RU2717250C1 - Technogenic soil and method for production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to reclamation of oil-contaminated lands, in particular to production of soils during disposal of drilling wastes. Sorbent and additives are regularly distributed over drilling wastes. Then, half of design volume of sand is added to wastes. Formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed to produce a homogeneous mixture. At the second stage of soil preparation, cement is uniformly distributed over the obtained mixture and the second half of the calculated volume of sand is added. Obtained mixture is re-mixed, after mixing the mixture is leveled. First type soil is held in the sludge tank cell or in the cone on the accumulation platform up to one day. In order to produce technogenic second type soil at the third stage, immediately after mixing the mixture, peat is applied and distributed uniformly on the ground surface of technogenic first type and mixed at once, at the end of mixing the mixture is leveled.

EFFECT: improved productivity of oil-contaminated lands.

4 cl, 2 dwg, 7 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the protection of the natural environment, in particular to technogenic soil for the restoration of oil-contaminated and disturbed lands.

The prior art known binder soil and reclamation composition, including mixture products: water; carbohydrate; protein; iron compounds; strong base and fibrous material (US 7005005, publ. 28.02.2006).

A known composition for the remediation of oil-contaminated soils, in which finely dispersed sulfur is used as the oil-oxidizing component, is added activated sludge or organic and adsorbent to intensify the biodegradation process, and non-degassed or insufficiently degassed sulfur can be used as the oil-oxidizing component (RU 2009101698, published July 27, 2010).

Disadvantages are insufficient decontamination of oil sludge and other contaminants.

The problem to which the claimed group of inventions is directed is to create technogenic soil options for the restoration of oil-contaminated and disturbed lands, which would eliminate the above disadvantages.

The technical result of the proposed claimed group of inventions is to improve environmental conditions, restore the productivity of oil-contaminated and disturbed lands and, accordingly, reduce oil-contaminated sites.

In the process of drilling wells, drilling fluid is used that rotates, lubricates and cools the drilling tool, compensates for downhole pressure, strengthens the walls of the borehole and brings to the surface cuttings that become when the drill pipe exits from the external tray of the drilling rig - drill cuttings.

Wells are drilled by a group across several horizons. At the completion of drilling of one horizon and the beginning of the drilling of another, the drilling fluid changes, which becomes the spent drilling fluid.

Water is also used to flush the drilling tool, vibrating screens and auxiliary equipment of the drilling rig, taken from specially drilled one or two water wells. Upon exiting from the external tray of the drilling rig, the contaminated process water becomes drilling waste water.

During drilling, the main part of the drilling fluid with its chemical reagents, passing through a four-stage cleaning system, goes back to production. On the external tray of the drilling rig, only the solution is discharged when changing the drilling intervals. Thus, the entry of contaminants into the sludge barn is minimized.

Design decisions provide for waste management:

- formation water in the extraction of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with geological exploration in the field of mineral resources;

- drilling fluids used for drilling oil, gas and gas condensate wells;

- clay-based drilling fluids, water-based, while drilling related to the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate;

- clay-based drilling fluids based on water with the addition of biodegradable polymers spent on drilling related to the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate, using a clay-based drilling mud, water-based;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate, using a drilling fluid based on hydrocarbon;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate, using a clay-based mud drilling fluid with the addition of biodegradable polymers;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate, using a water-based saline drilling mud with the addition of biodegradable polymers;

- drilling wastewater during drilling related to crude oil production;

- waste (sediment) sedimentation of drilling wastewater;

- asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits during the cleaning and washing of oilfield equipment;

- drill cuttings from overhaul of wells in the extraction of crude oil, natural gas and gas condensate;

- drill cuttings during drilling associated with the extraction of fresh and brackish groundwater;

- sand contaminated with oil or oil products;

- soil contaminated with oil or oil products;

- solid residues from the burning of production and consumption wastes, including similar municipal ones, generated at the objects of exploration, oil and gas production;

- ashes and slags from incinerators and waste heat treatment plants;

- solid residues from the burning of oily waste.

Technogenic soil (GT) is obtained as a result of the disposal of waste generated during the drilling of production, exploration, prospecting wells, wells associated with underground water production, during the reconstruction of wells and construction of auxiliary wells, and depending on the direction of use, two types are produced. A method for producing GT is the utilization of drilling waste due to mechanical mixing with the starting components.

GT Type 1 is a dispersed bonded technologically modified under natural occurrence conditions and displaced natural mineral soil, similar in physical and mechanical properties to ordinary clay soils mined or formed during overburden operations.

GT type 2 is a dispersed bonded technogenic displaced and altered initially natural peaty organic-mineral soil.

GT Type 1 can be used for excavation of construction and remediation activities carried out at the facilities of production and auxiliary infrastructure of fields, laying in the body of the road and construction of pavement.

GT Type 2 is used in the biological restoration of disturbed lands at the main and auxiliary infrastructure facilities for oil and gas fields.

The condition for waste disposal is the initial technologically permissible physico-chemical state of the waste before entering directly for disposal.

Wastes should have waste passports and / or certificates indicating their composition, properties and hazard class for hazardous waste. If there is a lack of baseline information about the waste in the passports and certificates or their annexes, clarifying physical and chemical studies should be carried out on the missing indicators before the start of work on their disposal.

In the absence of Passports and Waste Certificates or the absence of the proper component composition, physical and chemical studies should be carried out in them with the participation of a laboratory that has the appropriate license, accreditation and certification, with the preparation of these documents and their approval by authorized state bodies before starting work.

The waste going to the disposal must meet the original or technologically acceptable, according to table 1.

In case of exceeding the indicators, according to the declared parameters in the waste received for processing, it is allowed to bring the indicators to acceptable parameters.

Quantitative indicators of the main components that make up the GT should correspond to the parameters listed in table 2.

The main components for obtaining GT are:

a) waste generated by:

- when drilling using sludge pits,

- when drilling using temporary sludge collectors,

- when drilling in a barn-free manner;

b) mineral soils in accordance with GOST 25100;

c) cements in accordance with GOST 10178, GOST 31108, GOST 30515;

d) additives: soil chemical stabilizer, type SoilBond according to the certificate of conformity ROSS SN.AG75.N01347 or another having a regulatory document approved in the prescribed manner

d) sorbents:

- quicklime according to GOST 9179;

- fly ash according to GOST 25818

e) peat according to GOST R 33162, GOST R 51661.4

The materials used in waste disposal must have documents (passports, conclusions and certificates) accompanying them upon release by the manufacturer, indicating and confirming all the necessary characteristics required by the relevant regulatory documents for the material.

Man-made soil characteristics

According to the granulometric composition and plasticity number, Type 1 HT corresponds to clay soils (sandy loam or light loam) in accordance with the classification according to GOST 25100. According to the content of organic substances, Type 1 is a mineral soil in accordance with the classification according to GOST 25100. According to the content of readily soluble salts, Type GT 1 is non-saline or slightly saline soil in accordance with the classification in accordance with GOST 25100. According to radiation safety (UEAER) GT Type 1 refers to I or II class of building materials in accordance with GOST 30108.

According to the content of organic substances, Type 2 is an organo-mineral soil in accordance with the classification according to GOST 25100. According to the content of readily soluble salts, Type 2 is non-saline or slightly saline soil in accordance with the classification according to GOST 25100. According to radiation safety (UEER), Type 2 refers to I or II class of building materials in accordance with GOST 30108. According to the pH value of the water extract and the granulometric composition of Type 2 GT, it can be attributed to potentially fertile cohesive non-cemented soils according to GOST 17.5. 1.03.

The moisture content of GT is not determined and is accepted as the natural humidity of clay soil placed in the open air.

Indicators controlled without fail in each batch of GT should correspond to the values given in table 3.

Other necessary parameters and physico-chemical characteristics of gas turbines can be determined additionally by agreement with the customer or by the requirement of state environmental authorities both before and during the waste disposal process, and after receiving the final product.

The required properties of the GT should be monitored in stages (input and acceptance control):

- input - at the stage of determining the suitability of the feedstock for disposal using serial machinery and equipment for general and special purposes;

- acceptance - at the stage of determining the main parameters of the final product of disposal, as soil for earthworks safe for the environment.

The transportation of finished GT as soil for excavation is carried out to the place of use or storage by road in bulk in open dump trucks equipped with sides to exclude its losses.

The range and speed of transportation of GTs is not limited by distance and time periods, with the exception of the general rules of the road, as well as the natural and climatic restrictions existing for such types of transport operations.

Storage of GT as a finished product is carried out in open areas with a prepared (planned) soil (gravel) base or hard (road slabs) pavement, with porches accessible for vehicles.

At storage sites, the hydraulic structures are stored in conical or pyramidal stacks, the size of which depends on the number of accumulated hydraulic structures, their storage time in the stacks is determined by the dynamics of the need for hydraulic structures during excavation.

Technical solutions for waste disposal are divided into stages into (Fig. 1, where OB - drilling waste, NSO - oily waste, KO - hazard class, GT - technogenic soil):

- preparatory stage;

- preparation of waste for disposal;

- recycling;

- use of the obtained GT;

- restoration of accommodation facilities and disturbed lands

The influence of the climatic characteristics of the area on the performance of work

The climatic characteristics of the area of work allows the disposal of waste using technical solutions described in the project in the following time periods:

- work within the preparatory phase is carried out year-round without restrictions;

- preparatory work related to the pumping out of the liquid phase of the waste is carried out during positive temperatures (tentatively, from mid-April to mid-October);

- disposal of waste in sludge pits is carried out with the appropriate consistency of waste (fluid plastic or fluid), allowing mixing (approximately, from early May to early November)

- disposal of drilling waste from under the drilling rig in temporary storage is carried out year-round, provided that the positive temperature of the mixed mixture from the original components is maintained;

- the use of finished products is carried out year-round without restrictions;

- implementation of the technical phase of reclamation year-round without restrictions;

- the biological stage of reclamation is carried out during the growing season, depending on the type of crops and plantings (tentatively, from mid-April to September - October)

Preparatory stages of work

During the design of work permits, an analysis of hazardous production factors should be carried out. The results (as stipulated by the requirements for hazardous work) must be reflected either in the form of the permit order, or in a separate plan for the implementation of work to protect health, labor, the environment), attached to the permit, or in the description of the method attached to side-tolerance. An analysis of hazardous production factors should include:

- identification of hazardous factors and determination of their impact;

- assessment of hazardous factors and their impact;

- determination of the required controls;

- restoration work necessary in the event of a dangerous situation.

Earthwork should be carried out under the supervision of a responsible work producer and a representative of the communications owner organization, if necessary, approaching underground communications lines, technological rooms, wells less than 3 m.

In the immediate vicinity of underground utilities, soil development is allowed only manually with the help of shovels, without sharp blows. The use of percussion instruments (crowbars, picks, pneumatic tools) is prohibited.

If underground works that were previously unknown were discovered during the work, the work should be stopped immediately before receiving permission to work from the organization-owner of the communications.

All workers (specialists and workers) should be organized into working groups. In each working group, a leader should be appointed who is responsible for the state of labor safety in the area of work entrusted to him, as well as persons who can provide first aid if necessary in an accident.

During remediation work, it is necessary to follow standard instructions for the safe operation of the equipment, technical equipment and materials used. The reclaimed land should be contoured with information signs.

Work participants should be familiarized with the terrain, the location of technical equipment, communications, fire fighting equipment and medical care posts.

When performing work at the company's facilities, all participants must have special clothing appropriate for the season and specific types of work, and PPE appropriate to the nature of the work performed.

At the end of the work, the equipment and people should be removed from the place of work, the entire tool removed, the protective equipment put in order. The person responsible for the work must close the work permit and hand it over to the issuing person.

Preparing waste for disposal

Before recycling, it is necessary to carry out preliminary preparation - bring the basic technological parameters of raw materials to the required values.

Waste arriving for disposal, regardless of the way they are generated, must meet the original or technologically acceptable, according to table 3.

If the total moisture content of the waste is exceeded, preliminary liquid pumping of the drilling waste liquid phase is carried out to bring the total humidity value to the requirements of the technical conditions for incoming raw materials.

The liquid phase of drilling waste is pumped into the oil collector for further use in the process at booster pump stations.

If the pH value of the aqueous extract of waste exceeds 11.5 units. and / or toxic than hazard class III in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources No. 511, raw materials are not accepted for disposal

If the values of the indicators “chloride-ion”, “sulfate-ion”, “oil products” are exceeded, the waste is preliminarily diluted with mineral natural soils to reduce the values corresponding to the values specified in the technical conditions.

Waste management is limited to the territory of infrastructure facilities of deposits whose land is in permanent or temporary land use by a subsoil user company, i.e. on well sites with sludge pits or temporary sludge traps having environmental embankments.

Drilling utilization

After preparing the waste for disposal, the area of the sludge barn is divided into technological cells with cutting strips for the convenience of moving equipment and optimizing the production process.

At the planning stage of waste disposal in the sludge barn at a particular cluster site, the place for direct waste disposal and the temporary location of the resulting GT until its application are selected.

When disposing of waste directly in the sludge barn, the sludge barn is divided into cutting cells by cutting strips, or temporary accumulators are arranged next to the sludge barn.

The filled cutting strips should form cells where the distance between the midlines of the cutting strips should be about 14 meters, for the purpose of technological convenience of carrying out remediation work (for the possibility of excavation and mixing) with the preliminary disposal of waste by mixing the feedstock and the applied consumables (sand, cement , etc.) to the entire depth and at any point of the cell with an excavator with a standard boom.

Thus, the distance between the side of the slurry barn and the cutting strip or between two cutting strips should be 8 meters.

Breakdown into cells is carried out by the method of transverse filling of sand cutting strips with a width of 4 to 6 meters to the level of the (almost) day surface of the territory adjacent to the sludge barn.

Cutting strips are constructed from sand (sandy loam) soil available at the work site or from imported sand mined by hydro-wash or dry-dry methods.

When aligning the cutting strip in the sludge barn, work can also be done with a bulldozer.

The following solutions are optimal for filling the cutting strips in the sludge barn. The first split strip is sprinkled parallel to the short side of the sludge barn. After utilization of the entire volume in the formed cell, a second split strip is poured parallel to the first. Further, for the third strip, sprinkled parallel to the second, soil from the first strip is used, and for the fourth - soil from the second and so on until the opposite edge of the slurry barn is reached with the utilization of the entire volume of waste placed in it. Depending on the geometry of the slurry barn, its location and the location of the porches to it on the well pad, other ways of filling the cut strips are possible (for example, parallel, dumped not at right angles to the edges of the barn). So for a typical slurry barn with dimensions along the length, width and depth: 200, 50 and 2 meters, respectively, it is necessary to equip 15-16 alternately filled beds. The amount of soil needed to fill one strip is from 650 to 700 m ³ .

Disposal of drilling waste in a sludge barn.

In the sludge barn there is waste generated during drilling at a single well pad. Or, drilling projects may provide for the placement in one sludge barn of waste from the adjacent one or two or more cluster sites where barnless drilling is provided, for example, due to the proximity of the water protection zone. Waste transportation is carried out by slurry trucks, dump trucks with hermetically sealed tailgate.

Consumables (binders, sand, etc.) are transported to the sludge barn by dump trucks from the storage site, sand from the storage site or quarries specified by the customer.

Disposal of pre-prepared waste.

The amount of waste prepared for disposal placed in the mixing cell is determined so that the volume of the mixture of the starting components does not exceed 90-95% of the volume of the specified cell. Excess prepared waste in the cell moves to the nearest (neighboring) cell.

Sand is brought to the site of the sludge barn and is evenly distributed around the entire perimeter of the selected cell; for access to the cell and unloading dump trucks, a slurry barn board or a cutting strip is used.

On top of the waste, the sorbent and additives are evenly distributed on the cell allocated for neutralization. Sorbent and additives are applied to the surface of the waste either immediately throughout the cell or in portions to the area of one excavator gripper. Capture - the area of a cell accessible for mixing by an excavator without additional movement along its side. Sorbent and additives are distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible.

Then, half the estimated amount of sand necessary for disposal of the waste placed in the cell is added to the waste. Sand is also evenly distributed over the surface of the waste located in the cell and leveled. The thickness of the sand layer to be laid depends on the degree of mobility (water cut) of the waste. Next, the formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed by direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure. At the end of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled.

In the second stage, astringent components are introduced and evenly distributed over the resulting mixture. Cement is distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible.

Next, the second half of the estimated volume of sand is added. The sand is also evenly distributed over the surface of the mixture located in the cell and leveled. Next, the resulting mixture is re-mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is uniform in structure. At the end of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled.

The resulting Type 1 GT is aged in a slurry barn cell or in a cone at the accumulation site for up to one day (s). Accordingly, work continues in the next slurry barn cells.

To obtain Type 2 HT in the third stage, peat is added immediately after mixing the mixture and distributed evenly over the Type 1 GP surface located in the cell and immediately mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is uniform in structure. At the end of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled for the further carrying out of the technical stage of reclamation.

Export of GT to the place of use or a storage platform for finished products is possible 12 hours after mixing of the starting components, which is regulated by the deadline for setting mineral binders.

The technical stage of reclamation.

On top of the GT laid in the sludge barn, quarry sandy soil (missing from 20 to 30 cm to the level of the “daytime” surface) is brought in or previously obtained GT from another site. The surface of the liquidated sludge barn is planned and compacted by rolling with caterpillar technology. An established site at the site of the liquidated sludge barn can be used for the technological needs of the customer or his contracting organizations (as agreed with the customer) or the biological stage of reclamation.

After sand planning, a 0.2 meter thick peat layer is brought into the site of the reclaimed section, after which the section surface is also leveled. Sand and peat are imported in an amount sufficient to form a slope onboard the slurry barn at a distance of 1.0 meter, when laid in a ratio of at least 1: 2. After two-layer filling of the reclaimed area of the section, the third additional mixing of the laid soil layers with an excavator to a total depth of up to 0.7 meters can be performed to obtain a potentially fertile soil layer uniform in structure.

In the presence of pre-prepared TPS or GT Type 2, TPS or GT Type 2 are immediately imported to the reclaimed territory and leveled with a bulldozer or excavator. After filling the slurry barn, its surface, formed from TPN or Type 2 GT, should have an excess of not more than 0.5 m above the surrounding relief.

Utilization of drilling waste in temporary sludge collectors at cluster sites with barnless drilling.

The difference between the waste disposal technology at the well sites using temporary sludge collectors and the waste disposal in the sludge barn is the equipment of temporary waste storages, which are structurally slightly different from the sludge bins. Temporary sludge collectors are built up in those cases when the climatic conditions in the area of the construction of the cluster site do not allow the construction of a sludge barn, for example, due to the proximity of the water protection zone or the occurrence of groundwater.

A temporary sludge collector is also often built along the movement of the drilling rig at a distance of 20 to 25 meters from the well line, over its entire length and / or can be divided into separate sections. Typically, a temporary sludge collector is of a semi-submerged or superstructure type, i.e. the base of the temporary storage unit is only slightly up to 1.0-1.5 meters submerged in the ground or completely located at the level of the day surface or even above the territory adjacent to / adjacent to the temporary sludge collector and cluster site.

Temporary sludge collector is often built entirely from imported quarry soil and is usually mounted in the body of a cluster site, as in cases where drilling projects provide for the use of only temporary sludge collectors, the well pad is built quite high, on average, about two meters above the level of the day surface of the adjoining / adjacent territory. In these cases, both the body of the cluster site and the temporary sludge collector are one object.

The bottom and sides sprinkled with soil of temporary sludge collectors are additionally lined with waterproofing material.

Temporary sludge collectors after completion of drilling operations are subject to complete liquidation as an object. Accordingly, the waste must first be taken to other objects of their temporary disposal for subsequent disposal or disposed of at the place of its generation. Of course, it is more economically feasible to dispose of them on the spot than reduce transport costs and the risks of environmental pollution during their transportation, even by 10-15 km.

In cases where temporary sludge collectors are used when drilling, it is advisable to plan waste disposal work in parallel with well drilling. For this, a temporary sludge collector is constructively constructed from separate sections isolated from each other by a ground bridge. Depending on the number of drillable production wells, there are from 2 to 5 sections located along the line of wells at a distance of 20 to 25 meters, allowing you to receive and place all the waste sequentially from the first to the last group of wells.

This design (dividing the temporary sludge collector into sections) allows for the disposal of waste parallel to the movement of the drilling rig, with some delay in the start of work, namely, immediately after the completion of drilling the first group of (four) wells and moving the drilling rig to drill the next group of wells. With this approach, waste disposal at a particular cluster site is completed already during work associated with well stringing while moving the drilling rig from the cluster site with the completed drilling stage to a new cluster site.

Accordingly, during the drilling period at the new cluster site of the first group of (four) wells, a waste disposal complex is deployed at the new work site. Further work continues similarly to the work at the previous cluster site. The waste disposal algorithm at the well sites where temporary sludge collectors were used during drilling is similar to the types and sequence of operations described for barn drilling.

The only difference is whether a production (technological) site is built on the site of the temporary sludge collector, which will subsequently be used by the subsoil user company itself or its contractors, for example, to house a residential carriage town and special equipment for servicing wells: during hydraulic fracturing operations formation, change and replacement of downhole equipment, its repair, etc. Accordingly, when organizing a technological site, a temporary sludge collector is filled with GT, on top of which an upper operational layer of sand quarry soils is applied.

In cases where the drilling projects provide for the complete liquidation of the temporary sludge collector, the GT obtained during waste disposal, after curing at the storage sites and confirmation of the characteristics declared in the technical specifications, are transported to their places of use, and the temporary sludge collector is liquidated “flush”, t. e. the land is flattened to the level of the adjoining / adjoining territory and is restored as land returned to the main land user.

Released soil from which the temporary sludge collector was built, as well as GTs are transported to places of subsequent use, for example, for the construction of the following cluster sites, other production and auxiliary facilities or field roads to them, as well as for the construction of new temporary sludge collectors at the constructed cluster sites .

Access roads to the temporary sludge collector are also dismantled, clean soil is used, for example, for reclamation or construction of embankments, dumps on the territory of a cluster site, etc. The elimination of empty temporary sludge collectors, if they are not subject to complete filling, and in their place is organized, for example, a fire reservoir is carried out with the slopes flattened in proportions of at least 1: 3. The scheme of work when flattening the slopes of the object is shown in FIG. 2 (where 1 is a fertile soil layer; 2 - a layer of mineral soil; 3 - GT; 4 - the bottom of the temporary sludge collector; 5 - sides before flattening with laying; 6 - design laying of the sides of the accumulator (m) after flatting; 7 - direction of movement of soil masses during flattening; h _x is the residual depth of the object without taking into account the thickness of the soil layer (potentially fertile TPN)).

GT is distributed over the entire area. Soil of cutting strips, debris, ramps can also be used to fill the liquidated temporary sludge collector on top of the laid and planned GT.

In addition, soil from sand pits is brought into the liquidated temporary sludge collector to create an operational layer or underlying soil for the next potentially fertile layer of TPS, it is also possible to use GT from other waste disposal facilities in this field, provided that they are laid at the bottom of the temporary sludge collector as protomaterial rocks .

The use of industrial soils

The technical stage of reclamation of disturbed lands using technogenic soils

For reclamation of disturbed lands adjacent to the sludge pit, which are in temporary or permanent allotment, GT Type 2 is imported to create a potentially fertile soil layer.

In addition to the Type 2 GT used, organic-mineral soils (TPS, etc.) and organic soils (peat, etc.) can be used to ensure the full involvement of Type 2 GT in the soil formation process, as well as premature drying, weathering, erosion and freezing of sand soil and GP Type 1.

GT Type 2, as well as TPN and peat (when used), are distributed over the formed site at the site of the liquidated sludge barn and adjacent disturbed territory.

Layout GT Type 2 is carried out by a bulldozer, in places with heavily flooded soil - an excavator. GP Type 2 is planned with a capacity of up to 25-30 cm, which, after natural shrinkage, forms a layer of 15-20 cm, optimal for phyto-cultivation. In some cases (small locally disturbed or hard-to-reach areas for equipment) final planning is carried out manually using a trench tool (shovels, rakes).

The territory adjoining / adjacent to the sludge barn / cluster site is reclaimed with the following works:

The entire area reclaimed around the sludge barn and the well pad is flattened and planned using excavators and bulldozers so that in the reclaimed area, if the adjacent terrain allows, depressions will not form in which water will subsequently stagnate and marsh biocenosis will form.

Around the cluster site around the entire perimeter, the embankment is reconstructed or built from existing quarry soil or from the quarry soil, at the rate of 2.4 m ³ per linear meter of embankment of the cluster site. At the points of entry and exit from the cluster site, ramps are arranged.

In places with a disturbed (local, intermittent, continuous) soil layer, peat is reclaimed from the reclaimed area with a Type 2 HT layer from 10 to 15 cm.

The use of industrial soil in road construction

The resulting GT is exported for strengthening and use in road construction for:

- devices of the bases of highways;

- additional layers of the bases of highways;

- road coatings

First of all, GT is delivered directly to the place of road construction from the place of its receipt, and is evenly distributed by an excavator or bulldozer. Then, the required amount of mineral binders, SoilBond soil chemical stabilizer and water are applied to the surface. The amount of binders and stabilizer is determined when selecting the composition during the trial strengthening of GT, the water flow rate is established when selecting the composition in order to obtain the maximum density at optimal humidity in accordance with GOST 22733.

Soil strengthening is carried out directly on the surface of the roadway in compliance with the requirements of GOST 23558 by milling. Milling is performed by road milling cutters (soil mixers) of the DS-74 type, a tractor with attachments of the DS-18A type, or an excavator with an installed mill of the TEREX WS type or equivalents.

Reinforced material characteristics and raw material requirements

The strength of the fortified soil at the design age is characterized by the brand. The relationship between the brand strength and compressive strength and tensile bending should comply with the requirements specified in table 4.

According to frost resistance, reinforced soils are divided into grades: F5, F10, F15, F25, F50, F75. For the frost resistance brand, the set number of alternate freezing and thawing cycles is taken, in which a reduction in compressive strength of no more than 25% of the normalized strength at the design age is allowed.

As binders, cements are used in accordance with GOST 30515, GOST 31108, Portland cement in accordance with GOST 10178, sulfate-resistant and pozzolanic cement in accordance with GOST 22266.

To reduce the consumption of binders, increase strength, frost resistance and improve technological properties, chemical additives according to GOST 24211 should be used.

Water for the manufacture of fortified soils and the preparation of solutions of chemical additives must comply with the requirements of GOST 23732. The maximum permissible content of soluble salts should not exceed 10,000 mg / l, incl. SO ₄ ions ^2- - 2700 mg / L; Cl ^- - 2500 mg / L.

When selecting the composition, the necessary amount of binder is established, which ensures the production of fortified soils with specified grades for strength and frost resistance.

Water consumption during the selection of the composition is determined on the basis of obtaining the maximum density of the mixture at optimal humidity.

Scope of reinforced materials

The area of application of soils is selected in accordance with the brand of strength and frost resistance (Table 5).

Reception of hardened soil and control methods.

Acceptance of fortified soils is done in batches. The party considers the amount of hardened soil of the same brand in strength, made during one shift in one mixing plant, but not more than 1000 m ³ .

During acceptance testing, the manufacturer must check each batch of hardened soil for compressive strength, as well as the composition of the mixture.

The compressive and tensile strength during bending or splitting of reinforced soils is determined in accordance with GOST 10180.

For fortified soils used in areas with an average monthly temperature of the coldest month minus 10 ° С and below, preliminary water saturation is carried out in accordance with GOST 23558

The frost resistance of the processed materials and hardened soils is determined by the first method according to GOST 10060. The main and control samples are saturated with water according to GOST 23558 before testing for frost resistance.

The biological stage of reclamation

The main goal of the biological stage of reclamation is to create a potentially fertile soil that has the physical and chemical properties of the soil layer favorable for subsequent growth of native plants on a covered barn site and adjacent / adjacent disturbed lands. This is achieved by introducing complex mineral fertilizers into the soil and sowing the seeds of annual and perennial herbs, and planting tree-shrub vegetation. Sowing the reclaimed site and the adjacent territory, due to its small area, it is advisable to produce manually or using small-scale mechanization.

Before sowing herbs, complex mineral fertilizers are applied, the content of active ingredients in which is presented in accordance with table 6.

The optimal content of water-soluble forms of mineral nutrition elements: nitrogen - 5-7, potassium - 8-15, phosphorus - 8-15 (in mg per 100 grams of soil).

In the practice of phytoremediation, seeds of annual and perennial herbs, mainly cereals with a developed root system, are often used. Seeding rates are given for sowing crops in pure form (Table 7).

Note. ML is a perennial plant, O is excellent, X is good, Y is satisfactory, P is bad.

When calculating the seeding rates of annual and perennial seeds, the correction for the economic suitability of each specific batch of seeds should be taken into account according to the formulas (1.1-1.2):

where: P - economic suitability, x - purity, y - seed germination.

where: HB - seeding rate adjusted for economic suitability, N - recommended seeding rate.

When using a mixture of seeds of different types of herbs, the seeding rate of each species is determined by the formula (2):

where H is the seeding rate of a given type of seed in a single species sowing, z is the proportion of seeds of a given species in a grass mixture.

In the practice of phytoremediation, the seeding rate is 120 kg / ha.

Also, mixtures of herbs can be formed from herbs of other species characteristic of local ecosystems and in a rational proportion to each other. Grass mixtures of various biological features of herbs provide a more reliable and durable fixation of the surface of the reclaimed territory. Sowing annual and perennial herbs is done manually.

After sowing, grass seeds are planted into the soil with a harrow or a train of wooden blocks and rolled up with rollers, for example, 3-KK-6. If necessary (dry soil), irrigation is carried out with imported technical water with an irrigation rate of up to 1.5 cm or 150 m ³ / ha.

At the end of reclamation, the surface-plant layer is mainly formed from annual plants (oats), under the cover of which seedlings of perennial grasses, first of all, form the root system for the coming wintering. The formation of the surface plant layer from perennial herbs occurs in the next 1-2 summer seasons.

Phytoremediation of the site of the filled barn and nearby disturbed lands is carried out to fix their surface against air and water erosion in the first years after reclamation, in the future, the reclaimed piece of land is overgrown with native vegetation, with the usual change of succession series.

Phyto-strengthening of the surface of the environmental embankment of the cluster site is also carried out simultaneously with phyto-reclamation of the entire territory of the facility with sowing grass mixtures from seeds of annual and perennial herbs.

Planting of forest crops (seedlings) on the required area and in the required quantity is carried out by the territorial forestry department on the basis of contractual relations with the enterprise - producer of remediation work at the facility. Forest work is carried out in accordance with the Forest Development Project of a specific field.

Planting seedlings of woody-shrubby vegetation is carried out in the spring before buds open, or in autumn after leaf fall. For planting, seedlings are used, purchased in specialized nurseries or harvested in places agreed with the leshoz (under power transmission lines, in communication corridors, etc.).

For harvesting willow cuttings, natural plantations of 4-12 years old, not susceptible to diseases and entomous pests, are suitable. Before planting willow cuttings, it is advisable to process (dip) the upper sections of the cuttings with molten paraffin or paint. This reduces their drying out, increases the survival rate, eliminates the improper planting of cuttings.

Seedlings should be harvested in open places for the sun, seedlings height 0.3-0.5 m. When digging, transportation and storage of planting material, it is necessary to implement a system of measures that will prevent damage and drying seedlings and seedlings. During transportation from the nursery to the reclaimed object, planting material is covered with a film or tarpaulin to prevent drying out and watered.

The planting scheme for tree and shrubbery vegetation is as follows: the distance between rows is from 1.0 to 1.5 m, and between seedlings in a row from 0.5 to 0.7 m. When planting, the depth of root embedding of seedlings and seedlings from the soil surface should not be more than 2-3 cm on sandy soils, and not more than 1-2 cm on loamy soils. The deviation of the stems of seedlings and seedlings after planting should not exceed 25 degrees from the vertical. The root system of seedlings and seedlings is closed during planting without bending and with the necessary degree of soil compaction. The planting rate is 2500 per 1 ha. Dates of planting willow: at any time from April to October for willows with a closed root system; from April (before budding) and in September (with the beginning of leaf fall) for willows with an open root system

Crop and planting care. Throughout the growing season, the state of seedlings and grass stands is monitored. If necessary, mineral dressing and watering of crops and plantings is carried out. In areas sown by perennial grasses when more than 50% of the plants die, grasses are sowed, seedlings are replanted when 30% of the trees die.

The total need for consumables for all types of work and at all stages of reclamation is calculated in technological maps for the reclamation of sludge barn and the territory adjacent to the bush site.

Thus, the claimed technical result is achieved by the claimed group of inventions, which includes the following technical solutions:

1. Technogenic soil (Type 1 GT), characterized in that it is a dispersed bonded technogenically modified under natural occurrence conditions and displaced natural mineral soil, and containing 30-60% by weight of drilling waste, 33,5-70 mineral soils %, cements up to 5%, sorbents up to 1%, additives up to 0.5%, while the plasticity number I _p is not more than 12%, the moisture at the yield strength is not more than 55%, while the content of oil and oil products is not more than 1.5% soluble salts, namely chloride in not more than 2%, sulfates not more than 1%, the effective specific activity of natural radionuclides A _eff less than 740 Bq / kg.

2. Technogenic soil (GT Type 2), characterized in that it is a dispersed bonded technogenic displaced and altered initially natural peat organo-mineral soil, and containing 30-60% by weight of drilling waste, mineral soils 33.5-60 %, cements up to 5%, sorbents up to 1%, additives up to 0.5%, peat 3-10%, while the content of oil and oil products is not more than 3%, the content of organic compounds is not less than 3%, the content of soluble salts, and namely chlorides is not more than 2%, sulfates not more than 1% , while the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides And _eff not more than 740 Bq / kg, the pH of the aqueous extract from 5.5 to 8.4 units.

3. The method for producing technogenic soil (GT Type 1) according to claim 1, which consists in the disposal of drilling waste due to mechanical mixing with the initial components, while the condition for utilizing the drilling waste is the initial technologically acceptable physico-chemical state of the drilling waste before entering directly disposal, while the required properties of gas turbines are controlled in stages: input control - at the stage of determining the suitability of the feedstock for disposal using serial technology and equipment of general and standard special purpose and acceptance control - at the stage of determining the main parameters of the final product of disposal, as soil for earthworks safe for the environment, while prior to the disposal of waste, preliminary preparation is carried out, which consists in bringing the basic technological parameters of the raw material to the required values, then after the preparation of the waste for disposal, breakdown of the area of the sludge barn into technological cells by cutting strips is carried out, while the amount of prepared for disposal the waste disposed in the mixing cell is determined in such a way that the volume of the mixture of the starting components does not exceed 90-95% of the volume of the specified cell, the excess of prepared waste in the cell is moved to the nearest (neighboring) cell, then sand is brought into the sludge pit area and evenly placed along the entire perimeter of the selected cell, for access to the cell and unloading dump trucks, use a slurry barn board or a cutting strip, then evenly distribute on top of the waste allocated to the disposal cell sorbent and additives, whereby the sorbent and additives are applied to the waste surface either immediately over the entire cell or in portions to the area of one of the excavator's grips, the sorbent and additives are distributed along the waste surface with an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then half of the estimated sand volume is added to the waste, necessary for disposal of waste located in the cell, the sand is also distributed evenly over the surface of the waste located in the cell and level, then the formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed by direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, upon completion of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, in the second stage, binder components are added and evenly distributed on top of the resulting mixture, cement is distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, using the most uniform way of scattering from the bucket , then add the second half of the estimated volume of sand, the sand is also distributed evenly over the surface of the mixture located in the cell and leveled, then the resulting mixture is re-mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, after mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, while the resulting Type 1 GT is kept in the slurry barn cell or in a cone on the accumulation site for up to one day (day) .

4. The method for producing technogenic soil (Type Type 2) according to claim 2, which consists in the disposal of drilling waste due to mechanical mixing with the starting components, while the condition for the disposal of drilling waste is the initial technologically acceptable physico-chemical state of the drilling waste before entering directly disposal, while the required properties of gas turbines are controlled in stages: input control - at the stage of determining the suitability of the feedstock for disposal using serial technology and equipment of general and standard special purpose and acceptance control - at the stage of determining the main parameters of the final product of disposal, as soil for earthworks safe for the environment, while prior to the disposal of waste, preliminary preparation is carried out, which consists in bringing the basic technological parameters of the raw material to the required values, then after the preparation of the waste for disposal, breakdown of the area of the sludge barn into technological cells by cutting strips is carried out, while the amount of prepared for disposal the waste disposed in the mixing cell is determined in such a way that the volume of the mixture of the starting components does not exceed 90-95% of the volume of the specified cell, the excess of prepared waste in the cell is moved to the nearest (neighboring) cell, then sand is brought into the sludge pit area and evenly placed along the entire perimeter of the selected cell, for access to the cell and unloading dump trucks, use a slurry barn board or a cutting strip, then evenly distribute on top of the waste allocated to the disposal cell sorbent and additives, whereby the sorbent and additives are applied to the waste surface either immediately over the entire cell or in portions to the area of one of the excavator's grips, the sorbent and additives are distributed along the waste surface with an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then half of the estimated sand volume is added to the waste, necessary for disposal of waste located in the cell, the sand is also distributed evenly over the surface of the waste located in the cell and level, then the formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed by direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, upon completion of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, in the second stage, binder components are added and evenly distributed on top of the resulting mixture, cement is distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, using the most uniform way of scattering from the bucket , then add the second half of the estimated volume of sand, the sand is also distributed evenly over the surface of the mixture located in the cell and leveled, then the resulting mixture is re-mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, after mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, while the resulting Type 1 GT is kept in the slurry barn cell or in a cone on the accumulation site for up to one day (day) moreover, to obtain Type 2 GT in the third stage, immediately after mixing the mixture, peat is added and distributed evenly on the surface of Type 1 GP located in the cell and immediately mixed with direct reciprocating with solid and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure; upon completion of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled.

Claims (4)

1. Technogenic soil GT Type 1, characterized in that it is a dispersed bonded technogenically modified under natural occurrence conditions and displaced natural mineral soil, and containing 30-60% by weight of drilling waste, 33.5-70% mineral soil, cements up to 5%, sorbents up to 1%, additives up to 0.5%, while the plasticity number I _p is not more than 12%, the moisture at the yield strength is not more than 55%, while the content of oil and oil products is not more than 1, 5%, the content of soluble salts, namely chloride in is not more than 2%, sulfates not more than 1%, specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff not more than 740 Bq / kg. 2. The method of obtaining the soil of the technogenic gas turbine Type 1 according to claim 1, which consists in the disposal of drilling waste due to mechanical mixing with the initial components, while the condition for the disposal of drilling waste is the initial technologically acceptable physico-chemical state of the drilling waste before it goes directly to disposal, at the same time, the required properties of the GT are controlled in stages: input control - at the stage of determining the suitability of the feedstock for utilization and delivery control - at the stage of determining the main steam meters of the final product of disposal, as soil for earthworks, safe for the environment, while prior to the disposal of waste, preliminary preparation is carried out, which consists in bringing the main technological parameters of the raw material to the required values, then after preparing the waste for disposal, the area of the sludge barn is divided into technological cells with cutting strips, while the amount of waste prepared for disposal placed in the mixing cell is determined in this way so that the volume of the mixture of the starting components does not exceed 90-95% of the volume of the indicated cell, the excess of prepared waste in the cell is moved to the nearest neighboring cell, then sand is brought into the sludge pit site and evenly placed around the entire perimeter of the selected cell, to drive to the cell and unload dump trucks use a sludge pit board or a cutting strip, then on top of the waste on the cell allocated for decontamination, the sorbent and additives are evenly distributed, and the sorbent and additives are applied to the waste surface or immediately throughout the cell, or batchwise to the area of one of the excavator's grips, the sorbent and additives are distributed over the waste surface by the excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then half of the estimated amount of sand necessary for disposal of the waste located in the cell is added to the waste, sand is also evenly distributed on the surface of the waste located in the cell, and level, then the formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions to to obtain a mixture homogeneous in structure, upon completion of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, in the second stage, binder components are added and evenly distributed on top of the resulting mixture, cement is distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then the second half of the estimated volume of sand is added, sand also distributed evenly over the surface of the mixture located in the cell, and leveled, then the resulting mixture is re-mixed with direct reciprocating E and a circular motion until a uniform mixture structure, after stirring, the mixture is aligned in the cell, wherein the resulting HT Type 1 is maintained in the cell slurry barn or in a cone at the site of accumulation of the day to one-day. 3. Technogenic soil GT Type 2, characterized in that it is a dispersed bound technogenic displaced and altered initially natural peat organic-mineral soil, and containing 30-60% by weight of drilling waste, 33.5-60% mineral soil, cements up to 5%, sorbents up to 1%, additives up to 0.5%, peat 3-10%, while the content of oil and oil products is not more than 3%, the content of organic compounds is not less than 3%, the content of soluble salts, namely chlorides is not more than 2%, sulfates not more than 1%, while the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is not more than 740 Bq / kg, the pH of the aqueous extract is from 5.5 to 8.4 units. 4. The method of obtaining the soil of an industrial type GT type 2 according to claim 3, which consists in the disposal of drilling waste due to mechanical mixing with the initial components, while the condition for utilizing the drilling waste is the initial technologically permissible physico-chemical state of the drilling waste before entering directly for disposal, at the same time, the required properties of the GT are controlled in stages: input control - at the stage of determining the suitability of the feedstock for utilization and delivery control - at the stage of determining the main steam meters of the final product of disposal, as soil for earthworks, safe for the environment, while prior to the disposal of waste, preliminary preparation is carried out, which consists in bringing the main technological parameters of the raw material to the required values, then after preparing the waste for disposal, the area of the sludge barn is divided into technological cells with cutting strips, while the amount of waste prepared for disposal placed in the mixing cell is determined in this way so that the volume of the mixture of the starting components does not exceed 90-95% of the volume of the indicated cell, the excess of prepared waste in the cell is moved to the nearest neighboring cell, then sand is brought into the sludge pit site and evenly placed around the entire perimeter of the selected cell, to drive to the cell and unload dump trucks use a sludge pit board or a cutting strip, then on top of the waste on the cell allocated for decontamination, the sorbent and additives are evenly distributed, and the sorbent and additives are applied to the waste surface or immediately throughout the cell, or batchwise to the area of one of the excavator's grips, the sorbent and additives are distributed over the waste surface by the excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then half of the estimated amount of sand necessary for disposal of the waste located in the cell is added to the waste, sand is also evenly distributed on the surface of the waste located in the cell, and level, then the formed layer of waste, sorbent and sand is mixed with direct reciprocating and circular motions to to obtain a mixture homogeneous in structure, upon completion of mixing, the mixture in the cell is leveled, in the second stage, binder components are added and evenly distributed on top of the resulting mixture, cement is distributed on the waste surface by an excavator, by the method of scattering from the bucket as evenly as possible, then the second half of the estimated volume of sand is added, sand also distributed evenly over the surface of the mixture located in the cell, and leveled, then the resulting mixture is re-mixed with direct reciprocating in a circular motion until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, after mixing is completed, the mixture in the cell is leveled, while the resulting Type 1 GT is kept in the sludge pit cell or in a cone on the accumulation site for up to one day-day, and to obtain type 2 GT stage, immediately after mixing the mixture make peat and distribute evenly on the surface of the Type 1 GP located in the cell, and immediately mix with direct reciprocating and circular motions until a mixture is homogeneous in structure, by Onceanu stirring the mixture in the cell are aligned.

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