RU2770789C1 - Electric machine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electrical engineering.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to electrical engineering. The electric machine contains a stator, including a group of winding coils with a magnetic circuit, as well as a rotor, including a group of magnetic segments located along the inner or outer surface of the cylinder. Magnetic segments are located on the surface of the cylinder with a gap between them and with radial magnetization if their number in a group is less than twenty or twenty-four, depending on the number of coils in the group. Also, the magnetic elements form a Halbach cylinder without gaps between the magnets, if their number is more than or equal to the specified values ​​and a multiple of four, and the magnetization of the magnetic segments is either mutually perpendicular or radially tangential.EFFECT: moment and EMF of the machine are increased.4 cl, 65 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of electrical engineering and can be used to create electrical machines with permanent magnets.

A reversible brushless motor is known (see RF patent 2467454 H02K 29/00, 2011), containing an internal stator with an m-phase winding and an external rotor, including a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder, consisting of twelve segments, and adjacent magnets are mutually magnetized perpendicular. This magnetic system performs the function of concentrating a symmetrical magnetic field, which makes it possible to design electrical machines with an external rotor and an internal stator on its basis. This device has insufficient functionality. In particular, only one variant of the magnetization of the magnetic segments is considered, as well as one variant of both the relative position of the rotor and stator, and the number of magnets in the Halbach cylinder.

An electric motor is known (see RF patent 2695813 H02K 16/02, 2018), containing a stator made without a magnetic circuit, with a winding that is placed in the gap between the cylindrical surfaces of the inner and outer rotor, while both rotors contain Halbach magnetic assemblies.

The absence of a magnetic circuit in the stator reduces the inductance values in the winding coils, which requires an increase in the number of their turns, and the presence of two rotors leads to a significant complication of the device design.

An electric machine is known (see RF patent 2544002 H02K 1/27, 2014), containing an internal stator with stator winding coils and an external rotor, including a housing and an inductor made of permanent magnets based on a Halbach cylinder. The magnetization of the magnetic segments alternates between radial and tangential directions. The technical result consists in increasing the circumferential speed of the inductor and simplifying the design. In this device, only one option for magnetizing permanent magnets and only one option for the mutual arrangement of the rotor and stator is considered, and there is also no choice of the optimal ratio between the number of magnets in the Halbach cylinder and the number of stator winding coils. An electric machine is known (see patent US 6858962 B2, 2005) containing an external rotor with permanent magnets based on the Halbach cylinder and a magnetic circuit, as well as an internal stator with stator winding coils and a corresponding magnetic circuit. The magnetization of the magnets alternates between radial and tangential directions. The rotor is capable of rotating at variable angular speed. The device also contains a variable gap separating the rotor and the stator and means for adjusting the gap depending on the angular velocity for automatic regulation of the output voltage or output mechanical power.

Changing the value of the working gap due to a change in the value of the centrifugal force can lead to a control error, and can also reduce the mechanical strength of the device as a whole.

A rotor of an electric machine is known (see RF patent 2580676 H02K 1/27 2015), including a cylindrical magnetic inductor, while the inductor contains strips oriented along the longitudinal axis of the rotor and made of permanent magnets, with the formation of a composite magnetic sleeve. The strips are magnetized so that magnets magnetized in the tangential direction are placed between the magnets magnetized in the radial direction, with the possibility of forming a Halbach magnetic system. The technical result is expressed in an increase in magnetic induction on the surface of the pole with a minimum mass of the inductor.

In this device, only one option for the magnetization of permanent magnets is considered, and the choice of the optimal number of magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder is not considered. Together, these may affect the performance of this device.

Known electric machine (see RF patent 2549883 H02K 21/22 2014), containing a stator, including a group of winding coils with a magnetic circuit, as well as a rotor, including a group of magnets forming a Halbach cylinder.

The electric machine can work as a synchronous valve in the generator and motor modes. The machine is excited by a permanent magnet inductor.

In generator mode, the rotor is driven by an external motor, such as a wind turbine. In the synchronous motor mode, the stator winding must be connected through a frequency converter; when using a rotor position sensor, the motor operates as a valve. Prototype.

In this device, only one option for magnetizing permanent magnets and only one option for the mutual arrangement of the rotor and stator is considered, and there is also no choice of the optimal ratio between the number of magnets in the Halbach cylinder and the number of stator winding coils.

The rotors of the considered electrical machines include a group of permanent magnets forming a Halbach cylinder. The magnetization of magnets can be either mutually perpendicular or radially tangential. The number of magnets in the group, the direction of their magnetization, as well as the number of stator winding coils together affect the technical characteristics of the electrical machine. Therefore, for each specific option, there should be optimal ratios between these indicators. This will allow you to get the maximum value of the torque in the engine mode, or the maximum EMF in the generator mode.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

The single object to which the invention is directed is to improve the technical characteristics of an electric machine with permanent magnets.

A single technical result that can be obtained by implementing this invention is to obtain the maximum torque in the engine mode and to obtain the maximum EMF in the generator mode.

The specified technical result in the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that in a known electric machine containing a stator, including a group of winding coils with a magnetic circuit, as well as a rotor, including a group of magnetic segments located on the inner or outer surface of the cylinder, the magnetic segments are located on the surface of the cylinder with a gap between them and with radial magnetization if their number in a group is less than twenty or twenty four, depending on the number of coils in the group, and form a Halbach cylinder without gaps between the magnets, if their number is more than or equal to the indicated values and a multiple of four, and the magnetization of the magnetic segments or mutually perpendicular, or radially tangential.

In a particular case, in the engine mode, with radially tangential magnetization of the magnets in the Halbach cylinder, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of winding coils is not equal to two, but for the arrangement of magnets with a gap between them, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of coils windings is not equal to two and not equal to one.

In a particular case, with mutually perpendicular magnetization of the magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of winding coils is not equal to 1.8 with a tolerance of several percent.

In a particular case, for the Halbach cylinder, the value of the central angles between adjacent magnets in the group and between adjacent winding coils, expressed in degrees, is the final decimal fraction.

The use of these tools will improve the technical characteristics of an electric machine with permanent magnets, in particular, increase the value of the torque in the engine mode, increase the EMF value in the generator mode, and expand the range of rotor speed.

The claimed invention meets the requirement of unity. It refers to one technical solution, which includes a set of essential features that are necessary to improve the technical characteristics of an electrical machine.

The analysis of the state of the art carried out by the applicant, including the search for patents and scientific and technical sources of information, made it possible to establish that the applicant did not find analogues characterized by features identical to all the essential features set forth in the claims. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of novelty.

The claimed invention does not follow for a specialist explicitly from the prior art. Therefore, it meets the condition of "inventive step".

The claimed device is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows a magnetic system consisting of 16 separate magnets with gaps between them and magnetized radially. View from above.

In FIG. 2 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 12 segments with radially tangential magnetization. Internal magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 3 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 12 segments magnetized mutually perpendicular. external magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 4 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 16 segments with radially tangential magnetization. Internal magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 5 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 16 segments with radially tangential magnetization. external magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 6 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 20 segments magnetized mutually perpendicular. Internal magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 7 shows a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder, consisting of 24 segments magnetized radially tangentially. external magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 8 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 24 segments magnetized mutually perpendicular. external magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 9 shows a magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder, consisting of 28 segments magnetized mutually perpendicular. Internal magnetic field. View from above.

In FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 16, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

In FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor consisting of separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 16, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

In FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 10. Top view.

In FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor consisting of separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 10. Top view.

In FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 16. Top view.

In FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 16. Top view.

In FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 17 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 20, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 18 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 16. Top view.

In FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 16. Top view.

In FIG. 20 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

In FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

In FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an external rotor and an internal stator based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 16.

In FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 24 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 24, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 25 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 32, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

On Fig depicts an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor, including individual magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 32, the number of winding coils is 20. Top view.

In FIG. 27 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. Number of magnets 36. Number of winding coils 20. Top view.

In FIG. 28 shows an embodiment of an electric machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. Number of magnets 36. Number of winding coils 20. Top view.

In FIG. 29 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor based on a Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 36, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 30 shows an embodiment of an electrical machine with an internal rotor including separate magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 36, the number of winding coils is 24. Top view.

In FIG. 31 shows a table of switching stator coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor based on the Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets in the assembly is 16, the number of coils in the group is 20. The magnetization is radially tangential. The values of the torques hereinafter are entered in separate lines.

In FIG. 32 shows a table of switching the stator winding coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor based on the Halbach cylinder. The number of magnets is 16, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular. The values of the torques hereinafter are entered in separate lines.

In FIG. 33 shows a table of switching winding coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor, which includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 16, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 34 shows a table of switching stator coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor of an electric machine. The number of magnets in the assembly is 20, the number of coils in the group is 10. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 35 shows a table of switching stator coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor of an electric machine. The number of magnets in the assembly is 20, the number of coils is 10. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 36 shows a table of switching coils of the stator winding depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor, which includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 10. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 37 shows a table of switching coils of the stator winding depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 16. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 38 shows a table of switching coils of the stator winding depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 16. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 39 shows a table of switching the stator winding coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor, which includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 16. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 40, 41 shows the switching tables of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 42 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 43 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 20, the number of coils is 24. The rotor includes separate magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 44 shows a table of switching stator coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 16. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 45 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 16. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

On Fig shows a table of switching coils of the stator winding. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 16. The rotor includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 47 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 48 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 49 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 20. The rotor includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 50 shows the switching table of the stator coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 51 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 52 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 24, the number of coils is 24. The rotor includes separate magnets with gaps between them. Magnetization radial

In FIG. 53 shows a table of switching stator coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor of an electric machine. The number of magnets in the cylinder is 32, the number of coils in the stator is 20. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 54 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 32, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 55 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 32, the number of coils is 20. The rotor includes individual magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 56 shows a table of switching coils of the stator winding depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor. The number of magnets in the rotor is 36, the number of coils in the stator is 20. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 57 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 36, the number of coils is 20. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 58 shows the switching table of the stator coils. The number of magnets is 36, the number of coils is 20. The rotor includes separate magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 59 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 36, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is radially tangential.

In FIG. 60 shows a table of switching winding coils depending on the angle of rotation of the rotor, the number of magnets in the rotor is 36, the number of coils is 24. The magnetization is mutually perpendicular.

In FIG. 61 shows the switching table of the stator winding coils. The number of magnets is 36, the number of coils is 24. The rotor includes separate magnets with gaps between them. The magnetization is radial.

In FIG. 62 shows a summary table of the average values of torques and deviations from the average in percent.

In FIG. 63 shows a table of alternating voltage amplitudes on the winding coils in generator mode.

In FIG. 64 shows a table of torque values in dynamic mode.

In FIG. 65 shows a table of torque values in static mode for options with an increased number of magnetic segments.

Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the claimed invention with obtaining the specified result is as follows.

Consider the magnetic system shown in Fig. one.

This system contains sixteen individual magnets 1 and 2, located on a cylindrical surface with gaps and having a radial magnetization.

The arrows indicate the directions of the magnetization vectors.

Using computer simulation, the configuration of the magnetic field of such a system is calculated.

In FIG. 1 the area of maximum external field 3 and the area of maximum internal field 4 are limited by the respective semicircles. Areas with a low magnetic field are not shown, because they do not have a significant effect on the given magnetic system.

The value of the magnetic induction inside regions 3 and 4 is approximately equal to half the value of the residual induction of magnets 1 and 2. Outside these regions, the values of the magnetic induction sharply decrease and tend to zero with increasing distance. It should be noted here that the magnitude of the magnetic induction in regions 3 and 4 is practically independent of the number of individual magnets in such a magnetic system, since the magnetic field is divided in half between its outer region 3 and its inner region 4.

Consider the magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder shown in Fig. 2. This magnetic system contains twelve magnetic segments 1 with radially tangential magnetization, the side surfaces of which together form the side surfaces of the cylinder, internal and external. The top view of this cylinder gives an idea of the joint arrangement of the magnetic segments 1 on the surface of the cylinder. The arrows indicate the directions of the magnetization vectors of each segment.

Using computer simulation, the configuration of the magnetic field of such a system is calculated.

Areas of maximum magnetic field 4 are located inside the cylinder and are limited by the corresponding semicircles. Areas with a low magnetic field are not shown.

The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 4 is approximately equal to 0.5 - 0.55 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1. Outside these regions, the magnetic induction decreases sharply and tends to zero with increasing distance.

The magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder shown in Fig. 3 contains twelve magnetic segments 1 magnetized mutually perpendicular.

Areas of maximum magnetic field 3 are located outside the cylinder. The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 3 is also approximately equal to 0.5 - 0.55 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 4 shows the following magnetic system based on the Halbach cylinder.

This magnetic system contains sixteen magnetic segments (magnets) 1 with radially tangential magnetization.

The regions of maximum magnetic field 4 for a given (concrete) magnetization pattern are located inside the cylinder. It depends on the mutual arrangement of a group of three magnetization vectors, the middle of which has a radial direction.

In FIG. 4 there are several such groups. If the vector of the central magnet in the group is directed from the center of the cylinder, and the neighboring magnets are magnetized in opposite directions, then the magnetic field is concentrated inside the cylinder. A similar picture of the field will be if the vector of the central magnet is directed towards the center of the cylinder, and the magnets adjacent to it are magnetized towards each other.

The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 4 with the number of magnets in the Halbach cylinder equal to sixteen becomes greater and is approximately 0.55 - 0.6 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 5 shows a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder with an external magnetic field.

This magnetic system also contains sixteen magnets 1 with radially tangential magnetization.

Areas of maximum magnetic field 3 are outside the cylinder. If the vectors of the radially magnetized segments are directed towards the center of the cylinder, then the vectors adjacent to them are directed in opposite directions.

A similar picture of the field will be if the vectors of the central magnets are directed from the center of the cylinder, and the magnets adjacent to them are magnetized towards each other.

The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 3 is also approximately equal to 0.55 - 0.6 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 6 shows a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder containing twenty magnetic segments with mutually perpendicular magnetization. Using computer simulation, the configuration of the magnetic field of this system is calculated.

Areas of maximum magnetic field 4 are inside the cylinder.

For magnets with radial magnetization from the center of the cylinder, neighboring magnets are magnetized in opposite directions. All adjacent magnets are magnetized mutually perpendicular to each other. Magnets located through one are magnetized in opposite directions.

The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 4, when the number of magnets in the Halbach cylinder is equal to twenty, becomes greater and equals approximately 0.6 - 0.65 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 7 shows a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder having an external magnetic field.

This magnetic system contains twenty-four magnetic segments with radially tangential magnetization.

For magnets with radial magnetization towards the center of the cylinder, neighboring magnets are magnetized in opposite directions. For magnets with radial magnetization from the center of the cylinder, neighboring magnets are magnetized towards each other.

The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 3 is approximately equal to 0.65 - 0.7 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 8 shows a magnetic system based on a Halbach cylinder with an external magnetic field. This magnetic system contains twenty-four magnetic segments with mutually perpendicular magnetization. The value of the magnetic induction inside the regions 3 is approximately equal to 0.65 -0.7 of the value of the residual induction of the magnetic segments 1.

In FIG. 9 shows a magnetic system based on a Hapbach cylinder having an internal magnetic field.

This magnetic system contains twenty-eight magnets 1 with mutually perpendicular magnetization. The value of magnetic induction inside regions 4 is approximately equal to 0.7 - 0.75 of the value of the residual induction of magnets 1.

Comparing the above data, we can draw the following preliminary conclusions.

1. Magnetic systems based on the Halbach cylinder are more efficient than a magnetic system consisting of individual magnets with gaps (Fig. 1) if the number of magnetic segments is at least twenty (twenty four) and a multiple of four. In this case, the magnitude of the magnetic induction in the regions of maximum field significantly exceeds half the value of the residual magnetic induction, and the multiplicity of four is a necessary condition for constructing the Halbach cylinder.

2. The magnitude of the magnetic induction in the regions of maximum magnetic field increases with an increase in the number of magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder, tending in the limit to the value of the residual magnetic induction.

For further analysis, we will consider individual options for constructing electrical machines.

Variants of an electric machine containing 16 rotor magnets and 20 stator winding coils are shown in Fig. 10 (Halbach cylinder) and FIG. 11 (single magnets with gaps). To compare their characteristics, computer models with the same parameters of rotors and stators are considered. The following options are selected.

The outer diameter of the stator is 210 mm, the diameter of the rotor is 145 mm, the height of the rotor and stator is 30 mm. The width of the magnetic segments is 15 mm, the width of the working gap is 1 mm. All coils have 1000 amp turns in static mode. The material of the magnets is SmCo.

The tables for switching the winding coils in the motor mode are shown in Fig. 31, 32, 33. Separate lines in the data of the table contain the values of the calculated torques for each specified angle of rotation of the rotors of electrical machines. The upper line M1 shows the values of the torques at the moment of switching the winding coils. Line M2 indicates the maximum values of the torque between two adjacent switching of the winding coils (Newton meter). Line M3 shows the average value of the torque, the average value divided by the number of coils and the deviation from the average value in percent.

For the positive angle of rotation of the rotor, you can take a turn in any direction. The plus sign in the tables marks the positive (conditional) direction of the current through the given coil, the minus sign marks the negative (opposite) direction of the current through the given coil.

The numbering of magnets and coils from the lowest and then counterclockwise. For radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 31), four coils must be switched every nine degrees of the rotor rotation angle.

For mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 32), ten winding coils must be switched every eighteen degrees of the rotor rotation angle.

For the option with individual magnets and gaps between them (Fig. 33), four coils must be switched every 4.5 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The coils are switched by the commands of the microcontroller, which can be used, for example, one of the microcontrollers of the AVR series. MOS or IGBT transistors are used as power switches, capable of operating with voltages up to 1000 V and power up to 5 kW.

As a result, we have the following computer analysis data in static mode.

Maximum torque for the version with individual magnets (Fig. 33).

It is in the range of 48.2 - 52.4 Nm.

The average value for a full angle of rotation is approximately 50.3 Nm and 2.515 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is approximately equal to 4.17%.

The minimum torque for the variant with radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 31). Respectively 32.4-34.5 and 33.5 Nm, 1.675 Nm, 3.28%.

The variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization occupies an intermediate position. Accordingly, 34.4 - 45.8 and 40.2 Nm, 2.01 Nm, 14.4%.

The calculation results of row M3 are also entered in the summary table of FIG. 62. The first column of the table indicates the number of magnets and coils of the electric machine. In the second column are the results for radially tangential magnetization, in the third column are the results for mutually perpendicular magnetization, in the fourth column are the results for the variant with separate magnets.

In dynamic modes, the dimensions of the rotors and stators are preserved. The number of turns of the winding coils is chosen to be 30. The rotor speed is chosen to be 5000 rpm. The load on each coil in generator mode is 2.5 kOhm.

The results of computer analysis in the generator mode are entered in the table shown in Fig. 63. The first column of the table indicates the number of magnets and coils for the considered embodiment of the electric machine. The second column indicates the amplitude range (V) of the bipolar alternating voltage on the coils (one) for radially tangential magnetization.

The third column indicates the amplitude range of the bipolar alternating voltage on the coils (one) for mutually perpendicular magnetization.

The fourth column indicates the amplitude range of the bipolar alternating voltage on the coils (one) for the option with separate magnets with gaps.

Thus, the first line of this table shows the EMF values on one coil in the generator mode for the option of 16 magnets and 20 coils. The maximum values are in the fourth column.

The results obtained allow us to conclude that the option with individual magnets is superior when the number of magnets is 16.

Variants with the number of magnets equal to 20 and the number of coils equal to 10 are shown in Fig. 12,13, and the corresponding switching tables are displayed in Figs. 34, 35, 36.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 34), the average value of the torque is approximately equal to 22.7 Nm and 2.27 Nm per coil. The deviation from the mean value is 100%. Such instability of the value of the torque indicates the undesirability of the practical application of this option in the engine mode.

In the generator mode, the EMF values on one coil are in the range of 70.1 - 72.2 V. Such values are suitable for practical use.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 35), it is necessary to switch two coils through 9-2-7-9-2-7-9 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor. The maximum value of the torque is approximately 32.2 Nm.

The torque value at the switching points varies from 26.3 Nm to 32.2 Nm. The average value is approximately 29 Nm and 2.9 Nm per coil (maximum). The deviation from the mean value is 11%. In generator mode, the EMF values on one coil are in the range of 75.0 - 76.2 V, which is also the best indicator.

The option with separate magnets (Fig. 13, Fig. 36) is unsuitable for practical use in both modes. The values of the torques for various angles of rotation and the values of the EMF are approximately equal to zero.

Variants with the number of magnets equal to 20 and the number of coils equal to 16 are shown in Fig. 14, 15, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 37, 38, 39.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 37), it is necessary to switch two coils through 4.5 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in the engine mode. The maximum value of the torque is approximately 42.5 Nm. Torque values at switching points 40.5 - 40.6 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 41.5 Nm and 2.59 Nm per coil. High torque stability. Deviation from the average value is not more than 2.4%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 38), four coils must be switched through 9-9-4.5-9-9-4.5-9-9-4.5-9-9-4.5 degrees of the rotor angle of rotation . The maximum value of the torque is approximately equal to 51.6 Nm. Torque values at switching points 39.8 - 47.9 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 46.4 Nm and 2.9 Nm per coil. Not high torque stability. Deviation from the average value is not less than 12.1%.

For the option with individual magnets (Fig. 39), four coils must be switched through 4.5 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum value of the torque is approximately 39 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 37.1 - 37.2 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 38.1 Nm and 2.38 Nm per coil. High torque stability. Deviation from the average value of 2.6%. In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets. Variants with the number of magnets equal to 20 and the number of coils equal to 24 are shown in Fig. 16, 17, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 40, 41.42, 43.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 40, 41) it is necessary to switch two coils after 3 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in the engine mode. The maximum torque value is 40.1 Nm. Torque values at switching points 39.7 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 39.85 Nm and 1.66 Nm per coil. High torque stability. The deviation from the average value is 0.627%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 42), 12 coils must be switched through 15 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum value of the torque is approximately equal to 51.9 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 43.5 - 43.6 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 47.7 Nm and 1.99 Nm per coil. Not high torque stability. Deviation from the average value is not less than 8.8%. For the option with separate magnets (Fig. 43), four coils must be switched through 3.5 - 3 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum value of the torque is approximately equal to 56.6 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are

52.7 - 54.8 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 55.5 Nm and 2.31 Nm per coil. High torque stability. The deviation from the average value is 4.58%. The best indicators.

In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with radially tangential magnetization.

Variants with the number of magnets equal to 24 and the number of coils equal to 16 are shown in Fig. 18, 19, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 44, 45, 46.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 44), it is necessary to switch four coils after 7.5 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in engine mode. The maximum value of the torque is 48 Nm. Torque values at switching points 40 - 41 Nm. The average value is approximately 44 Nm and 2.75 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 9.1%. With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 45) it is necessary to switch two coils through 4-3-3-3-4-2-3.5-4-3-3-3-4 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor. The maximum value of the torque is approximately equal to 51.8 Nm. Torque values at switching points 47.9 - 50.5 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 49.7 Nm and 3.1 Nm per coil. High torque stability. The deviation from the average value is about 3.62%.

For the option with individual magnets (Fig. 46), eight coils must be switched through 7.5 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 27.3 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 26.2 - 26.3 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 26.75 Nm and 1.67 Nm per coil. High torque stability. Deviation from the average value of 2.06%. In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63). Variants with the number of magnets equal to 24 and the number of coils equal to 20 are shown in Fig. 20, 21, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 47, 48, 49.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 47), it is necessary to switch four coils after 6 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in the engine mode. The maximum torque value is 53.2 Nm. Torque values at switching points 48.9 - 49 Nm. The average value is approximately 51 Nm and 2.55 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 4.2%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 48), four coils must be switched through 4-5-5-4-4-5-5-4-4-5 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor.

The maximum value of the torque is approximately equal to 56.9 Nm. Torque values at switching points 47.9 - 50.5 Nm. The average value is approximately 56 Nm and 2.8 Nm per coil. High torque stability. The deviation from the average value is about 1.43%.

For the option with separate magnets (Fig. 49), four coils must be switched through three degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 50.1 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 47.6 - 47.7 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 48.8 Nm and 2.44 Nm per coil. High torque stability. The deviation from the average value is 2.66%. In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63). Variants with the number of magnets equal to 24 and the number of coils equal to 24 are shown in Fig. 23, 24, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 50, 51, 52.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 50), it is necessary to switch 12 coils through 15 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in the engine mode. The maximum torque value is 55.2 Nm. Torque values at switching points 51.7 - 51.9 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 53.4 Nm and 2.23 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 3.2%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 51), it is necessary to switch two coils after 2 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor. The maximum torque value is 62 Nm. Torque values at switching points 49 - 62 Nm. The average value is approximately 56 Nm and 2.3 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 12.5%.

For the option with separate magnets (Fig. 52), 24 coils must be switched through 15 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 81.1 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are zero.

The average value is 40.55 Nm and 1.69 Nm per coil. Deviation from the mean value 100%. The application is not advisable.

In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63). Variants with the number of magnets equal to 32 and the number of coils equal to 20 are shown in Fig. 25, 26, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 53, 54, 55.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 53), it is necessary to switch 4 coils after 4.5 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in engine mode. The maximum torque value is 61 Nm. Torque values at switching points 57.8 Nm. The average value is 59.4 Nm and 2.97 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 2.69%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 54) it is necessary to switch two coils after 2 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor. The maximum torque value is 64.2 Nm. Torque values at switching points 63.1 - 63.3 Nm. The average value is approximately equal to 63.6 Nm and 3.18 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 0.8%.

For the variant with individual magnets (Fig. 55), 4 coils must be switched through 2.25 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 26.5 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 26 - 26.4 Nm. The average value is 26.25 Nm and 1.31 Nm per coil. The deviation from the mean value is 0.95%.

In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63). Variants with the number of magnets equal to 36 and the number of coils equal to 20 are shown in Fig. 27, 28, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 56, 57, 58.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 56), it is necessary to switch 2 coils after 2 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in engine mode. The maximum torque value is 62.9 Nm. Torque values at switching points 62 - 62.7 Nm. The average value is 62.4 Nm and 3.12 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 0.8%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 57), 20 coils must be switched through 18 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 104 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 0 Nm. The average value is approximately 52 Nm and 2.6 Nm per coil. Deviation from the mean value 100%. The application is not advisable.

For the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 58), it is necessary to switch 4 coils after 2 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 13.3 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 13.1 - 13.3 Nm. The average value is 13.2 Nm and 0.66 Nm per coil. The deviation from the mean value is 0.76%.

In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63).

Variants with the number of magnets equal to 36 and the number of coils equal to 24 are shown in Fig. 29, 30, and the corresponding switching tables in static mode are shown in Figs. 59, 60, 61.

With radially tangential magnetization (Fig. 59), it is necessary to switch 6 coils after 5 degrees of the angle of rotation of the rotor of the electric machine in the engine mode. The maximum torque value is 69.3 Nm. Torque values at switching points 56.7 - 56.8 Nm. The average value is 63 Nm and 2.63 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is about 10%.

With mutually perpendicular magnetization (Fig. 60), it is necessary to switch 4 coils after 4 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 70.9 Nm. Torque values at switching points 63.4 - 68.4 Nm. The average value is approximately 67.1 Nm and 2.8 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is 5.7%.

For the variant with individual magnets (Fig. 61), it is necessary to switch 12 coils after 5 degrees of the rotor rotation angle. The maximum torque value is 38.1 Nm. The torque values at the switching points are 36.6 Nm. The average value is 37.35 Nm and 1.56 Nm per coil. The deviation from the average value is 2%.

In the generator mode, the maximum EMF for the variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization, the minimum EMF for the variant with separate magnets (Fig. 63). A variant of constructing an electric machine with an external rotor is shown in Fig. 22. The outer rotor contains 24 magnets, the inner stator contains 16 winding coils.

In terms of its performance, this option is similar to the option with an internal rotor, shown in Fig. 18. Winding coils are similarly switched and with equal volumes of magnets, the values of torques are approximately comparable.

The disadvantage of the variant with an external rotor can be considered a reduction in the free volume to accommodate the winding coils, which must be connected to external voltage (current) sources, and also be able to be cooled (ventilated).

The results of computer analysis in dynamic mode (engine operation) are presented in the table shown in FIG. 64. The first column of the table indicates the number of magnets and coils of the electric machine. The second column contains the torque values in Nm. The number of coil turns is 30. The rotation speed is 5000 rpm.

The amplitude of the voltage pulses is approximately equal to 120 V.

DC resistance (additional) is approximately 2.5 ohms.

The magnetization of the magnetic segments is radially tangential.

Table Results (Engine Mode) FIG. 64 agree quite well with the results of the table (generator mode) of FIG. 63.

Analysis of the above options for constructing electrical machines allows us to draw the following conclusions.

1. The structure of the rotor of an electric machine depends on the number of magnetic segments.

2. When the number of magnets is less than twenty, it is advisable to have a gap between the individual magnetic segments. The magnets must have radial magnetization.

3. With the number of magnets equal to twenty, the structure of the rotor will depend on the number of winding coils. With ten or sixteen coils, a Halbach cylinder must be used. With the number of coils equal to 24, it is more expedient to use individual magnets with gaps between them in the engine mode, but in the generator mode, the Halbach cylinder with mutually perpendicular magnetization of the segments is more effective.

4. When the number of magnets is equal to or greater than twenty-four and a multiple of four, it is more efficient to use a Halbach cylinder without gaps between the magnets.

5. The magnetization of the magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder is either mutually perpendicular or radially tangential.

6. For radially tangential magnetization in the engine mode, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the cylinder to the number of winding coils should not be equal to two, and for the arrangement of magnets with a gap between them, this value should not be equal to two and one.

7. For mutually perpendicular magnetization, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the cylinder to the number of coils should not be equal to 1.8 with a tolerance of a few percent. A similar situation can be with the number of magnets 32 and the number of coils 18.

8. For the Halbach cylinder, the value of the central angles, expressed in degrees, between adjacent magnets and between adjacent coils, must be expressed as a final decimal fraction.

The central angle will be defined as the ratio of the number 360 to the number of magnets or coils. If these ratios are expressed as an infinite decimal fraction, then this will create additional difficulties in organizing the program for switching the stator winding coils. All considered variants of electrical machines (Fig. 32-64) satisfy these conditions.

The choice of the most efficient options with the Halbach cylinder from the table of Fig. 62 must be produced according to three criteria.

1. Maximum average torque.

2. Torque per coil.

3. Deviation from the mean.

The first criterion corresponds to the options 32 * 20, 36 * 20, 36 * 24, except for 36 * 20 with mutually perpendicular magnetization.

These variants also correspond to the second criterion, but the best is 32 * 20 with mutually perpendicular magnetization.

According to the third criterion, the best are 32 * 20 with mutually perpendicular magnetization and 36 * 20 with radially tangential magnetization.

The best according to three criteria is the 32 * 20 variant with mutually perpendicular magnetization.

In the dynamic modes of Fig. 63, 64, the best performance for options 32 * 20 and 36 * 20.

In addition to the above, in FIG. 65 presents the results of computer analysis for variants with an increased number of magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder. The magnetization is radially tangential. The first column shows the number of magnets and coils, the second column shows the range of torque change in static mode. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with the previous data. It should be noted here that the preferred options for building an electric machine are options with a reduced number of coils in the stator and an increased number of magnetic segments in the rotor. This simplifies the switching circuit and reduces the cost of the rotor, since The price of a magnet depends non-linearly on its size.

The proposed electric machine can be used in various fields of industry and agriculture. Its use is very effective in the creation of various generators (wind generators) and electric vehicles. In particular, on its basis it is possible to create a decentralized design of the car engine, with the placement of its elements directly in the wheels of the car. At the same time, inefficient mechanical energy transfer from the central engine to the wheels is removed, energy losses and vehicle weight are reduced. The presence of microcontrollers will effectively control the movement of the entire vehicle, reduce energy costs and increase the reliability of control.

Claims (4)

1. An electric machine containing a stator, including a group of winding coils with a magnetic circuit, as well as a rotor, including a group of magnetic segments located on the inner or outer surface of the cylinder, characterized in that the magnetic segments are located on the surface of the cylinder with a gap between them and with radial magnetization when their number in a group is less than twenty or twenty-four, depending on the number of coils in the group, and form a Halbach cylinder without gaps between the magnets, if their number is more than or equal to the indicated values \u200b\u200band a multiple of four, and the magnetization of the magnetic segments is either mutually perpendicular or radial tangential. 2. The electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that in the engine mode, with radially tangential magnetization of the magnets in the Halbach cylinder, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of winding coils is not equal to two, and for the arrangement of magnets with a gap between them, the value the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of winding coils is not equal to two and not equal to one. 3. An electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that with mutually perpendicular magnetization of the magnetic segments in the Halbach cylinder, the value of the ratio of the number of magnets in the group to the number of winding coils is not equal to 1.8 with a tolerance of several percent. 4. The electric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the value of the central angles between adjacent magnets in the group and between adjacent winding coils, expressed in degrees, is a final decimal fraction.

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