of one or more spatial angles and one or more planes of the hologram. For example, a range of spatial angles that encompasses a certain volume can intersect several successive and/or adjacent hologram planes, so that the area associated with this spatial angle is composed of the corresponding intersections of the spatial angle and hologram planes.

Preferably, the virtual lights, which are located on one or more of the surface sub-regions of one of the virtual models, are located in at least one direction periodically on one or more of the surface sub-regions of the virtual model, and/or are located in at least one direction in a random or pseudo-random manner. on one or more of the sub-regions of the surface of the virtual model.

In one embodiment, the virtual light sources are first placed in a flat plane and then projected virtually onto the surface of the object to be rendered.

Preferably, in the virtual 2D model, the virtual lights are located within a closed shape surrounding the virtual 2D model, in particular outside the virtual 2D model. The surrounding or surrounding shape preferably forms a geometric shape, such as a circle or a rectangle, in particular a free-form plane. The hologram thus formed is preferably a negative image of the surface of the virtual 2D model.

It is possible that the distribution of virtual light sources distributed in at least one direction in a random or pseudo-random manner follows a Gaussian distribution, in particular an asymmetric distribution. In particular, the virtual light sources are located on one or more of the sub-regions of the surface of the virtual model in the form of a point cloud or waveform.

Advantageously, the distances between adjacent virtual light sources are preferably between 5 µm and 500 µm, more preferably between 10 µm and 200 µm.

It is possible that the virtual light sources are arranged as a one-dimensional grid, in particular a line grid, or a two-dimensional grid, in particular a dot grid.

Preferably, the arrangement of virtual light sources, in particular virtual point light sources, is designed as a cross pattern, the distance between adjacent virtual light sources being between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm.

Preferably, one or more of the virtual light sources are in the form of microsymbols. The microcharacters are selected in particular from: a letter, a portrait, an image, an alphanumeric character, a printing character, a geometric free form, a square, a triangle, a circle, a star, a moon, a denomination sign, a country-specific symbol (for example, a Swiss cross , an eagle on the coat of arms of Germany, a maple leaf), a curved line or outline (for example, the outline of a country's borders).

It is also possible that one or more of the virtual lights are in the form of microcharacters, such as one or more letters, portraits, drawings, alphanumeric characters, printed characters, geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, a star, a moon, a denomination mark. , a country-specific symbol (e.g. Swiss cross, German eagle, maple leaf), curved lines or contours (e.g. the contour of a country's borders), with virtual light sources located at predefined intervals along the microsymbol contours.

Advantageously, the transverse dimensions of the microsymbols on one or more of the surface sub-regions of one or more virtual models lie between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm.

Studies have shown that when a person observes a hologram, the calculation of which uses virtual light sources in the form of microsymbols, only one or more of the main virtual models are recognized, and not the microsymbols from which the model is built. In particular, the microsymbols can only be detected with magnifying optics, preferably a magnifying glass or a camera, whereby it can be distinguished that the motifs consist of microsymbols.

In particular, the use of a hologram plane is preferably provided, in particular the use of two or more virtual hologram planes, each of the virtual hologram planes having one or more of the zones.

Advantageously, the two or more virtual planes of the hologram differ in their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature. Also, two or more (several) virtual planes of the hologram differ, in particular in the respective zones, in their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature.

By "orientation" is meant, in particular, the angle or angles of the respective normals to the planes defined by the planes of the hologram, with respect to one or more of the axes defined by the coordinates (x, y, z).

By "positioning" is meant, in particular, the position of one or more of the planes of the hologram and/or one or more points (x _h , y _h , z _h ), in particular one or more points (x _h , y _h , z _h = 0), one or more of the virtual planes of the hologram in the virtual space defined by the coordinates (x, y, z).

By "size" is meant, in particular, the extent or extents of one or more planes of the hologram along the directions defined in the virtual space by the coordinates (x, y, z).

By "curvature" is meant, in particular, the local deviation of a curve from a straight line. Under the curvature of a curve is understood, in particular, a change in direction over the distance traveled and/or segment of a sufficiently short section of the curve or profile of the curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero everywhere. A circle with radius R has the same curvature everywhere, namely 1/R. For most curves, the curvature changes from curve point to curve point. In particular, the curvature changes continuously from curve point to curve point, so that the curves in particular do not have any kinks and/or discontinuities. The curvature of a curve at point P thus indicates how much the curve in the immediate vicinity of point P deviates from a straight line. The amount of curvature is called the radius of curvature, and this corresponds to the reciprocal of the value of the local radius vector. The radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that only touches the tangent point P and/or in a local neighborhood of the tangent point P represents the best approximation. A curve represents, for example, a two-dimensional surface of a sphere or a circular plane.

Preferably a virtual model is provided, preferably two or more virtual models are also provided.

Advantageously, each of the one or more virtual models is associated with one of the virtual planes of the hologram. In particular, in one or more zones of the corresponding virtual plane of the hologram, one or more virtual electromagnetic fields are calculated emanating from one or more virtual light sources of the associated virtual model.

Preferably, the virtual model or each of one or more virtual models are associated with one or more virtual planes of the hologram, and in one or more zones of the corresponding virtual plane of the hologram, one or more virtual electromagnetic fields are calculated emanating from one or more virtual light sources of the associated virtual model or related virtual models.

Advantageously, to calculate one or more phase images, the virtual total electromagnetic fields of two or more of the zones, in particular two or more of the zones, which are zones of different virtual planes of the hologram, are superimposed. In particular, to calculate one or more phase images, the virtual total electromagnetic fields of two or more of the zones, in particular two or more of the zones, which are zones of different virtual planes of the hologram, are superimposed based on a given reference direction.

Preferably, one or more virtual models are respectively associated with one or more motifs that are generated by the provided holograms. In particular, the geometric shaping of one or more motifs generated by the provided hologram corresponds to the geometric shaping of one or more virtual models, optionally further influenced by the transformation function, which in particular includes a reduced, enlarged or geometrically distorted projection.

A hologram is preferably understood to mean a structure which, when illuminated with visible and/or invisible light, generates one or more motifs in the range of visible and/or invisible light. In this case, the hologram can be visible to a human observer and/or detectable by an optical sensor.

For example, the motifs, when viewed, may take the form of one/one or more letters, portraits, landscape or design representations, images, barcode, QR code, alphanumeric characters, printing characters, geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines and/or contours, or the shape of combinations of one or more of the above shapes and/or their negatives.

In addition, it is possible that one or more motifs are respectively composed of one or more patterns and/or their overlaps (overlappings), the patterns predominantly having a geometry and/or shape which, in particular, are respectively selected or combined from: line, straight line, motif, image, triangle, barcode, QR code, wave, rectangle, polygon, curved line, circle, oval, trapezoid, parallelogram, rhombus, cross, sickle, branching structure, star, ellipse, random pattern, pseudo-random a pattern, a Mandelbrot set, in particular a fractal or an Apfelmännchen (apple man), the patterns being in particular superimposed and/or complementary.

By selecting one or more virtual models, the shaping of one or more of the motifs provided by the provided hologram is advantageously influenced or established. By choosing an appropriate arrangement of one or more virtual planes of the hologram in relation to one or more virtual motifs, the optically variable appearance of one or more motifs provided by the provided hologram, as well as their arrangement, is also advantageously influenced or established. The optically variable appearance can, for example, if a fish is chosen as the motif, imitate the swimming movement of a fish. In addition, the optically variable appearance preferably depends on the appropriate selection of parameters and the arrangement of virtual light sources, by means of which the color and brightness of the motifs and their profile are additionally preferably also influenced or set accordingly.

This is explained below with reference to several preferred implementations:

Advantageously, the two or more zones superimposed to calculate one or more phase images overlap with respect to a predetermined reference direction at least partially, preferably completely. In this way it is advantageously effected that two or more motifs provided by different zones in the provided hologram are generated with respect to a predetermined reference direction in intersecting areas of the surface of the provided hologram.

Advantageously, the two or more zones superimposed to compute one or more phase images do not overlap with respect to a predetermined reference direction, so that preferably two or more motifs provided by different zones in the provided hologram are generated relative to the predefined reference direction in separate regions of the surface of the provided hologram.

Any direction relative to the x, y, z coordinate axes can be chosen as the reference direction.

Advantageously, one or more virtual planes of the hologram in one or more of the zones, at least along the reference direction, have a non-zero curvature. The virtual planes of the hologram are curved, in particular convex or concave. Preferably, the virtual planes of the hologram have a local curvature, the curvature-related radius being in particular between 5 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm. The local curvature may in particular be in the form of a circular segment or in the form of a parabolic segment.

Preferably, the geometry corresponds to one or more of the virtual planes of the hologram in one or more of the zones, respectively, of the lateral surface of the cylindrical segment or the free-form surface.

By "free-form surface" is meant, in particular, an open or closed two-dimensional surface in three-dimensional space that is flat or curved in at least one direction. So, for example, the surface of a sphere or the surface of a torus are closed free-form surfaces. A saddle surface or a curved circular surface are, for example, free-form open surfaces.

Advantageously, one or more of the virtual planes of the hologram in one or more of the zones have a predetermined curvature. In particular, the virtual total electromagnetic field is calculated in one or more zones, respectively, based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first of the one or more virtual models. Thus, the provided hologram, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, can be detected partially or completely by an observer and/or a sensor. Preferably, one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor. Advantageously, these one or more first motifs are undetectable to the observer, or at least difficult to detect, when the substrate is not curved or warped, but is flat.

The sensor used is, for example, a photodetector, a camera, in particular a CCD (CCD) or CMOS (CMOS) chip, which detects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum or one or more parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, the sensor may be a smartphone camera or other mobile device or stationary device with a camera. Optionally, illumination of the hologram can be performed using the LED-torch of a smartphone or other device. This has the advantage that, firstly, a narrow beam of illumination is present when the image is captured by the camera, and, secondly, that the direction of the illumination relative to the sensor is determined relatively accurately.

It is also possible that the provided hologram is detected in the IR(IR) range and/or the range of light visible to the human naked eye and/or UV(UV) range using one or more sensors (IR=infrared=radiation of one or more parts infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, UV=ultraviolet=radiation from one or more parts of the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum) and is optionally made detectable to an observer.

Preferably, one or more first motifs, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, show to the observer at least one fragment of a larger motif or complete motif, and the full motif includes, in particular, one or more motifs, preferably one or more first motives. For example, a strip-shaped security element designed in this way, when bent or warped, shows a strip-like bridge fragment. If a security element designed in this way is applied to a security document, for example a banknote, which, in particular, shows the full image of the bridge up to the striped section, the design of the banknote in the flat state is preferably not shown completely, since the motif in the striped security element, in particular , indistinguishable or only difficult to distinguish. By bending or warping the banknote, the missing part of the bridge is now preferably also visible and complements or completes the design of the banknote.

Preferably, one or more first motives when the substrate bends or warps according to the curvature profile of one or more zones can be detected by the observer and/or sensor completely above and/or below and/or within the plane formed by the substrate. Preferably, the distance between one or more first motifs and the plane formed by the substrate preferably lies between -30 mm and +30 mm, preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm, in particular preferably between -10 mm and +10 mm, more preferably between - 5 mm and +5 mm and most preferably between -3 mm and +3 mm.

Advantageously, two or more of the virtual planes of the hologram in one or more of the first of the zones have a different curvature profile and/or a different orientation with respect to the curvature profile in one or more of the second of the zones. Preferably, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more of the first and second zones are calculated, respectively, based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first or second of one or more virtual models. In particular, the hologram provided in this way can be partially or completely detected by an observer and/or a sensor when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more first or second zones or when oriented according to the orientation of the first or second zones. The curvature profile of one or more of the first and second zones, in particular, is not the same.

Advantageously, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more first zones are calculated based respectively on the virtual total electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models. Preferably, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual total electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models. In particular, one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more first zones. Preferably, one or more second motifs associated with one or more second virtual models, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more second zones, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor.

Preferably, one or more first motifs, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, show to the observer at least one fragment of a larger motif or complete motif, and the full motif includes, in particular, one or more motifs, preferably one or several first and/or second motives.

It is also possible that the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more (several) first zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models, and/or that the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models in such a way that the first part of one or more first motives associated with one or more first virtual models, and / or that the second part of one or more second motives associated with one or more second virtual models models, when the substrate is bent or warped, in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, first zones and/or second zones, can be detected partially or completely by the observer and/or sensor, and/or in a flat or not bent or not bent state substrates, in particular In particular, according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, the first zones and/or the second zones, cannot, in particular can be partially detected by the observer and/or the sensor, and preferably one or more first motifs generate the first complete motif, including the first part one or more first motives, and/or preferably one or more second motives generate a second complete motive, including the second part of one or more second motives.

It is also possible that the first full motif and/or the second full motif form a full motif.

Advantageously, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more first zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models. In particular, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual total electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models. In particular, in this way, one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor when the substrate is oriented according to the orientation of one or more first zones. In particular, one or more second motifs associated with one or more second virtual models, when the substrate is oriented according to the orientation of one or more second zones, can be detected partially or completely by the observer and/or sensor.

Preferably, two or more of the zones are respectively associated with one of the virtual planes of the hologram. Preferably, the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more zones. In particular, in this way, one or more virtual models can be detected partially or completely by the observer and/or sensor when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated, can be detected partially or completely by the observer and/or sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs associated with one or more virtual models. A sequence of one or more motifs associated with one or more virtual models has, in particular, a parallax motion effect or an orthoparallax motion effect or a combination of a parallax motion effect and an orthoparallax motion effect.

By "parallax motion effect" is meant, in particular, an optical motion effect in which the observer and/or sensor detects an apparent change in the position of one or more of the motifs, the substrate being tilted and/or rotated in the same direction along which the optical effect can be detected. movement.

By "ortho-parallax motion effect" is meant, in particular, an optical motion effect in which an observer and/or sensor detects an apparent change in the position of one of the motifs, wherein the substrate is tilted and/or rotated in a direction that is orthogonal to the direction along which the optical effect can be detected. movement.

An anti-parallax motion effect can also be implemented, in which the substrate tilts to the right and the object appears to be moving to the left.

Studies have shown that the observer and/or sensor can detect the stronger the optical effect of the movement of one or more motifs when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated, the farther the virtual models associated with the motifs are removed from the corresponding virtual hologram plane or the corresponding virtual hologram planes. Preferably, when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated, the motifs float at a distance of between 0.01 mm and 30 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 10 mm, and in particular between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, from the respective associated virtual plane of the hologram.

In particular, the optical effect of the provided hologram depends inter alia on the roughness of the substrate on which it is preferably applied. The rougher the substrate, the weaker, in particular, the provided hologram, or preferably the motifs of the hologram, appears. Preferably, the provided hologram is calculated in such a way that the effects of substrate roughness on the optical effect are preferably compensated in advance. This pre-compensation can be carried out, among other things, in particular, by reducing the distance from the motifs to the virtual plane of the hologram.

In an alternative implementation, you can create a hologram without the motion effect. In this case, for each angle of observation, the same perspective of the object is used for different directions of observation. This creates for the observer the illusion of a static motif.

Preferably, one or more of the virtual models can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs associated with one or more virtual models when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated. Preferably, one or more of the motifs have different or the same speed of movement and/or different or the same direction of movement. In particular, the distance between one or more of the virtual motifs, in particular preferably the geometric centers of gravity of one or more of the virtual motifs, and the plane formed by the substrate lies preferably between -30 mm and +30 mm, preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm , particularly preferably between -10 mm and +10 mm, more preferably between -5 mm and +5 mm and even more preferably between -3 mm and +3 mm.

Advantageously, one or more of the virtual motifs associated with one or more virtual models can be partially or completely detected by an observer and/or a sensor from different viewing directions. In particular, motifs when viewed from different viewing directions are arranged in a raster of dots and/or stripes, in particular a linear barcode or a 2D barcode, preferably a QR code (QR=Quick Response (quick response)). Preferably, one or more of the dots or one or more of the stripes are respectively located at different distances from the plane defined by the substrate, in particular above and/or below and/or within the plane defined by the substrate.

By "barcode" is meant, in particular, a sequence of machine-readable regions with different transverse dimensions, such as stripes, pixels and spaces between them. In this case, one or more information, in particular binary information, can be encoded in the sequence of regions and gaps. For example, barcodes are read by optical readers, in particular cameras containing CCD chips, preferably smartphone cameras, barcode readers or scanners, and/or processed electronically.

By "QR code" is meant in particular a bidirectional sequence of machine-readable, having different transverse dimensions, first areas that provide a first color and second areas that provide a second color or have no color. In this case, one or more information, in particular binary information, can be encoded in a two-dimensional sequence of the first and second regions. The first regions are preferably white and the second regions are preferably in contrast thereto, in particular darker than the first regions. In particular, the first and second regions are respectively square and/or rectangular.

For example, barcodes and/or QR codes are read by optical readers, in particular cameras containing CCD chips, preferably smartphone cameras, barcode readers or scanners, and/or processed electronically.

It is possible that one or more parts of a raster of dots and/or stripes, in particular a barcode, preferably a QR code, can be detected by an observer and/or sensor at two or more different angles, the raster of dots and/or stripes in the electronic is further processed from various angle-dependent dot and/or stripe pattern images in order to check and verify the authenticity of the security element or security document having the dot and/or stripe pattern.

In addition, two or more virtual models, when calculated relative to one or more virtual planes of the hologram, can be located at different distances from each other and/or to the virtual planes of the hologram. In this way, a hologram is advantageously provided, the motifs of which, when tilted and/or rotated by the substrate, which has the provided hologram, according to the different distances of the virtual models from each other and/or relative to the virtual planes of the hologram during the calculation of the hologram, provide different speeds of movement. In particular, the observer and/or sensor detects different motifs or arrangements of motifs from different viewing directions of the provided hologram and/or at different tilt and/or rotation angles of the provided hologram. Such a secured hologram, due to its high complexity, provides an optically variable motion effect that is extremely difficult for a counterfeiter to imitate.

Studies have shown that simple identification or also verification of the above-described secured hologram is possible with a smartphone or other mobile device or also a stationary device with a camera. For example, a hologram can be calculated from the field of view of a smartphone camera, considering the camera geometry and camera optics, as well as the camera flash as a virtual light source, depending on the position, distance and orientation relative to the hologram and compared with the actual detection of the provided hologram. In the event that a sufficiently large match between the calculated image and the real hologram image is found on the smartphone by means of a program, in particular software, then the authenticity of the secure document that includes the secured hologram can be verified.

In an alternative form of execution, the hologram can be made in such a way that the motif under non-directional illumination for the human observer and/or sensor is indistinguishable or only barely distinguishable. Preferably, the object used in the calculation of the hologram is a two-dimensional - i.e. flat - object as a motif, for example an icon, one or two or more letters, a logo or a barcode, which in particular preferably has a virtual distance from the virtual plane holograms greater than 10 mm, in particular greater than 20 mm and more preferably greater than 40 mm and even more preferably greater than 100 mm. Smartphone software can only capture two images of such a hologram. One without camera flash lighting as a light source and the other with camera flash lighting. Camera flash lighting is highly directional lighting where the motif is revealed. Under lighting without a camera flash, diffuse - that is, non-directional - illumination prevails, as a result of which the motif is not detected or only hardly detected. The software checks, on the one hand, using appropriate image recognition, whether there is a motif in the hologram area in the image that was taken with the camera's flash illumination. On the other hand, it checks whether this motif will not be well enough represented in the unlit image to avoid imitations, for example, with a printed version of the motif. With the method described, it is also possible to easily identify or verify the above-mentioned secured hologram using a smartphone or other mobile device, as well as a stationary device with a camera.

In particular, the distance from the smartphone to the security document which includes the secured hologram is 5 cm to 50 cm, preferably 20 cm to 30 cm, particularly preferably 23 cm to 27 cm.

Advantageously, one or more motifs, which are respectively associated with the virtual model, can be detected by the sensor and/or the viewer of the provided hologram.

Preferably, one or more motifs of the first plurality of motifs, with a flat or non-curved arrangement of the substrate, are detected by an observer and/or a sensor. In particular, one or more motifs of the second set of motifs, when the substrate is bent or warped according to the curvature profile or one of the virtual planes of the hologram in one of the zones, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or the sensor. Preferably, the motives of the first set of motives and the motives of the second set of motives are partially or completely different. Preferably, the combination of the first and second motifs gives the perceived meaning to the observer. For example, if the substrate is flat, the denomination sign of the banknote (eg, "€" or "$") may be detected as the first motif, and if the substrate is bent or warped, the value amount (eg, "50") of the banknote may be detected as the second motif. The first motive and the second motive are in this case, in particular, in a semantic relationship, as in this example the face value and the amount of value related to it.

Preferably, one or more motifs of the third plurality of motifs, when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated, provide a partially or completely detectable parallax motion effect by the observer and/or sensor. Preferably, one or more motifs of the fourth set of motifs, when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated, provide an orthoparallax motion effect detectable by the observer and/or sensor. In particular, the motives of the third set of motives and the motives of the fourth set of motives are partially or completely different.

Preferably one or more motives of the fifth set of motives have the same spatial distances or different spatial distances to one or more motives of the sixth set of motives. In particular, the motives of the fifth set of motives and the motives of the sixth set of motives are partially or completely different.

Preferably one or more motives of the seventh set of motives and/or one or more motives of the eighth set of motives overlap one under the other or mutually completely or partially. Preferably, one or more motifs of the seventh set of motifs and/or one or more motifs of the eighth set of motifs are completely or partially spatially separated from each other. In particular, the motives of the seventh set of motives and the motives of the eighth set of motives are partially or completely different.

Preferably, one or more motifs associated with one or more of the virtual models appear white when viewed orthogonally to the plane formed by the substrate, in particular when viewed orthogonally by an observer and/or sensor. For example, one or more motifs associated with one or more of the virtual models, at an observation angle of 30° to 34° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 440 nm to 460 nm, are detected in blue light, preferably by an observer and / or sensor, and/or at an observation angle of 38° to 42° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 530 nm to 550 nm are detected in green, preferably by the observer and/or sensor, and/or at an observation angle of 49° to 53° relative to angles of incidence of light at wavelengths from 640 nm to 660 nm are detected in red, preferably by an observer and/or sensor.

Advantageously, the color of one or more motifs associated with one or more of the virtual models changes when the substrate is tilted and/or rotated.

Advantageously, one or more motifs associated with one or more of the virtual models are composed of at least one red motif of the first virtual model, of at least one green motif of the second virtual model, and/or of at least one blue motif of the third virtual model in true color image.

By "true color image" is meant, in particular, a provided hologram which, when illuminated for observation in reflected light and/or observation in transmitted light, at least in areas shows a correlated true color.

By "true color" is meant, in particular, a color which can be formed, in particular, by mixing colors from one or more spectral colors. The true color image shows true color under illumination, at least in areas.

Advantageously, the intensities of the at least red, at least green and/or at least blue motif of the respectively associated first, second or third virtual models are respectively weighted according to the profile of the incident light spectrum and/or the profile of the response function of the human eye.

By "response function of the human eye" is meant, in particular, a function that describes how the color of incident radiation in a certain frequency range or in a certain wavelength range is converted into a detectable or perceptible color in the eye.

Preferably in one or more zones, in particular in all zones, the virtual total electromagnetic field is respectively calculated on the basis of the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields in the respective zone, multiplied by one or more complex conjugate reference fields of one or multiple virtual reference lights in one or more zones.

Advantageously, one or more of the virtual reference fields simulate anisotropic or non-isotropic illumination of the 2D model and/or 3D model. Preferably, one or more of the virtual reference fields simulate illumination by one or more virtual reference light sources associated with one or more virtual reference fields.

Preferably, the direction of propagation of one or more virtual fields has an angle between 10° and 50°, in particular between 15° and 45°, preferably from 30° to 40° to the normals to the planes or to the average normal to the plane of one or more of the virtual planes of the hologram . In particular, the emission cone of one or more of the virtual reference light sources has an opening angle between 0 and 45°, preferably 0° and 15°. Preferably, one or more of the virtual reference light sources have a distance to one or more virtual hologram planes between 0.01 m and 10 m, preferably 0.1 m and 2 m, and particularly preferably 0.2 m and 1 m. embodiment, the virtual reference light source is located infinitely far from the plane of the hologram. In this case, the reference light source emits plane waves onto the hologram plane.

By "direction of propagation" is meant, in particular, the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave, in particular the direction of propagation of each of one or more virtual electromagnetic fields, in particular the direction of propagation of each of one or more virtual reference fields.

By "radiation cone" is meant in particular the spatial angle over which an electromagnetic wave propagates, in particular one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields, preferably one or more virtual reference fields.

The reference field is preferably used in order to compensate for the spatial angle in which the provided hologram is detected by the observer and/or the sensor to normal and/or to compensate for non-ideal illumination, such as illumination by a flashlight or display or LED light (LED= Light emitting diode) smartphone or mobile phone or other mobile device or also a stationary device with a camera and a lighting device, preferably from a distance of 15 cm to 35 cm. Without the use of a reference field, the provided hologram can only be detected by the observer and/or sensor from the direction of observation, which is parallel to the normal passing through the virtual plane of the hologram. The provided hologram has in this case a highly achromatic color perception.

Preferably, one or more spatial angle ranges, in particular the entire spatial angle range in which one or more motifs can be detected by the observer and/or the sensor in whole or in part, are located symmetrically with respect to the normal to the plane, in particular with respect to the average normal to the plane of the hologram. Preferably, one or more spatial angle ranges subtend the angular range from 0° to 30°, preferably from 0° to 20°, in particular preferably from 0° to 15°, to the normals to the planes, in particular to the mean normal to the plane.

By "average normal to the plane" is meant the average value of the normal to the plane at each point of a curved curve or one or more segments of a curved curve.

It is also possible that the provided hologram has one or more of the motifs, the motifs being only detectable by an observer and/or a sensor when illuminated by an approximately collimated light source, in particular a collimated light source. When illuminated with diffusely emitting light sources or a plurality of extended light sources (eg fluorescent tubes), on the contrary, the provided hologram appears, in particular, as a fuzzy (pale) plane. A practically directionally emitting light source is, for example, an LED ceiling lamp or an LED flashlight of a smartphone or other mobile device or also a stationary device with a camera and/or a lighting device. When illuminating the provided hologram, it is preferable that the distances from the motif-corresponding virtual models to one or more virtual planes of the hologram are greater than 10 mm, in particular greater than 20 mm, preferably greater than 40 mm and in particular preferably greater than 100 mm. The optical effect of the provided hologram depends, inter alia, in particular on the roughness of the substrate on which it is preferably applied. The rougher the substrate, the more fuzzy, in particular, the provided hologram or preferably the motifs of the hologram appears. Preferably, the provided hologram in particular is now calculated in such a way that the effects of substrate roughness on the optical effect are preferably pre-compensated. This pre-compensation can be achieved, among other things, in particular, by reducing the distance from the motif to the virtual plane of the hologram.

By "collimated light source" is meant preferably at least one light source and/or at least one radiation source that emits or emits light or electromagnetic radiation, preferably one or more parts of the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, moreover the directions of propagation and/or directions of advancement of one or more parts of electromagnetic radiation and/or two or more or all electromagnetic waves of electromagnetic radiation and/or two or more or all photons of electromagnetic radiation differ by an angle and/or by an average angle and/or from a predetermined directions less than 10°, in particular, or less than 5°, preferably less than 1° apart and/or from a predetermined direction, preferably do not differ from each other and/or are oriented parallel to each other.

Such a provided hologram optimized for illumination by practically collimated light sources is preferably screened into a design, in particular in Kinegram® or Trustseal®. This achieves that only this design, under all illuminations by light sources that are not practically collimated, is detected by the observer and/or sensor, and the provided hologram appears dull and/or pale to the observer and/or sensor. Upon illumination of the provided hologram rasterized into the design by a substantially collimated light source, one or more motifs of the provided hologram, preferably at different distances from the substrate that includes the design and the provided hologram, can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor.

Such a provided hologram, optimized for illumination by practically collimated light sources, is preferably provided as at least one design element. For example, it may be provided with 100% of the area in the eye of some lion-shaped design element. When illuminated with a collimated light source, the intended motif appears preferably only in the lion's eye. In particular, the hologram is presented, for example, with 50% of the surface rasterized throughout the design. When illuminated with a collimated light source, the intended motif appears preferentially throughout the design. One or more motives and/or the intended motive appears in this case periodically, in particular also periodically. For example, a design includes one or more design elements. It is also possible that a design in particular includes one design element.

In particular, it is possible that the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more first zones, respectively, based on the virtual total electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models, are calculated in this way, and/or that the virtual total electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones, respectively , based on the virtual total electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models, are calculated in such a way that one or more first motives associated with one or more first virtual models, and / or that one or more second motives associated with one or more second virtual models, in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, first zones and/or second zones, cannot be detected by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular when illuminated with uncollimated light, preferably under diffuse illumination, and/or can be detected by the observer and/or /or sensors com, in particular under illumination with collimated light, preferably under illumination with an LED flashlight, in particular preferably under illumination with a LED flashlight of a smartphone.

It is possible that one or more or all of the motifs, depending on the illumination angle and tilt angle of the provided hologram optimized for illumination by practically collimated light sources, move and/or that one or more or all of the motifs, depending on the illumination angle and angle tilt of the provided hologram optimized for illumination by practically collimated light sources disappear. In particular, no movement of motifs is detected when the diameter of the spatial angle detected by the observer and/or sensor is less than 20°, preferably less than 10°. Preferably, motifs appear and disappear depending on the angle of inclination. It is possible that no movement of motifs at all can be detected by the observer and/or the sensor depending on the angle of inclination of the substrate, which includes at least the provided hologram.

Preferably, when calculating the height profile of the hologram, one or more of the phase images are transformed, in particular linearly transformed into one or more associated height profiles. Preferably, the height profile of the provided hologram is calculated by superposing and/or screening the height profiles associated with one or more phase images.

Preferably one or more of the correlated height profiles are embedded in the substrate to provide the hologram. In particular, the associated height profiles are present in the substrate, preferably superimposed and/or screened.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are encoded (encoded) as a gray scale image(s). In particular, the normalized height values are correlated with the gray levels, in particular. The gray levels and/or height values preferably have a minimum height value of 0 and a maximum height value of 2π.

In addition, it is possible that the gray levels and/or height values are normalized by any minimum and maximum height values, with the corresponding maximum height value being greater than the corresponding minimum height value.

Preferably, the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile inserted into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile inserted into the substrate corresponds to an optical path difference equal to half or a multiple of half the reference wavelength, in particular in the case of the provided hologram being made as a hologram in reflected light.

In particular, the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile inserted into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile inserted into the substrate corresponds to an optical path difference equal to the reference wavelength or a multiple of the reference wavelength, preferably in the case of the provided hologram being implemented as a transmission hologram (in transmitted light ).

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced into a substrate, in particular a substrate having a photoresist layer, by means of a method selected from: laser beam lithography and electron beam lithography. In both methods, the gray level image encoding the height profile is written to the resistive layer by varying the intensity of the applied beam. After developing the illuminated resistive layer, a height profile is provided in the resistive layer.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced (introduced) into the substrate by a replication method, in particular by thermal replication or UV replication.

Advantageously, the correlated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced (introduced) by electroplating, recombination and roll-to-roll replication into a film, in particular into a film having at least one metal layer and /or a transparent high or low refractive layer. Highly refractive layer here refers to a layer with a high refractive index, in particular with a refractive index higher than 1.5. As a low refractive layer here is meant a layer with a low refractive index, in particular with a refractive index below 1.5. In particular, the film has an HRI layer (HRI=High Refractive Index, high refractive index). A metallic layer and/or a transparent high or low refraction layer is typically applied after the roll-to-roll replication step onto the height profile(s) on the film.

The height profile(s) can be combined with additional layers, in particular embedded between these additional layers. Such additional layers may be protective layers, adhesion promoting layers (adhesion promoter), adhesive layers, barrier layers, decorative layers, reflective layers.

The layers can be arranged on a carrier substrate (eg polyester, in particular PET), detachable or non-detachable.

One or more of the decorative layers have, for example, one or more of the following layers:

One or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more metal layers, which are preferably not respectively provided over the entire area, but only in areas in the security element. In this case, the metal layers can be made opaque, translucent or translucent. Advantageously, the metallic layers are formed from different metals, which have distinctly different reflection and/or transmission spectra. For example, the metal layers are made of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, zinc, or an alloy of these metals. In addition, the metal areas can be screened and/or made with locally different layer thicknesses.

In this case, one or more metal layers are preferably structured in the form of a pattern, so that they include one or more image elements in which the metal of the metal layer is provided, and a background region in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided. In this case, image elements can be made in the form of alphanumeric characters, as well as graphics and a complex representation of objects.

One or more of the decorative layers additionally include, in particular, one or more paint layers, in particular translucent paint. The ink layers are preferably ink layers which are applied by printing and which contain one or more colorants and/or pigments which are bound in a binder matrix. Ink layers, in particular paints, can be transparent, light, partially diffuse, translucent or opaque or overlying.

In addition, one or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably inserted respectively into the surface of the replicated lacquer layer. These relief structures are preferably diffractive relief structures such as holograms, diffraction gratings, free-form Fresnel surfaces, diffraction gratings with symmetrical or asymmetric profile shapes and/or zero-order diffraction structures. These relief structures can also be isotropic and/or anisotropic scattering matt structures, profiled gratings and/or relief structures, such as microlenses, microprisms or micromirrors, which act mainly on reflection and/or transmission.

One or more of the decorative layers in particular have one or more liquid crystal layers which generate, on the one hand, a polarization-dependent incident light and, on the other hand, a wavelength-selective reflection and/or transmission of the incident light, depending on orientation of liquid crystals.

By "HRI layer" is meant, in particular, a layer with a high refractive index, which, for example, consists wholly or partly of TiO ₂ or ZnS or of a deposited layer of metal oxide, metal sulfide, titanium dioxide, etc. In particular, the HRI layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 150 nm.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced into a thin film structure, in particular a Fabry-Perot film structure. Typically, a thin film structure is deposited on a replicated hologram height profile. Preferably, the Fabry-Perot film structure has at least one first translucent absorbing layer, at least one transparent intermediate layer, and at least one second translucent absorbing layer or opaque reflective layer.

By "thin-film structure" is meant in particular a structure of thin-film elements which generates a viewing angle-dependent color shift effect based on the arrangement of layers, which has an optical thickness in the range of half wavelength (λ/2) or quarter wavelength (λ/4 ) incident light or an incident electromagnetic wave, in particular an incident virtual electromagnetic field. The constructive interference in an interference layer with refractive index n and thickness d is calculated as follows:

2nd cos(ϴ) = mλ,

where ϴ is the angle between the direction of illumination and the direction of observation, λ is the wavelength of the light, and m is an integer. These layers preferably include an intermediate layer, in particular located between the absorbing layer and the reflective layer, or are preferably formed by a layer comprising pigments of the thin film layer.

By "translucent" is meant in particular a transmission in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelength range, which lies between 10% and 70%, preferably between 10% and 50%, preferably not being a negligible fraction of the incident electromagnetic waves, in particular, the incident light is absorbed.

Advantageously, the first translucent absorbing layer has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm. The absorption layer preferably consists of aluminium, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, inconel (nickel-based corrosion resistant alloys from Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA), titanium or chromium.

Advantageously, the transparent intermediate layer has a layer thickness between 300 nm and 600 nm. The intermediate layer preferably consists of a polymer, SiO ₂ or MgF ₂ .

The advantageously transparent intermediate layer consists of a printed polymer layer, which is applied in particular by gravure printing, slot casting or inkjet printing.

The predominantly opaque reflective layer has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm. The mirror layer preferably consists of aluminium, silver, copper, zinc or chromium.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced into or applied to an opaque substrate, in particular on/on opaque paper documents or on/on opaque paper banknotes.

By "opaque" is meant, in particular, that no light is transmitted in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelengths or only a negligible amount of light is transmitted in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelengths, in particular less than 10 %, preferably less than 5% through an opaque substrate, in particular through opaque paper documents, preferably through opaque paper banknotes.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the provided hologram are introduced into or applied onto at least one window area, in particular into or onto at least one window area of an ID1 card or into/on a transparent substrate, in particular in or on a transparent polymer banknote, whereby the height profile of the hologram can be detected at least from the front and back and/or when viewed in transmitted light. The window area may in particular be an openwork area of the substrate and/or a non-openwork transparent area of the substrate.

By "transparent" is meant in particular a transmission in the infrared, visible and/or ultraviolet wavelength range, which lies between 70% and 100%, preferably between 80% and 95%, preferably a negligible fraction of the incident electromagnetic waves, in particular incident light is absorbed.

By "ID1 card" is meant, in particular, a security document or card with a size of 85.6 mm × 53.99 mm, the dimensions of the security document or card being in the ID1 format. In particular, the radius of security documents or cards with rounded corners according to the ID1 shape is in the range of 2.88 mm to 3.48 mm.

It is possible that the substrate before or after the introduction of the height profile to provide the hologram is provided with a translucent ink layer which has the function of a color filter. The provision of a translucent ink layer can also be carried out before the introduction of the height profile and the application of the metal layer and/or the transparent high or low refraction layer. For example, a translucent ink layer changes the achromatic white appearance of the provided hologram to an observer and/or sensor to a monochromatic appearance.

Advantageously, the hologram is introduced into the substrate by illuminating the material of the volume hologram, the wave of the object emanating from the height profile and/or the height profiles associated with the hologram. In particular, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the hologram are (are) transformed into the profile of the Bragg planes of the volume hologram thus generated.

It is possible that the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the hologram are entered into a shim and this shim is illuminated as a reference for generating a volume hologram. In this case, the optically variable effect of the hologram is transferred in particular to the volume hologram, and the optically variable effect of the volume hologram can be detected by the observer and/or sensor, preferably in the color of the laser light used for illumination. In particular, illumination of the reference for generating a volume hologram is carried out by means of one or more, in particular monochromatic lasers, for example one or more red, yellow, green, turquoise and blue lasers.

Studies have shown that it is preferable to match the maximum height or the maximum depth of the height profile with the wavelength of the laser that is used to illuminate the reference for generating the volume hologram. In particular, the wavelength of all virtual light sources, preferably all virtual point light sources, is the same as the wavelength of the laser. The difference between the minimum depth and the maximum depth or the minimum height and maximum height of the associated height profile and/or the height profile of the hologram entered into the template preferably corresponds to half the optical wavelength or a multiple of half the optical wavelength of the laser, in particular when the template is implemented as a reflection hologram.

Preferably, in addition to the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the hologram, a height profile of at least one additional optically variable structure is introduced into the substrate, selected from: a diffractive relief structure, in particular a diffraction grating, a free-form Fresnel lens, a zero-order diffractive structure, profiled grating, micromirror structure, isotropic or anisotropic matt structure, microlens structure.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile of the hologram are introduced into one or more first areas of the substrate, and the height profile of at least one additional optical variable structure is introduced in particular into one or more second areas of the substrate.

Advantageously, at least one or more second regions and one or more first regions at least partially overlap.

Advantageously, one or more first regions do not overlap one or more second regions. Preferably one or more first regions and one or more second regions are adjacent to each other. Further preferably, one or more first regions and one or more second regions are nested within one another and/or one of the first or second regions surrounds another of the first or second regions.

In particular, the viewing angle determines at which spatial angle the provided hologram can be observed by an observer and/or a sensor. Usually the hologram can be recognized near the direct reflection. By adding a reference wave when calculating the hologram, the viewing angle can be shifted away from direct reflection. Preferably, the provided hologram is calculated so as to be seen when the substrate is tilted, the viewing angle relative to the normals to the plane that passes through the plane of the substrate is from 15°±10° to 25°±10°, preferably 20°±10°. The provided hologram can also be calculated so as to be seen when the substrate is strongly tilted, wherein the viewing angle relative to the normals to the plane is preferably 30°±25° to 65°±25°, more preferably 20°±15° to 75°± 15°, particularly preferably from 10°±5° to 85°±5°.

It is possible that the light is incident orthogonally, i.e. parallel to the normal to the plane of the substrate, onto the substrate and that the motifs of the provided hologram can thus be detected by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular at an oblique angle, preferably from 30°±25° to 65° ±25°, more preferably 20°±15° to 75°±15°, particularly preferably 10°±5° to 85°±5°.

It is also possible that the motifs of the provided hologram can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor from an anti-parallel or reverse direction, such as the direction of incidence of light that preferably strikes the substrate at an oblique angle.

Preferably, the provided hologram is screened with a surface relief, such as a free-form Fresnel lens, into each other. In this case, it is preferable that the same 3D object is realized in the same size by both types of structures. For example, a 3D object might represent a view of a mountain, such as the Matterhorn. A rasterized or superimposed combination of both effects gives a more complex appearance than the corresponding appearance of only one of both effects. This greatly increases the cost of counterfeiting a security element that includes a secured hologram and/or a security document that includes a secured hologram.

Furthermore, it is possible to supplement the provided hologram with free-form Fresnel lens elements, so that with one or more motifs of static or moving parts, the static parts can be implemented as free-form Fresnel lenses and the dynamic parts are implemented as a secured hologram. For example, it would be possible to form the body of a lion, in particular, including the paws, as a surface relief, and the head of the lion, in contrast, as a provided hologram. When the security element is tilted, in particular, the lion's head will present a movement or an optically variable effect and will easily rotate, for example, about an axis passing through the normal to the surface of the substrate, while the lion's body, in particular, is static or creates only a weak optical effect. changeable effect.

Furthermore, it is possible to calculate the provided hologram in such a way that it occurs at a short distance in front of the observer's eye and/or the sensor, the viewing distance of the provided hologram being preferably between 0.1 cm and 40 cm, in particular between 1 cm and 10 cm.

In addition, the provided hologram is computed such that an observer and/or sensor detects one or more patterns of the provided hologram when observing the provided hologram in the direction of a light source. This optical effect is similar, in particular, to the observation of space through a keyhole.

In the following, the invention is explained in more detail with reference to several exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show the following:

Fig. 1 schematically shows a process step,

Fig. 2 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 3 shows the image under the microscope of the height profile,

Fig. 4 shows the image under the microscope of the height profile,

Fig. 5 shows the elevation profile,

Fig. 6 shows a perspective view of the elevation profile,

Fig. 7 schematically shows a security document,

Fig. 8 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 9 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 10 shows a photo of a hologram,

Fig. 10a shows a photograph of the design,

Fig. 10b shows a photograph of the design,

Fig. 11 schematically shows a hologram,

Fig. 12 schematically shows a hologram,

Fig. 13 schematically shows a hologram,

Fig. 14 schematically shows a security document,

Fig. 15 schematically shows a security document,

Fig. 16 schematically shows a security document,

Fig. 17 schematically shows a security document,

Fig. 18 schematically shows a security element,

Fig. 19 schematically shows a curved security element,

Fig. 20 schematically shows the arrangement of the planes of the hologram,

Fig. 21 shows a photograph of a hologram,

Fig. 22 shows a photograph of a curved hologram,

Fig. 23 shows a photograph of a hologram,

Fig. 24 shows a photograph of a curved hologram,

Fig. 25 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 26 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 27 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 28 schematically shows a method step,

Fig. 29 schematically shows a method step.

Fig. 1 shows a method step for producing a hologram, in particular a hologram for a security element and/or a security document. The first virtual plane 10a of the hologram is located relative to the z direction to the right of the first virtual model 20a. The second virtual hologram plane 10b with respect to the z direction is positioned such that the second virtual hologram plane 10b intersects the second virtual model 20b. The third virtual plane 10c of the hologram with respect to the z direction is located to the left of the third virtual model 20c. The first, second and third virtual planes run parallel to the x/y plane.

The first, second and third virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c are similar to the surface of a human head, with the surface being approximated by a mesh structure.

In particular, the first, second and third virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c are respectively configured as a 2D virtual model or a 3D virtual model.

Preferably one or more hologram virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c are located in front of and/or behind one or more virtual hologram models 20a, 20b, 20c and/or one or more hologram virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c intersect in particular one or several virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c.

In addition, it is possible to provide multiple models 20a, 20b, 20c on different virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c for making a hologram.

Fig. 2 shows the further steps of the method for producing a hologram, whereby on two sub-regions 21a, 21b of the surface of the virtual model 20d, which is similar to the shape of the above models 20a, 20b, 20c, respectively, a virtual light source 30a or 30b is located at a distance z ₁ or z ₂ from the virtual plane 10d holograms.

In the next step of the method, the corresponding virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b emanating from the corresponding virtual light sources 30a, 30b in one or more zones 11a, 11b of the virtual plane 10d of the hologram are calculated.

In this case, the virtual light sources 30a, 30b radiate, in particular as virtual point light sources, virtual spherical waves anisotropically into spatial angles that intersect the virtual planes in the zones 11a, 11b. Compared to isotropic emission to all spatial angles, in particular calculation time and thus costs are saved, since the calculation of the anisotropic emission of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b is much less expensive.

Advantageously, the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b, which come from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b, have an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution in one or more spatial angles, in particular in the entire spatial angle.

It is possible that the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b that come from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b have the same intensity and/or the same intensity distribution over the entire spatial angle.

In addition, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b, which come from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b, have different intensities and/or different intensity distributions in one or more spatial angles, in particular in the entire spatial angle.

Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic field U _i is calculated emanating from the i-th virtual point light source at the point (x _i , y _i , z _i ), at the point (x _h , y _h , z _h ) of at least one zone 11a or 11b , in particular, according to the equation

and the radiation is isotropic here.

Preferably, the emission of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b is limited to the two zones 11a, 11b of the virtual plane 10d of the hologram by means of a respective virtual diaphragm, the emission cone of the virtual light sources 30a, 30b being limited to a spatial angle of ±45°, preferably ±35°, more preferably ±25 ° and in particular ±15°.

In particular, the virtual light sources 30a, 30b, which are located in the respective surface sub-regions 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d, are located in at least one direction periodically on two surface sub-regions 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d and/or are located in at least one direction in a random or pseudo-random manner on two sub-regions of the surface 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d.

The distances between adjacent virtual light sources 30a, 30b lie in particular between 5 µm and 500 µm, preferably between 10 µm and 200 µm.

Furthermore, the arrangement of the virtual light sources 30a, 30b is preferably arranged as a cross grid, the distance between the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b being between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm.

It is possible that the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b are in the form of microcharacters, specifically selected from: a letter, a portrait, an image, an alphanumeric character, a printed character, a geometric freeform, a square, a triangle, a star, a moon, a circle, a value character. , a country-specific symbol (for example, a Swiss cross, an eagle on the coat of arms of the Federal Republic of Germany, a maple leaf), a curved line, or an outline (for example, the outline of a country's borders).

Furthermore, preferably, the transverse dimensions of the microcharacters on the surface sub-regions 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d lie between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm.

Advantageously, the virtual model 20d or each of two or more virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c is associated with two or more of the virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d of the hologram, and in one or more zones 11a, 11b of the corresponding virtual plane 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d of the hologram, one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b emanating from one or more virtual light sources 30a, 30b of the associated virtual model 20d or the associated virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c are computed.

In addition, preferably for the calculation of one or more phase images 50, virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 from two of the zones 11a, 11b, in particular from two of the zones 11a, 11b, which are zones of different virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d of the hologram , are superimposed, in particular on the basis of a predetermined reference direction.

In particular, two or more zones 11a, 11b superimposed to calculate one or more phase images 50 overlap with respect to a predetermined reference direction at least partially, preferably completely, so that preferably two or more motifs 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d provided by different zones 11a, 11b in the provided hologram 1 are generated with respect to a predetermined reference direction in the intersecting areas of the surface of the provided hologram 1.

Advantageously, the two or more zones 11a, 11b superimposed to calculate one or more phase images 50 do not overlap with respect to a predetermined reference direction, so that preferably two or more motifs 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d provided by different zones 11a, 11b in the provided hologram 1 are generated with respect to a predetermined reference direction in separate areas of the surface of the provided hologram 1.

In the next step of the method, in the two zones 11a, 11b, respectively, the virtual total electromagnetic field is calculated based on the sum of the two virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b in the respective zone 11a, 11b and the virtual reference field 43. Preferably, the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b in the respective zone 11a or 11b are multiplied with the complex conjugate virtual reference field 43, which in particular comes from the virtual reference light source 33, and the total electromagnetic field in the corresponding zone 11a or 11b is calculated.

Advantageously, the virtual reference field 43 simulates the non-isotropic illumination of the virtual 3D model 20d, in particular the illumination with the virtual reference field 43 of the associated reference light 33. For example, the virtual reference field 43 simulates the illumination of the virtual 3D model 20d with a flashlight, preferably with the LED flash of a smartphone, the distance between the light source and the hologram virtual plane 10d being in particular between 5 cm and 35 cm and preferably between 15 cm and 25 cm.

Preferably, the direction of propagation of the virtual reference field 43 has an angle between 10° and 50°, in particular between 15° and 45°, preferably from 30° to 40° to the normals to the planes or to the average normal to the virtual plane 10d of the hologram, and/or a cone The virtual reference light source 33 has in particular an opening angle between 0° and 45°, preferably 0° and 15°, and/or the virtual reference light source 33 is preferably at a distance from the virtual hologram plane 10d between 0.01 m and 10 m, more preferably 0.1 m and 2 m, particularly preferably 0.2 m and 1. In a preferred embodiment, the virtual reference light source 33 is spaced at infinity from the hologram plane 10d. In this case, the reference light source 33 emits plane waves onto the hologram plane 10d.

In the next step of the method, one or more phase images are calculated from the virtual full electromagnetic fields in one or more zones 11a, 11b.

In the next step of the method, a hologram height profile is calculated from one or more phase images, and the hologram height profile is injected into the substrate to provide the hologram.

Fig. 3 and 4 show exemplary microscope images of the height profile, respectively, of a different section of the height profile 60a or 60b of the hologram. As a virtual model, the contour or borders of Switzerland were chosen, respectively.

Fig. 5 shows the height profile entered into the substrate as a grayscale image 61a. The underlying virtual model corresponds to the contour or borders of Switzerland.

Advantageously, when calculating the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram, one or more phase images are in particular linearly transformed into one or more associated height profiles. In particular, the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram is created by overlaying and/or screening the height profiles associated with one or more phase images.

It is possible that one or more of the correlated height profiles to provide the hologram are introduced into the substrate, the correlated height profiles being present in the substrate preferably superimposed and/or screened.

Fig. 6 shows the one shown in FIG. 5 elevation profile 61a as a perspective 3D view. The transverse extents of the height profile 61a in the x, y and y direction are respectively 96 µm, 72.2 µm and 0.6 µm.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram are encoded as a gray level image in which height values, in particular normalized height values, are associated with the gray values. Preferably, the minimum height values have a value of 0 and the maximum height values have a value of 2π.

Advantageously, the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile 60a, 60b inserted into the substrate and the maximum height values of the height profile 60a, 60b inserted into the substrate corresponds to an optical path difference equal to half or a multiple of half the reference wavelength, the provided hologram being in particular provided as a reflective hologram. For example, the reference wavelength corresponds to the wavelength of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b.

If the provided hologram is implemented as a transmission hologram, the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile 60a, 60b inserted into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile 60a, 60b inserted into the substrate preferably corresponds to an optical path difference equal to the reference wavelength or a multiple of the reference wavelength .

Preferably, the associated height profiles and/or height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram are introduced into a substrate, in particular a substrate having a resistive layer, in particular a photoresistive layer, preferably by means of a method selected from: laser beam lithography and electron beam lithography. In both methods, the gray level image encoding the height profile is written to the resistive layer by varying the intensity of the applied beam. After developing the illuminated resistive layer, a height profile is provided in the resistive layer.

It is also possible to introduce the associated height profiles and/or the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram into the substrate by a replication method, in particular by thermal replication or UV(UV) replication.

In particular, the associated height profiles and/or the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram are introduced by electroplating, recombination and replication from roll to roll into a film, in particular a film having at least one metallic layer and/or a transparent high or low refractive layer. In particular, the film has an HRI layer. A metallic layer and/or a transparent high or low refraction layer is typically applied after the roll-to-roll replication step onto the height profile(s) on the film.

Height profiles can be combined with additional layers, in particular embedded between these additional layers. Such additional layers may be protective layers, adhesion layers, adhesive layers, barrier layers, decorative layers, reflective layers.

Fig. 7 shows a security document 1b comprising a substrate 2 which has a security strip 65, the security strip 65 including three optically variable structures 63. The optically variable structures 63 are embodied as the number "25", as a portrait, and as a fictitious denomination of UT. For example, optically variable structures "25" and UT are made as diffractively luminous when the surface is illuminated, and the optical representation of the portrait, which is made as a free-form Fresnel surface, becomes detectable by the observer and/or sensor when the surface relief is illuminated.

Preferably, in the security strip 65, in addition to the security element 1a, which contains a correlated height profile and/or one or more height profiles 60a, 60b of the hologram 1, a height profile of at least one additional optically variable structure 63, in particular selected from: diffractive relief structure, in particular a diffraction grating, a free-form Fresnel lens, a zero-order diffraction structure, a profiled grating, a micromirror structure, an isotropic or anisotropic matte structure, a microlens structure.

The document body of the security document 1b is preferably multi-layered and includes a substrate 2 which is formed by a paper substrate and/or a plastic substrate.

The security strip 65 is preferably also multi-layered and includes a carrier substrate (for example, made of polyester, in particular PET), which can be detachable or non-removable, as well as one or more polymeric lacquer layers, for example a replication layer, into which height profiles can be replicated. . In addition, the security strip 65 may include one or more protective layers and/or one or more decorative layers and/or one or more adhesive or adhesion layers and/or one or more barrier layers and/or one or more additional security features.

One or more of the decorative layers have, for example, one or more of the following layers:

One or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more metal layers, which are preferably provided in the security element in each case not over the entire area, but only in areas. In this case, the metal layers can be made opaque, translucent or translucent. Preferably, the metal layers are formed from different metals, which have markedly different reflection and/or transmission spectra. For example, the metal layers are made of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, zinc, or an alloy of these metals. In addition, the metal areas can be screened and/or made with locally different layer thicknesses.

The one or more metal layers are preferably structured in the form of a pattern so that they include one or more picture elements in which the metal of the metal layer is provided and a background region in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided. In this case, image elements can be made in the form of alphanumeric characters, as well as graphics and a complex representation of objects.

One or more of the decorative layers additionally include, in particular, one or more paint layers, in particular translucent paint. The ink layers are preferably ink layers which are applied by printing and which contain one or more colorants and/or pigments which are bound in a binder matrix. Ink layers, in particular paints, can be transparent, light, partially diffuse, translucent or opaque or overlying.

In addition, one or more of the decorative layers preferably has one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably inserted respectively into the surface of the replicated lacquer layer. These relief structures are preferably diffractive relief structures such as holograms, diffraction gratings, free-form Fresnel surfaces, diffraction gratings with symmetrical or asymmetric profile shapes and/or zero-order diffraction structures. These relief structures can also be isotropic and/or anisotropic scattering matt structures, profiled gratings and/or relief structures, such as microlenses, microprisms or micromirrors, acting mainly on reflection and/or transmission.

Preferably one or more of the decorative layers has one or more interference layers which reflect or transmit incident light selectively depending on the wavelength. These layers can be formed, for example, by thin-film elements, in particular thin-film Fabry-Perot elements, which generate an angle-dependent color-changing effect, based on an arrangement of layers that have an optical thickness in the range of half wavelength or λ/2 (λ - wavelength of light or wavelength of an electromagnetic wave) or a quarter of a wavelength or λ / 4 of the incident light. The constructive interference in an interference layer with refractive index n and thickness d is calculated as follows:

2nd cos(ϴ) = mλ,

wherein ϴ is the angle between the illumination direction and the viewing direction, λ is the wavelength of the light, and m is an integer. These layers include an intermediate layer, in particular located between the absorbing layer and the reflective layer, or may be formed preferably by a layer comprising pigments of the thin film layer.

One or more of the decorative layers have in particular one or more liquid crystal layers which generate, on the one hand, a polarization-dependent incident light and, on the other hand, a wavelength-selective reflection and/or transmission of the incident light, depending on orientation of liquid crystals.

In addition, the security strip 65 has a security element 1 comprising a provided hologram 1, the security element 1 having a carrier substrate with a replication layer into which the height profile 60 of the hologram 1 is introduced. The hologram 1 is calculated from one or more phase images, wherein one or more phase images are calculated from one or more virtual full electromagnetic fields 41 in one or more zones 11 of one or more virtual planes 10 of the hologram. Each of the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 is calculated in one or more of the zones 11 based on the sum of two or more virtual electromagnetic fields 40. One or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 emanating from at least one virtual light source 30 are calculated in one or more several of the zones 11. One or more of the virtual light sources 30 are located on one or more sub-areas of the surface 21 of one or more virtual models 20. One or more of the virtual planes 10 of the hologram are located in front of and / or behind one or more of the virtual models 20, and/or one or more of the hologram virtual planes 10 intersect one or more of the virtual models 20.

The motif 22 of the hologram 1 is formed as a steering wheel, and the motif 22 for the observer and/or sensor, depending on the viewing angle and/or the angle of inclination of the substrate 2, is located in front of and/or behind the substrate 2 and/or crosses the substrate 2. When calculating the provided of the hologram 1, the corresponding virtual model of the steering wheel is in particular located in front of and/or behind the virtual plane of the hologram or is located in such a way that the virtual model intersects the virtual plane, the virtual plane of the hologram preferably corresponding to the plane of the substrate 2. In this case, the observer and/or the sensor detects the motif 22 of the provided hologram 1 is in front of and/or behind the plane formed by the substrate 2, or the viewer and/or sensor detects the motif 22 of the provided hologram in such a way that it intersects the plane of the substrate 2. These optical effects preferably depend on the angle of inclination and/or the viewing angle relative to the plane formed by the substrate 2.

The distance of the motif 22 from the plane formed by the substrate 2 or the distance of the virtual steering wheel model from the virtual plane of the hologram lies between -50 mm and +50 mm, in particular between -25 mm and +25 mm, preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm .

Motif 22 is preferably selected from: letters, portraits, alphanumeric characters, printed characters, landscape representations, construction representations, geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines, construction representations, landscape representations and/or contours.

Fig. 8 shows in the upper part of the figure the star-shaped motif 220 of the provided hologram 1, which continues in the plane defined by the x and y axes.

At the bottom of Fig. 8, the star motif 220 of the provided hologram 1 can be detected by an observer and/or sensor at three different distances or heights h ₁ , h ₂ and h ₃ relative to the plane formed by the x/y substrate, which is defined by the x and y axes. At the same time, the heights h ₁ , h ₂ , h ₃ when calculating the provided hologram 1 are set, for example, to h ₁ =3 mm, h ₂ =10 mm and h ₃ =20 mm and are defined as the distances of the virtual model simulating the star motif 220 to the virtual hologram plane, which, in particular, simulates the x/y plane.

In addition, it is possible that the spatial angle in the calculation of the provided hologram 1 is limited in such a way that the provided hologram 1 can only be limited in a limited spatial angle by an observer and/or a sensor.

The upper part of Fig. 9 shows the star motif 220 of FIG. 8, which continues in the x/y plane defined by the x and y axes.

The lower part of Fig. 9 shows a star motif 220 at a distance or height h ₄ from the plane defined by the x/y substrate. The virtual model imitating the star motif 220 is located at a distance h ₄ =20 mm from the virtual plane of the hologram, the virtual plane imitating the x/y plane when calculating the provided hologram.

The motif 220 can only be detected by an observer and/or a sensor from the spatial angle Ώ, which is formed by the angle α. The spatial angle Ώ is symmetric with respect to the normal N to the x/y plane. When calculating the provided hologram 1, the spatial angle Ώ is limited by the virtual diaphragm such that the virtual electromagnetic fields are only provided in the zone 11 to the virtual or x/y plane. The angle α lies in the angular range from 0° to 30°, preferably in the angular range from 0° to 20°, more preferably in the range from 0° to 15°.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or one or more of the height profiles 60, 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 are introduced into a thin layer system, in particular a thin layer Fabry-Perot system, the thin layer Fabry-Perot system having at least one first translucent absorbing layer , at least one transparent intermediate layer and at least one second translucent absorbing layer or opaque reflective layer. Preferably, the first translucent absorbing layer consists of aluminium, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, inconel (nickel-based corrosion resistant alloys from Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA), titanium or chromium and/or has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm. The transparent intermediate layer preferably has a layer thickness between 300 nm and 600 nm and/or consists of a polymer, SiO ₂ or MgF ₂ . The opaque reflective layer has a layer thickness preferably between 5 nm and 50 nm.

Preferably, the transparent intermediate layer consists of a printed polymer layer, which is applied, in particular as a varnish, by means of gravure printing, slot casting or inkjet printing. Depending on the lacquer which is provided for the printing of the polymer layer, the printed polymer layer aligns the height profile 60a, 60b preferably replicated in the thin-layer system of the provided hologram 1, in particular partially, the flow behavior and/or the drying behavior of the lacquer determining the degree of alignment of the replicated profile 60a, 60b height.

If a lacquer is used which greatly equalizes the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1, the color effect due to interference effects in the region of the provided hologram 1 in the thin layer system is strongly attenuated for the observer and/or for the sensor, and/or the observer and/or the sensor detect a mixed color, which in particular is grey. This optical effect is preferably provided as a design element, such as in the photograph shown in FIG. ten.

Fig. 10 shows a photograph of the provided hologram 1 in a thin layer system which has a motif 221 in the form of circular lines detectable by an observer and/or a sensor. In the inner area 2c and the outer area 2d, the motif 221 of the provided hologram 1 is not detected by the observer and/or the sensor, since there is no height profile of the hologram 1 there. that the observer and/or the sensor detects in the inner region 2c and the outer region the color effect of the thin layer system. In the region of the motif 221 of the provided hologram 1, on the contrary, the color effect of the thin layer system is reduced or even suppressed, due to which the motif 221 appears more discolored or even colorless gray or achromatic white. The motif 221 in particular is arranged in a perfect fit to the inner area 2c and the outer area 2d. The inner region 2c and/or the outer region 2d exhibit a color changing effect provided by the interference effects of the thin layer system for the observer and/or sensor when tilted and/or changing the viewing direction relative to the thin layer system. In this case, the region of the motif 221 in the form of circular lines, in particular, does not show the effect of changing color when tilted and/or changing the direction of observation provided by the interference effects of the thin-layer system. For example, green interference color in the inner region 2c and outer region 2d may be detected by an observer and/or sensor, but not detected in the region of the motif 221 in the form of circular lines. When tilted, the green interference color changes to, for example, blue.

It is possible that the associated height profiles and/or the height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 are introduced or applied to/on an opaque substrate 2, in particular on/on paper documents or on/on opaque paper banknotes.

Advantageously, the associated height profiles and/or height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 are introduced or applied in at least one window area, in particular in/on at least one window area of the ID1 card or in/on the transparent substrate, in particular in /on a transparent banknote. In this way, the height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 can be detected at least from the front and back and/or when viewed in transmitted light.

In addition, the hologram 1 is introduced into the substrate 2 by illuminating the material of the volume hologram, the wave of the object emanating from the height profile associated with the hologram. In this case, the associated height profiles and/or the height profiles 60a, 60b of the hologram 1 are converted, in particular, into the profile of the Bragg planes of the volume hologram thus generated.

Fig. 10a and 10b respectively show a photograph of the design 3b, in particular of the same design that the provided hologram 1 includes. The hologram 1 is contained in the circular shape area of the design 3b with a surface fraction of 100%. The provided hologram 1 has an observer and/or sensor detectable motif 240 in the form of two letters or the letter sequence "UT". The hologram is provided in such a way that when illuminated with non-collimated light, such as diffuse illumination, motif 240 is not detected, as shown in particular in FIG. 10a. In contrast, if the provided hologram is illuminated by a collimated light source such as a smartphone LED flashlight, then the provided "UT" motif appears as shown in FIG. 10b.

In particular, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic fields in one or more first zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models, and/or that the virtual electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models, so that one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models, and/or that one or more second motifs associated with one or more second virtual models, in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, the first zones and/or the second zones, are not detectable by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular under illumination with uncollimated light, preferably under diffuse illumination, and/or are detected by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular under illumination collimirova daylight, preferably under illumination with an LED flashlight, in particular preferably under illumination with the LED flashlight of a smartphone.

Furthermore, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic fields in one or more first zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first virtual models, and/or that the virtual electromagnetic fields in one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more second virtual models in such a way that the first part of one or more first motives associated with one or more first virtual models, and/or that the second part of one or more second motives associated with one or more second virtual models , when the substrate is bent or warped, in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones, first zones and/or second zones, can be detected by an observer and/or sensor, and/or in a flat or not bent or not warped state of the substrate, in particular according to curvature profile of one or more zones, first zones and/or second open zones cannot be detected by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular partially, wherein preferably one or more first motifs generate a first complete motif, including the first part of one or more first motifs, and/or preferably one or more second motifs generate a second full motif , including the second part of one or more second motives.

Fig. 11 shows the security element 1a when viewed orthogonally with respect to a plane defined by the drawing plane and the x and y axes. The security element 1a includes three design elements 3a, one of the design elements 3a contains the number "42" and a square shape with a double border and respectively diagonal lines in the corners of the square shape that connect the equally oriented corners of the two frames.

The first crescent-shaped motif 22a in the first region 2a and the second cloud-shaped motif 22b of the provided hologram 1 are not detectable when the security element 1a is orthogonally observed by an observer and/or a sensor. The first motif 22a and the second motif 22b, indicated by dotted lines, are hidden by the third design elements 3a.

Fig. 12 shows the security element 1a tilted along the y-axis to the right. The first motive 22a and the second motive 22b are no longer in the first and second regions 2a, 2b. The first motif 22a is on the left next to the three design elements 3a and the second motif 22b is below the three design elements 3a. The first motif 22a is not detectable by the observer and/or the sensor, and the second motif 22b, indicated by dotted lines, is covered by the three design elements 3b and thus is not detected by the observer and/or the sensor.

Fig. 13 shows the security element 1a tilted along the y-axis to the left. The first motive 22a and the second motive 22b are no longer in the first and second regions 2a, 2b. The first motif 22a is below the three design elements 3a and the second motif 22b is on the right next to the three design elements 3a. The second motif 22b can be detected by the observer and/or the sensor, and the first motif 22a, indicated by dotted lines, is covered by the three design elements 3a and thus is not detected by the viewer and/or the sensor.

It is possible that one or more of the three design elements 3a are also motifs of the provided hologram 1. In particular, the motifs of the three design elements 3a are calculated in the calculation of the hologram 1 in such a way that the perspective or perspective optical impression of the motifs of the three design elements does not change for the observer and /or sensor at any viewing angle.

It is also possible that the associated height profiles and/or one or more of the height profiles 60, 60a, 60b of the hologram 1 are inserted into the first region 2a of the substrate 2 and that the height profile of one or more additional optically variable structures 63 are inserted into the second region 2b of the substrate 2.

In particular, the second region 2b and the first region 2a overlap at least partially, with the first region 2a and/or the second region 2b preferably consisting of an interconnected region or of a plurality of unrelated regions.

Advantageously, the first region 2a does not overlap the second region 2b. Preferably, the first region 2a and the second region 2b are located next to each other or are preferably nested. For example, the first region 2a surrounds the second region 2b, or the second region 2b surrounds the first region 2a.

Fig. 14 and 15 show the one shown in FIG. 7 a security document 1b in perspective view, the security document 1b including a security element 1a which has a secured hologram 1.

Fig. 14 shows the first motif 222 of the provided hologram 1 when the security document 1b is tilted at an angle β1 with respect to the y-axis.

Fig. 15 shows the second motif 223 of the provided hologram 1 when the security document 1b is tilted at an angle β2 with respect to the y-axis.

The provided hologram 1 is preferably calculated in such a way that, depending on the viewing angle and/or the angle of inclination of the security document 1b, different motifs of the provided hologram 1 are detected by an observer and/or a sensor. In this case, the provided hologram, when the security document 1b is tilted to the left or right or around the y axis, shows a change or transition between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or between the first and second motif 222, 223.

By tilting to the right the security document 1b in FIG. 14, for example, the first dollar sign motif 222 can be detected by an observer and/or sensor, and by tilting the security document 1b in FIG. 15, for example, motif 223, which is configured as the number "5", can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor. The first and/or second motif 222, 223 are advantageously located in the same position or in a different position, ie at a distance from one another, on the security document 1b.

Advantageously, the observer and/or the sensor detects the first and/or second motif 222, 223 above or below the plane defined by the security element 1b, the first motif 222 and/or the second motif 223 being detected above the plane defined by the security element 1b, or the second motif 223 and/ or the first motif 222 are found under the plane defined by the security element 1b.

In particular, preferably the three design elements 3a can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor in the plane defined by the security element 1b. These design elements 3a thus represent an optical reference for the observer and/or the sensor.

It is possible that the first motif 222 and/or the second motif 223 can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor when the security document 1b is tilted about the x-axis. In this case, the provided hologram, when the security document 1b is tilted up or down or around the x axis, shows a change or transition between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or a first and second motif 222, 223.

In particular, the first motif 222 and/or the second motif 223 can be detected by an observer and/or sensor above or below the plane defined by the security document 1b.

In addition, it is possible that the first motif 222 and/or the second motif 223, when the security document 1b is rotated about the normal to the plane defined by the security document 1b, can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor. In this case, the provided hologram, when the security document 1b is rotated in the plane of the security document 1b, shows a change or transition between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or a first and a second motif 222, 223, the first motif 222 and/or the second motif 223 being detectable by the observer and /or a sensor below or above the plane defined by the protective element 1b.

Preferably, two or more of the zones 11 respectively correspond to one of the virtual planes 10 of the hologram, and the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 in one or more zones 11 are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more zones 11. Thus, one or more of virtual models 20 when tilted and / or rotated by the substrate 2 or the security document 1b can be detected partially or completely by the observer and / or sensor as a sequence of one or more motives 22 or the first motive 222 and the second motive 223 correlated with one or more virtual models 20. In in particular, this sequence of one or more motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 represents a parallax motion effect or an orthoparallax motion effect. Preferably, such a sequence of one or more virtual models 20 represents a combination of a parallax motion effect and an orthoparallax motion effect for an observer or sensor.

In addition, preferably, one or more virtual models 20, when tilted and/or rotated by the substrate 2 or the security document 1b, can be detected partially or completely by the observer and/or sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs 22 or the first motive 222 and the second motive 223. In this case, one or more of the motives 22 or the first motive 222 and the second motive 223 show, in particular, different or identical movements between different and/or identical directions of movement. In this case, the distance between one or more of the motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223, in particular the geometric centers of gravity of one or more of the virtual motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 and the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the security document 1b, lies preferably between -50 mm and +50 mm, preferably between -25 mm and +25 mm, in particular between -15 mm and +15 mm.

In particular, the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 in one or more first zones 11a are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more first virtual models 20a. Preferably, the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 of one or more second zones 11b are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more second virtual models 20b. Preferably as a result, the first motif 222, associated with one or more first virtual models 20a, with the orientation of the substrate 2 or the security document 1b according to the orientation of one or more first zones 11a, can be detected by the observer and/or the sensor in part or in full, and the second motif 223, correlated with one or more second virtual models 20b, preferably with the orientation of the substrate 2 or the security document 1b according to the orientation of one or more second zones 11a, partially or completely detectable by the observer and/or the sensor.

Preferably, one or more motifs 22 or first motif 222 and second motif 223 associated with one or more of the virtual models 20 can be detected partially or completely by an observer and/or sensor from different viewing directions. In particular, the motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223, when viewed from different viewing directions, form a pattern of dots or stripes, in particular a linear barcode or a 2D barcode, preferably a QR code. Preferably, one or more of the dots or one or more of the stripes are respectively located at different distances from the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the security document 1b, in particular above and/or below and/or inside the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the security document 1b .

Fig. 16 and 17 show the one shown in FIG. 7 a security document 1b in perspective view, the security document 1b including a security element 1a which has a secured hologram 1.

Fig. 16 shows the first motif 224 of the secured hologram 1 in the flat orientation of the security document 1b.

Fig. 17 shows the second motif 225 of the provided hologram 1 when the security document 1b is bent or warped along a two-dimensional curved curve K.

The first motif 224 is formed as a $-badge, and the second motif 225 is formed as the number "5".

In particular, the geometry of the two-dimensional curved curve K corresponds to the geometry of the virtual hologram plane 10 used in the calculation of the provided hologram 1, wherein the geometry of one or more virtual hologram planes 10 respectively in one or more of the zones 11 corresponds to the side surface of a cylindrical segment or a free-form surface.

Advantageously, one or more virtual planes 10 of the hologram in one or more of the zones 11 have a predetermined curvature profile. In this case, the virtual planes 10 of the hologram have, in particular in different directions, different curvature profiles. The virtual total electromagnetic field 41 predominantly in one or more zones 11 is respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more first of one or more virtual models 20a. As a consequence, the provided hologram 1 can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or the sensor when the substrate 2 or the security document 1b is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones 11. In particular, one or more first motifs 22a or a first motif 224 and a second motif 225 associated with one or more first virtual models 20a may be partially or entirely by the observer and/or sensor.

In particular, when observing the provided hologram 1 calculated for a certain plane, an angle dependent on each point (x _h , y _h ) of one or more of the curved planes of the hologram at a certain position enters the eye of the observer and/or the sensor.

Fig. 18 shows a security document 1b including a provided hologram 1 which is illuminated by a light source 72, in particular illuminated in reflected light. In this case, the light emanating from the hologram 1 has certain, characterized by angles α ₁ , α ₂ , α _{3 of} the direction 44 of propagation to the observer's eye 70.

Fig. 19 shows the one shown in FIG. 18 a security document 1b, the security document 1b being bent around the y-axis so that the light propagation directions 44 are characterized by angles α' ₁ , α' ₂ , α' ₃ that intersect at angles α ₁ , α ₂ , α ₃ .

When calculating the provided hologram 1 for a curved plane, such as that shown in FIG. 19 of the security document 1b, the virtual plane of the hologram is simulated by a virtual plane which is bent according to the curved plane.

Fig. 20 shows three virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram, virtual plane 10a having a concave curvature and virtual plane 10c having a convex curvature.

In particular, two or more of the virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram have one or more zones 11, respectively.

The virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c differ, in particular with respect to their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature, the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c in the respective zones 11 differ with respect to their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature.

Advantageously one or more virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram in one or more of the zones 11 at least along the reference direction x or y have a non-zero curvature. Preferably, one or more of the virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram have a local curvature, the radius of curvature related to the local curvature being in particular between 5 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm.

The local curvature may in particular be in the form of a circular segment or in the form of a parabolic segment.

Fig. 21 shows a photograph of a flat security element 1a including a provided hologram 1 which has a "B" shaped motif 226. The security element 1a extends along the x and y axes.

Fig. 22 shows the one shown in FIG. 21, a security element 1a comprising the provided hologram 1, wherein the security element 1a is bent along the y-axis with a radius of curvature of 0.75 inches and, along with the motif 226, additionally has motifs 227 and 228, respectively in the shape of the letters "A" and "C". Motif 226 in FIG. 22, due to the curvature in the y direction, is somewhat flattened. The depicted effect is a transition effect in which the motif 226 in the bent state of the security element 1a is complemented by the motifs 227 and 228 ("image completion").

The distance of motif 226 from the virtual plane of the hologram and the angle α in the case of motif 226 is 10 mm or ±10° (viewing direction along the x direction) and ±15° (viewing direction along the y direction).

The distance of motifs 227, 228 from the virtual plane of the hologram and the angle α in the case of motifs 227, 228 is 10 mm or ±8° (viewing direction along the x direction) and ±8° (viewing direction along the y direction).

By bending the security element 1a, the flattened motif 226 along the y-axis can be detected between the other motifs 227 and 228. The motifs 227 and 228 in the flat state of the security document 1a cannot be detected by an observer and/or sensor when viewing the security document 1a orthogonally.

When calculating the provided hologram 1, two or more virtual models 20 are preferably provided. Here, in particular, each of the two or more virtual models 20 is assigned to one of the virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c. Preferably, in one or more zones 11 of the respective virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram, one or more virtual electronic fields 40 are calculated emanating from one or more virtual light sources 30 of the associated virtual model 20.

In particular, when calculating the provided hologram 1, possible motif distortions that occur later when the provided hologram 1 is detected by an observer and/or sensor are pre-compensated, with the motifs being stretched or compressed accordingly.

Preferably, one or more of the patterns 226, 227, 228, when the substrate 2 or the security element 1a is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones 11, which include in particular the patterns 226, 227, 228, can be detected by an observer and/or a sensor completely above and/or below and/or within the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the protective element 1a. In particular, the distance between one or more motifs 226, 227, 228 and the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the protective element 1a lies between -50 mm and +50 mm, preferably between -25 mm and +25 mm, in particular preferably between - 15 mm and +15 mm.

In addition, preferably two or more virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram have in one or more of the first of the zones 11a a different curvature profile and/or a different orientation with respect to the curvature profile and/or orientation in one or more of the second of the zones 11b. In particular, the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 in one or more of the first and second zones 11a, 11b are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more first or second of one or more virtual models 20a, 20b. This is done in such a way that the provided hologram 1, when the substrate 2 or the security element 1a is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more first or second zones 11a, 11b or when oriented according to the orientation of the first or second zones 11a, 11b, can be detected partially or completely by the observer. and/or sensor.

Preferably, the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 in one or more first zones 11a are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more first virtual models 20a. The virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 predominantly in one or more second zones 11b are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more second virtual models 20b. In this case, the motif 226 associated with the first virtual model 20b, when the substrate 2 or the protective element 1a is bent or distorted according to the curvature profile of one or more first zones 11a, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or the sensor. In particular, motifs 227 and 228, associated with the two second virtual models 20b, when the substrate 2 or the security element 1a is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more second zones 11b, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or sensor.

Preferably, one or more of the motifs 226, 227, 228 can be detected by an optical sensor and/or a human observer of the provided hologram 1, with the motif 226 associated with the first virtual model 20a and the motifs 227, 228 associated with the second virtual model 20b.

Also preferably, the motif of the first set of motifs 226, with a flat or not curved arrangement of the substrate 2 or the protective element 1a, can be detected by the observer and/or sensor, and/or one or two motifs of the second set of motifs 227, 228, when the substrate 2 is bent or warped or of the security element 1a according to the curvature profile of one or more of the virtual planes 10a, 10b, 10c of the hologram in one or more of the zones 11, can be partially or completely detected by the observer and/or the sensor. The motives of the first set of motives 226 and the motives of the second set of motives 227, 228 are preferably partially or completely different.

Preferably, the motif of the third set of motifs 226, when the substrate 2 or the protective element 1a is tilted and/or rotated, partially or completely represents the parallax effect of movement detected by the observer and/or the sensor, and/or one or two motifs of the fourth set of motifs 227, 228 when tilted and/or rotation of the substrate 2 or the security element 1a present an antiparallactic or orthoparallactic movement effect detectable by the observer and/or the sensor. In particular, the motive of the third set of motives 226 and the motives of the fourth set of motives 227, 228 are partially or completely different.

Preferably, the motif of the fifth plurality of motifs 226 has the same spatial distances or different spatial distances from one or two motifs of the sixth plurality of motifs 227, 228. Preferably, the motif of the fifth plurality of motifs 226 and the motifs of the sixth plurality of motifs 227, 228 are partially or completely different.

Also preferably, the motif of the seventh set of motifs 226 and/or one or two motifs of the eighth set of motifs 227, 228 completely or partially overlap each other or are mutually and/or completely or partially spatially separated from each other. In particular, the motives of the seventh set of motives 226 and the motives of the eighth set of motives 227, 228 are partially or completely different.

Fig. 23 shows a photograph of a flat security element 1a which has a provided hologram 1, the provided hologram 1 including a motif 229. The motif 229 is shaped like a flying bird and designed for a curved state. As can be seen in the photograph, only parts of bird 229a are visible. Thus, motif 229 is not fully manifested to the observer and/or sensor.

Fig. 24 shows a photograph of the one shown in FIG. 23 of the security element 1a in a bent state. Motif 229 is now fully distinguishable.

The provided hologram 1, by appropriate selection of the distance from the motif 229 to the virtual plane 10 of the hologram and the spatial angle, which is determined by the angle α, is calculated in such a way that the motif 229 in the flat state of the security element 1a can be partially detected by the observer and/or the sensor, in particular as narrow band, and motif 229 cannot be fully detected.

The distance from motif 229 to the virtual curved plane of the hologram and the angle α are 10 mm or ±8° (viewing direction along the x direction) and ±8° (viewing direction along the y direction). The radius of curvature of the hologram plane is 0.75 inches.

Studies have shown that the smaller the selected angle α and the greater the selected distance from the motif 229 to the virtual plane 10 of the hologram, the smaller the area of the motif 229 that can be detected already in the flat state of the security element 1a. This achieves the effect that, during the bending process, the motif 229 appears to the observer and/or the sensor to be separated from the plane defined by the security element 1a, and the complete motif 229 in the bent state of the security element 1a appears to float above or below the curved plane defined by the security element. 1a.

Advantageously, the angle α sets the spatial angle at which the viewer and/or the sensor detects the provided hologram 1. The provided hologram 1 is in particular calculated in such a way that the viewer and/or the sensor detects it only at a certain angle and/or one or more angle ranges. . Preferably, the angle α lies in the range from 30°±25° to 65°±25°, also preferably from 20°±15° to 75°±15°, particularly preferably from 10°±5° to 85°±5° , wherein the angle α preferably refers to the angle between the maximum spatial angle and the plane defined by the virtual plane of the hologram and/or the security element 1a and/or the security document 1b.

Fig. 25 shows in cross section a security element 1a which has a provided hologram 1. Light incident orthogonally along the direction 45 is reflected on the provided hologram 1 in such a way that it propagates along the direction 44 in the direction of the observer's eye 70.

Fig. 26 shows in cross section a security element 1a which has a provided hologram 1. In this case, the light incident along the direction 45 returns from the provided hologram 1 in the opposite direction 44 to the viewer's eye 70.

Advantageously, one or more of the motifs in one or more spatial angle ranges, in particular the entire spatial angle range, can be detected in whole or in part by the viewer 70 and/or the sensor. One or more spatial angle ranges are located, in particular, symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the normal to the plane, in particular with respect to the average normal to the plane, the virtual plane 10 of the hologram. One or more spatial angle ranges cover in particular an angular range of 0° to 30°, preferably an angular range of 0° to 20°, in particular preferably an angular range of 0° to 15° to the respective normals of the associated virtual planes 10 of the hologram, in particular, to the mean normal to the plane.

It is possible that the provided hologram 1 is screened with a surface relief, such as a free-form Fresnel plane. Preferably, the same motif detected by the observer and/or the sensor is provided with the same dimensions in the hologram as well as in the surface relief. For example, the motif may be a view of a mountain, such as the Matterhorn. The combination of both effects provided by screening provides in particular a more complex optical appearance for the observer and/or sensor than if the corresponding optical appearance were provided only by a hologram or surface relief. This combination greatly increases the cost of falsifying the security element or security document.

It is also possible to supplement the provided hologram 1 with a surface relief, so that the motif thus formed has optically static and dynamic regions. For example, the body of the lion could be made as the first part of the motif as a surface relief, for example, as a free-form Fresnel surface, and the head of the lion as the second part of the motif, as a secured hologram, and when the security element that contains the image of the lion is tilted, the first part of the motive is optically static or almost static, and the second part of the motive provides the effect of movement.

Fig. 27 shows a method step in calculating the provided hologram 1, wherein the virtual model 201 has virtual light sources 300, 301, in particular point light sources, on its surface which emit virtual electromagnetic fields into identical zones 11a, 11b on the virtual plane 10d of the hologram in spatial corners Ώ ₁ or Ώ ₂ .

Fig. 28 shows the observation of the motif 230 of the provided hologram 1 by an observer 70 in transmitted light, wherein between the viewer 70 and the motif 230 there is a plane 10e of the hologram or a plane formed by the substrate 2. In this case, the light source 72 emits light in the propagation directions 44 in the direction of the plane 10e of the hologram or plane formed by the substrate into the eye of the observer 70. Here, the distance between the eye of the observer 70 and the plane 10e of the hologram or the plane formed by the substrate lies preferably between 25 cm and 30 cm.

The motif 230 can advantageously be fully detected by the observer 70 when the transmitted light substrate is positioned between 25 cm and 30 cm in front of the observer 70's eye. is fully detected only when the observer's eye is positioned as close as possible to the keyhole.

Studies have shown that the provided hologram 1, when detected by an observer and/or sensor, appears achromatic, in particular white, when the difference between the incidence of light and the viewing angle at which the provided hologram 1 is detected by the observer or sensor is small. If the provided hologram 1 is observed, for example, orthogonally or from a parallel direction with respect to the normals to the plane which is formed by the substrate 2, and the illumination angle is more than 30° to the plane formed by the substrate, then chromatic aberrations occur. In this case, the edge areas of the motif or motifs associated with the provided hologram 1 appear in particular in color, while the central areas are preferably white, but indistinctly.

Other studies have shown that the correlated motifs, when detected by the observer and/or the sensor, are presented, depending on the magnitude, in one color or in all colors of the rainbow, if the viewing angle relative to the plane formed by the substrate lies between 38° and 42°. In particular, the colors of the motifs for the observer or sensor depend on the magnitude of the viewing angle.

For example, one or more motifs 22 associated with one or more of the virtual models 20 appear white when viewed orthogonally to the plane formed by the substrate. In particular, motifs 22 at an observation angle of 30° to 34° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 440 nm to 460 nm are detected in blue light, at an observation angle of 38° to 42° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of von 530 nm to 550 nm in green and/or at an viewing angle of 50° to 53° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 640 nm to 660 nm in red light.

Furthermore, preferably the color and/or colors of one or more motifs 22 associated with one or more models change when the substrate 2 is tilted and/or rotated.

The motifs 22 of the hologram 1 thus provided, when illuminated with a point light source and detected by an observer and/or a sensor, exhibit high image contrast, since no chromatic aberrations occur.

For example, when such a provided hologram 1 is tilted horizontally to the left, the letter "A" can be detected as a motif, when tilted, the letter "B", and when tilted to the right, the letter "C". As another example, a similarly provided hologram 1 can be combined with another provided hologram 1 so that a motif 22 associated with a similarly provided hologram 1, at an observation angle of 40° with respect to the plane formed by the substrate, can be detected in color, and the motif associated with the other provided hologram 1, in the angular range of the direct reflected light, it can be detected as white.

Fig. 29 shows a method step in computing the provided hologram 1, the virtual model having virtual light sources 300, 301 that emit light onto the virtual plane 10f. Fig. 29 also shows the use of a diaphragm in the form of an elongated "keyhole" through which the projected light of all zones must pass. Thus, it limits the parallax in the vertical direction (usually for a chromatic (rainbow) hologram), but not in the other direction.

Advantageously, one or more motifs 22 associated with the provided hologram 1 can be detected by an observer and/or sensor in true colors. In this case, in particular, one or more motifs 22 associated with one or more virtual models 20 are composed of at least one red motif of the third virtual model, of at least one green motif of the fourth virtual model and of at least one blue motif of the fifth virtual model into a true color image, wherein the simulated viewing angle and/or the spatial angle at which the provided hologram 1 can be detected are in particular equal. The similarly calculated provided hologram 1 is preferably also referred to as a true color hologram.

Preferably, the intensities of at least one red, at least one green and/or at least one blue motif are weighted in accordance with the associated first, second or third virtual models, respectively, according to the profile of the incident light spectrum and/or the profile of the response function of the human eye.

It is possible that when the true color hologram is tilted and/or rotated about a particular axis, slight to severe color distortions or color changes are detected by the viewer and/or sensor. In particular, in this case, the correlated motifs appear in distorted colors. Studies have shown that the stability is better, the greater the angle of incidence of light relative to the plane formed by the substrate 2.

Advantageously, banknotes and/or identification documents which have a security element 1a comprising a secured hologram 1 and/or a true color hologram are perceived by an observer and/or a sensor at an illumination angle of 30° to 45° to the plane formed by the substrate 2. Here, in particular, illumination angles greater than 70° are highly unnatural.

List of reference positions

1 Hologram

1a Protective element

1b Security document

2 Substrate

2a First area

2b Second area

2c Back area

2d outer region

3 Design elements

3a Design elements

3b Design

10 Virtual plane of the hologram

10a Hologram virtual plane

10b Hologram virtual plane

10c Hologram virtual plane

10d Hologram virtual plane

10e Hologram virtual plane

10f Hologram virtual plane

11 Zone

11a First zone

11b Second zone

20 Virtual model

200 Virtual model

201 Virtual model

20a First virtual model

20b Second virtual model

20c Third virtual model

20d Fourth virtual model

20e Fifth virtual model

21 Surface subdomain

22 Motive

220 Motive

221 Motive

222 Motive

223 Motive

224 Motive

225 Motive

226 Motive

227 Motive

228 Motive

229 Motive

229a Motive

230 Motive

240 Motive

22a First motive

22b Second motive

22c First set of motives

22d Second set of motifs

22e Third set of motives

22f Fourth set of motives

22g Fifth set of motifs

22h Sixth set of motives

22i Seventh set of motives

22j Eighth set of motives

22k Red motif

22l Motif green

22m Blue motif

30 Virtual Light

300 Virtual light source

301 Virtual light source

31 Virtual point light source

32 Microcharacters

33 Virtual reference light source

40 Virtual electromagnetic field

41 Virtual total electromagnetic field

42 Reference direction

43 Reference field

44 Direction of propagation

45 Light direction

50 Phase image

60 Height profile

61 Gray level display

62 Related height profile

63 Optically variable structure

65 Guard strip

70 Observer

71 Sensor

72 Light source

α Angle

α ₁ Angle

α ₂ Angle

α ₃ Angle

α ₁ ' Angle

α ₂ ' Angle

α ₃ ' Angle

h ₁ Distance

_h2 Distance

h ₃ Distance

h ₄ Distance

Ώ Spatial angle

Ώ ₁ Spatial angle

Ώ ₂ Spatial angle

N Normal to plane

β ₁ Angle

β ₂ Angle

K curve.

Claims (95)

1. Method for manufacturing a hologram (1), in particular a hologram (1) for security elements (1a) and/or security documents (1b), different in that that one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models (20) and/or one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in such a way that they intersect one or more virtual models (20 ), that one or more virtual light sources (30) are located on one or more sub-areas of the surface (21) of one or more of the virtual models (20), that one or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) coming from at least one of the virtual light sources (30) are calculated in one or more zones (11) of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, that in one or more zones (11) the virtual total electromagnetic field (41) is respectively calculated based on the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in the corresponding zone (11), that one or more phase images (50) are calculated from virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11), that from one or more phase images (50) the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) is calculated and the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) is introduced into the substrate (2) to provide the hologram (1), and one or more first motives (22a) when the substrate (2) is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones (11) can be detected by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71) completely above and/or below and/or inside the plane formed by the substrate (2), wherein the distance between one or more first motifs (22a) and the plane formed by the substrate (2) preferably lies between -30 mm and +30 mm. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more of the virtual models (20) are respectively executed as a virtual 2D model or as a virtual 3D model. 3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the virtual electromagnetic field (40), which comes from two or more of the virtual light sources (30), in particular comes from all virtual light sources (30), has the same intensity and /or the same intensity distribution in one or more spatial angle ranges. 4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the virtual electromagnetic field (40), which comes from two or more virtual light sources (30), in particular from all virtual light sources (30), has different intensities and/or different intensity distributions in one or more spatial angle ranges. 5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the virtual electromagnetic field (40), which comes from one or more virtual light sources (30), in particular from all virtual light sources (30), has an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution in one or more spatial angle ranges. 6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the virtual light sources (30), in particular all virtual light sources (30), form a virtual point light source (31), wherein the virtual point light sources (31 ) preferably emit a virtual spherical wave. 7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, by means of a virtual aperture, the emission cone of the virtual light source (30), in particular the virtual point light source (31), is limited to a spatial angle range of ±45°, preferably to a spatial angle range of ± 35°, more preferably up to ±25°, more preferably up to ±15°. 8. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that the virtual light sources (30), which are located on one or more of the sub-regions of the surface (21) of one of the virtual models (20), at least in one direction are located periodically on the surface (21) of the virtual model (20) and/or in at least one direction are located randomly or pseudo-randomly on the surface (21) of the virtual model (20). 9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the distances of adjacent virtual light sources (30) lie between 5 µm and 500 µm, preferably between 10 µm and 200 µm. 10. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that the arrangement of virtual light sources (30), in particular virtual point light sources (31), is made in the form of a cross raster, and the distance between adjacent virtual light sources (30) is from 5 µm up to 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm. 11. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the virtual light sources (30) are in the form of microcharacters (32), in particular selected from: a letter, a portrait, an image, an alphanumeric character, a printed character, a geometric freeform, square, triangle, circle, curved line, outline. 12. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse dimensions of the microcharacters (32) on one or more of the sub-regions of the surface (21) of one or more of the virtual models (20) lie between 5 µm and 500 µm, in particular between 10 µm and 200 µm. 13. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that two or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are provided, each of the two or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram having one or more of the zones (11). 14. The method according to one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that two or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram differ in their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature, in particular two or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram differ in the respective zones (11) regarding their orientation, positioning, size and/or curvature. 15. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that two or more virtual models (20) are provided. 16. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that each of the two or more virtual models (20) is associated with one of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram, and in one or more zones (11) of the corresponding virtual plane (10) of the hologram one or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) coming from one or more virtual light sources (30) of the correlated virtual model (20) are calculated. 17. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that the virtual model (20) or each of two or more virtual models (20) is associated with two or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, and in one or more zones (11) the corresponding virtual plane (10) of the hologram calculates one or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) emanating from one or more virtual light sources (30) of the associated virtual model (20) or associated virtual models (20). 18. The method according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that for calculating one or more phase images (50), the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) of two or more of the zones (11), in particular two or more zones (11), which are zones (11) of different virtual planes (10) of the hologram are superimposed, in particular superimposed based on a predetermined reference direction (42). 19. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that two or more zones (11) superimposed for calculating one or more phase images (50) overlap at least partially with respect to a predetermined reference direction (42), preferably overlap completely, so that preferably two or more motifs (22) provided by different zones (11) in the provided hologram (1) are generated with respect to a predetermined reference direction (42) in intersecting areas of the surface of the provided hologram (1). 20. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that two or more zones (11) superimposed for calculating one or more phase images (50) do not overlap with respect to a predetermined reference direction (42), so that preferably two or more motifs (22) provided by different zones (11) in the provided hologram (1) are generated with respect to a predetermined reference direction (42) in separate areas of the surface of the provided hologram (1). 21. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram in one or more of the zones (11) at least along the reference direction (42) have a non-zero curvature, in particular bent convexly or concavely, or have a local curvature, the radius of curvature in relation to the local curvature being in particular between 5 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm. 22. The method according to one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that the geometry of one or more of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram, respectively, in one or more of the zones (11), corresponds to the side surface of a cylindrical segment or a free-form surface. 23. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that that one or more of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram in one or more of the zones (11) have a predetermined curvature profile, that the virtual total electromagnetic field (41) in one or more zones (11) is respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first of one or more virtual models (20a), so that the provided hologram (1) when bent or curvature of the substrate (2) according to the curvature profile of one or more zones (11) can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71), in particular one or more first motifs (22a) associated with one or more first virtual models (20a), when the substrate (2) is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more zones (11), they can be fully or partially detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71). 24. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that that two or more of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram in one or more of the first of the zones (11a) have a different curvature profile and/or a different orientation relative to the curvature profile and/or orientation in one or more of the second of the zones (11b), that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more first and second zones (11a, 11b) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first or second of one or more virtual models (20a, 20b), so that the provided hologram (1) when the substrate (2) is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more first or second zones (11a, 11b) or oriented according to the orientation of the first or second zones (11a, 11b) can be fully or partially detected by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71). 25. The method according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more first zones (11a) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first virtual models (20a), and virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more second zones (11b) are respectively calculated based on virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more second virtual models (20b), so that one or more first motifs (22a) correlated with one or more first virtual models (20a), when the substrate (20) is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more first zones (11a), can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71), and that one or more second motifs (22b) associated with one or more second virtual models (20b), while bending or curving the substrate (2) according to the curvature profile of one or more second three n (11b) can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71). 26. The method according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more first zones (11a) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first virtual models (20a), and/or that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more second zones (11b) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more second virtual models (20b) in such a way that the first part of one or more first motifs (22a) associated with one or more first virtual models (20a), and/or that the second part of one or more second motifs (22b) associated with one or more second virtual models (20b), when the substrate is bent or warped, in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones (11), the first zones (11a) and/or the second zones (11b), can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71), and/or in a flat or non-curved or non-curved state of the substrate (2), in particular according to the curvature profile of one or more zones (11), first zones (11a) and/or second zones (11b), cannot, in particular partially , be detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71), moreover, preferably one or more first motives (22a) generate the first complete motive containing the first part of one or more first motives (22a), and/or predominantly one or more second motives (22b) generate a second complete motif containing the second part of one or more second motifs (22b). 27. The method according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more first zones (11a) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first virtual models (20a), and virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more second zones (11b) are respectively calculated based on virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more second virtual models (20b), so that one or more first motifs (22a) correlated with one or more first virtual models (20a), with the orientation of the substrate (2) according to the orientation of one or more first zones (11a) can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71), and that one or more second motifs (22b) associated with one or more second virtual models (20b), with the orientation of the substrate (2) according to the orientation of one or more second zones (11b), can be detected completely or partly by an observer (70) and/or a sensor (71). 28. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that two or more of the zones (11) are correlated, respectively, with one of the virtual planes (10) of the hologram, and virtual full electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11), respectively is calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more zones (11), so that one or more of the virtual models (20) when the substrate (2) is tilted and/or rotated can be detected in whole or in part by the observer (70) and/ or by a sensor (71) as a sequence of one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more virtual models (20), which, in particular, exhibit a parallax motion effect, or an orthoparallax motion effect, or a combination of a parallax motion effect and an orthoparallax effect movement. 29. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in one or more zones (11), in particular in all zones (11), the virtual total electromagnetic field (41) is respectively calculated based on the sum of two or more, in particular all virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in the respective zone (11) multiplied with one or more virtual reference fields (43) of one or more virtual reference light sources (33) in one or more zones (11). 30. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the virtual reference fields (43) simulate non-isotropic illumination of the virtual 2D model and/or virtual 3D model, in particular illumination by one or more reference light sources (33) associated with one or more virtual reference fields (43). 31. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the propagation direction of one or more of the virtual reference fields (43) has an angle between 10° and 50°, in particular between 15° and 45°, preferably between 30° and 40° to the surface normals or to the average surface normal of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, and/or the radiation cone of one or more of the virtual reference light sources (33) has an opening angle between 0° and 45°, more preferably between 0 ° and 15°, and/or one or more virtual reference light sources (33) have a distance to one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram between 0.01 m and 10 m, preferably between 0.1 m and 2 m, more preferably between 0.2 m and 1 m. 32. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more spatial angle ranges, in particular the entire spatial angle range, in which one or more motifs (22, 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22f, 22g, 22h, 22i, 22j, 22k, 22l, 22m) can be detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71) in whole or in part, are located symmetrically with respect to the normal to the surface, in particular with respect to the average normal to the surface, the plane (10) of the hologram and cover, in particular, the angular range from 0° to 30°, preferably the angular range from 0° to 20°, in particular preferably the angular range from 0° to 15°, relative to the surface normals, in particular to the average surface normal. 33. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that when calculating the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1), one or more of the phase images (50) is transformed, in particular linearly transformed, into one or more correlated profiles (62) heights, and in particular the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) is calculated by superimposing and/or screening the height profiles (62) associated with one or more phase images (50). 34. The method according to one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that one or more of the correlated height profiles (62) to provide the hologram (1) is inserted into the substrate (2), and the correlated height profiles (62) are present in the substrate (2) preferably superimposed and/or rasterized. 35. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are encoded as a gray level image (61), wherein the gray level values are correlated with the height values , in particular normalized height values, which preferably have a minimum height value of 0 and a maximum height value of 2π. 36. The method according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile (60) entered into the substrate (2) and the maximum height value of the height profile (62) entered into the substrate (2) corresponds to the optical path difference equal to half or a multiple of half of the reference wavelength, in the case of execution of the provided hologram (1) as a reflection hologram, or that the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile entered into the substrate (2) and the maximum height value of the height profile entered into the substrate (2) corresponds to the optical difference path of the reference wavelength or a multiple of the reference wavelength in the case of performing the provided hologram (1) as a transmission hologram. 37. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are inserted into the substrate (2), in particular into the substrate (2) having a photoresistive layer , through a method selected from: laser beam lithography, electron beam lithography. 38. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are introduced into the substrate (2) by a replication method, in particular by thermal replication and UV replication . 39. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the correlated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are introduced by means of a method of electroplating, recombination and replication from roll to roll into a film, in particular into a film having at least one metallic layer and/or at least one transparent layer, the film having in particular an HRI layer. 40. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are introduced into a thin film structure, in particular a layered Fabry-Perot structure, wherein the layered Fabry-Perot structure The pen preferably has at least one first translucent absorbing layer, at least one transparent intermediate layer and at least one second translucent absorbing layer or opaque reflective layer. 41. The method according to claim 40, characterized in that the first translucent absorbing layer has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 10 nm and/or consists of aluminum or chromium. 42. Method according to claim 40 or 41, characterized in that the transparent intermediate layer has a layer thickness between 300 nm and 600 nm and/or consists of SiO ₂ or MgF ₂ . 43. The method according to one of paragraphs. 40-42, characterized in that the transparent intermediate layer consists of a printed polymer layer, which is applied, in particular, by gravure printing, slot casting or inkjet printing. 44. The method according to one of paragraphs. 40-43, characterized in that the opaque reflective layer has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm. 45. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are introduced or applied to/on an opaque substrate (2), in particular on/on opaque paper documents or to/on opaque paper banknotes. 46. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the provided hologram (1) are introduced or applied to/on at least one area of the window, in particular on/on at least one window area of the ID1 card or on/on a transparent substrate, in particular on/on a transparent polymer banknote, whereby the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) can be detected at least when viewed in transmitted light. 47. The method according to one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that the correlated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) are introduced into the substrate (2) by illuminating the material of the volume hologram, wherein the correlated height profiles (62) and/or the profile (60) of the heights of the hologram (1) is determined by means of the profile of the Bragg planes of the volume hologram generated in this case. 48. The method according to one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that the height profile of at least one additional optically variable structure (63) selected from: a diffractive relief structure, in particular a diffractive grating, Kinegrams® and/or Trustseals®, a zero order diffractive structure, a profiled grating, a micromirror structure, an isotropic or anisotropic matte structure, a microlens structure. 49. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the associated height profiles (62) and/or the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) are introduced into one or more first areas (2a) of the substrate (2), and that the height profile at least one additional optical variable structure (63) is introduced into one or more second regions (2b) of the substrate (2). 50. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one or more of the second regions (2b) at least partially overlap one or more of the first regions (2a). 51. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more first regions (2a) do not overlap one or more second regions (2b), preferably one or more first regions (2a) and one or more second regions (2b) located adjacent to each other, also preferably nested, and/or one of the first or second regions (2a, 2b) surrounds another of the first or second regions (2a, 2b). 52. A security element (1a) containing a hologram produced according to the method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element (1a) has a substrate (2) into which a height profile (60) of the hologram (1) is inserted, which is calculated from one or more phase images (50), wherein one or more phase images (50) are calculated from one or more virtual full electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11) of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, and each of the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) is calculated based on the sum of two or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in the corresponding one or more zones (11), and two or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) are calculated, respectively, emanating from at least one virtual light source (30), wherein one or more of the virtual light sources (30) are located on one or more sub-regions of the surface (21) of one or more virtual one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are located in front of and/or behind one or more of the virtual models (20) and/or one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram intersect one or more virtual models ( 20), and at the same time one or more of the virtual models (20) when the substrate (2) is tilted and/or rotated can be partially or completely detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71) as a sequence of one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more virtual models (20), moreover, one or more of the motives (22) have different or identical speeds of movement and/or different or identical directions of movement, and the distance between one or more of the motives (22), in particular the geometric centers of gravity of one or more of motifs (22) and the plane formed by the substrate (2) lies between -30 mm and +30 mm. 53. Security element (1a) according to claim 52, characterized in that one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more virtual models (20) can be detected partially or completely by an observer (70) and/or a sensor (71 ) from different directions of observation, moreover, motifs (22) when viewed from different directions of observation are combined into a raster of dots or stripes, in particular, a linear barcode or a 2D barcode, preferably a QR code, with one or more of the dots or one or more of the strips are respectively located at different distances from the plane defined by the substrate (2), in particular above and/or below and/or within the plane defined by the substrate (2). 54. The security element (1a) according to claim 52 or 53, characterized in that one or more motifs (22), which are respectively associated with one of the virtual models (20), can be detected by the sensor (70) and/or the observer (71 ) of the provided hologram (1). 55. Protective element (1a) according to one of paragraphs. 52-54, characterized in that one or more motifs of the first set of motifs (22c) with a flat or non-curved arrangement of the substrate (2) can be detected by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71), and/or that one or more motifs of the second set of motifs (22d) when the substrate (2) is bent or warped according to the curvature profile of one or more of the virtual planes (10) holograms in one or more of the zones (11) can be detected partially or completely by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71 ), and the motives of the first set of motives (22c) and the motives of the second set of motives (22d) are partially or completely different. 56. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-55, characterized in that one or more motifs of the third set of motifs (22e) when the substrate (2) is tilted and/or rotated, provide a parallax movement effect partially or completely detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71), and/ or that one or more motifs of the fourth set of motifs (22f) when tilting and/or rotating the substrate (2) provide an orthoparallax motion effect detected by the observer (70) and/or sensor (71), moreover, the motifs of the third set of motifs (22e) and the motifs of the fourth the sets of motives (22f) are partially or completely different. 57. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-56, characterized in that one or more motives of the fifth set of motives (22g) have the same spatial distances or different spatial distances of one or more motives of the sixth set of motives (22h), and the motives of the fifth set of motives (22g) and the motives of the sixth set of motives (22h) partially or completely different. 58. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-57, characterized in that one or more motifs of the seventh set of motifs (22i) and/or one or more motifs of the eighth set of motifs (22j) completely or partially overlap with each other or are mutually and/or completely or partially spatially separated one from another, and the motives of the seventh set of motives (22i) and the motives of the eighth set of motives (22j) are partially or completely different. 59. Protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-58, characterized in that one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more of the virtual models (20), when viewed orthogonally to the plane formed by the substrate (2), appear white, at an observation angle of 30° to 34 ° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 440 nm to 460 nm can be detected in blue, at an viewing angle of 38° to 42° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 530 nm to 550 nm can be detected in green and/or at an observation angle of 49° to 53° relative to the angle of incidence of light at a wavelength of 640 nm to 660 nm can be detected in red. 60. Protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-59, characterized in that the color of one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more virtual models (20) changes when the substrate (2) is tilted and/or rotated. 61. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-60, characterized in that one or more motifs (22) associated with one or more of the virtual models (20) are composed of at least one red motif (22k) of the third virtual model (20c), from at least one green motif (22l) of the fourth virtual model (20d) and/or from at least one blue motif (22m) of the fifth virtual model (20e) into a true color image. 62. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-61, characterized in that the intensities of at least one red, at least one green and/or at least one blue motif (22k, 22l, 22m) respectively correlated with the first, second or third virtual models (20c, 20d, 20e) are respectively weighted according to the profile of the incident light spectrum and/or the response function profile of the human eye. 63. The protective element according to one of paragraphs. 52-62, characterized in that one or more of the motifs (22, 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22f, 22g, 22h, 22i, 22j, 22k, 22l, 22m) are selected from: letters, portraits, images , alphanumeric characters, printed characters, geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines, outlines. 64. Security document (1b), which has at least one security element (1a) according to one of paragraphs. 52-63, wherein said at least one security element (1a) contains a hologram produced according to the method according to one of paragraphs. 1-51. 65. Method for manufacturing a hologram (1), in particular a hologram (1) for security elements (1a) and/or security documents (1b), different in that that one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models (20) and/or one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in such a way that they intersect one or more virtual models (20 ), that one or more virtual light sources (30) are located on one or more sub-areas of the surface (21) of one or more of the virtual models (20), that one or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) coming from at least one of the virtual light sources (30) are calculated in one or more zones (11) of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, that in one or more zones (11) the virtual total electromagnetic field (41) is respectively calculated based on the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in the corresponding zone (11), that one or more phase images (50) are calculated from virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11), that one or more phase images (50) calculate the profile (60) of the heights of the hologram (1) and introduce the profile (60) of the heights of the hologram (1) into the substrate (2) to provide the hologram (1), while the virtual electromagnetic field U _i , which comes from the i-th virtual point light source (31) at the point (x _i , y _i , z _i ), is calculated at the point (x _h , y _h , z _h =0) of at least one zone (11) using the equation:

66. Method for manufacturing a hologram (1), in particular a hologram (1) for security elements (1a) and/or security documents (1b), different in that that one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in front of and/or behind one or more virtual models (20) and/or one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram are placed in such a way that they intersect one or more virtual models (20 ), that one or more virtual light sources (30) are located on one or more sub-areas of the surface (21) of one or more of the virtual models (20), that one or more virtual electromagnetic fields (40) coming from at least one of the virtual light sources (30) are calculated in one or more zones (11) of one or more virtual planes (10) of the hologram, that in one or more zones (11) the virtual total electromagnetic field (41) is respectively calculated based on the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) in the corresponding zone (11), that one or more phase images (50) are calculated from virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more zones (11), that from one or more phase images (50) the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) is calculated and the height profile (60) of the hologram (1) is introduced into the substrate (2) to provide the hologram (1), and that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more first zones (11a) are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more first virtual models (20a), and/or that the virtual total electromagnetic fields (41) in one or more second zones (11b) respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields (40) of one or more second virtual models (20b), so that one or more first motifs (22a) associated with one or more first virtual models (20a), and/or that one or more second motifs (22b) associated with one or more second virtual models (20b) cannot be detected by an observer (70) and/or sensor (71), when illuminated with uncollimated light, and /or can be detected by the observer (70) and/or the sensor (71), when illuminated with collimated light.

Images