RU2742647C2 - Method for integrated processing of mixed wastes into useful products - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: removal and processing of solid wastes.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method for complex processing of mixed wastes into useful products and can be used at organized waste-processing production sites equipped for production of useful products. Method includes acceptance and rapid analysis of wastes, both liquid and solid, separation into 5 streams, processing of wastes in each flow with production of useful and secondary products, which one flows are used as components in processing of wastes in other flows. During processing of wastes in the first flow containing ash-containing wastes, as well as liquid and paste-like wastes formed during extraction of minerals and containing hydrocarbons, at first the averaging of initial wastes is performed, wherein sand is added to mixture of wastes, and secondary products in form of screening of fine fraction of soil of III-IV hazard class from second flow and in form of fine fraction of crushed construction waste from fifth flow, and then ash-slag wastes, binders and sorbing reagents are added to the averaged mixture, the obtained useful product is hardened, crushed and aged in the second flow, first, method includes sifting loose ground wastes formed during overburden operations with isolation of soil of IV-V hazard classes, and then the extracted soil is mixed with a sorbing reagent, adding a secondary product in form of a fine fraction of crushed construction waste from a fifth stream, while obtaining a useful product in a third stream, first, paste-like wastes are formed, which are formed as a result of human and animal vital activity and sediments of waste water with binder and sorbing reagents, adding a secondary product in the form of crushed wood-vegetable wastes from the fourth stream, separating with separation of large inclusions, and then drying the mixture, grinding and granulation, obtaining by-products, according to fourth flow, first, crushing wood-vegetable wastes with grinding, and then ground mixture is mixed with produced finished products in form of biocomponent from third flow and in form of universal soil from second flow, while obtaining useful product, by fifth flow, first, the construction wastes are sorted with separation of by-products, and then adding secondary products in form of screened coarse fraction from second flow to remaining construction wastes, secondary product in form of coarse granules, obtained after drying and grinding wastes from third flow, and wood-and-vegetable wastes of III class. hazards from the fourth flow, and then the mixture is crushed, thus obtaining by-products.

EFFECT: method is simple, economical, and provides processing of both liquid and solid wastes with production of by-products and a series of useful products.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of processing mixed waste into useful products and can be used at organized waste processing production sites equipped for processing liquid and solid waste to obtain useful products.

Waste is currently one of the leading environmental problems worldwide. Waste processing, with the possibility of using their energy potential, without causing environmental damage to the environment, is a complex energy technology problem.

There are a large number of methods for processing various organic and inorganic wastes into useful products, in particular, RU No. 2421288 C1, op. 2006, (feedstock - sewage sludge); RU No. 2446112 C2, op. 2012 (raw materials - waste water and organic waste); RU No. 2484024 C2, op.10.06.2013 (raw materials - sewage sludge, soil contaminated with heavy metals and oil products, crushed construction and demolition waste); RU No. 2497784 C1, op. 11/10/2013 (raw material - sludge from water treatment plants); RU No. 2549719 C1, op. 2015 (agricultural waste); RU 2595172 C1, op. 2016 (raw material - drill cuttings); RU No. 2647918 C1, op. 2017 (raw material - bird droppings); RU No. 2688536 C1, op. May 21, 2019 (ash and slag, oily waste and sewage sludge); RU No. 2690557 C1, op. 06/04/2019 (raw materials - ground and wood waste of IV-V hazard classes); RU No. 2702708 C1, op. 10/09/2019 (raw materials - low-hazard soils); RU No. 2703809 C1, op. 10/22/2019 (raw material - industrial waste contaminated with oil products).

A common disadvantage of the above methods of waste processing is that they utilize only from one to a maximum of three types of raw materials, and no more, and the result of processing is mainly technical soil.

Also known is a method for disinfecting, neutralizing and processing waste into useful products, the technological line of which includes multi-stage utilization of raw materials containing sewage sludge, soil from overburden contaminated with heavy metals and oil products, crushed construction and demolition waste. As useful products according to this method, humic and soil fertilizers, artificial biological soil and artificial, dispersed, technical soil (RU, No. 2484024 C2, CO2F 11/02, op. 2013) are obtained.

The specified method solves the problem of disinfection and deworming of waste with the ultimate production of soil-stabilizing fertilizers and soil. However, the method is expendable, since in the process of processing, a huge amount of chemical reagents (potassium or sodium oxide hydrate, salts of zinc sulfate, low-lying peat) are used and energy-intensive, due to the use of an electroplasma installation and a high-speed dissolver (homogenizer-disperser).

The closest in technical essence and adopted by the applicant as a prototype is a known method for the complex processing of mixed waste into useful products (RU, No. 2279934 C1, B09B 3/00, op. 20.07.2006)

In this method, mixed waste containing solid waste such as household, construction waste and industrial waste is processed. The method includes acceptance, express analysis to identify hazardous waste, dividing into four streams, while stream I includes a large fraction of waste, stream II - a small part of waste from stream I and medium-sized fragments, stream III - fragments with sizes less than fragments of stream II , and IV stream - a fine fraction up to 1 cm in size. Further, in each stream, separate processing of waste is carried out to obtain useful and secondary products, the latter of which of some streams are used as components in processing in other streams. The waste processing technology in each stream is multistage and includes: washing, disinfection, deworming, separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, sorting, grinding, combining streams, treatment with chemical reagents, pulp formation, separation of the mineral part, activation by an electromagnetic field, dehydration and granulation.

However, this method is complex, time-consuming, economically expensive in terms of electricity and the use of numerous chemical reagents. In addition, the method is limited by the possibilities of use, since it allows processing of only 3 types of solid waste.

The objectives and technical results of the proposed invention are to create a simple method for processing both solid and liquid waste, as well as a method that is more economical in terms of power consumption and the use of effective and inexpensive chemical materials, and the use of the method of recovering useful and secondary waste products in one way or another. a different flow of processing allows to obtain both a series of soils and by-products, the quality of which can be widely used for economic purposes.

These results are achieved by the fact that in the known method of complex processing of mixed waste into useful products, which includes acceptance, express analysis, separation of waste into streams, recycling of waste in each separate stream, while obtaining useful and secondary products, the last of which are some streams are used as components in the processing of waste in other streams, in the proposed method, both solid and liquid wastes are processed, waste is divided into five streams, and useful products, as well as by-products, of some streams are used as components in the processing of streams in other streams, moreover, when processing waste along the first stream, the initial waste is first averaged, while sand is added to the waste mixture, and secondary products in the form of screening out a fine fraction of soil of III-IV hazard class from the second stream and in the form of a fine fraction of crushed construction waste from the fifth stream, and then into the averaged mixture in ash and slag waste, binders and sorbing reagents are led, curing, crushing and holding of the obtained useful product is carried out, in the second stream, sifting is first carried out with the release of soil of IV-V hazard classes, and then the separated soil is mixed with a sorbing reagent, a secondary product is added in the form fractions of crushed construction waste from the fifth stream, while obtaining a useful product, in the third stream, the waste is first mixed with a binder and sorbing reagents, a secondary product is added in the form of crushed wood and vegetable waste from the fourth stream, separation is carried out with the release of large inclusions, and then the mixture is dried, milled and granulated, while receiving by-products, in the fourth stream, crushing and milling are first carried out, and then the milled mixture is mixed with the obtained finished products in the form of a biocomponent from the third stream and in the form of a universal soil from the second stream, while receiving a useful product, according to the fifth stream, at first, sorting is carried out with the separation of by-products, and then secondary products are added to the remaining waste in the form of sifted soil of a coarse fraction from the second stream, a secondary product in the form of large granules obtained after drying and crushing of waste from of the third stream, and wood and vegetable waste class III. danger from the fourth stream, and then carry out the crushing of the mixture, while receiving by-products.

Also, the differences are that the initial waste is divided into streams according to properties, component composition and origin, and that liquid and pasty waste containing hydrocarbons, waste from mining and processing of minerals and ash-containing waste is processed in the first stream, and in the second - bulk waste containing a lot silica and inorganic substances, according to the third - pasty waste, in the form of sewage sludge, silt and manure, according to the fourth - agricultural waste and wood-plant waste, according to the fifth - coarse waste generated during the dismantling of structures. In addition, quicklime and cement are used as binding agents, and Glauconit-K is used as a sorbing agent.

The proposed method for the complex processing of mixed waste into useful products is implemented in the following way.

Waste processing is carried out on a prepared land plot (production site), divided into several technological sites, where technical equipment is placed, designed to perform specified technological processes and operations to obtain useful and secondary products. The production site is chosen taking into account the aeroclimatic characteristics, the terrain, the patterns of distribution of industrial emissions in the atmosphere, from the leeward side in relation to residential and recreational areas.

Mixed waste is delivered to the processing site by dump trucks, and sewage sludge and fresh manure are brought in by sludge suction machines equipped with mobile vacuum devices. When accepting waste at the site, the mass (volume) of received waste is monitored, and the input radiological control is carried out with a dosimeter - radiometer DRBP-03. Waste soil of III, IV and V hazard classes is stored separately in different stacks. The site has warehouses for storing chemical materials used in waste processing (Glauconit-K, cement, lime) and industrial water. In addition, truck wheels are washed on the site and drainage and surface runoff accumulation systems are installed.

Bulk waste and other inert materials are placed in specially storage facilities - piles, and liquid and pasty waste with high humidity is stored in steel containers or in a special mechanized warehouse with a moving floor. For the accumulation of secondary products obtained in the process of complex waste processing, special storage bins are used.

Waste is divided into streams according to properties, composition and origin. The first stream processes ash-containing waste, as well as liquid and pasty, which are formed during the extraction of minerals and contain hydrocarbons; on the second - loose soil waste, which is formed during stripping operations and contains a lot of silica and other inorganic substances; on the third - pasty wastes that are formed as a result of human and animal life (silt, manure) and sewage sludge (WWS); on the fourth - wood-plant waste (solid dispersed waste of plant origin, containing natural polymers such as cellulose and lignin); on the fifth - construction waste (coarse waste generated during the dismantling of structures).

For example, the implementation of the claimed method, a graphical representation of the technological process of complex processing of mixed waste in the form of a block diagram (Fig. 1) is additionally presented, with information support for the method as a whole and in each of the streams.

As useful products according to the proposed method, a series of techno-soils are obtained, which have different estimated indicators that determine the scope of their application. The received techno-soils are certified according to GOST and have a trademark, so the techno-soil obtained from the first stream has the “ETG-T1” brand, from the second - “ETG-T2”, from the fourth - “ETG-B”. The main characteristics of useful products in the form of techno-soils are presented in tables 1 and 2.

In addition to the produced industrial soils in the process of integrated waste disposal, by-products are obtained, in particular, from the third stream in the form of a granular biocomponent, and from the fifth stream, crushed stone, scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, broken reinforced concrete products, scrap brickwork and polymer raw materials are obtained.

When processing waste in the first stream, the initial waste is first averaged, excluding ash and slag waste. For this, sand, secondary products in the form of a fine fraction of soil screening of III-IV hazard class, and a fine fraction of crushed construction waste from the second and fifth streams, respectively, are added to the mixture. Mixing is carried out directly at the site of temporary waste accumulation in steel containers with an excavator bucket. Averaging is carried out in order to reduce moisture and bring waste to a homogeneous state. Ash and slag waste, reagents in the form of cement, quicklime and a sorbing reagent "Glauconit-K" (a mineral from the group of aluminosilicates according to TU 20.14.71-002-36700285-2-19) are added to the averaged waste. The amount of added reagents depends on the initial content of hydrocarbons in the processed waste, and the amount of the Glauconit-K sorbent is determined empirically by the value of the integral toxicity of the aqueous extract of the resulting techno-soil in accordance with PND F T14.1: 2: 3: 4.11-2004. If the value of the integral toxicity of the aqueous extract of the initial waste mixture does not exceed 20, no sorbent material is added.

Mixing of the components is carried out in a twin-shaft mixer, which makes it possible to obtain a mixture of high quality in terms of homogeneity. The consumption rates of the main types of raw materials, materials and energy resources for obtaining a useful product by the first flow are presented in Table 3. The mixing time of the components in the soil mixer is not less than one minute. Next, the mixture is cured, which lasts from two to 2 to 4 hours, after which the soil mixture is kept for at least two more days. The hardened soil mixture is subjected to crushing on an excavator with a screening bucket, which makes it possible to obtain a free-flowing granulometric material. After crushing, the soil is kept in air for at least two days, as a result of which it ripens.

The obtained useful product from the first flow in the form of technical soil and with the trademark "ETG-T1" is used for its intended purpose, in particular for the reclamation of landfills and other waste disposal facilities (sludge pits, etc.), including unauthorized ones. In addition, they are used for vertical leveling and recultivation of open pits, mine workings, dumping of cluster pads and inter-field roads, as well as other objects located on industrial lands.

When processing waste in the second stream, the soil is sifted with the release of a secondary product from it in the form of coarse soil and soil of III-IV class. danger. The remaining soil fraction IV-V class. hazards are mixed with components in the form of a sorbing component "Glauconit-K" and with a secondary product in the form of a fine fraction (less than 20 mm) of crushed construction waste from the fifth stream. Mixing of the resulting mixture is carried out in special soil mixing plants to obtain high quality homogeneity.

The amount of the sorbent "Glauconit-K", as well as for the first stream, is determined empirically by the value of the integral toxicity of the aqueous extract of the obtained technical universal soil in accordance with PND FT14.1: 2: 4.10-2004. Consumption rates of the main types of raw materials, materials and energy resources when obtaining a useful product in the second stream are presented in Table 3.

Soil from the second stream with the trademark "ETG-T2" is used for technical reclamation of ravines, quarries, excavations or for vertical planning and raising the level of the soil cover, as well as for various land management works for the reconstruction and arrangement of territories.

When processing waste through the third stream, the waste is first mixed with a binder and sorbing reagents, a secondary product is added in the form of crushed wood-plant waste from the fourth stream, separation is carried out with the release of large inclusions (clogging), and then the mixture is dried, grinding and granulating, while receiving by-product in the form of a biocomponent used to obtain a biological soil with the brand "ETG-B". The amount of binder and sorbent reagents is determined experimentally and experimentally with correction according to the recipe of the resulting useful product of the "ETG-B" brand.

When processing waste in the fourth stream, when processing waste in the fourth stream, first, crushing and grinding is carried out, and then the crushed mixture is mixed with the resulting finished products in the form of a biocomponent from the third stream and in the form of a universal soil from the second stream, thus obtaining a useful product in the form biological soil of the ETG-B brand. Crushing is carried out on a WEIMA HWV 250 type plant, and crushing on a WEIMA WL4 type plant or similar to obtain waste in the form of a finely dispersed mass. The consumption rates of the main types of raw materials, materials and energy resources for obtaining a useful product for the fourth stream are presented.

The obtained useful product from the fourth stream in the form of biological soil and with the trademark "ETG-B" is used for its intended purpose, in particular, for the reclamation of disturbed lands, the cultivation of clayey, poorly drained lands to create a favorable water-air regime and the soil structure necessary for plants , improving the fertility and structure of the soil, as a component of soil mixtures, as well as fertilizer on poor soils.

When processing waste in the fifth stream, first, sorting is carried out with the release of by-products, and then secondary products are added to the remaining waste in the form of sifted soil of a coarse fraction from the second stream, a secondary product in the form of coarse fractions (blockage) obtained after drying and crushing of waste from of the third stream, and wood and vegetable waste class III. danger from the fourth stream, and then carry out the crushing of the mixture, while receiving by-products.

The main secondary raw material for the fifth stream is crushed stone of two fractions (20-40 mm and 40-80 mm), used for use as fillers for concretes and mortars for various purposes. After sorting according to the specified stream, by-products are obtained in the form of scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, scrap of reinforced concrete products and scrap of brickwork, as well as polymer raw materials. Each separated by-product is used for economic purposes, for example, to strengthen embankments and artificial elevations of the relief in the vertical planning of territories, and polymer raw materials are sent for use in specialized production.

The proposed invention allows for a simple, economical and complex processing of liquid and solid waste of various types. In addition, to provide the reception of recovery of useful and secondary products of some streams as components in other streams and to obtain useful products in the form of techno-soils of different structure, including biological, which is just beginning to enter into widespread use. In addition to useful products, the method produces by-products, which are successfully used for economic purposes. The optimal balance of minerals in technical and biological soils makes it possible to successfully sell them on the consumer market under the trademarks "ETG-T1", "ETG-T2" and "ETG-B".

Claims (1)

A method of complex processing of mixed waste into useful products, in which acceptance, express analysis, separation of waste into streams, waste processing in each separate stream are carried out, while obtaining useful and secondary products, the last of which of some streams are used as components in waste processing in other streams, characterized in that both solid and liquid wastes are processed, waste is divided into five streams, and useful products, as well as by-products, of some streams are used as components when processing streams in other streams, and when processing of waste in the first stream containing ash-containing waste, as well as liquid and pasty waste generated during the extraction of minerals and containing hydrocarbons, the initial waste is first averaged, while sand and secondary products are added to the waste mixture in the form of screening out a fine fraction of soil III- IV hazard class from the second stream and in the form of small th fraction of crushed construction waste from the fifth stream, and then ash and slag waste, binders and sorbing reagents are introduced into the averaged mixture, curing, crushing and holding of the obtained useful product is carried out, in the second stream, the bulk soil waste generated during stripping work is first sifted, with by isolating soil of IV-V hazard classes, and then the separated soil is mixed with a sorbing reagent, a secondary product is added in the form of a fine fraction of crushed construction waste from the fifth stream, thus obtaining a useful product, the third stream is first mixed with pasty waste generated as a result of vital activity humans and animals, and sewage sludge with a binder and sorbing reagents, add a secondary product in the form of crushed wood and plant waste from the fourth stream, carry out separation with the release of large inclusions, and then carry out the drying of the mixture, grinding and granulating, obtaining In this by-product, in the fourth stream, at first, crushing and shredding of wood and vegetable waste is carried out, and then the crushed mixture is mixed with the obtained finished products in the form of a biocomponent from the third stream and in the form of a universal soil from the second stream, while obtaining a useful product, according to the fifth the flow is first sorted by construction waste with the release of by-products, and then secondary products are added to the remaining construction waste in the form of sifted coarse soil from the second stream, the secondary product in the form of large granules obtained after drying and crushing of waste from the third stream, and wood vegetable waste of III hazard class from the fourth stream, and then crushing the mixture is carried out, while receiving by-product raw materials.

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