RU2742680C1 - Window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module with extended service life and a method of its manufacture - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: solar energy.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of solar energy, in particular to photovoltaic modules built into structural elements of buildings and structures and serving to convert solar radiation into electrical energy for power supply of buildings in an autonomous mode or parallel to the existing electrical network. As a result of using the invention under consideration, it becomes possible to autonomous and parallel with the power supply network of buildings using a translucent and heat-insulating photovoltaic module, placed in the window sash of the window opening, which includes a polysiloxane compound that increases the service life of photovoltaic converters while maintaining the rated electrical power up to the service life level window sash frame, when the built-in electrical components of the window sash generate electrical energy, which is used for lighting, autonomous power supply of low-power electrical appliances, as well as for supplying to the electrical network (including using buffer accumulators of electricity). A photovoltaic module, consisting of photovoltaic converters located on a translucent thin plastic sheet, sealed with a polysiloxane compound, which is located in the space between the translucent glass, a sealing tape around its perimeter and a translucent thin plastic sheet, is located in the space inside the window frame, which also has a sealed window frame a coupler with a spacer, thanks to which seats are provided for the rear translucent glass, which creates a heat-insulating air cavity between the rear translucent glass and the translucent thin plastic sheet of the photovoltaic module, and in the lower part of the window frame there is an electronics unit, which includes an electronic board, rechargeable batteries , a USB port and a power on / off button for autonomous charging of electrical devices and the transfer of electrical energy to the existing electrical network, and in the upper part about horse frame is a LED lamp designed to illuminate the interior of the house.

EFFECT: invention makes the work of photovoltaic modules more effective.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of solar energy, in particular to photovoltaic modules built into structural elements of buildings and structures and serving to convert solar radiation into electrical energy for power supply of buildings in an autonomous mode or parallel to the existing electrical network.

Known window sashes, in the design of which rare-earth phosphors are used, which perform the function of converting ultraviolet radiation of the solar spectrum into the near infrared region for photoelectric conversion by CuInSe2 elements (K. Alameh, M. Vasiliev, R. Alghamedi, M. Nur-E-Alam, V Rosenberg, “Solar energy harvesting clear glass for building-integrated photovoltaics.” In: 11th Annual High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging / Enabling Technologies (Photonics for Energy), pp. 210-213, 2014).

Authors proposed design has several disadvantages - only 70% of the visible spectrum extends through a window, which significantly reduces the space illuminance, output electric power is very small (30 W / m ^2), and it will suffice for only low power LED lighting; the service life of the phosphor and photoelectric converters is less than the service life of the window sash itself, which will require replacing the power generating part or the sash itself after the degradation of the built-in power generating elements. Also, the use of rare earth phosphors and non-silicon photovoltaic converters damages the environment during the extraction, manufacture and use of such structural elements.

Known casements, in the design of which perovskites of various compositions are used, with which thermochromic transformation occurs under the influence of solar radiation. The light transmission of the window in which the perovskites are located is reduced, and the absorbed solar energy is converted into electrical energy using perovskites (Jia Lin, Minliang Lai, Letian Dou, S. Ch. Kley, Hong Chen, Fei Peng, Junliang Sun, Dylan Lu, SA Hawks, Chenlu Xie, Fan Cui A, P. Alivisatos, DT Limmer, Peidong Yang, “Thermochromic halide perovskite solar cells”, Nature Materials, Vol. 17, pp. 261–267, 2018).

The disadvantages of this technology are the low conversion efficiency of solar radiation (about 7%), as well as the short service life of perovskites at long cyclic periods of operation and high temperatures. Further studies are also needed to confirm the absence of degradation during prolonged solar exposure of perovskites and residual phenomena in the absence of solar radiation (decrease in transmission in cloudy weather).

Window sashes are known where silicon photovoltaic converters are placed around the perimeter of the window frame (PHYSEE, https://www.physee.eu/products#powerwindow). The electrical energy generated by photovoltaic converters in this particular case is used to ensure environmental monitoring and during the additional installation of equipment for darkening the window glass in order to reduce its transmission capacity.

The main disadvantage of the window sash under consideration is the service life of photovoltaic converters sealed according to the standard technology and included in its composition, in which, after 10 years of operation, the electrical efficiency will drop. In addition, the disadvantage of the considered design is the low power of the photoelectric converters, since they are located exclusively on the surface of the narrow frame-profile of the window sash, the area of which is small. The power of the photovoltaic system is not enough to charge devices in an autonomous mode, which is not provided for in the device under consideration. Also, a decrease in the electrical efficiency of photovoltaic converters will occur in the evening and morning hours, since on the vertical racks of the frame, photovoltaic converters are located at angles to the surface of the window glass (with an inclination inward), which will lead to their shading, and without that small electrical power will begin to decrease ...

The closest in technical essence to the invention (prototype) is a solar photovoltaic module and a method for its manufacture (RF patent No. 2431786). The solar photovoltaic module under consideration uses photovoltaic converters located between two glasses, the space between which is filled with an optical medium in the form of a low-modulus polysiloxane gel, which increases the rated power of the photovoltaic converters.

The disadvantage of the photovoltaic module under consideration is the absence of a structural profile, due to which it can be attached to various surfaces, including installation on the surface of buildings, and even more so installation in window openings. Also, the photovoltaic module under consideration cannot be built into the transparent structure of buildings due to its high thermal conductivity, which will lead to significant heat losses and the need for additional heating or cooling of the interior space of the building. The thermal conductivity of the used sealant, a polysiloxane compound, is significantly higher than the thermal conductivity of air, which is used for thermal insulation in the construction of solar modules. The next disadvantage is the lack of a built-in electrical system in the module design, which allows the consumer to be supplied with power independently, including the power supply of lighting devices and other low-power electrical devices. Such a system is implemented on the basis of standard battery charging circuits, which is especially important for remote consumers that do not have a centralized power supply.

The technical objective of the present invention is the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy for the purpose of power supply of buildings in an autonomous mode or in parallel with the existing electrical network due to the mounting of the considered photovoltaic module in window blocks, as well as in other structural elements of buildings and structures.

As a result of the use of the invention under consideration, it becomes possible to autonomous and parallel with the power supply network of buildings using a translucent and heat-insulating structure, placed in the form of a window sash in a window opening, which includes a polysiloxane compound, which increases the service life of photovoltaic converters to the level of service life of the window sash frame ( Poulek V., Strebkov DS, Persic IS, Libra M., “Towards 50 years lifetime of PV panels laminated with gel technology”, Solar Energy, vol. 86. pp. 3103–3108, 2012) when the built-in electrical components of the sash allow to generate electrical energy, which can be used for lighting and autonomous power supply of low-power electrical devices or sent to the electrical network (including using buffer accumulators of electricity).

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that the photovoltaic module, sealed with photovoltaic cells and a polysiloxane compound, according to the invention is equipped with a frame in the form of a window profile for subsequent installation in a window opening, which is equipped with electronics and batteries that allow autonomous power supply of electrical devices, independently illuminate the room , as well as the coordinated transfer of the generated electrical energy into the existing electrical network, and the additional rear glazing forms an air cavity, which provides high heat and cold insulation of the interior space located outside the window.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where FIG. 1 is a general diagram of a sash with an integrated photovoltaic module with an extended service life, and FIG. 2 - an example of the manufacture of a window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module with an extended service life (left - view from the outside; right - view from the inside).

A window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module with an extended service life consists of photovoltaic converters 1, which are located on a translucent thin plastic sheet 2 and sealed with a polysiloxane compound 3, which is located in the space between the translucent glass 4, a sealing tape 5 along its perimeter thin and translucent plastic sheet 2. The assembled photovoltaic module is located in a sealed screed 6 of a double-glazed unit, which also houses a spacer 7, which provides seats for the rear translucent glass 8, which creates a heat-insulating air cavity 9 between the rear translucent glass 8 and the translucent thin plastic sheet 2. The assembled glass unit, located in a sealed screed 6, is placed in a window frame 10, on the lower rear side of which (opposite from the ray-receiving side of the photovoltaic converters located indoor) there is an electronics unit 11, which includes an electronic board 12, which provides charging of the battery 13 with the help of electrical energy supplied from photovoltaic converters 1. The battery 13 through the USB port 14 charges low-power electrical devices, as well as power supply to the LED LED 15 lamps using the power on / off button 16 located on the electronics unit 11. The LED 15 lamp is located on the upper side of the window frame 10 (opposite to the light-receiving side of the photovoltaic converters, which is inside the room).

A distinctive feature of the photovoltaic module under consideration is its location in the window frame 10 in the form of a profile, which is installed in the window opening and includes electronic (electronic board 12), accumulating (battery 13) and lighting (LED lamp 15) components, which can operate both autonomously and in parallel with the existing electrical network, which will also allow supplying the network with photovoltaic energy obtained from solar radiation. The vertical arrangement of the photovoltaic module in the window frame 10 ensures the purity of its light-receiving surface due to the rolling of dust, snow and water from its surface, which increases the electrical efficiency of its operation, the convenience of preventive cleaning of the module when opening the sash of the window frame 10, as well as an increase in the generation of electrical energy in periods of low solstice, which is especially important in northern countries in winter. For greater output in the summer months and in southern countries, it is advisable to use frame 10 with a photovoltaic module in the attic design (inclined at a certain angle to the horizon). Due to the use of double glazing in the design of the photovoltaic module (translucent glass 4, thin plastic sheet 2 and rear translucent glass 8) of the window sash with an air cavity 9, reliable heat and cold insulation of the interior space is provided. With a high level of heat dissipation from the front side of the photovoltaic module, which is part of the window sash, due to the use of the air cavity 9 and the rear translucent glass 8, the loss of heat or cold from the room space will be insignificant, which indicates the advisability of using such a photovoltaic module as a translucent and heat-insulating building structures.

A significant advantage of the considered design of the photovoltaic module built into the window frame 10 is that the module, placed in the window frame 10, does not require additional structural solutions for sealing and finishing, as well as devices for placement and fastening. In addition, the service life of the photovoltaic converters 1 will be increased over the standard due to the sealing with polysiloxane gels and therefore will correspond to the service life of the window frame 10 itself, which currently exceeds the service life of the photovoltaic converters 1, sealed according to the standard technology based on thermoplastic filler based on copolymer of ethylene vinyl acetate. The sealing technology using a two-component liquid polysiloxane compound 3, structured at room temperature by the mechanism of hydrosilication into a low-modulus gel, provides an increased nominal power life of photovoltaic converters 1, effective heat dissipation, and effective absorption of mechanical stresses during thermal cycles. The used technology of sealing photoelectric converters 1 provides reliable adhesion to the surface materials of photoelectric converters 1 to ensure high-quality optical and thermal contact in order to minimize reflection from the front surface of photoelectric converters 1 and stable heat removal; light and heat resistance when exposed to solar radiation and thermal overheating; the absence in the composition of the filler of structural elements and background impurities that have a destructive effect on the surface materials of photovoltaic converters 1 and switching elements that reduce their service life; protection of photoelectric converters 1 from mechanical stress and moisture; environmental safety of use.

The polysiloxane compound 3 in the design of the photovoltaic module envelops the photovoltaic converters 1 and is located over the entire area of the light opening of the sash. Thanks to its use, a sufficiently effective heat dissipation from the front side of the photovoltaic module is provided (the thermal conductivity of the polysiloxane compound is 0.18 W / (m K), while the ethylene vinyl acetate films are only 0.13 W / (m K)). Polysiloxane compound 3 also dampens mechanical stresses during thermal cycles better than ethylene vinyl acetate - the linear coefficient of thermal expansion is 2.5 · 10 ^-4 K ^-1 and 4 · 10 ^-4 K ^-1 , respectively, and Young's modulus (elasticity) 0.006 N / mm ² and 10 N / mm ² .

The reflection coefficient from the structure "translucent glass 4 - polysiloxane compound 3 - photovoltaic converter 1" is at the level of 3%, therefore more than 90% of the solar radiation energy is absorbed by photovoltaic converter 1 (the long-wavelength edge of intrinsic absorption of silicon at room temperature falls on a wavelength of approximately λ = 1050 nm). When using the window sash under consideration (with a standard window glass) with a photovoltaic module, the short-wavelength edge of the spectrum shifts to the long-wavelength side to the region λ = 400 nm (when solar radiation passes into the interior of the house in the direction B) for a structure with polysiloxane compound 3 and a translucent thin plastic sheet 2 used for sealing photoelectric converters 1. However, this will not affect the illumination inside the room behind the window sash, since this shift occurs in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, where the photosensitivity of the human eye is practically zero (the sensitivity of the eye is fractions of a percent at λ ≈ 400 nm , only 3 - 4% in the region λ = 450 nm and increases to 100% in the green region of the spectrum at λ = 550 nm).

The proposed window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module with extended service life works as follows.

Photovoltaic converters 1, sealed with polysiloxane compound 3, translucent glass 4, translucent thin plastic sheet 2 and sealing tape 5, when solar radiation hits in direction A (on the surface of photovoltaic converters) converts it into direct current electric energy, which is supplied to the unit electronics 11 and using the electronic board 12 is stored in the battery 13. The electronics unit 11 is located on the lower part of the window frame 10, which in turn serves as a profile and a seat for a photovoltaic module consisting of photovoltaic converters 1, polysiloxane compound 3, translucent glass 4, a translucent thin plastic sheet 2, a sealing tape 5, as well as a spacer 7 and a rear translucent glass 8, which creates a heat-insulating air cavity 9 to provide heat and cold insulation of the interior inside the building behind the window sash. Heating and illumination of the interior of the building is provided by solar radiation coming through the window sash in direction B, which is free from photovoltaic converters 1. At night, the illumination of the interior space is provided by means of a LED lamp 15 located on the upper side of the window frame 10, which is powered from the battery 13, and switching on and off is provided by the power on / off button 16, which in turn is located on the electronics unit 11. Along with providing power, turning on and off the LED lamp 15, the electronics unit 11 uses the USB port 14 to provide power low-power electrical appliances inside the house space. When using the electronics unit 11 as a matching device with the existing electrical network, the generated electric current enters the existing system to meet the power supply needs.

A method of manufacturing a window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module with increased service life.

As photovoltaic converters 1 of solar radiation in the photovoltaic module, one-sided flexible photovoltaic cells with dimensions of 125 mm × 62.5 mm with a peak electrical power of 3.4 W are used. The peak photovoltaic power of the 16 photovoltaic converters 1 included in the manufactured sample of the photovoltaic module (Fig. 2) is 54.4 watts. To seal photovoltaic converters 1 with polysiloxane compound 3 and sealing tape 5 (butyl tape) instead of standard window glass, optiwhite 4 translucent tempered glass can be used (in this case, the shift of the short-wavelength edge of the transmission spectrum in the λ ≈ 400 nm region does not occur) and translucent thin plastic sheet 2 in the form of a polycarbonate sheet with a thickness of 1-2 mm. As the rear translucent glass 8, optically transparent tempered optiwhite glass with a thickness of 4 mm is used, which, using a sealed tie 6, a spacer 7 and an air cavity 9, forms a photovoltaic module, which is installed in the window frame 10, which in this case is (Fig. 2) standard plastic window sash with dimensions 730 mm × 700 mm. In the lower part of the window frame 10 there is an electronics unit 11, which includes a rechargeable battery 13 in the form of a lithium-ion battery pack with a capacity of 6.8 Ah and an output voltage of 5.25 V, with which electronic devices are charged thanks to the port USB 14. The voltage of a single photoelectric converter 1 is 9.2-9.8 V, which is fed to the electronic board 12, the main function of which is to charge the storage battery 13 operating in a buffer mode with a voltage level of 7.4 to 8.4 V. The electronic board 12 converts the constant voltage of the battery 13 to provide the USB port 14 with a stabilized output voltage of 5.25 V. The maximum load current is 3 A. To charge the batteries of cell phones, smartphones, tablets, a USB connector 14 version 2.0 is used with an output voltage level of within 5.2 - 5.25 V. Electronic board 12 is made on a board with an aluminum substrate, which allows for a long time provide an output current of up to 2 A without additional heat sink. Electronic board 12 also has thermal protection and an output current limitation of 3 to 4 A, and the output voltage cannot exceed the input voltage. By means of the power on / off button 16 connected to the electronic board 12 and the battery 13, the lighting in the interior of the house space is controlled, which is provided by the LED 15 lamp based on low-power LED lamps. The input voltage of the electronic board 12 is no more than 40 V, the output voltage is 1.2 - 37 V, the frequency of electric current conversion is 150 KHz, the electrical efficiency at an input voltage of 25 V, an output voltage of 12 V and an electric current at the output of 3 A is 90%, the shading of the window sash light opening by photovoltaic converters 1 is 37%, the sash weight is 15 kg. The peak power of photovoltaic converters 1 must be sufficient to maintain the charge of the storage battery 13 at a level of at least 1/3 of its capacity during daylight hours, even in cloudy weather.

Claims (1)

A window sash with a built-in photovoltaic module containing a window frame, photovoltaic converters and translucent glass, characterized in that the photovoltaic converters are located on a translucent plastic sheet, sealed with a polysiloxane compound, which is placed in the space between the translucent glass, a sealing plastic sheet and a translucent tape , which are assembled to form a photovoltaic module, which is located in the space inside the window frame, which also has a sealed tie with a spacer, thanks to which the seats for the rear translucent glass are provided, which creates an insulating air cavity between the rear translucent glass and the translucent plastic sheet of the photovoltaic module, and in the lower part of the window frame there is an integrated electronics block, which includes an electronic board, batteries, a USB port and an on / off button power supply for autonomous charging of electrical appliances and the transfer of electrical energy to the existing electrical network, moreover, an LED lamp is installed in the upper part of the window frame, designed to illuminate the interior of the house.

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