RU2740106C1 - Method for selection of tomato hybrids for industrial greenhouses in the urals zone - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; biotechnologies.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and biotechnology, in particular to growing tomatoes on low-water hydroponics in greenhouses with high roofing. Method of selecting tomato hybrids for industrial greenhouses includes selecting hybrids, growing seedlings, planting seedlings on mats in a greenhouse, caring for planted plants, phenological observations, harvesting and analysis of crops, calculation of economic efficiency and profitability of hybrids in comparison with control. Experiment involves high-height heterosis domestic selection hybrids for the third light zone. As seedlings plants with one blossoming brush are planted, at cultivation standardization of quantity of fruits on a plant is carried out, limiting on hand on 4 fruits. Tomatoes are collected three times a week, with intermediate control of plant height and leaves. Efficiency of hybrids is selected by weight, quality, yield and profitability considering vitamin C content and tasting assessment of fruits.

EFFECT: invention provides improved methods of testing and detecting high-productive, domestic diseases resistant to domestic heterosis tall tomato hybrids for extended turnover of modern greenhouse industrial plants exceeding existing imported varieties recommended by manufacturers for such greenhouses.

1 cl, 2 dwg, 9 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and biotechnology, in particular to growing tomatoes in low-volume hydroponics in industrial greenhouses with a high roof.

In Russia, the population's demand for tomato fruits grown in greenhouses has sharply increased, since they, due to the acquired preservation gene, have a longer year-round implementation period compared to fruits in open ground. In the conditions of the Middle Urals, belonging to the III light zone, about 40% of the area of winter greenhouses is occupied by tomato, since its cultivation in open ground is difficult by climatic conditions. On this basis, increasing the production of high-quality tomato is an urgent problem today. To solve which, a greenhouse complex was built in Yekaterinburg according to the project of the Gollan firm "ARN" with an area of 12 hectares. which uses Dutch technology to grow vegetables in low-volume hydroponics in a computer-controlled industrial greenhouse.

Due to the organization in Russia of seed production of bred high-yielding heterotic hybrids and obtaining new ones that are even more productive with improved useful properties, it became possible to use seeds of heterotic hybrids of domestic selection in industrial year-round greenhouses instead of imported seeds. [one].

The source of the increase in tomato production is the improvement of the technology of its production through the introduction of the latest technology of low-volume hydroponics, which allows to reduce material labor costs and get up to 45-50 kg of fruits from 1 m ² .

Great hopes are pinned on high-yielding varieties of domestic breeding as one of the most effective ways to further increase crop productivity. Their seeds contain a genetic program for plant development, but it begins to function only under certain environmental conditions.

For each zone and type of greenhouses, within the framework of import substitution, it is necessary to select new varieties and hybrids of seeds that would have fruits with high technological properties, have parthenocarpies and high resistance to major diseases.

During production tests in the experiment, hybrids and varieties are evaluated according to economic characteristics, their full description and characteristics are given for transfer to the State Variety Test.

In greenhouses, the tomato is represented mainly by heterotic hybrids. The use of the effect of heterosis, which manifests itself in the more powerful development of many economically valuable traits in the F1 offspring, is one of the methods for increasing the productive properties of plants.

At the present time, a large experimental material has been accumulated, indicating a significant advantage of hybrids of the first generation of tomato in comparison with parental forms and the best zoned varieties in terms of yield and especially early maturity. [2].

Mineral wool is used as a substrate in industrial greenhouses.

With the beginning of bud formation, the seedlings are planted in a forcing greenhouse and placed on mineral wool, next to the cut holes.

This arrangement of cubes allows you to observe a limited water regime in the root system. The temperature in the blocks must be at least 16 ° C.

The dropper is placed over the top of the pot. After planting, watering is carried out, in the first three weeks watering should be minimal, this will ensure the development of a powerful root system. Planting in the holes is performed when 2-3 brushes will bloom on the plant, and on the first there will be a fruit the size of a pea. After planting, it is necessary to ensure a regular supply of the solution.

The nutrient solution must be fed continuously as the mineral wool contains almost no nutrients. In the solution, it is necessary to maintain a pH within 5-6, this is the optimal indicator. If the pH is below 5, mineral wool is destroyed, damaging the roots, if above 6, the plant will not be able to absorb nutrients normally.

Care begins with a garter of seedlings planted on rock wool. Tied with a free twine knot on the bobbin, which is fixed at the height of the trellis.

Attention should be paid to the formation of plants. All shoots from the sinuses are removed, preventing them from overgrowing, they can weaken the growth of the apical bud. The leaves are removed gradually, every week 1-2 leaves as they grow. To prevent the brushes with tomatoes from breaking, they put on plastic brush holders. When a blanche color appears on the fruits, the collection begins. With a tomato growing system from January to November, plant aging is not provided, on the contrary, all agricultural practices should be aimed at long-term fruiting of each plant.

For better fruit setting, sufficient pollination of the flowers formed in the clusters is of great importance. Bumblebees are recognized as the best pollinators. One hive is enough to pollinate plants on an area of 2000 m2 for 2-3 months. The hive is protected from direct sunlight and placed at a height in a well-ventilated place. [3].

Particular attention should be paid to maintaining the optimal microclimate parameters. Lighting in the greenhouse depends on the cleanliness of the glass and the growing season in different months of the year and on the state of the weather, that is, it is a difficult factor to control. Temperature is a well-controlled microclimate element. It is generally accepted during the growing season of tomato plants to consider the optimal temperature on a sunny day 25-26 ° С, on a cloudy day - 21-23 ° С, at night 17-18 ° С.

In the fight against ticks, biological control methods are widely used with the help of phytoseilus, gall midge, lacewing, encarsia. The development of new varieties of tomato that are resistant to diseases and pests significantly reduces the use of pesticides. Breeding early ripening, high-yield varieties makes it possible to identify varieties that are more suitable for cultivation in a given ecological zone. The use of disease-resistant tomato hybrids together with bio-methods for protecting plants from pests will improve the ecological situation in protected ground conditions and obtain an environmentally friendly product.

For a number of reasons, the introduction of pesticide-free technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops on a large scale is impossible, therefore, chemical means of protection will be used.

The company uses various insecticides (Aktara, Fufanon), fungicides (Delan, Consul).

It is known to use selection methods, selection and selection for obtaining tomato hybrids according to the desired shape or color with elements of their cultivation technology using as a control a hybrid of Italian selection Romano for III and V light zones [4]. However, such studies have not been carried out for industrial greenhouses in the Urals zone.

The purpose of the invention, when researching in an experiment for the selection of tomato hybrids in industrial greenhouses of the Urals zone, to carry out import substitution, to test and identify highly productive, resistant to major diseases, domestic heterotic tall tomato hybrids for extended circulation of modern greenhouse industrial plants in greenhouses with a high roof with a control import version of tomato hybrid Romano for a low-volume method of growing in greenhouses, which in terms of yield, quality of fruits and profitability surpass the existing imported varieties recommended by manufacturers for such greenhouses.

To achieve the goal, you must:

Провести фенологические наблюдения за развитием испытываемых гибридов томата.

Carry out phenological observations of the development of the tested tomato hybrids.

Определить изменения биометрических показателей гибридов томата и провести оценку коллекционного материала гибридов F 1.

Determine changes in biometric indicators of tomato hybrids and assess the collection material of F 1 hybrids.

Определить урожайность изучаемых гибридов.

Determine the yield of the studied hybrids.

Определить биохимический состав и «лежкость» томата с учетом содержания витамина С и дегустационной оценки.

Determine the biochemical composition and keeping quality of tomato taking into account the content of vitamin C and tasting assessment.

Рассчитать экономическую эффективность и рентабельность выращивания отечественных гетирозисных гибридов томата на малообъемной гидропонике промышленных теплиц и выбрать рекомендованные гибриды с учетом содержания витамина С и дегустационной оценки плодов.

Calculate the economic efficiency and profitability of growing domestic heterosis tomato hybrids in low-volume hydroponics of industrial greenhouses and select the recommended hybrids taking into account the vitamin C content and fruit tasting assessment.

The experiments were carried out in a modern greenhouse complex JSC "Teplichnoye", which is located in the northern part of Yekaterinburg in the village of Sadovy. Sadovy is a settlement within the municipal entity "city of Yekaterinburg" in the Sverdlovsk region.

At the greenhouse complex there is an administrative and production block, engineering infrastructure (boiler room, gas-water, power supply systems).

A block-type greenhouse with an area of 4 hectares, a width of 100 m and a length of 400 m, is equipped with a multi-circuit heating system. Greenhouse cover - glass.

The plants are grown in 30 cm wide hanging gutters on a rock wool substrate. Each plant has a drip irrigation system. The complex provides an optimal microclimate and the number of irrigations, screening, opening and closing of transoms, regulates a special computer in an automated mode. The greenhouse has a platform under a common roof for loading cardboard boxes with fruits on pallets and moving them using forklifts. During the research, phenological and biometric observations were carried out, as well as accounting and determining the quality of yield.

1. Phenological observations include identifying and recording:

Появление единичных всходов

The emergence of single shoots

Появление массовых всходов

The emergence of mass seedlings

Появление первого настоящего листа

The appearance of the first true sheet

Дружность всходов

Germination

Продолжительность прохождения периода фенофазы

The duration of the passage of the phenophase period

2. Biometric counts were carried out on typical plants with the following recorded:

Динамика роста главного стебля

Growth dynamics of the main stem

Длина листовой поверхности

Sheet surface length

Длина главного стебля.

The length of the main stem.

3. Accounting for yield and weight of fruits was carried out by weighing.

4. Calculation of economic efficiency, including production costs, cost, net income, profitability.

Due to the fact that the sowing of tomatoes is carried out in December, the annual harvest is formed in the period from January to September, throughout the entire period it is advisable to pay increased attention to caring for the plants.

Agricultural technology in the experiment is presented in table 1.

Tomato plants are grown using a low-volume technology on mineral wool. The seeds are sown in cassettes. Then they dive into mineral wool cubes. After the seedlings have grown, the greenhouse is prepared in the planting: the substrate is laid out, the droppers are installed, the hooks with twine for the garter of the plants are hung, the mats are saturated with a mineral solution. Plants are placed next to the slots in the mats and tied up. They are planted on mats with the first blooming brush.

Tomato plants are grown using a low-volume technology on mineral wool. The seeds are sown in cassettes. Then they dive into mineral wool cubes. After the seedlings have grown, the greenhouse is prepared in the planting: the substrate is laid out, the droppers are installed, the hooks with twine for the garter of the plants are hung, the mats are saturated with a mineral solution. Plants are placed next to the slots in the mats and tied up. They are planted on mats with the first blooming brush.

During the growth of the plant, stepchildren are removed from them, brush holders are placed immediately after flowering. The number of fruits is normalized, leaving 4 fruits on one hand. Remove the bottom leaf when brushing with fruits. Fruiting brushes are cut off. Tomatoes are harvested 3 times a week. They carry out preventive work to protect plants. Twisting of the stem and lowering the plant are carried out with the staples being laid.

The acidity in the mat during the growing season varies from 5.5 to 6. The concentration of the nutrient solution changes depending on the growth and development of plants, as well as on solar radiation. The concentration in the mats varied from 3 to 4.5 mS / cm. The composition of the nutrient solution also changed. As the tomato plants grow and develop after planting the mats, the dose of nitrogen and calcium decreases and the dose of potassium increases. In case of a lack of any elements, foliar feeding is carried out.

At the end of the season, disinfection is carried out on plant residues,

cleaning of drainage drains, flushing of the system. The stem is cut at the root. Cut it off the trellis. Collect mats and droppers and thoroughly disinfect the greenhouse.

All hybrids were sown on December 5, 2017. Seedlings, picking, planting in the main place occurred simultaneously in all the studied hybrids. Despite this, the flowering and fruiting of each hybrid took place at its own time, with a slight difference from the others. The earliest were hybrids 959 and 1083, which turned out to be 3 days earlier than the control variant. The hybrid 959 was the first to enter fruiting, 3 days ahead of the control variant Romano. The second to start bearing fruit were hybrids 960 and 1083 (Table 2).

All hybrids were sown in the same day. Sprouting, picking and exhibition on mats took place simultaneously. The difference in development began with the timing of flowering, all studied hybrids outstripped the control hybrid in flowering (Table 3).

The hybrids F1959 and F11083 were the very first to bloom, despite the fact that flowering began at the same time, they began bearing fruit with a difference of one day. The F1960 hybrid started flowering 2 days later than the F11083 hybrid, but they entered fruiting at the same time. Hybrids F11085 and F11086 began to bear fruit later than all, with a difference of 10 days with hybrid F1959. All hybrids were harvested simultaneously.

Growing tomatoes on low-volume hydroponics involves technological operations, therefore, the main operations are carried out simultaneously, and the number of days from sowing to picking, exhibitions on mats, exhibitions in mats and the end of fruiting are the same (Table 3). Differences in the studied hybrids were observed only during the passage of phenophases. The duration of the periods of passage of phenophases between cultivars differed by only a few days.

Compared to the control hybrid Romano, the F1 959, F1 960 and F1 1083 hybrids entered fruiting earlier. Hybrids F1 1085 and F1 1086 entered fruiting 7 days later than the control hybrid. In the rest of the hybrids, the timing of the entry into fruiting coincided with the timing of the entry into fruiting of the F1 control hybrid Romano.

Growing tomatoes in high-roofed greenhouses allows the installation of tall trellises for plant garters. By the method of lowering, the length of the plants reached 7.8-11.8 m (table. 4).

The F1 959, F1 960, F1 1082 and F1 1085 hybrids were found to be higher than the F1 Romano control hybrid. The rest of the hybrids were inferior in height to the F1 Romano hybrid.

Hybrid 959 gained the highest height by the end of the growing season - 11.8 m, which turned out to be 1.4 m higher than the control F1 Romano (K) hybrid. The second highest was hybrid 1085, its stem length was 11.6 m. hybrid 1084, the stem length of which was 7.8 m.

The average monthly growth of the stems of the hybrids varied from 0.5 m at the end of the growing season to 1.7 m at the beginning and middle of the growing season.

At the beginning and in the middle of development, the hybrids F ₁ 959, F ₁ 1085, and F ₁ 1086 had the greatest increase in comparison with the control hybrid, and at the end of the growing season they greatly reduced the growth rate. The smallest gain in all periods was in hybrids F ₁ 1080 and F ₁ 1083. By the end of the growing season, the gain in almost all hybrids decreased, only hybrid F ₁ 960 continued to grow actively.

The development of the leaf apparatus is very important for plants.

Data on the difference in leaf lamina between plants are presented in Table 5.

The difference in the length of leaves on tomatoes in dynamics varied within 10 cm at the beginning and middle of the growing season and 15 cm at the end of the growing season. The largest leaves were in the F1 959 and F1 1085 hybrids. The leaf length of each cultivar varied from month to month; at the beginning of the growing season, the leaf length in the F1 959, F1 960 and F1 967 hybrids exceeded the leaf length in the control hybrid; however, by the beginning of fruiting, the leaf length the control hybrid briefly exceeded the leaf length of all other hybrids. But by the middle of the growing season, the leaf length of the control hybrid began to decrease.

The number of leaves in hybrids varied from 57 to 75 pieces. Hybrid F1 959 outperformed the control hybrid by 1.5 times in the number of leaves.

The number of leaves per plant was maximum in the F1 959 hybrid and amounted to 75 for the entire growing season, and the minimum in the F1 1082, F1 1083, F1 1085 hybrids and the F1 Romano control hybrid (K).

Data on the yield of the studied hybrids, weight and "keeping quality" of fruits are shown in table 6, and in Fig. 1 and FIG. 2.

In terms of fruit weight, the difference between the hybrids was significant and ranged from 125.2 g to 280 g.

The fruits of all hybrids were found to be larger than those of the control hybrid. Some hybrids are 2-2.5 times larger than the control. The largest were F1 1085, F1 1083, and F1 959 hybrids, the rest of the studied hybrids were not much inferior in fruit size.

Most of the studied hybrids not only were not inferior in yield to the control F1 Romano hybrid, but even exceeded it. However, some hybrids F1 960, F1 1080 and F1 1081 are still inferior in yield to the control sample.

The most productive according to the results of the experiment was the hybrid F1 959 - 64.8 kg / m ² , the second in terms of productivity was the hybrid F1 1085 - 58 kg / m ² , the third - hybrid F1 1083 - 55.2 kg / m ² . The lowest yield was shown by the F1 960 hybrid, its yield was 37 kg / m ² . The control hybrid F1 Romano (K) was in 8th place, its yield was 42.5 kg / m ² . The highest content of vitamin "C" in the hybrid is 1080 (Table 7).

None of the studied hybrids in terms of taste score was inferior to the control hybrid, most hybrids have a taste rating significantly higher than the taste rating of the control F1 Romano hybrid.

Hybrid 959 received the highest rating for taste; on a five-point scale, its assessment was 4.8 points. The hybrid 967 is in second place - 4.6 points. The control hybrid F1 Romano (K) scored 3 points and was in last place along with hybrids 1081, 1086.

None of the hybrids showed an excess of the amount of nitrates, their amount is at a fairly low level.

The dry matter content did not vary much between different hybrids, from this it can be concluded that its content does not depend on the hybrid.

All hybrids except F1 950, F1 1082 and F1 1083 surpassed the Romano hybrid in the amount of sugars. The highest sugar content of the F1 1081 hybrid, and the lowest is the F1 959 hybrid.

In terms of the amount of vitamin C, hybrid F1 Romano is inferior to the studied tomato hybrids, it contains the lowest amount of vitamin - 25.5%. The highest vitamin C content in the F1 1080 hybrid is 36.5%.

Economic efficiency is the ratio of the effect obtained and the costs. With regard to agriculture, efficiency is understood as an increase in output with lower costs of all types of resources used per unit of output. The efficiency of agricultural production will increase in direct proportion to the increase in crop yields at constant costs.

The calculation of economic efficiency is carried out according to the main indicators, taking into account production costs - table 8.

For all variants of the experiment, the number of days of plant care was 345 days. For planting, during the experiment, 50 cubes and 50 corks were used for planting plants. and mineral wool mats 22 pcs. The cost of 1 cube is 24 rubles, the cost of all cubes is 1200 rubles, the cost of 1 cork is 4 rubles, the cost of all corks is 200 rubles, the cost of 1 mat is 300 rubles, the cost of mats is 6600 rubles. For the total number of seeds used in the experiment 50 pcs. the price is 100 rubles. The average salary is 132 rubles per hour. Water consumption for drip irrigation is 4.5 liters per 1 m ² . Electricity consumption is 18 hours a day.

Costs are calculated according to the following indicators:

Зw - electricity costs; Zw = H * w * c; Where

H is the number of hours of supplementary lighting, hour; W - electric power of the lamp kW; C - price for 1 kW / hour, rub.

Зw (18 hours, 31 days) = 630 * 0.036 * 3.50 = 79.38 rubles.

Зq - water costs; q = V * D * T; V is the volume; D is the number of days; T is the tariff; Зq = 29.16 * 0.0045 * 345 = 18.01 rubles.

Sat = PZ / U, where Sat is the cost of production, rubles / kg;

ПЗ - production costs; Y - yield, kg.

Reducing the cost of production is the main way to improve production efficiency (table 9).

An economic assessment showed that it is most profitable to grow hybrids F1 959 and F1 1085 as import substitution, because their profitability exceeds the profitability of the control variety, and from the studied hybrids it is inappropriate to grow hybrids F ₁ 960, F ₁ 1080 and F ₁ 1081, since their profitability lower than that of the control variety.

Observation of the growth and development of plants showed that the studied samples differed in the length of the stem, the presence of acid in the fruits, the type of fruit surface, the shape of the fruit and productivity, having a high potential for useful traits for breeding work.

The transition of plants from one phase to another did not depend on the date of emergence of seedlings, which made it possible to characterize the true properties of the hybrids.

The time of passage of phenophases by plants does not affect the increase in the final crop yield, which must be taken into account when selecting pairs for crossing. Opposite characters with their different periods of growth and development make it possible to obtain hybrids necessary for productivity.

The taste qualities of most of the studied fruits from hybrids according to the results of the organoleptic method are quite high and not lower than the control.

Phenological observations showed that the emergence of seedlings and the first leaf in all the studied hybrids was simultaneous. The fruit of the 959 hybrid reached technical ripeness 1 day earlier than other hybrids.

In terms of productivity, of all the studied hybrids in the control nursery, the highest results were shown by the F1 959, F1967, F1 1082, F1 1083, F1 1084, F1 1085, F1 1086 hybrids, which outperformed in the overall productivity of F1 Romano (K), but only F1 959 hybrids and F1 1085 are highly profitable to grow.

В рамках импортозамещения следует рекомендовать для Госсортоиспытания и дальнейшего внесения в государственный реестр следующие гибриды для промышленных тепличных комбинатов на малообъемной гидропонике: 1085 и 959.

Within the framework of import substitution, the following hybrids for industrial greenhouse plants using low-volume hydroponics should be recommended for State Variety testing and further entry into the state register: 1085 and 959.

Using the results of the research, an application for a patent for a breeding achievement was filed for entering into the State Register of Breeding Achievements an indeterminate hybrid of tomato for growing in greenhouses with a yield of up to 45 kg / m ² - F1 breeding number ACT-1085 proposed name MASTER.

The study is devoted to topical problems of modern tomato breeding for protected ground and is aimed at import substitution, improving methods for obtaining a variety of starting materials that combine a set of economically valuable traits and serve to create new, more advanced varieties and heterotic intensive hybrids that would meet the ever-increasing requirements of the vegetable growing industry. ... According to the results of experiments and analysis of economic efficiency, it can be seen that it is profitable to grow domestic hybrids according to the proposed method, this is evidenced by the lower cost of production and high profitability, which makes it possible to recommend the proposed method for implementation in production.

The novelty of the development (invention) is the use of heterosis hybrids of Russian breeding as import substitution for growing tomatoes in industrial greenhouse complexes in the Urals zone without changing the technology recommended by the developers while increasing the tomato yield and product quality above control with an unobvious effect in the form of an increase in yield and production profitability.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Recommendations for the governing bodies of the agro-industrial complex of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and agricultural producers on the use of the most advanced projects of modern greenhouses for different zones with the maximum replacement of imported materials and equipment with domestic ones: instructional method. Edition. - M .: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2015. - 92 p.

2. Vaschenko S.F. Methodical recommendations for conducting experiments with vegetable crops in protected ground structures / S.F. Vaschenko, T.A. Nabatova - M .: VASKHNIL, 1976.

3. Akhatov A.K. The world of tomato through the eyes of a phytopathologist / A.K. Akhatov - M .: Ed. "KMK", 2010.

4. Selection of large-fruited hybrids of tomato with an egg-shaped fruit for protected ground and the development of technology elements for their cultivation: dissertation ... candidate of agricultural. n. / Redichkina Tatiana Alexandrovna; All-Russian Research Institute for Selection and Seed Production of Vegetable Crops, 2016 .-- 152 p.

Claims (1)

A method for the selection of tomato hybrids for industrial greenhouses, including the selection of hybrid seeds, growing seedlings, planting seedlings on mats in a greenhouse, caring for planted plants, phenological observations, harvesting and analyzing the crop, calculating the economic efficiency and profitability of hybrids in comparison with the control, characterized by the fact that that in the experiment, tall heterotic hybrids of domestic selection for the 3rd light zone are used, and plants with one flowering brush are planted as seedlings, and when growing, the number of fruits per plant is normalized, limiting 4 fruits per brush, while picking tomatoes is carried out three once a week, with intermediate control of plant height and leaf size, and the effectiveness of hybrids is distinguished by weight, quality, yield and profitability, taking into account the content of vitamin C and the tasting assessment of the fruit.

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