RU2776011C1 - Method for determining the composition and structure of hedges during the inventory of plantings - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of forestry, in particular to the landscaping of urban settlements, in the garden and park economy. In the method, on the inventory plan, homogeneous sections of hedges that are not interrupted by driveways and paths are allocated, to which an inventory number is assigned, and the following parameters are measured: the total length of the hedge, linear meters (l_o); the length of foreign inclusions in the base composition of the hedge with the designation of the introduced taxon, linear meters (l_fi); the number of falls in the hedge, units (n); the length of all falls, m (l_f). The measured parameters are entered into the accounting statement, according to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, the following parameters of the composition and structure of hedges are calculated: the length of the hedge without taking into account the falls, linear meters (l); the clogging of the hedge with tree and shrub species that are not in accordance with the arboretum in the hedge, with the designation of the introduced taxon, % (C),

, where l_fi is the extent of foreign inclusions in the base composition of the hedge, linear meters; the total integrity of the hedge, % (I_h),

, the specific indicator of the number of falls, units/10 linear meters, (N_f),

, where n is the number of falls, units. According to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, parameters are obtained that give an accurate description of the composition and structure of hedges and ensure their comparability: the clogging of the hedge (%), the total integrity of the hedge (%) and the specific indicator of the number of falls (units/10 linear meters).

EFFECT: method provides uniformity and accuracy in assessing the quality of a hedge based on the characteristics of its composition and structure by determining the level of introduction of the parameters of attacks into the composition of alien taxa.

1 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to forestry, in particular, the method can be used in the landscaping of urban settlements, in landscape gardening.

In addition to performing their main function - protection from air pollution by pollutants, woody plants are an integral element of the architectural landscape of any city. Among the elements of landscape design, a special place is occupied by hedges, combining utilitarian and functional features and harmony with the common space. Such a green fence marks the boundaries of the territory, performs a protective function, gives visuality and stylistic completeness to the compositional and planning solution.

Hedges are used to achieve recreational goals in the arrangement of green areas in parks, forest parks, in the construction of sports and gardening, educational and tourist trails, etc. In urban areas, it protects residential buildings from dust and significantly reduces the noise generated by vehicles. Hedges are used in order to: protect the territory from harmful factors; territory fencing; framing paths, recreation areas; creation of landscape compositions; disguise of unsightly views, economic structures.

Thus, a hedge performs the following functions in an urban environment:

serves for snow retention, slowing down the melting in spring, moisture is retained in the soil;

in summer it holds back hot winds that dry the soil, thus retaining moisture;

hedges attract birds;

delimits the territory, serves as protection from prying eyes along with other fences, a fence of large trees can serve as good protection from the wind, especially in open areas and in extreme built-up areas;

serves as a decoration of the landscape;

increases the ecological component of the territories: plants become participants in the biocenosis, carrying out soil formation, participate in digestive chains, become a home for fauna, insects and invertebrates;

performs a healing function: filters and purifies the air, absorbs carbon dioxide, releases oxygen, some plants distribute essential oils and phytoncides;

strengthens coasts, ravines, dunes and sand screes;

protects people in cities from traffic noise.

It has been established that the main problems of hedges that significantly reduce their functionality are:

- infestation, mainly by ash-leaved maple, which rather quickly, in the absence of care associated with its removal, leads to degradation of the hedge composition;

- violation of the integrity of the fences, a large number of attacks of various lengths, requiring different approaches to their restoration.

There are known methods for determining the state of plants by visual diagnostics of changes in plant morphology [3, 4] - the appearance of necrosis or spots on different parts of plants, changes in their color characteristics, drying out, etc.

The main disadvantage of these methods is the delay in determining the state of plants due to the appearance of morphological changes in plants in the late stages of malnutrition or damage by diseases and pests. Under these conditions, at the time of determining the state of plants, they are already greatly weakened by the influence of a negative factor, it takes time to bring them to a normal state. On slowly growing plants, morphological changes often appear when it is no longer possible to save the plant.

For early diagnosis of the impact on plants of negative factors, the method "Method for assessing the condition of plants", Patent, is used. RU 2339214 C1, 2007. It is based on the assessment of the physiological parameter of plants, characterized in that the ability of the plant root system to absorb moisture from the soil is used as a physiological parameter characterizing the state of plants, evaluating this ability of plants by the magnitude of the electrical resistance between the plant and soil.

This method is relevant in assessing the viability of components of especially valuable hedges, but it is poorly suited for mass studies of urban plantations.

The methods do not allow to identify the above problems and take measures to maintain the hedge in good condition.

Known "Method for determining the composition of plantations" Patent.RU 2428004 C1, 2010., Patent.RU 2371910 C1, 2008. Using aerospace methods, it is possible to establish the share of each species in the total stock.

They are used for forest plantations, are labor-intensive, especially taking into account the diversity of the assortment in landscaping, and expensive, require special equipment and adaptation of methods to landscaping tasks.

At landscaping sites, plantings are assessed in accordance with the inventory methodology (Methodology for the inventory of urban green spaces, 1997; Rules for the inventory of green spaces and certification of green areas, 1998; Rules for the creation, maintenance and protection of green spaces in Moscow, 2002). According to these documents, when assessing the quality, the area of \u200b\u200bthe hedge is determined by multiplying the width of the trench by the length, visually - the viability category of the shrub. This technique is adopted as a prototype.

It does not take into account structural changes in the hedge due to the formation of lunges and the level of introduction of alien taxa into the hedge. The method, due to subjectivity, does not allow achieving unity and accuracy in assessing the state of the hedge components, as well as determining the degree of impact of unfavorable factors on its various sections.

The technical result is unity and accuracy in assessing the quality of a hedge based on the characteristics of its composition and structure by determining the level of introduction into the composition of alien taxa and lunge parameters.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method for determining the composition and structure of hedges during the inventory of plantings, according to the invention, homogeneous areas of hedges not interrupted by driveways and paths are allocated on the inventory plan, which are assigned an inventory number and the following parameters are measured:

- the total length of the hedge, running m (lo);

- the length of foreign inclusions in the basic composition of the hedge with

designation of the introduced taxon, linear m (liv);

- the number of lunges in the hedge, pcs (n);

- the length of all lunges, linear meters (lv);

the measured parameters are recorded in the accounting sheet, according to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, the following parameters of their composition and structure are calculated:

- the length of the hedge without lunges, running meters (l);

- infestation of the hedge with tree and shrub species that are not included in the hedge according to the dendroplan, with the designation of the introduced taxon (З), %

, где l_ив – протяженность инородных включений в базовый состав изгороди, пог. м;

, where l _iv - the length of foreign inclusions in the basic composition of the hedge, running. m;

- overall integrity of the fence (C _o ),%

,

,

- specific indicator of the number of attacks (N _in ), pieces / 10 linear meters. m,

, где n – количество выпадов, шт.,

, where n is the number of lunges, pieces,

according to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, we obtain parameters that give an accurate description of the composition and structure of hedges and ensure their comparability: weed infestation (%), overall integrity of the hedge (%) and specific indicator of the number of attacks (pieces / 10 running m).

An example of the implementation of the method.

Surveys of hedges were carried out on the Kremlin street of citywide significance in the central district of the city of Yoshkar-Ola.

Surveyed 307.4 linear meters. m of fences on 6 registration sites (table).

Table. Parameters for assessing the quality of hedges

object number Measured parameters Calculated Parameters Lo, po. m liv , linear m N, pcs lv, linear m L, linear m W, % Tso, % Nv, pcs/10 linear meters X _lv rm. m V,% one 43.5 32, Kya 5 4;1;3.2;2.1;1.3 32 100 73.6 1.1 2.3 13.2 2 17.6 16, Kya - - 17.6 90.9 100 - - - 3 55.5 15, Kya 2 8.7;0.8 46 32.6 82.9 0.4 4.75 - four 83.7 26, Kya four 2.7;0.5;1.2;0.5 78.7 33.0 94.1 0.5 1.2 15.2 5 24.1 17, Kya 2 1.8;0.5 21.8 78.0 90.5 0.8 1.15 - 6 83 53, Kya 2 0.8;0.6 81.6 65.0 98.3 0.2 0.7 -

According to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, the real length of the hedge is visible, which in these areas is 277.7 linear meters. m. Infestation with a low-value species of ash-leaved maple (Kya) is 33-100%, that is, it is partially or completely degraded.

Restoration of the basic species composition is possible for objects 3-4, where weediness does not exceed 33%. The integrity of most hedges is broken, but the specific number of attacks is not large. The greatest violations of the structure near the hedge 1. To restore integrity in lunges of more than 2.5 m, replanting should be carried out, and for the restoration of lunges of less than 2.5 m, replanting should be combined with rejuvenation and work to restore the composition of the hedge.

The effectiveness of the claimed method lies in the simplicity of accounting, where the main visible problems in the composition and structure of hedges are instrumentally fixed - the parameters of attacks and foreign inclusions in the basic composition of hedges, and the visibility of the data obtained on the composition and structure of hedges, allowing a comparative assessment of their quality and choosing an adequate strategy to improve their condition.

Literature

1. Methodology for the inventory of urban green spaces. Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation. M., 1997. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://gostrf.com/norma_data/41/41601/index.htm (date of access: 01/13/2020).

2. Rules for the creation, maintenance and protection of green spaces in Moscow. Department of Natural Resources, AKH im. K.D. Pamfilova. - M., 2002 - 110 pp. (approved by Decree of the Government of Moscow dated September 10, 2002 No. 743-PP (as amended on November 25, 2019).

3. Disorders in nutrition and plant diseases./ Ed. Patoch Imre. Budapest: Agroinform, 1989, pp. 1-233.

4. Mozolevskaya E.G., Kulikova E.G. Ecological categories of urban plantings // Ecology, monitoring and rational nature management / Scientific works, issue 302 (I) - M .: MGUL, 2000. - P. 5-12.

Claims (14)

A method for determining the composition and structure of hedges when carrying out an inventory of plantings, characterized in that on the inventory plan, homogeneous sections of hedges not interrupted by driveways and paths are allocated, which are assigned an inventory number and the following parameters are measured: - the total length of the hedge, rm. m (l _about ); - the length of foreign inclusions in the basic composition of the hedge with the designation of the introduced taxon, lin. m (l _iv ); - the number of lunges in the fence, pcs. (n); - the length of all lunges, rm. m (l _in ); the measured parameters are recorded in the accounting sheet, according to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, the following parameters of their composition and structure are calculated: - the length of the hedge without lunges, rm. m(l); - infestation of the hedge with tree and shrub species that are not included in the hedge according to the dendroplan, with the designation of the introduced taxon, % (Z):

, where l _iv - the length of foreign inclusions in the basic composition of the hedge, running. m; - the overall integrity of the fence,% (C _about ):

, - specific indicator of the number of attacks, pieces / 10 linear meters. m (N _in ):

, where n is the number of lunges, pieces, according to the results of measurements and subsequent calculations, we obtain parameters that give an accurate description of the composition and structure of hedges and ensure their comparability: weed infestation (%), overall integrity of the hedge (%) and specific indicator of the number of attacks (pieces / 10 running m).