RU2762788C1 - Method for desication of corn crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The method of desiccation of corn crops includes pre-harvest treatment of plants with a desiccant, and as a desiccant, a continuous herbicide Zero Super WDG (water-dispersible granules) containing 750 g/kg of isopropylamine salt is used at a dose of 2 kg/ha based on 200 liters of working fluid per hectare, and the processing of corn crops is carried out in the phase of wax ripeness of grain two weeks before the combine harvesting.

EFFECT: invention allows environmentally safe and efficient desiccation of corn crops.

1 cl, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for pre-harvest drying of corn to facilitate its combine harvesting for grain.

Known methods for desiccation of corn plants using reglon and magnesium chlorate. The disadvantages of the methods are a significant decrease in the yield of corn and field germination of seeds when processing corn crops in the phase of milky grain ripeness. The treatment of corn crops in the phase of grain waxy ripeness does not reduce the ripening period, the effect of the onset of technical ripeness of grain with 30% moisture content is insignificant [1].

A known method of processing corn crops with bischofite 25-40% concentration in the phase of milky-wax ripeness to accelerate the maturation of corn grain. The use of bischofite as a desiccant promotes the onset of technical ripeness of the grain two weeks earlier than in the control - crops without desiccation. In addition, bischofite treatment maintains seed germination at the level of indicators of the 1st class of the sowing standard. However, due to the high penetrating ability of bischofite, treatment with it at the final stage of plant development can lead to the content of residual amounts of desiccant in the grain, which does not correspond to the sanitary and hygienic standards of food grain safety [1].

The known method of pre-harvest desiccation of corn plants with an aqueous solution of aminoacetic acid - glycine in a concentration of 0.7-1.0% at the rate of 150-200 liters / ha in the phase of milky-wax ripeness of grain [1]. However, this substance is not included in the "State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation" [2].

The aim of the invention is to develop an ecologically safe and cost effective method for desiccation of corn crops.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of desiccation of corn crops, including pre-harvest treatment of plants with a desiccant, a continuous herbicide Zero Super VDG is used as a desiccant at a dose of 2 kg / ha at the rate of 200 liters of working fluid per hectare, and the processing of corn crops is carried out in the phase wax ripeness of grain two weeks before harvest.

The experiments were carried out in triplicate using the method of randomized placement of variants. The total area of the plot is 40 m ² , the accounting for determining the yield is 24 m ² , and the moisture content is 16 m ² . The treatment of corn plants with desiccants was carried out in the recommended doses of 2 l / ha (kg / ha) at a grain moisture content of 40% based on the rate of consumption of the working solution of 200 l / ha in the experimental variants. Backpack sprayers were used for spraying. Efficiency was determined by reducing the moisture content of corn grain [3-7].

Reglon Forte, BP (200 g / l diquat) is a contact desiccant, does not have a systemic effect. Designed for pre-harvest desiccation of grain and leguminous crops, as well as testes of field and forage crops. Accelerates the drying process, especially with uneven maturation of plants, facilitates harvesting. In addition to the active ingredient, the preparation contains an effective wetting agent and special adjuvants. It is not washed off by rain as early as 15 minutes after treatment, making it ideal for desiccation in rainy weather. The drug works effectively both at high (> 25 ° C) and low (<10 ° C) temperatures. Drying of plants occurs as a result of a violation of physiological and biochemical processes, which leads to a weakening of the water-holding capacity of tissues and cell death, and as a result to drying out of plants. The desiccation effect appears in 5-7 days, depending on the air temperature and the degree of maturation of the plants. Hazard class for humans - 2 (dangerous), for bees - 3 (low hazard).

Roundup Max BP (450 g / l isopropylamine salt) is a systemic herbicide with a general destructive effect. The active ingredient is glyphosate. Getting on the leaves and stems, the drug penetrates into the plant within 4-6 hours. Once inside, the active substance begins to move along with the plant juices to the places of active growth. Glyphosate inhibits the EPSPS enzyme, the chloroplasts of the plant are destroyed, as a result of which the process of photosynthesis begins to be inhibited, the growth of the plant slows down, it begins to turn yellow and dry. The first clear signs of wilting can be detected within 3-4 days after treatment. After 5-10 days, the plant completely dies. In soil, glyphosate binds to metal ions and completely loses its effectiveness, decomposing into components: PO ₃ , NH ₃ , CO ₂ and H ₂ O. Depending on the activity of soil microorganisms, the half-life is from 18 to 45 days. Hazard class for humans - 3 (moderately hazardous), for bees - 3 (low hazard).

Zero Super VDG (750 g / kg isopropylamine salt) is a continuous contact systemic herbicide. The active ingredient is glyphosate. The drug is absorbed by leaves and stems, and then transported throughout the plant, blocks the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and disrupts the permeability of cell membranes, which leads to a change in osmotic pressure and, ultimately, the destruction of cellular structures. Hazard class for humans - 3 (moderately hazardous), for bees - 3 (low hazard).

Tornado 500 BP (500 g / l of glyphosate acid) is an indiscriminate systemic herbicide for the destruction of annual and perennial weeds and unwanted trees and shrubs. The tornado has a systemic effect, penetrates into weeds through leaves and other green parts and is carried over all organs of the weeds, reaching their root system. The herbicide blocks the synthesis of aromatic amino acids, which leads to damage to growth points and the complete death of aboveground and underground organs. Tornado does not affect seeds. Visible symptoms of herbicidal action on plants become noticeable after 4-5 days. Under unfavorable weather conditions (cold, drought, precipitation), the effect of the herbicide may slow down. Hazard class for humans - 3 (moderately hazardous), for bees - 3 (low hazard) [2].

Harvesting was carried out in the phase of full maize ripeness in the first half of October.

The research results are presented in table 1.

The minimum effectiveness of Reglon Forte in experiments is explained by the fact that it is a contact desiccant that does not have a systemic effect, and the air temperature and the degree of plant maturation have a great importance on the effect of desiccation when using it. The main active ingredient of the drug used is diquat (dibromide), which entails a violation of physiological and biochemical processes. As a result, tissues and cells lose their ability to retain moisture and dry out.

The active substance of herbicides of continuous action Zero Super, Roundup Max and Tornado 500 is glyphosate, which has a systemic suppressive effect on plants. However, the mechanism of action in this case is significantly different. When treated with Zero Super, in the first place, the destruction of the cellular structures of the plant, including corn kernels, occurs, therefore, in the experiments it was as effective as possible.

Roundup Max and Tornado 500 initially suppress the root system and other physiological points of growth, actually killing and drying out the entire plant, and only then the natural process of moisture release takes place in the corn grain, therefore they are less effective compared to Zero Super [3-7].

In general, all the analyzed desiccants showed their ability to lower the moisture content of the corn grain to the technological parameters that allow direct combining of corn crops during harvesting.

Table 2 shows the differences in the moisture content of the vegetative organs of corn at the time of harvest, although by the time the plants were treated with desiccants, they had almost identical moisture.

The greatest effect of desiccation on the vegetative organs of maize plants, as in the case of grain, was established when the crops were treated with Zero Super, and the smallest, when Reglona Forte was used. So, 2 weeks after treatment with desiccants, the moisture content of the cob stalk, on average, decreased by 8.7-11.2%, the corn stalk - by 6.4-9.6%, the cob stalk - 3.3-5.6% , cob wrappers - by 0.7-1.9% and leaves - by 0.4-1.0%, respectively. It should be noted that a positive factor in reducing the moisture content of the above plant parts in this case is the exclusion of moisture exchange between them and the grain during post-harvest processing of the grain mass. The above is of particular relevance and practical importance due to the limited throughput of grain cleaning units and drying complexes in many farms of the country and high material costs for drying corn grain.

Desiccation could not but have a negative impact on the yield of the corn hybrid. The treatment of crops with chemical preparations reduced the grain yield by 0.04-0.09 t / ha (table 3).

To reduce the negative effect of drugs on this indicator, desiccation was carried out two weeks before the expected harvest. In this case, the process of filling grain proceeded in the optimal mode, and the mass of 1000 seeds formed parameters close to the maximum values. This largely explains the absence of statistically significant differences in the variants of experience both in individual years of research and when comparing the average indicators. An earlier desiccation of corn crops can contribute to a significant shortage of grain, while a late desiccation will not lead to the required economic effect.

The minimum cost of 1 ton of grain, reduced to standard values for purity and moisture after primary processing operations, was found using desiccant Zero Super, and the maximum one without desiccant treatment. This is explained by the high consumption of fuel (gas, coal, kerosene, diesel fuel) when drying very wet (moisture reduction from 36.2% to 14.0%) grain.

Thus, the effectiveness of the proposed method lies in the environmentally safe and cheap processing of corn crops with desiccant Zero Super, to obtain grain for food, technical and feed purposes. The application of the method ensures the simultaneous full maturation of the crop, which improves the conditions for its harvesting by the combine.

USED SOURCES

1. Melikhov V.V. (RU), Panfilova O.N. (RU), Vodianov V.A. (RU), Karengina T.V. (RU) Patent for invention No. 2251843. Application: 2004107829/04, March 16, 2004.

2. State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation. - M .: Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. - 929 p.

3. Volkov A.I., Prokhorova L.N. Application of continuous herbicides as desiccants // Plant protection and quarantine. 2020. No. 5. P. 16.

4. Volkov A.I., Prokhorova L.N., Sivandaev M.V. Advanced experience in desiccation of corn crops // Bulletin of the Mari State University. Series: Agricultural Sciences. Economic sciences. 2020.Vol. 6.No.2 (22). S. 162-168.

5. Volkov A.I., Prokhorova L.N., Akhmadullin Kh.B. The use of desiccants in corn crops // Agrarian science - agriculture. Barnaul, 2019.S. 163-164.

6. Volkov A.I., Prokhorova L.N. The use of desiccants for the preparation of corn grain for mechanized harvesting // Agrarian Russia. 2019. No. 10. S. 23-26.

7. Volkov A.I., Prokhorova L.N., Akhmadullin Kh.B. Preparation of corn grain for mechanized harvesting // Topical issues of improving the technology of production and processing of agricultural products. 2019. No. 21. S. 524-527.

Claims (1)

A method for desiccation of corn crops, including pre-harvest treatment of plants with a desiccant, characterized in that a continuous herbicide Zero Super VDG (water-dispersible granules) containing 750 g / kg of isopropylamine salt is used as a desiccant, at a dose of 2 kg / ha at the rate of 200 liters working fluid per hectare, and the processing of corn crops is carried out in the phase of waxy ripeness of grain two weeks before the combine harvesting.