RU2760743C1 - Method for growing oil flax in the conditions of the southern steppe zone - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of biotechnology. The invention is a method involving pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a complex of microbial preparations containing strains of bacteria Rhizobium radiobacter 204, Lelliottia nimipressuralis CCM 32-3 and Paenibacillus polymyxa P13NK, and sowing seeds in the ground on the stubble of the precursor. At the same time, the seeds are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria prepared in the proportion of 100 ml of a complex of microbial preparations in 1 liter of water per seed hectare rate.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to ensure an increase in crop yield, the quality of the products obtained.

1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agricultural microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of oil flax in order to increase the productivity of the crop, the quality of the resulting products, reduce material and energy costs and technogenic load on the soil.

Oil flax has great prospects as an oilseed crop in the Russian Federation, due to its increased cold, heat and drought resistance. The wide ecological adaptation of the crop to various climatic factors determines its successful cultivation in conditions of high temperatures and insufficient moisture even in the dry-steppe regions of southern Russia with annual precipitation amounts of no more than 300-350 mm. In the south of the country, oil flax is grown using direct sowing technology, which contributes to an increase in the production of oil seeds with a significant decrease in material and energy resources (Avdeenko A. P., Shestov I. N. Productivity of oil flax in the conditions of the Rostov region // Scientific and methodological electronic journal "Concept" - 2014 .-- T. 20. - S. 2141-2145. - http://e-koncept.ru/2014/54692.htm .; Zelensky N.A., Avdeenko A.P., Mokrikov G.V. ., Shestov IN Influence of the seeding rate on the productivity of the oil-bearing flax variety Nebesny using the NO-TILL technology / Actual and new directions of agricultural science "// Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Professor AT Farniev. Part 1. Vladikavkaz, Gorsky State Agrarian University Publishing House, 2012. - pp. 177-180.).

It should be noted that the technology of direct sowing is quite new for Russia and requires adaptation to the specific soil and climatic conditions of the region, and, most importantly, adjusting the elements of the cultivation technology.

In technologies for growing agricultural plants, biological products are increasingly used, made on the basis of various microorganisms, which are isolated from natural biocenoses and do not have a toxic effect on the environment. The main advantage of such technologies is that they ensure the production of environmentally friendly products and solve the problem of the quality of food for the population as an important condition of national security.

A large number of developments patented in the Russian Federation with the use of biological products based on microorganisms to improve plant nutrition, stimulate growth and protect them from phytopathogens are known. We offer both monospecies (patent RU No. 2299188, publ. 20.05.2007; patent RU 2634387, publ. 19.04.2017; patent RU 2662992, publ. 31.07.2018), and complex biological products based on the association of microorganisms of different systematic positions (patent RU No. 2127509, publ. 03/20/1999; patent RU 2655789, publ. 05/29/2018). The action of all known biological products offered for seed treatment is based on the properties of microorganisms inherent in both a separate species and a strain. The published methods provide an increase in the yield of cereals, legumes, vegetables and industrial crops. However, one cannot ignore the fact that there are differences in the response of various plant species to inoculation with strains of microorganisms.

A known method of growing oil flax, which includes soil treatment, seed treatment with chemicals, soil harrowing and crop care, while flax is grown on a layer of perennial grasses, a complex fertilizer is introduced into the soil before sowing, and the plant is sprayed with biologically active substance, which is used as the feed additive "Floravit" (patent RU 2535143 C1; IPC A01G 1/00, A01N 63/04, A23K 1/00; publ. 10.12.2014, bull. No. 34). The disadvantages of this method are: technogenic load on the soil, the cost of materials and energy resources.

A known method of growing plants, including the treatment of plant seeds before sowing and plants during the growing season with a biological product in liquid form. As a biological product, a mixture of bacterial strains of B. subtilis VKPM B-10641, B. amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-10642, and B. amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-10643 with a titer of not less than ¹⁰ June cfu / ml as an aqueous suspension. The invention provides an increase in plant productivity and restoration of soil microbiocenosis (patent RU 2481760 C2; IPC А01С 1/06, A01N 63/02, C12N 1/20; publ. 05/20/2013, bull. No. 14).

The disadvantages of this method are the need for two-fold application of the biological product (for treating seeds before sowing and plants during the growing season), as well as changing the amount of the biological product used, depending on the purpose of its use (when increasing the productivity of plants, treatment is carried out at the rate of 2 ml / t of seeds and 2 ml / ha of crops, respectively, with the restoration of soil microbiocenosis - at the rate of 5 ml / t of seeds and 5 ml / ha of crops).

The closest analogue of the proposed invention is a method for growing vegetable and green crops, which includes pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a culture liquid containing pure cultures of microorganisms Pseudomonas putida ssp., Bacillus megaterium ssp., Azotobacter indicum ssp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus ssp. in a mixture with their metabolites, followed by applying a film-forming substance - dimethyl sulfoxide to the surface of the seeds and sowing seeds into the ground (patent RU 2454075 C2; IPC A01N 63/00, C12N 1/20; publ. 06/27/2012, bull. No. 18).

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of study of the effect on oil flax plants of both the strains used themselves and the application of a film-forming substance dimethyl sulfoxide to the surface of the seeds.

The problem to be solved by the invention is the development of a method for growing oil flax, which provides an increase in the yield and oil content of seeds, an increase in the profitability of crop cultivation while reducing the anthropogenic load on the soil.

This problem is solved by the fact that in the method of growing oil flax, including pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a complex of microbial preparations and sowing seeds in the ground, according to the invention, the complex of microbial preparations includes strains of bacteria Rhizobium radiobacter 204, Lelliottia nimipressuralis CCM 32-3 and Paenibacillus polymyxa P13NK, and seeds are carried out on the stubble of the predecessor.

In this case, the seeds are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria prepared at the rate of 100 ml of a complex of microbial preparations in 1 l of water per hectare of seeds.

The fundamental difference between the proposed method and the closest analogue consists in the use of a complex of microbial preparations, including strains of nitrogen-fixing (Rhizobium radiobacter 204), phosphate-mobilizing (Lelliottia nimipressuralis CCM 32-3) and bioprotective (Paenibacillus polymyxa P13NA) bacteria when applied to seeds grown in flax resource-saving farming system - direct seeding.

The bioagents of microbial preparations included in the complex proposed for the inoculation of flax seeds are strains of the Crimean collection of microorganisms (http://www.ckp-rf.ru), owned by the Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea.

The strain of rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria Agrobacterium (Rhizobium) radiobacter 204 (AS 1621433, C05F 11/08, C12N 1/20, 15.09.1990), along with nitrogen-fixing activity, also has growth-stimulating and bioprotective properties. The strain is used for the production of bacterial fertilizer, recommended for pre-sowing seed treatment in order to increase yields.

The phosphate-mobilizing strain of soil bacteria Lelliottia nimipressuralis CCM 32-3 (patent RU 2676926 C1; C12N 1/20, A01N 63/02, C12R 1/01; 01/11/2019) has the ability to produce phytohormones and transform hardly soluble mineral phosphates into plant-assimilable forms. The strain is used to obtain a biological product that allows you to optimize the mineral nutrition of plants, stimulate their growth and increase the productivity of agricultural crops.

The Paenibacillus polymyxa P13NA strain produces growth-stimulating substances and a significant amount of exopolysaccharides, fixes air nitrogen, has a high competitiveness in the use of food sources and a high growth rate, which is one of the reasons for the antifungal action against phytopathogens. The strain was deposited on October 17, 2019 in the Departmental collection of useful microorganisms for agricultural purposes under the registration number RCAM05221.

The use of microorganisms in the complex promotes their survival in the rhizosphere of plants, which enhances the effect of beneficial strains on the production process in plants and ensures an increase in crop yields and product quality.

The use of direct sowing technology in the arid conditions of the southern steppe zone contributes to the preservation of soil moisture and is an important factor in the preservation and restoration of its fertility. In addition, the use of direct sowing technology helps to reduce material and energy costs.

Stationary experience in the comparative study of the effect of microbial preparations in the traditional for the southern steppe zone of the farming system and direct sowing (No-till) was laid in 2015 on the fields of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea (Klepinino village, Krasnogvardeisky District, 45 ° 31'47.3 "N 34 ° 11'48.0''E).

Agrotechnical conditions for the experiment. The five-field crop rotation under direct sowing conditions included the following crop rotation: seed peas, winter wheat, oil flax, winter barley, and grain sorghum. Under the traditional farming system, the difference was in the first field, where there was pure fallow. Tillage: according to the traditional system - shallow by 10-12 cm, 8-10 cm; for direct sowing - without mechanical tillage. Sowing with seeders: according to the traditional system - SZ - 3.6 and direct seeding - Gerardi-G117. Crop care: treatment with pesticides while accounting for EPV. Harvesting with a Sampo-500 combine.

Manual processing (inoculation) of seeds with microbial preparations was carried out on the day of sowing. At the same time, an aqueous suspension of bacteria was prepared at the rate of 100 ml of a complex of microbial preparations in 1 liter of water per hectare norm of seeds.

Mechanized seed treatment with a biological product can be carried out by machines for dressing seeds using a technology similar to dressing. For this purpose, PSSh-3, PS-10 and others are suitable. Before working, the pickling machine must be thoroughly cleaned of pesticides, rinsed and rendered harmless in accordance with sanitary rules.

The cultivation of oil flax using the proposed method made it possible to significantly increase the yield of seeds, starting from the second and third years of the use of the farming system - direct sowing (table 1). So, in 2018, the yield with direct sowing was lower by 0.1 t / ha or 20% than with the traditional farming system. Whereas the use of a complex of microbial preparations contributed to its increase by 0.2 t / ha (50%) with direct sowing and by 0.1 t / ha (20%) in comparison with traditional tillage. In the third year (2019) of the use of direct sowing, the same tendencies were observed: the decrease in yield was 0.07 t / ha, or 8.2%. Seed treatment with a complex of microorganisms contributed to an increase in flax yield by 0.18 t / ha or 23.1% to control and by 0.11 t / ha (12.9%) compared to the traditional farming system.

An important result of the application of the proposed method of growing flax is an increase in its oil content on average over the years of research by 1.9% compared with the traditional farming system and by 0.8 - with control (Table 2). This method provided the maximum oil yield per hectare, which amounted to 0.26 tons, which is 0.05 t / ha or 23.8% more than control and traditional tillage.

The calculation of the economic efficiency of growing oil flax under the conditions of 2019 showed that the proposed method provided a profit of 7909 rubles / ha, with a profitability level of 104%, which is 881 rubles / ha higher and 4.8% higher than the traditional farming system.

Thus, the proposed method for growing oil flax using direct sowing, including the optimization of the mineral nutrition of plants by pre-sowing seed treatment with a complex of microbial preparations, which includes nitrogen-fixing, growth-stimulating, phosphate-mobilizing and bioprotective bacteria that can take root in the rhizosphere of plants, provides an increase in crop yield, the quality of the products obtained, the reduction of material and energy costs and the technogenic load on the soil.

Claims (1)

A method of growing oil flax, including pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a complex of microbial preparations and sowing seeds in the ground, characterized in that the complex of microbial preparations contains strains of bacteria Rhizobium radiobacter 204, Lelliottia nimipressuralis CCM 32-3 and Paenibacillus polymyxa P13NK, seeds are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria at the rate of 100 ml of a complex of microbial preparations in 1 liter of water per hectare rate of seeds, and the sowing of seeds is carried out on the stubble of the predecessor.