RU2712834C1 - Method of using film on slope when growing crops under conditions of humid climate on fields - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method relates to agriculture, in particular to agrochemistry and agrophysics of soils. In the autumn after the end of agricultural operations organic fertilizers are introduced by adding plant residues of grown crops in the form of straw, or semi-rotted manure of cattle, or green manure. Then, the soil is mechanically treated to achieve physical ripeness. Plan the soil surface to create a uniform slope. For "conservation" of soil till spring surface of treated soil is covered with butyl rubber film, which is arranged with strip along the field slope from top to bottom. At the same time layer laying is performed with the help of agricultural unit with simultaneous rolling of middle of film strip, forming reduction. Then, the next lap film is laid in parallel, gradually forming a system of film strips. Spring removes film from soil and immediately performs early sowing of grown culture.

EFFECT: method improves physical properties of soil, heat, water and air modes during cultivation of crops in humid climate conditions.

1 cl, 1 ex

Description

The proposed method relates to the field of agriculture and landscape design, in particular to agrochemistry and soil agrophysics.

From the prior art not identified a prototype of the claimed method.

The technical result of the invention is to improve the physical properties of the soil, thermal, water and air conditions when growing crops in a humid climate.

The purpose of the system is to optimize simultaneously three soil regimes: thermal, water and air. The problem is that all three factors (heat, water and air) are often antagonists in the soil. From the point of view of increasing soil temperature: the larger the surface of the soil covered with a film, the better. But at the same time, water cut and soil aeration are reduced. In a state of physical ripeness of the soil, the content of water and air in it is, to a first approximation, comparable and close to the optimum for biological processes. After covering with a film, over time, the content of both water and oxygen in the soil under the film will decrease. Therefore, to maintain optimum, it is necessary to provide an additional influx of water and oxygen from the adjacent, not covered by a film of soil.

Let us consider the simplest case when the length of the field along the slope does not exceed 20 m and it adjoins in the upper and lower parts of the soil with natural vegetation, providing good intra-soil drainage. The width of the field is not of fundamental importance. In this case, the soil can be covered with a film completely, perpendicular to the slope. An additional influx of water and oxygen will come from adjacent areas with natural vegetation. But at the same time, the soil should be cultivated enough to provide free, but relatively slow passage of water and oxygen in it through diffusion. Sites of the natural landscape in this case can be considered as the equivalent of the inter-strip space of the soil. If the length of the field along the slope is more than 20 m or its agrophysical properties are unfavorable for the diffusion of water and oxygen, it is necessary to form open areas of the soil surface to the left and to the right of the film strip or interband space.

The size of the soil inter-strip space (MPP) should provide sufficient water penetration to provide it with soil under the film. On the other hand, its excessive increase and, accordingly, increase in water supply reduces soil aeration and its heating. The necessary aeration of the soil is provided not only by the size of the MPP, but also by the frequency of their location, because air usually penetrates the soil faster than water. But the excess frequency of MPP also leads to a deterioration in soil warming.

It is also necessary to keep in mind such an important climatic factor as the alternation of cyclones and anticyclones. Artificially formed using a film, spatial heterogeneity is convenient for using the natural alternation of weather conditions. Agrotechnology makes it possible to smooth out natural fluctuations leading to excess or lack of water or oxygen in the soil, forming, on average, a more stable water-air regime of the soil. During the rainy season, the MPP is filled with water, and the space under the film serves as a container for air, supporting the necessary aeration of the soil. During the anticyclone, water gradually moves under the film, freeing up space for the oncoming movement of warm air from under the film in the MPP. Gradually, air, depleted of oxygen and giving up heat to the soil, reaches the MPP surface and enters the atmosphere, and cold oxygen-enriched air enters the soil from the atmosphere. MPP is saturated with oxygen, which will gradually diffuse into the soil under the film, and warm moisture over time, on the contrary, will start oncoming movement. With further changes in the weather, the cycle will repeat. Thus, gas, water and heat exchange in the soil between its covered and open areas and the atmosphere is ensured simultaneously. By adjusting the width of the film strip and MPP to the appropriate agroecological conditions, all three modes can be balanced.

Agroecological factors that determine the parameters of the film strip system of the proposed method.

1. Climatic conditions. The geographical part of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia.

This zone is quite extensive, with contrasting conditions. In the west and northwest of the zone, in addition to low temperatures, the greatest problem is the excess rainfall. To solve it, it is necessary to create conditions for good aeration with a high degree of coverage of the field surface. This can be achieved by increasing the frequency of MPP by reducing the width of both film strips and MPP. With a degree of coverage of 70-95% and a bandwidth of 4-10 m, the width of the MPP should be from 1 to 2 m.

In the east and northeast of the zone, the temperature is even lower, but there is no such excess rainfall and better aeration. Therefore, for better heating, you can increase the bandwidth to 10-20 m, slightly increasing the MPP to 2-4 m as well.

In the south and southeast of the zone, it is necessary to reduce the degree of coverage of the field to 30-50% so as not to form a moisture deficit in the soil. The width of the film strips is best left at the same time as possible (20 m or more), because this reduces the cost of the installation process, reducing the number of passes of equipment. In other geographical parts of the zone, the parameters of the strip system should acquire intermediate values in accordance with the considered climatic factors.

2. The location of the field in the landscape.

Dimensions and field configuration. Exposure and steepness of the slope. Position relative to the general relief. The degree of removal from the natural landscape or forest belt, its scale and features.

The size of the field determines the catchment area, as well as the degree of its covering with a film. An increase in the steepness of the slope above 3-5 degrees forms an intensive runoff of water, especially under conditions of southern exposure during snowmelt.

The natural landscape acts as a store and source of moisture if it is located above the field and as a moisture absorber if it is located below. The degree of its influence is determined by the scale of the natural landscape and the development of natural vegetation, especially perennial. An important feature is the presence of a body of water - a river or a pond and its scale, which are usually located below the field. This determines the natural drainage of the territory and the possibility of dumping additional water from the reclaimed field into these water bodies and into the natural landscape itself.

With a maximum film coverage of 90-95%, a field area of 1-3 ha and a slope length of about 3-5 degrees over 100 m, it is necessary to have a reservoir in the natural landscape that can accumulate or discharge an artificially formed water flow. With a field size of about 1 ha, a sufficiently developed natural landscape or forest belt. If the field slope is not more than 3 degrees and the degree of its coverage is about 50%, then the size of the field for the environmentally friendly application of agricultural technology can be increased to 5 hectares.

The indicated dimensions of the field and the conditions for its location in the landscape form the limitations for the application of agricultural technology in the form presented. Further development of agricultural technology for fields larger than 5-10 hectares is possible only with the additional construction of drainage reclamation facilities that can absorb intense water flow. It should be noted that these restrictions are more relevant for conditions close to favorable, i.e. for more southern areas of the Non-Black Earth Zone. In areas of unsustainable farming, the average field size usually does not exceed 5-10 ha and, in general, the plowing of the territory is currently low. Therefore, big problems with the discharge of excess water into the natural landscape will not arise.

3. Soil properties.

Granulometric composition of the soil. The degree of cultivation of the arable layer of the soil.

Compared to heavy loamy soils, light-loamy soils are warmer, better aerated, but retain and retain moisture less. A well-cultivated arable layer with a high humus content (4-5% or more) has favorable agrophysical properties: greater moisture capacity and good aeration. Therefore, the degree of film coating of light and well-cultivated soils should be 10-20% lower, and the width of the film strips can be maximum, with a corresponding increase in MPP.

4. Features of agricultural use.

Crop clogging. The application of organic fertilizers and the plowing of subsoil layers of the soil. The previous culture, its crop and plant debris. Previous use of agricultural technology.

The film can be used simultaneously for weed control, especially perennial. In the case of high clogging, you can increase the degree of coverage, even worsening the water-air regime. This will create unfavorable conditions in the spring during the germination of weeds. In this case, in the spring after removing the film, the soil must be cultivated in order to bury the sprouted but weakened weeds, which are also plant debris.

If the previous crop yielded a large crop and left a lot of plant debris, or other organic fertilizers are used, for example, manure or green manure, then it is possible to cultivate the subsoil layers of the soil using a deeper 5-10 cm plowing. An increase in the thickness of the arable soil layer at the same time as an increase in organic matter in it implies an increase in the MPP width by 20–50% for better water flooding and greater accumulation of humus in it.

The weather conditions of the current year during the growing season (before covering with a film), which are especially different from the average ones, can have a significant impact, first of all, on the water regime of the soil. The flexibility of agricultural technology allows you to smooth out sharp fluctuations in weather conditions, in contrast to traditional irrigation and drainage facilities, focused on average statistics. The arid weather conditions of the current year or the high degree of water use from the soil with a high yield dry out not only the arable layer of the soil, but also the arable layers, as well as the adjacent soil space. Therefore, this indicates the need to increase the MPP to compensate for water losses. If, on the contrary, there was a lot of precipitation in the current year or their evaporation decreased at low temperature, it is necessary to reduce the MPP and increase the degree of film coating.

As already mentioned above, the degree of prior use of agricultural technology is also an important factor in its current application. Depending on the results of the previous application of agricultural technology, it is possible to shift and adjust the parameters of the system of film strips, knowing the principles of their formation.

An example implementation of the method.

In the autumn, after the end of agricultural work, organic fertilizers are applied: plant residues of cultivated crops in the form of straw, or semi-overripe manure of cattle, or green manure. Then carry out mechanical tillage to achieve physical ripeness. They plan the surface of the soil to create a uniform slope. The surface of the treated soil is covered with BCF film, which is placed in a strip 4-20 m wide along the field slope from top to bottom for soil “conservation” until spring, while layering is carried out using an agricultural machine while rolling the middle of the film strip, forming a decrease of 2-5 cm depth and 1-3 m wide. After 1-30 m, the next strip of overlap is laid in parallel, gradually forming a system of stripes of film. In spring, the film is removed from the soil and an early sowing of the cultivated crop is immediately carried out.

The surface of the soil on the slope is covered with film in the fall (October-November), after harvesting the crops, when optimal physical (determining the air-water and thermal conditions) soil parameters (primarily optimal moisture) are reached for their conservation until spring. Mechanical processing of the soil (plowing) is carried out in the fall (and not in the spring) with its physical ripeness after applying organic fertilizers. The film is placed in a strip (4-20 m wide) along the entire field slope from top to bottom. Laying is carried out by mechanically unrolling the roll with a film. Before the first installation, the overall soil surface should be planned to create a uniform slope of the surface. Directly during the installation process when the vehicle (tractor) unfolds the film, it is necessary to form a lowering of the groove-like shape by 2-10 cm deep and 1-10 m wide under the machine by rolling loose soil, which will be under the middle of the film strip. This drop acts as a drain, on which excess water will accumulate. In the future, this water will either evaporate from the surface of the film, if there is not much of it, or flow down the film and enter the natural landscape (or forest belt) adjacent to the lower part of the field. After a certain distance (1-30 m), the next strip of film is laid in parallel. Thus, a certain system of film strips is formed throughout the field. The parameters of this system (the degree of film coating of the surface of the soil, the width of the film strip and the inter-band distance) are determined by the main agro-ecological conditions: climate, position in the landscape, soil properties and agricultural uses (see below). Ultimately, these parameters are aimed at creating optimal water-air and thermal regimes of the soil in the autumn and spring. With these parameters, the active life of worms and beneficial microorganisms is carried out, which process the organic matter of the soil, which largely forms its fertility. In the spring, the film will discharge excess moisture and heat the entire soil in the field. The optimal agrophysical parameters under the film are preserved until spring, which allows, after reaching a certain temperature of the soil, to remove the film and immediately carry out earlier sowing of the crop.

Agrotechnology is designed for a systematic, i.e. annual application and gradual cultivation of soil by optimizing its biological activity. The effectiveness of agricultural technology increases significantly with the integrated cultivation of the soil. It involves the concentration of resources initially on one field, the size of which depends on the capabilities of a particular economy. In addition to film reclamation, it is necessary to carry out liming if the soil is acidic, and the introduction of organic fertilizers: manure or green manure. Also, gradually, as far as possible, the depth of the arable layer increases to 30-40 cm due to the plowing and cultivation of subsoil horizons of the soil.

Agrotechnology is flexible and dynamic, as every year you can easily adjust the system parameters. Next year, the surface of the soil, which was not under the film, may be covered with it, i.e. You can swap film strips and inter-band spaces. This is important for uniform cultivation. System parameters can also be adjusted depending on the particular conditions of the previous year and the duration of the use of agricultural technology. After several years of cultivation, the moisture capacity, moisture permeability and heat capacity of the soil will increase, which will require correction of the parameters. In the first year of use, it is advisable to start with the minimum recommended degree of film coverage, analyze the result and then gradually increase the degree of coverage if necessary.

Technological parameters of the film, geomembrane.

Used butyl rubber Firestone synthetic rubber film (Ethylene-Propylene-Dien-Terpolymer) (EPDM membrane), dense. 1.17 kg / m2, thickness 1.02 mm, which is flexible, even and stretches well in all directions (in fact, it is the same rubber that can stretch three times), can withstand temperatures from minus 50 to plus 130, suitable for rocky areas. These physical properties allow the film to stay on the soil surface.

Butyl rubber film is widely used to create drinking water tanks and swimming pools, as is an inert non-toxic material. An important environmental advantage is the absence of the release of volatile substances from EPDM membranes into the atmosphere. The butyl rubber membrane meets the ANSI / NSF-61 standard for safe contact with drinking water. In terms of ozone resistance and UV resistance, it fully complies with the generally accepted standards of DIN 7864 and ASTM G 53-84. Water resistance and environmental friendliness is confirmed by Russian and international certificates (http://pondliner.ru/tech/certificates/).

Claims (1)

A method of using a butyl rubber (BCC) film on a slope when growing crops in a humid climate in the fields, which is that in the fall after completing agricultural work, organic fertilizers are applied by adding plant residues of the grown crops in the form of straw, or semi-overripe cattle manure , or green manure, then they perform mechanical tillage to achieve physical ripeness, plan the soil surface to create a uniform slope, to "preserve" the soil until The soil of the treated soil is covered with a BCF film, which is placed with a strip along the field slope from top to bottom, while layering is carried out with the help of an agricultural machine while rolling the middle of the film strip, forming a lowering, then the next strip of overlap is laid in parallel, gradually forming a strip system films, in the spring they remove the film from the soil and immediately carry out early sowing of the cultivated crop.