RU2698106C1 - Method of long-dimensional object state monitoring and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: monitoring and measuring equipment.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to control and measurement equipment and can be used to monitor the state of long objects, namely extended near-surface layers of lithosphere in form of sections of earth with thickness of several kilometers and area of hundreds of square kilometers, located in earthquake-prone zones on earth surface and sea bottom, in order to predict earthquakes, tsunamis, technogenic catastrophes, as well as search and exploration of minerals. Physical and mechanical characteristics of such long objects, primarily surface geometry and displacement of inner layers of the earth's crust, as well as parameters of operating seismic waves, are determined by measuring differential curvature distributions ∂K/∂S, vibration fields and temperature using gradient seismic fiber-optic cable antenna in three-dimensional space. Obtained measurement results along axis S of each antenna beam, after their photoconversion into electric signals, synchronously detect, amplify and convert said electric signals into digital form, which are register histograms. Based on these data, the basic characteristics of infrasonic and high-frequency spatial seismic waves are determined, and the hypocenter of the earthquake source is calculated. According to the disclosed method and device implementing said method, a measuring polygon is selected, from the pieces of the information and measurement fiber-optic cable by means of their umbrella connection, a cable antenna is made, four beams of which are installed crosswise on the polygon surface and one beam is fixed in the vertical well. All antenna beams are simultaneously excited from one coherent optical radiation source and characteristics of the main earthquake precursors are obtained at the outputs of all beams. At that all inputs of cable beams of this antenna through optical connectors are connected to outputs of additionally installed optical splitter, connected to output of optical amplifier of pulsed coherent laser signal, and outputs are connected to terminal devices located at the end of each cable beam, in turn, each terminal device other than its own input optical connector has an optical delay line, connecting between the first and second, additionally installed in the cable beam, similar in design to the first, five-channel optical fiber measuring line (MFL), laid in forward and reverse directions along entire length of each cable beam, arranged as first MFL in common light-reflecting shell filled with thixotropic gel with immersion properties, and output of second MFL is arranged in input connector of each cable beam. Further, outputs of second MFL all five cable beams through said connectors are connected to inputs of photodetectors unit, which through demodulator, one output of which is connected to series-connected ADC unit, FFT processor, a computing device and a video terminal, and the second output of the ADC unit is directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is connected to the output of the buffer memory, in its turn, the second output of the computing device is connected to the input of an additionally installed satellite antenna through an additional arranged signal preparation and transmission unit.

EFFECT: high accuracy and selectivity of monitoring owing to wider range of data when monitoring the state of the near-surface layer of the lithosphere.

16 cl, 12 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to measuring technique and can be used to monitor the condition of long objects, namely, extended near-surface layers of the lithosphere in the form of plots of land several kilometers thick and hundreds of square kilometers in seismic zones on the surface of the earth and the seabed, with the aim of predictions of earthquakes, tsunamis, technological disasters, as well as search and exploration of minerals.

The physicomechanical characteristics of such extended objects, primarily the surface geometry and displacements of the inner layers of the earth's crust, as well as the parameters of the active seismic waves, are determined here by measuring the distributions of differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature using a gradient seismic fiber optic cable antenna in three-dimensional space. The results of measurements along the S axis of each antenna beam, after photoconverting them into electrical signals, synchronously detect, amplify and convert these electrical signals into digital form, which are a register. According to these data, the main characteristics of infrasound and high-frequency spatial seismic waves are determined and the hypocenter of the earthquake source is calculated.

According to the claimed method and device that implements the specified method, choose a measuring range. A gradient seismic fiber optic cable antenna is made from segments of information-measuring fiber optic cable by their umbrella connection, four beams of which are mounted crosswise on the surface of the polygon and one beam is fixed in a vertical well. All antenna beams are excited at the same time from one coherent source of optical radiation and the characteristics of the main earthquake precursors are obtained at the outputs of all the rays. Moreover, all the inputs of the cable beams of this antenna through optical connectors are connected to the outputs of an additionally installed optical splitter connected to the output of the optical amplifier of a pulsed coherent laser signal, and the outputs are connected to terminal devices located at the end of each cable beam. In turn, each terminal device, in addition to its own input optical connector, contains an optical delay line connecting the first and second, additionally installed in the cable beam, similar in construction to the first, five-channel fiber-optic measuring line (IVL), laid in the forward and reverse directions throughout the length of each cable beam, placed like the first ventilator in a common reflective sheath, filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties. The output of the second ventilator is located in the input connector of each cable beam. Next, the outputs of the second artificial ventilation of all five cable beams through these connectors are connected to the inputs of the photodetector block, which through a demodulator, one output of which is connected to the ADC block, the FFT processor, the computing device, and the video terminal, and the second output of the ADC block is directly connected to the second input of the computing devices, the third input of which is connected to the output of the buffer memory, in turn, the second output of the computing device through an additionally placed preparation unit and signal transmission, connected to the input of an additionally installed satellite dish.

EFFECT: increased accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the surface layer of the lithosphere.

At the moment, a countable set of lithospheric features of earthquakes is known (Yanovskaya TB Fundamentals of seismology. S.-P .: 2008, p. 179-181), such as shear deformations of the earth's surface, a change in the ratio of the propagation velocities of longitudinal and transverse seismic waves, a change in the inclination of the earth's surface, changes in the temperature regime of the surface layers, changes in the components of the geomagnetic field, electrical resistivity of the earth's crust, etc.

The listed precursor signs have a long-term interval of existence, but they do not accurately predict the moment of occurrence of the event itself. There is a linear relationship (Gutenberg-Richter formula) between the logarithm of the precursor time (T) and magnitude (M): T = 0.79M - 1.88 (see, for example, T. Rikitake, “Earthquake prediction,” translated from English. , Mir, M., 1979, p. 242, p. 314, tab. 15.13). But this formula gives very approximate results due to the low accuracy of the initial data, due to the imperfection of the used measuring instruments for the characteristics of earthquake precursors.

One of the most reliable signs of earthquake precursors is a change in the spectral image of the earthquake source immediately before the event, in the form of a change in the amplitude relationships between the spectral components of the wave process generated by the source.

For example, it was established (see, V.A. Liperovsky, L.S. Shalimov, O.A. Pokhotelov, "Ionospheric Signs of Earthquakes," Nauka, M, 1992, p. 163) the appearance of especially low harmonics with a period of 10 ... 20 seconds. To record long-period seismic oscillations, seismographs and other devices are used in the form of distributed seismic antennas with a set of different sensors combined by a common cable communication line.

The most common scheme of a system for monitoring and recording the main physical and mechanical parameters of earthquake precursors, located in the "supercrust" US observatory, is shown in Fig. 4.8 in T. Rikitake’s book “Earthquake Prediction”. Ed. "World", Moscow: 1979, p. 70. In the presented diagram, in the tectonic fault zone at the site (test site) with dimensions of 10 × 20 km, 2 deep borehole groups of instruments are installed, each of 5 seismographs located 150 m from each other, an inclinometer and three strain seismographs. Near the well, at a small depth of the surface (several meters), on both sides of the fault line, 2 stations are located, each of which contains 2 tilt meters, a seismograph and 3 strain-seismographs. In this case, a strain seismograph is a device for recording low-frequency seismic movements, including static ground displacements. A laser strain gauge controls the height of 4 points of the rectangular surface of a site with dimensions of 1 × 1 km. An additional laser rangefinder with two reflective mirrors controls the distance (about 20 km) between every two of the three points of the polygon. All devices at the test site are connected to the operator console in the information processing center by a cable line. Thus, the following operations of the method for monitoring the state of the surface portion of the lithosphere for earthquake prediction are implemented here:

- the choice of the spatial surface region of the lithosphere (measuring range) with a surface area of at least 200 square meters. km and a thickness of at least 1 km in the most seismically active zoning zone, for example, in a tectonic fault zone;

- drilling in the geometric center of the surface of the selected test site of a vertical geophysical well with a depth of at least 1 km;

- selection and placement on the surface of the landfill and in the well of inertial and / or inclinometric sensitive elements interconnected with the data center, information and measuring cable;

- measuring the deformations of the earth's crust by three Cartesian coordinates on the surface of the measuring range and in the well;

- control of changes in the seismic mode by measuring the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of high-frequency (foreshock and aftershock), as well as infrasound waves;

- control of changes in linear velocities of seismic waves with their separation into longitudinal, transverse and deep;

- control of changes in the inclination of the earth's surface.

The disadvantages of this analogue method and its implementing system are:

- low accuracy and selectivity of control due to discrete measurements of surface geometry and displacements of the inner layers of the lithosphere;

- the unsuitability of the method for the restoration of particularly low-frequency seismic waves, for example, more than 50 km long;

- the ability to skip weak high-frequency seismic signals when recording them in time;

functional limitations of the method according to the composition of the controlled parameters (only linear and angular movements of selected sections of the earth's crust);

- high energy costs for measuring, collecting and transmitting information;

- low reliability of control due to the large number of connections of electronic and electromechanical elements located in the zone of shock and vibration.

The problem solved by the claimed method is to provide the possibility of obtaining a spatial image of the precursor sign in the form of continuous distributions of its characteristics and their derivatives along given arc and linear coordinates in a controlled volume of the earth’s crust and reliable prediction of the event by comparing the parameters of the precursors themselves as parameters and associative signs.

Over the past 40 years since the preparation and publication of this famous monograph, the list of technical means used to control the parameters of earthquake precursors has expanded significantly.

We will analyze the most significant patents in this area, primarily paying attention to the shape and composition of the seismic sensors used in distributed receiving seismic antennas.

, направление прихода волны θ=arctg F_x/F_y, автокорреляционную функцию B(R) и по их значениям и времени существования судят о магнитуде и времени ожидаемого землетрясения. Функциональная схема устройства, реализующего этот способ, содержит гелиевый лазер, обеспечивающий через адресный электрооптический дефлектор запитку волоконно-оптических линий пространственной решетки, в узлах которой размещены измерительные модули. Формирование матрицы дискретных отсчетов осуществляется программным методом посредством программируемой схемы выборки, осуществляющей адресное управление дефлектором и канальным коммутатором. Считывание дискретных отсчетов от измерительных модулей осуществляется по шинам считывания, последовательно, по столбцам. Результаты измерений накапливаются в буфере-формирователе. Сформированная измерительная матрица задаваемого размера m х m элементов считывается в оперативное запоминающее устройство ПЭВМ, содержащей процессор-вычислитель, винчестер, клавиатуру, дисплей и принтер. Измерительный модуль содержит волоконно-оптический ответвитель, интерферометр Маха-Цендера в режиме акселерометра, аналого-цифровой преобразователь и адресный сервер.In the patent of the Russian Federation №2130195 authors Davydova V.F., Scherbakova A.S., Komarova E.G. et al. “Earthquake prediction method” published on May 10, 1999, a method is described that includes converting seismic waves into an electrical signal, taking measured values at several points in space, characterized in that they additionally create a measuring polygon in the form of a rectangular polygon on the selected observation profile arrays of N inertialess meters located at the nodes of the arrays and spaced apart at a distance of λ / 4 with the geometric dimensions of the sides of the arrays that are multiples of the wavelength λ of the signal a, measure the amplitude A of the signal at each node of the lattice with a duty cycle of less than 1 s, form a matrix of digital samples of the precursor signal with dimension m × m elements as a function of spatial coordinates A (x, y), calculate the parameters of the electric signal of the matrix: energy spectrum of signals S (F _x ), S (F _y ), spatial period

, the direction of arrival of the wave θ = arctan F _x / F _y , the autocorrelation function B (R), and the magnitude and time of the expected earthquake are judged by their values and lifetime. The functional diagram of a device that implements this method contains a helium laser, which, through an addressable electro-optical deflector, provides power to the fiber-optic lines of the spatial array, in the nodes of which the measuring modules are located. The formation of the matrix of discrete samples is carried out by the program method using a programmable sampling circuit that performs address control of the deflector and channel switch. Read discrete readings from the measuring modules is carried out on the read buses, sequentially, in columns. The measurement results are accumulated in the shaper buffer. The formed measuring matrix of a given size m x m elements is read into the PC random access memory containing a processor-calculator, a hard drive, a keyboard, a display and a printer. The measuring module contains a fiber optic coupler, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in accelerometer mode, an analog-to-digital converter, and an address server.

The main disadvantages of the data of the method and device are also the low accuracy of determining the values of the measured parameter - the amplitude of the precursor signal, associated with the discreteness of its measurement in a limited number of points of location of the measuring modules in the nodes of a rectangular lattice antenna, as well as a narrow range of monitored seismic parameters that are precursors of earthquakes.

There is also an attempt to synthesize the aperture of a seismic antenna in RF patent No. 2227311 by Davydov V.F., Nikitin AN, Novoselova ON et al. “A method for short-term earthquake prediction”, published on April 20, 2004, which includes the conversion of the measured value into an electrical signal, taking discrete samples of the signal amplitude at spaced points in space, the formation of measurement registers for the dependence of discrete samples of amplitudes on spatial coordinates, processing of registers, characterized in that form from the measuring sensors spaced with a constant step along the x, y coordinates, linear cross-shaped groups, arrange them in cont In the region under study, oriented to the cardinal points at a distance commensurate with the size of the focus, the amplitude of the vertical electrostatic field near the earth’s surface E is recorded by sensors and meters, by conducting their sequential cyclic survey, the measurement registers of each group are formed separately in the coordinates E (x, t) and E (y, t), the focus hypocenter is calculated as the point of intersection of the vectors, the cosines of which are calculated through the derivatives of the registrations of the cruciform group

;

.determine the period T _{o of the} signal of the registrograms, predict the magnitude and time of impact by the regression dependencies

;

.

Functional diagram of the device that implements the above method, contains single sensors, meters consisting of a series-connected electrostatic sensor, a polytron amplifier and an integrator. Single measuring sensors are arranged in linear cruciform groups spaced on base B. By means of measuring buses, each of the single measuring sensors is connected to a channel switch, which performs their cyclic interrogation over the time interval specified by the program of the programmed measurement sampling scheme. At the same time, this circuit provides program synchronization of the operation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and the buffer-driver, connected in series to the channel switch. The programmable sampling scheme of measurements is controlled by a computer (PC), in a standard set of elements: processor, random access memory (RAM), hard drive, display, printer and keyboard. The output of the buffer - shaper is connected to the RAM of the PC.

The main disadvantages of the data of the method and device are also the low accuracy of determining the values of the main measured parameter - the amplitude of the vertical electrostatic zero, associated with the discreteness of its measurement in a limited number of sensor points of each cross antenna, as well as a narrow range of monitored seismic parameters that are precursors of earthquakes.

Closer to the claimed here is the invention described in patent SU 1742615 "A method for monitoring the state of a long object and a device for its implementation" by S. Mikheev, V. N. Zemerov and Yelshansky P.V., published on June 23, 1992, in which for the first time a continuous measurement of the distributed physical and mechanical characteristics of a long object was carried out using a measuring waveguide line located in the control zone of this object.

The said patent provides a method for monitoring the state of a long object, which consists in placing an extended wave energy transmission channel in the optical range in which the delay lines of one or several modes are installed, measuring the parameters of the latter and determining physicomechanical data on them the state of the object and their distribution in the control zone, characterized in that, in order to increase the control accuracy and expand the data range, the wave energy transmission channel is made in the form of waves yes fixed oscillation mode of said energy is formed by at least one of them as a supporting-informative on its basis of said modes allocate the most informative for said physical-mechanical data and measured parameters of each of them. For the parameters of the modes, the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of their transmission along the waveguide and the response of these characteristics to changes in the shape, structure of the object and surrounding pressure and temperature are taken.

A device for monitoring the state of a long object containing a source of modulated wave energy, a wave energy transmission channel and a demodulator, characterized in that in order to increase the control accuracy it is equipped with two spatial filters, one of which is connected between the output of the modulated wave energy source and the input of the wave transmission channel energy, and the second spatial filter is between the input of the demodulator and the output of the wave energy transmission channel, which is made in the form of a multimode Nogo waveguide of rectangular or circular cross section or combinations thereof, and the demodulator is designed as a second output connected to the spatial filter the two synchronous detectors integrator connected to the output of one of them and connected to the outputs of the integrator of the second synchronous detector and an operational amplifier. Additionally, the device described above is equipped with a local oscillator frequency converter of signals included between the outputs of the second spatial filter and the inputs of synchronous detectors.

The main disadvantages of this invention are the narrow functionality of the method and device for its implementation due to the low accuracy and selectivity of control due to the small number of simultaneously monitored parameters - only the distributions of the curvature of a long object in one plane, as well as pressure and temperature fields. For modern control of the seismic state of such a complex dynamic long object as a piece of land several kilometers thick and hundreds of square kilometers in area, an extensive branched waveguide antenna is required, located in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system.

For the above reasons, the closest to the technical solution presented here (prototype) is the invention described in RF patent No. 2661674, published July 18, 2018 "Method for monitoring the state of a long object and device for its implementation" by V. Zemerov, claims of which consists in the following.

A method for monitoring the state of a long object, which consists in placing an extended channel of wave energy transfer in the control zone, measuring the parameters of the latter and using them to determine the physical and mechanical data on the state of the object and their distribution in the control zone, for this the wave energy transmission channel is performed in in the form of a waveguide, the vibration modes of the indicated energy are recorded, at least one of them is formed as a reference-informative, taking into account it, the most informative according to the specified physical o-mechanical data and measure the parameters of each of them, while the mode parameters take the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of their transmission along the waveguide and the response of these characteristics to changes in the shape, structure of the object and ambient temperature, characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the main oil and gas pipeline, containing the main and intermediate pumping or compressor stations connected in series to the pipeline and storage tanks

using a waveguide made in the form of an information-measuring optical fiber cable placed along the main oil and gas pipeline, to measure the distribution of the curvature of the pipeline, as well as the surfaces of the storage tanks in the vertical and horizontal planes, at least two are placed in the specified cable along its entire length L, orthogonally located fiber optic pairs, each of which contains two parallel elongated and contacting each other along a common generatrix of cylindrical quartz glasses a fiber, one of these fibers is a reference and information channel n ₁ , and the second is a measuring channel n ₂ with different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ placed in a common reflective sheath, while the information and measuring optical fiber cable is sequentially fixed to the surface of all devices comprising the main oil and gas pipelines, generating a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = L / V, where V - velocity of light in a glass fiber support-information channel ₁ of width n pektra order of 1 / T and the time interval T ₁ between pulses fed said pulses to the input of each fiber support-information channel n ₁ information and the measuring fiber optic cable length L, greater lengths of said oil and gas pipelines, amplify optical signals in all channels of information and the measuring fiber optic cable receive optical signals at the outputs of all channels of the specified cable and carry out their photoconversion into electrical signals, then synchronously detect, integrate, amplifying these electrical signals are converted and digitalized, then the measured distributions of curvature are scaled to the spatio-temporal distributions of bending forces acting on the pipeline and storage tanks in horizontal and vertical planes, and comparing the obtained physical and mechanical characteristics of the current state of the main oil and gas pipelines with reference physical and mechanical characteristics, decide on the condition of the pipeline and storage tanks trolled trunk oil and gas pipeline.

Contributes to the achievement of the technical result in the prototype method also that:

- mechanical light-conducting contact in each optical fiber pair between cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₁ and n _{2 is} provided by compressing the fibers to each other due to the action of elastic compressive forces, for example, by means of an acrylic reflective sheath, or by welding these fibers, or by creating a translucent partition between them located parallel to the longitudinal axis of the information-measuring fiber optic cable;

- to reduce the measurement error of the curvature of the pipeline information-measuring fiber optic cable is fixed along the upper generatrix of the cylindrical surface of linear and non-linear sections of the pipeline so that the plane of maximum sensitivity of the measurement of the curvature of the pipeline are in the vertical and horizontal planes;

- in order to control the distribution of the curvature of the surfaces of the storage tanks of the main oil and gas pipeline, the information and measuring fiber optic cable is fixed on these surfaces along a broken line formed from the intersection of each surface of the storage tank with a vertical diametrical plane;

- to increase the accuracy of assessing the stress-strain state and fatigue strength of the pipeline, as well as the storage capacities of the main oil and gas pipeline, control the distribution of the temperature field of their surfaces by placing an additional pair of cylindrical quartz in parallel in the information and measuring fiber optic cable along the common generatrix glass with the same refractive index n ₁ = n _2, wherein the cylindrical quartz ste lovolokno measuring channel n ₂ is selected from a linear dependence of the dielectric constant of fiberglass placed in a reflective sheath, ε with temperature, for example, ytterbium-doped active fiber having a degree of silica doped with rare earth ions expressed by the molar concentration of less than 1 ppm;

- to prevent accidents of any device that is part of the main oil and gas pipeline, and unauthorized access to these devices, a second additional pair of cylindrical quartz glass fibers with different refractive indices n ₁ and n ₂ parallel to each other and connected to each other along the common generatrix of refraction is installed in the information-measuring fiber optic cable moreover, n ₁ > n ₂ , with the help of which they control the distributions of the vibration fields of these devices and other noise sources and the main oil and gas pipeline;

- in order to obtain vibration spectra of the main and intermediate pumping or compressor stations of the main oil and gas pipeline, the fiber-optic information and measuring cable is fixed on the surfaces of the pumping or compressor assemblies of the indicated stations from the point where the pipeline is connected to them and where it leaves the said units;

- in order to improve the accuracy and processing speed of harmonic electrical signals characterizing the distribution of vibration fields along the main oil and gas pipeline, the procedure of fast Fourier transform is applied to these signals before transmission to the computing device;

- to reduce energy costs and interference, as well as synchronize the measurement processes of the necessary physical and mechanical data on the state of the oil and gas pipeline in the information-measuring fiber optic cable, create one reference and information channel in the form of cylindrical quartz fiber n ₁ and four measuring also cylindrical quartz fiber n ₂ , isolated between themselves and in contact with the support-information channel n ₁ forming their common cylindrical surfaces, with all five of said channels pom schayut into a single reflective shell;

- to reduce the attenuation of signals and increase the length of the monitored oil and gas pipeline in the information-measuring fiber optic cable, multimode quartz glass fibers n ₁ , n ₂ with a range of transmitted wavelengths (850-1550) nm are used;

- in order to increase the reliability and predictability of the state of the main oil and gas pipeline, they obtain and store additional information about the static characteristics of the stress-strain state of an empty and filled pipeline, as well as storage tanks by measuring, fixing the distribution of curvature, as well as vibration fields and temperature of the pipeline, as well as storage tanks, before and after the supply of oil or gas to the main oil and gas pipeline, as well as the rate of change of these parameters over time during operation and geodetic data on the distribution of the curvature of the pipeline obtained during its construction;

- to prevent ruptures of the information-measuring optical fiber cable due to temperature changes in the dimensions of the monitored oil and gas pipeline, a solid dielectric, for example, polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar threads or glass fibers, as well as side rods, for example, made of fiberglass, is introduced into the structure of the specified cable

- to protect against impacts and reduce the forces of crushing effects, as well as improve the accuracy of fixing on the controlled surfaces of the devices of the main oil and gas pipeline due to the correct orientation of the information-measuring fiber optic cable in space, the latter is made with a rectangular cross-sectional profile of the last protective sheath;

- to protect the information and measuring fiber optic cable from fire, the last protective sheath of the specified cable with a rectangular cross-sectional profile is made of a fire-resistant, low-smoke, halogen-free compound.

A prototype device for monitoring the state of a long object containing a source of modulated wave energy, a wave energy transmission channel and a demodulator, it is equipped with two spatial filters, one of which is connected between the output of the modulated wave energy source and the input of the wave energy transmission channel, and the second spatial filter between the input of the demodulator and the output of the wave energy transmission channel, which is made in the form of a multimode extended waveguide of rectangular or circular cross section or their combinations, and the demodulator is made in the form of two synchronous detectors connected to the outputs of the second spatial filter, an integrator connected to the output of one of them, and connected to the outputs of the integrator, the second synchronous detector and an operational amplifier, and the device is also equipped with a heterodyne signal frequency converter included between the outputs of the second spatial filter and the inputs of synchronous detectors,

characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the main oil and gas pipeline, containing the main and intermediate pumping or compressor stations and storage tanks in series,

a modulated wave energy source, made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser connected through an optical amplifier and an optical connector to the input of the wave energy transmission channel, created in the form of an information-measuring fiber optic cable containing one reference and information channel in the form of a cylindrical quartz fiber glass n ₁ input which is the input channel and transmission of wave energy, and four measurement channel, also in the form of cylindrical quartz glass n ₂ isolated between wallpaper and contacting with the reference and information channel along the common cylindrical surfaces forming them, while all five of these channels are placed in one common reflective sheath, which is separated by a solid dielectric with reinforcing elements from the main protective sheath of the information-measuring fiber optic cable, with a rectangular cross-sectional profile sequentially fixed to the surfaces of all devices that make up the main oil and gas pipeline, and the output of the wave energy transmission channel and, in this case, the outputs of all five of these optical fibers n ₁ and n ₂ also through the optical connector and the second spatial filter, implemented as a block of photodetectors, are connected to the input of the demodulator, the output of which is connected to additionally installed, connected in series by the ADC unit, FFT processor , a computing device and a video terminal, and the second output of the ADC unit is directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is connected to the output of an additionally installed buffer memory.

Contributes to the achievement of the technical result in the device prototype is also the fact that:

- information-measuring fiber optic cable is fixed on the surfaces of all devices that make up the main oil and gas pipeline, for example, using a protective plastic film;

- the demodulator includes four of the same type, independent electronic synchronous detection circuits with a heterodyne frequency converter of electrical signals coming from a photodetector block connected through an optical connector to the output of an information-measuring optical fiber cable;

- in order to reduce the measurement error due to a decrease in the quality of the reference and measuring signals in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, intermediate optical amplifiers are installed at a distance L ₁ = L / N ₁ in the information and measuring optical fiber cable of a long length, where N ₁ - the number of intermediate pumping or compressor stations in the main oil and gas pipeline;

- the optical amplifier in the modulated wave energy source as well as the intermediate optical amplifiers are made of semiconductor or fiber, for example, based on erbium or ytterbium-doped optical fibers;

- a pulsed coherent laser has a frequency stability of at least (0.001-0.01) T ^-1 ;

- the block of photodetectors is made on the basis of p-i-n or avalanche photodiodes with transimpedance amplifiers;

- the buffer memory is made in the form of an optical drive manufactured using the technology of "Blu-ray".

The main disadvantages of the prototype invention as well as the analogue inventions are the narrow functional capabilities of the method and device for its implementation due to the low accuracy and selectivity of control when measuring the distributed physical and mechanical parameters of an extended extended object, in this case, a portion of the surface layer of the lithosphere, in connection with using a one-dimensional arc coordinate system defined by the axis of one information-measuring fiber optic cable.

The purpose of the present invention (a group of technical solutions interconnected by a single inventive concept) is the development of such a method for monitoring the state of a long object and such a device for its implementation, which would improve the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the seismic state of the surface portion of the lithosphere , by simultaneously measuring the distributions of the differential curvatures, as well as the fields of vibration and temperature in a given three-dimensional coordinate system for determining the characteristics of the main precursors of the earthquake, as well as the location of its hypocenter and the magnitude of the shock wave.

The technical result in relation to the claimed invention - the method is achieved by the fact that in accordance with the proposed method for monitoring the condition of a long object from a set of identical in design segments of information-measuring fiber optic cable used as cable beams, a length determined by the linear dimensions of the measuring seismic test site creates a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna in the form of an umbrella connection of cable beams, for this use at least five beams d, four of which are placed, for example, crosswise on the earth's surface, and the fifth - from the center of the cross vertically in the borehole, forming from these cable beams one or more three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems x, y, z with center 0 on the surface of the measuring polygon at the mouth wells, and all the inputs of the cable beams of this antenna excite simultaneously from one coherent source of optical radiation, and the optical signals obtained at the outputs of the cable beams containing information about the change in the differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature along the axis of each antenna beam, after photoconversion into electrical signals, synchronously detect, amplify and convert these electrical signals into digital form, which are registergrams of differential distributions of differential curvature ∂K measured at equal time intervals T ₁ / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature along the axes of all cable rays of the antenna, these data determine the main characteristics of infrasound and high-frequency spatial seismic waves and melt the hypocenter of the earthquake source as the intersection of vectors, the cosines of which are calculated through the recorded distributions of the differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of the antenna cable rays along each of the axes of the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems x, y, z according to the formulas:

where: (∂K / ∂S) _x ; (∂K / ∂S) _y ; (∂K / ∂S) _z - the measured distributions of the differential curvatures of the antenna’s cable rays along the x, y, z axes and, based on the obtained data, determine the time of the earthquake and the magnitude of the main shock wave using the known ratios, in addition to simultaneously monitoring changes in the characteristics of other precursors earthquakes, for example, the amplitudes and frequencies of the main harmonics of high-frequency foreshock wave oscillations, conduct a spectral analysis of the measured distributions of the vibration fields along the axis of each antenna beam using fast Fourier transform, and also determine the changes in the amplitudes, frequencies and linear velocities of the longitudinal, transverse and deep waves, as well as the ratio of the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves V _p / V _s , form the direct and inverse registers of the distributions of each of these parameters and temperature separately for the x, y, z coordinates, the hypocenter of the focus is additionally calculated as the point of intersection of the vectors, the cosines of which are calculated through the partial derivatives of the inverse registers with respect to the arc coordinate S each th three-dimensional group of measurements of the parameters of the indicated earthquake precursors, and the obtained data are used to correct the forecast of the main characteristics of the earthquake obtained by monitoring the distribution of differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of each of its rays by the antenna.

Contributes to the achievement of the technical result in the claimed method that:

- to increase the sensitivity of the antenna and maintain its orientation in space, two antenna cable beams that make up a straight line are placed on the earth’s surface parallel to the tectonic fault line, and all four horizontal antenna beams are buried in the ground to a depth of at least 1 m, for which they are milled at at least two crosswise located grooves in the horizontal plane of the earth’s surface, and in the vertical well, the fifth cable beam is fixed to the inner walls of the casing throughout the depth not well forming of every three antenna beams dimensional rectangular coordinate system with its origin at the top of a vertical well;

- to monitor the state of the volumetric section of the seabed, a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna is installed on the bottom surface, optical signals received at the outputs of the cable beams containing information about the change in the differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature along the axis of each antenna beam are transmitted using an additional fiber-optic cable-cable to a radio transmitting buoy located on the sea surface, where they are photoconverted into electrical signals, and then converted into radio signals and transmitting on satellite communication channel to the data center for processing and storing information;

- to increase the reliability of control, using the satellite navigation to determine the location of the center of the gradient seismic antenna, and the data obtained using the antenna of the register measurements via the satellite channel are transmitted to the information center for the accumulation and storage of information, for example, using the blockchain technology, and comparison with the available data of ground, air and underwater mapping of the surface of the controlled volumetric area of the surface layer of the lithosphere;

- to increase the resolution of the seismic antenna in angle and range by increasing its effective area, the length of the installed cable beams of the antenna is increased, as well as their number in both horizontal and vertical planes, for example, due to cluster drilling of a group of deviated wells and placement in them additional cable beams, or attaching, using optical connectors, additional segments of cable beams to those already installed;

- for the convenience of deploying the antenna at the measuring range, collecting in one place and transmitting information from all cable antenna beams through the satellite communication channel, each antenna beam is made in the form of an information-measuring fiber optic cable, along the entire length L of which the measurement is stretched in the forward and reverse directions waveguide line (IVL) containing at least five cylindrical glass fibers interacting with each other along the entire length, one of these fibers is a reference information channel scrap with a refractive index n _1, and the remaining four - measuring channels with the same refractive index n ₂ <n _1, bred in the vertical and horizontal planes on both sides of the reference channel fiber, all fiberglass Each ventilator is placed in a reflective membrane, in an end point of each the cable beam is introduced the same for horizontal beams, and for a vertical beam more L / H times, where L is the length of the horizontal beam of the antenna; H is the depth of the well, the time delay between the forward and reverse mechanical ventilation while the information and measuring fiber optic cable containing at least two mechanical ventilation is fixed on the surface of the monitored land in such a way that a horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the three glass fibers n ₂ , n ₁ , n _{2 of} each ventilator was perpendicular to the vertical plane in which the longitudinal axes of the other three glass fibers n ₂ , n ₁ , n _{2 of the} second ventilator are located, and the vertical beam of the antenna is rigidly fixed inside the casing of the first borehole column so that when the geometry of the column changes, the beam geometry synchronously changes, then a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = 2L / V + T _{s is} generated, where: T _s is the time delay; V is the speed of light in fiberglass, with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses, amplify and simultaneously supply these pulses to the input of the optical fiber of the reference information channel of each cable beam of the antenna;

- to protect the glass fibers of all channels of each segment of the information-measuring optical fiber cable from impacts and simultaneously increase the optical coupling coefficient between the glass fibers, they are placed in a common reflective sheath, filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index of n ₃ not lower than the refractive index of the reference optical fiber channel n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° С;

- to obtain a high angular resolution of control due to the aperture synthesis of antennas by several coherent measurements of seismic wave parameters on the same section of the surface layer of the lithosphere, one or more other similar gradient fiber-cable seismic antennas are additionally placed at a distance of 50 km to 300 km between the centers of the antennas, and all the rays of one antenna in the horizontal and vertical planes should be deployed and fixed in parallel with the corresponding to another antenna, and all the cable beam inputs of these antennas are excited simultaneously by the command signal of the satellite communication system with the antennas, then they process the registers received by all antennas using well-known interferometric algorithms;

- in order to calibrate a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna and use it for prospecting and mineral exploration, one or a series of directed explosions of linearly increasing power are produced in the zone of the measuring seismic test site on the surface or in an additionally drilled well, and then using the known methods of decoding the received Seismograms evaluate the boundaries and reserves of mineral deposits, as well as the main characteristics of the antenna.

The technical result in relation to the claimed invention - the device is achieved by the fact that in accordance with the proposed device for monitoring the state of a long object, it contains a wave energy transmission channel made of interconnected a set of identical in construction sections of information-measuring optical fiber cable used as cable beams, length L, determined by the linear dimensions of the measuring seismic test site and the depth of the drilled well N, in the form of a gradient wave a cable-mounted seismic antenna by means of an umbrella connection of cable beams; for this, five beams were used, four of which are placed in a horizontal plane, for example, crosswise on the earth’s surface, and the fifth from the center of the cross is suspended vertically in the borehole, and all cable-in inputs of this antenna through the optical connectors are connected to the outputs of an additionally installed optical splitter connected to the output of the optical amplifier of the pulsed coherent laser signal, and the outputs are connected to the eye by finite devices located at the end of each cable beam, in turn, each terminal device, in addition to its own input optical connector, contains an optical delay line connecting the first and second, additionally installed in the cable beam, similar in design to the first, five-channel fiber-optic measuring line (IVL ), laid in the forward and reverse directions along the entire length of each cable beam, placed like the first ventilator in a common reflective shell filled with tics a spacer gel with immersion properties, and the output of the second ventilator is located in the input connector of each cable beam, then the outputs of the second ventilator of all five cable beams are connected through these connectors to the inputs of the photodetector unit, which through a demodulator, one output of which is connected to the ADC unit in series with the processor FFT, a computing device and a video terminal, and the second output of the ADC unit is directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is connected to the buffer output memory, in turn, the second output of the computing device through an additionally placed signal preparation and transmission unit, is connected to the input of an additionally installed satellite antenna.

Contributes to the achievement of the technical result in the claimed device that:

- to reduce the time of deployment and installation of a seismic antenna at the test site, all the main blocks, namely, a pulsed coherent laser, an optical amplifier, an optical splitter, a block of photodetectors, a demodulator, an ADC unit, an FFT processor, a satellite transmit-receive unit with an autonomous source power supplies are placed in one case of the received information processing unit, on the outside of which optical connectors for connecting the antenna cable beams and electrical connectors for To connect a video terminal and satellite antenna;

- to reduce the dispersion and attenuation of optical signals in the cable beams of the antenna using multimode quartz fiberglass with a range of transmitted wavelengths (1310-1550) nm;

- the optical amplifier is made of fiber, for example, based on doped with erbium or ytterbium optical fibers;

- the optical delay line is made in the form of a set of plane-parallel quartz glass plates, for example, according to the Michelson principle;

- the block of photodetectors is made on the basis of p-i-n or avalanche photodiodes with transimpedance amplifiers and bandpass filters;

- to expand the processing of the received information, the satellite dish is connected to the channel of accumulation and storage of data of the "blockchain" type.

The invention is further illustrated by a specific example of its implementation and the accompanying drawings, in which:

- FIG. 1 shows a flat bend of a long structure with alternating curvature distribution;

- FIG. 2 - calculated graphs of errors of the inclinometric and waveguide methods for monitoring the geometry of a long structure;

- FIG. 3 - the calculated spectrum of the oscillations of the focal zone of the earthquake;

- FIG. 4 - recorded amplitude-frequency characteristics of the seismic background of the focal zone of the infrasound range;

- FIG. 5 - graphs of the time variation of the parameters of the main earthquake precursors;

- FIG. 6 - the relative position of the two gradient seismic antennas and the hypocenter of the earthquake source;

- FIG. 7a, b — transverse and longitudinal sections of a beam of a gradient seismic antenna;

- FIG. 8 is a layout diagram of a ground gradient seismic antenna;

- FIG. 9 is a layout diagram of an underwater gradient seismic antenna;

- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a seismic device for monitoring the state of a spatial portion of the lithosphere;

- FIG. 11a, b are the dependences of the voltage at the input of the ADC unit when changing the curvature of the RIS and the profile of the metal plate for various loads, obtained using an experimental setup;

- FIG. 12a, b, c, d are photographs of the main parts of the experimental installation for controlling the curvature of the generatrix of the steel plate.

To prove the increase in accuracy when using the waveguide method compared to the discrete inclinometric method (see, Fig. 4.8 in T. Rikitake’s book “Earthquake Prediction.” Publishing House “Mir”, Moscow: 1979, p. 70), the case of a plane bending of a long structure 1, for example, a casing string of a geophysical well (Fig. 1), characterized by alternating: distribution: curvature K (S) = 1 / R (S), where S is the arc coordinate along the axis of the long structure 1 and its radius of curvature R (S). It is convenient to depict the lengthy construction 1 as a plane curve in the complex plane z (x, jy), the origin 0, in which is aligned with the end point of this curve. The radius vector S (z) connects the origin 0 (x = 0, jy = 0) with the current arc coordinate S and is described by the expression (Zemerov V.N., Mikheev S.M., Osenev A.L. Error analysis of processing algorithms information when measuring the bottom coordinate: Sat Scientific Transactions. No. 126. M: Moscow. Energetic Institute, 1987, pp. 31-36)

Where

In the known inclinometric method, the sensors measure the angle ψ of the deviation of the axis of the long structure 1 from the vertical. The parameter measured by these sensors is the average value of the angle ψ (S) on the segment ΔS, which is the interval between the sensors along structure 1.

Then

where ψ _i and ψ _{i + 1} are the readings of the sensors, respectively, with the coordinate iΔS; (i + 1) ΔS.

When using an extended measuring waveguide line (IVL) to control the curvature placed and fixed on the surface of the long structure 1 in the bend plane along the generatrix of this structure after the initial processing of the measuring and reference signals, as a result of which the measured curvature K (S) is determined by integral convolution of the controlled parameter and hardware function of an extended wave energy transmission line (Sedletsky PM et al. “Issues of synthesis of radar signals”, - M .: Soviet radio, 1970, p. 20) it is possible to obtain the value of the angle of deviation of the longitudinal axis of the long structure 1 from the vertical measured by an extended wave line of wave energy transmission:

where ƒ (S-х) is the hardware function of this extended line; x is the integration variable.

In the case of an ideal sensor - an extended wave energy transmission line, ƒ (Sx) is a rectangle with an infinitely steep front at points S = x and x = 0, while

In a real extended wave energy transmission line, the hardware function f (S-x) has a finite front slope of length ΔS. For example, for a hardware function of a Gaussian form, ψ (S) has the form

Where

The expressions for the radius vectors S _u (z) and S _b (z), respectively determined using inclinometric sensors and an extended transmission line of wave energy, can be written as follows:

where N is the number of inclinometric sensors installed along a long structure with an interval ΔS; L is the length of the extended wave energy transmission line.

Then, taking into account expressions (1), (5) and (6), the absolute errors in determining the coordinates of the end point of the axis of the long structure 1, respectively, by inclinometric and waveguide methods, are determined by the following: expressions:

Where

Expressions (7) and (8) were used to calculate the methodological errors of the inclinometric and waveguide methods, the results of which are shown in graphs 2 and 3 in FIG. 2.

Curve 2 expresses the dependence of the error

from the number of inclinometric sensors N, fixed at a distance ΔS = L / N from each other along a lengthy structure. In turn, curve 3 shows the dependence of the error Δb% = [Δ _b (Z) / S (Z)] ⋅100% of the number of samples N = L / ΔS, where ΔS is the resolution of the extended transmission line of wave energy. When comparing dependencies 2 and 3, the advantages of the waveguide method for determining the coordinate of the selected point of the longitudinal axis of the long structure 1 (Fig. 1) are compared with the inclinometric method: since the methodical error decreases with the same number N (Fig. 2) almost 2 orders of magnitude for long structure 1, in this case, for example, a casing string of a geophysical well several kilometers deep.

The increase in the selectivity of monitoring the seismic state of the volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere in the presented method is achieved by selecting the distributions of differential curvature ∂K / ∂S along all axes of a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system characterizing rock displacements, the main one by the reliability of the earthquake precursor, as the main controlled vector parameter as well as vibration and temperature fields.

The umbrella design of the seismic antenna ensures its high selectivity, since it combines the well-known properties of the “Mills cross” in the horizontal plane and “half crosses” in two orthogonal vertical planes (see, for example, Aperture Synthesis, http://www.astronet.ru/db /msg/1172521?text_comp=gloss_graph.msn).

We give a proof of the gradient properties of mechanical ventilation when measuring K (S). A vent attached to the surface of a long structure 1 (Fig. 1) undergoes regular bending with a radius R (S) on the element ΔS of a given coordinate S. This structure 1 does not have kinks, and its diameter significantly exceeds the transverse dimension α of the vent, therefore, the vent itself undergoes small deformations on the element ΔS. As a ventilator, we choose the simplest two-mode regular waveguide with modes interacting with bending, that is, an extended transmission line of wave energy (see, for example, Fig. 1, RF patent No. 2661674 by V.N. Zemerov), which propagates optical signals into it mode view with known spatio-temporal structure.

In such a line, modes can propagate: electromagnetic optical fields in the corresponding ranges, waves.

According to the theory of waves associated with small deformations of regular waveguides (Vaganov R.V. et al. Multimode waveguides with random irregularities. - M .: Soviet Radio, 1972, p. 70), the connection between the modes of mechanical ventilation is directional, and the coupling coefficient g is directly proportional to the curvature of the waveguide K = 1 / R on the element ΔS:

where r is the mode coupling coefficient per unit length ΔS, the amplitudes of which are normalized by the excitation power of the ventilator; k wave number; j is the imaginary unit; g is the dimensionless coefficient determined by the structure of the mode fields inside the ventilator.

We will choose one of the ventilation modes as the reference channel, and the second as the measuring channel with known mode phase slowdowns in each of these channels. Then, taking into account the expression for the wave number k = ω / c, the propagation constants of the modes of the reference and measuring channels, respectively, have the form

γ _1,2 = kβ _1,2 ,

where β _1,2 are the values of the phase velocities of the modes of the reference and measuring ropes, respectively, ω is the circular frequency, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.

Directional interaction along an extended line of wave energy transfer of the mode fields of at least one reference and at least one measuring channels is provided depending on the change in the controlled parameter characterizing the state of a long object. The reference signal is generated in the form of time-modulated oscillations of physical fields and these oscillations are converted into a signal with a given spatial structure of the mode fields, then the mode fields at the outputs of at least one reference and at least one measuring channel of the extended wave energy transmission line are converted into electrical signals depending only on time.

Thus: thus: a ventilator is a linear measuring device with a hardware function ƒ (tt ₁ -t _S ).

The shorter the time interval takes the hardware function, the higher the resolution of the device. If ƒ (t) is the Dirac delta function δ (tt ₁ -t _S ), then the voltage at the output of the measuring channel

The spatial distribution K (S) is reconstructed by integrating the measuring signal V (t) and scaled recalculation using the time function

S (t) = t (V _g1 V _g2 ) / (V _g1 -V _g2 ).

The use in ventilation of two channels interacting with each other with different phase velocities of the modes allows you to create the effect of the spatial memory of the signal in the measuring channel depending on the change in the controlled parameter, in this case, the curvature K (S),

The above calculations are a preliminary illustration of the physical nature of the method for monitoring the state of a long object from the perspective of analyzing the general properties of signals of the spatio-temporal structure propagating in a two-mode artificial ventilation with interacting channels when a controlled parameter is exposed to the mechanical ventilation, in this case, changes in its curvature.

наглядно подтверждает правомерность введенного автором названия «градиентная сейсмическая волоконно-оптическая кабельная антенна» и термина «дифференциальная кривизна».A more complete theoretical justification of the control method with analysis of the requirements for the parameters, two-channel mechanical ventilation, and a time-modulated reference signal using the theory of coupled waveguide transmission lines and spectral analysis of signals is given in the materials of RF patent No. 2661674 by V.N. Zemerov. But even the brief justification given here for measuring the two-channel mechanical ventilation distribution of the differential curvature along its axis

clearly confirms the legitimacy of the name introduced by the author “gradient seismic fiber-optic cable antenna” and the term “differential curvature”.

The essence of the proposed method for monitoring the state of a long object in the form of a volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere is as follows. As the most well-known model of changes in the characteristics of the main earthquake precursors, we take the dependences shown in FIG. 3-5. Here in FIG. 3 shows the calculated spectrum (curve 4) of the oscillations of the focal zone of the earthquake, and in FIG. 4 recorded amplitude-frequency characteristics (curve 5) of the seismic background of the focal zone of the infrasound range. These characteristics are given in the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2337382 "Method for the short-term prediction of earthquakes" by Davydov V.F., Korolkova A.V., Sorokina I.V. et al. published October 27, 2008

In FIG. Figure 5 shows time-varying graphs of the parameters of the main earthquake precursors published in the article by A. Vilshansky. Local earthquake prediction system (Boiling earth). Deponir. hand., bible. US Congress, p. 10-13. (http://www.ecoimper.net/stat/1014b_vilshansky.pdf). Here, on the “Forshoki 6” time interval, the curves of the rising and falling ratios of the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves V _p / V _s , as well as temperature: the surface of the earth T ^{0 are given} . From FIG. 5 it follows that all graphs of changes in these earthquake precursors have a pronounced spasmodic character. This confirms the presence of partial derivatives with respect to the selected arc coordinates along the rays of the gradient antenna. The similar nature of the change (according to Rikitake and other famous scientists) during the onset of an earthquake is the angle of inclination of the soil in the well, as measured by the dipmeter. Then in FIG. 5 shows the “Main shock 7” of an earthquake at time t ₁ with magnitude A ₁ . After it, the time interval “Aftershocks 10” shows a further change in the ratio of wave velocities V _p / V _s and temperature T ⁰ , as well as the second 8 and third 9 earthquake shocks with magnitudes A ₂ and A ₃ at time t ₂ and t ₃ .

The precursor characteristics shown in FIG. 3-5, used in the proposed method of control as a justification of the composition of the selected controlled parameters and determine the limits of their dynamic range of changes. In this method, the distribution of differential curvature is selected as the main measured parameter characterizing the displacements of the earth's crust, and in addition, the distribution of vibration and temperature fields along the specified axes of a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system created using a gradient fiber-cable antenna.

In FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a controlled volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere with two gradient seismic antennas 11 located on its surface and a tectonic fault line 12, as well as a hypocenter 13 and an earthquake epicenter 14. In the hypocenter 13 there is a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system x, y, z with the radius vector Ra1 defining the location of the hypocenter 13 relative to the first antenna 11 and the radius vector Ra2 relative to the second antenna 11, which are defined as the intersection point of the vectors whose cosines are calculated using registered distribution of differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of cable beams 30 of two antennas 11.

Further, in accordance with the claims of the method, a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna in the form of an umbrella connection of cable beams is created from a set of identical in design segments of information-measuring fiber optic cable (IOIK) used as cable beams, the length determined by the linear dimensions of the measuring seismic test site .

The manufacturing technology and design of each cable beam are clearly illustrated in FIG. 7a and b, in which drawings of its transverse and longitudinal sections are presented. In FIG. 7a) two forward waveguide measuring lines (IVLs) extended in a cable beam, each of which contains at least five cylindrical glass fibers 15, 16, 17 and 18 interacting with each other along the entire length, are shown, one of these fibers 15 a support-information channel with a refractive index n _1, and the remaining four 16, 17 and 18 - measuring channels with the same refractive index n ₂ <n _1, bred in the vertical and horizontal planes on both sides of the glass ornogo bore 15, serve to measure distributions of differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, as well as vibration and temperature fields along the axes of the cable rays. All fiberglass 15, 16, 17 and 18 of each ventilator are placed in their reflective shell 19, filled with a thixotropic gel 20 with immersion properties and a refractive index of n ₃ not lower than the refractive index of the fiberglass of the reference information channel 15 n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° С.

As the gel, for example, silicone gel is used. These properties are possessed, for example, by the two-component silicone gel “WACKER ® SilGel 612 A / B” (https://www.wacker.com/cms/en/products/product/product.jsp?product=10549) and the flowing two-component rubber “ SEMICOSIL 920 LT ”(https://www.wacker.com/cms/media/publications/downloads/6982_EN.pdf), the latter working without changing its properties at temperatures from -100 ° C to + 200 ° C. Both ventilators are separated by a protective filler 21, for example, solid polyethylene from the last protective sheath 22 of a rectangular rectangular cable beam, which allows it to be fixed on a controlled horizontal surface of the earth 23 using a mounting device 24. An optical cable is installed at the beginning of the cable beam (see Fig. 7b) connector (OR) 25, and at the end of the beam in the terminal device (OS) 26, an optical delay line (OLS) 27 is introduced. Both mechanical ventilation in each cable beam 30 are arranged so that a horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axes of three glass fibers n ₂ , n ₁ , n _{2 of} each mechanical ventilation was parallel to the upper and lower walls of the last protective shell 22 of rectangular cross section. In the fifth cable beam 30, the length of which is determined by a depth H of the borehole 31 (Fig. 8-9) for at least 1 km, two mechanical ventilation devices are installed in the forward and reverse directions, connected through the OLZ 27. This beam 30 is fixed from the inside along the entire length of the casing columns in the borehole 31, for example, using clamps or spacer wedges, so that the cable does not spontaneously twist along the axis of the beam 30 and the parallelism of the walls of the rectangular protective sheath 22 of the vertical beam 30 to the lines of the crosswise horizon ray rays 30.

As shown in FIG. 8 in total, when creating a terrestrial gradient cable antenna 11, five beams 30 are used, four of which are placed in a horizontal plane, for example, crosswise on the earth's surface 28 within the boundaries of the measuring range 29, and the fifth from the center of the cross vertically in the borehole 31, forming from of these cable beams 30 four three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems (x, y, z; -x, y, z; x, -y, z; -x, -y, z) with center 0 on the surface of the measuring range at the wellhead 31. Each horizontal beam 30 has a length a / 2, where a is the length of the poly side 29 is, for example, square shape and the terminal end 26. The vertical beam 30 length of H, where H - the depth of wellbore 31, which should be at least 1 km, and its terminal end 26 disposed at the bottom of the well 31.

All inputs of the cable rays 30 of the cable antenna 11 are excited simultaneously from one coherent source of optical radiation, and the optical signals obtained at the outputs of the cable rays 30 contain information on the change in the differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields, and temperature along the axis of each antenna beam 30, after photoconversion into electric signals synchronously detected and converted into digital codes representing registrograms measured at regular time intervals T ₁ differential distributions ∂K / ∂S curvature, vibration fields, and temperature along the axes of all cable rays 30 of antenna 11. These codes are then processed using well-known interferometric algorithms (see, for example, an article by VG Kobernichenko, AV Sosnovsky. Interferometric high-resolution space radar imagery data processing, http://www.unigeo.ru/upload/files/b59d94e98b2b2cbc6613aff2d94da7e2.pdf) obtain the main characteristics of spatial seismic waves and calculate the hypocenter of the earthquake source 13 (see FIG. 6) as the intersection point of vectors whose cosines are calculated through the recorded distributions of the differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of the cable beams 30 of antenna 11 (Fig. 8) along each axis of the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems x, y, z according to the formulas:

,

,

,

,

,

,

where: (∂K / ∂S) _x ; (∂K / ∂S) _y ; (∂K / ∂S) _z - the measured distributions of the differential curvatures of the cable beams 30 of the antenna 11 along the x, y, z axes and on the basis of the obtained data on the known ratios determine the time of the earthquake and the magnitude of the main shock wave, in addition to simultaneously monitoring changes in characteristics other earthquake precursors, for example, the amplitudes and frequencies of the fundamental harmonics of high-frequency foreshock wave oscillations. A spectral analysis of the measured distributions of the vibration fields along the axis of each beam 30 of the antenna 11 is carried out using a fast Fourier transform. The changes in the amplitudes, frequencies, and linear velocities of the longitudinal, transverse, and deep waves, as well as the ratio of the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves, V _p / V _s , are determined, and the direct and reverse registers of the distributions of each of the above parameters and temperature are separated separately along the x, y, z coordinates. In addition, the focus hypocenter is calculated as the intersection point of vectors whose cosines are calculated through the partial derivatives of the inverse registers with respect to the arc coordinate S of each three-dimensional group of measurements of the parameters of the indicated earthquake precursors, and the data obtained (see, for example, the article “Seismic Waves and Determination of the Parameters of the Earthquake Focal” ". June 15, 2016 http://spb-sovtrans.ru/prikladnaya-seysmologiya/817-seysmicheskie-volny-i-opredelenie-parametrov-ochaga-zemletryaseniya.html) is used to adjust the forecast of the main characteristics of the earthquake observations obtained by monitoring the distribution of differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of each of its rays by the antenna.

The use in the presented method of delivering optical pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel of each beam 30 of the antenna 11 from a single source of modulated wave energy and intermediate amplification of optical signals with a simultaneous time delay in the terminal devices 26 of these rays 30 is performed to increase the selectivity of control by creating time stamps in all beams 30 with a precisely known distance along the length of each beam 30 and synchronizing optical signals in process of their distribution. In addition, the reverse registers of the measured distributions from the end of each beam 30 to its beginning eliminate the additional signal processing associated with the need to transfer the origin, for example, when determining the direction cosines of the vector of the main (soliton) earthquake shock wave.

To increase the sensitivity of the antenna 11 and maintain its orientation in space, two cable beams 30 of the antenna 11, making a straight line, are placed on the surface of the monitored area 28 of the earth, for example, parallel to the tectonic fault line 12 (Fig. 6), and all four horizontal beams 30 of the antenna 11 located crosswise, they are buried in the ground (Fig. 8) to a depth of not less than 1 m. For this, at least two crosswise located laying grooves are milled in the horizontal plane of the earth's surface of the landfill 29, and in the vertical second borehole 31, the fifth cable beam 30 secured to the inner walls of the casing over the entire depth of the borehole 31, forming of every three antenna beams dimensional rectangular coordinate system with its origin at the top of the well 31.

As shown in FIG. 9, for monitoring the state of the volumetric section of the seabed 32, a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna 11 is mounted on the bottom surface within the selected measuring range 29 similarly to the ground-based antenna 11. Optical signals received at the outputs of the cable rays 30 containing information on the change in the differential curvature ∂K / ∂ S, fields of vibration and temperature along the axis of each beam 30 of antenna 11, are transmitted using an additional fiber optic cable-cable to a drift radioope located on the sea surface a transmitting buoy 33, where they are converted into radio signals and transmitted via satellite channels to an information center, for example, through a surveillance vessel 34 on the sea surface 35 or satellites 36 for subsequent processing and accumulation of data.

In order to increase the reliability of control in the proposed method, using satellite navigation to determine the location of the center of the connection of the rays 30 of the gradient seismic antenna 11 (Fig. 8-9), and obtained using the antenna 11 measurement data of the registers through the satellite communication channel (satellites 36) transmit to the information center for the accumulation and storage of information, for example, using the "blockchain" technology, as well as comparisons with the available data of ground, air and underwater mapping of the surface of the controlled volume there is a lot of section 28 of the surface layer of the lithosphere or the seabed 32. For this, in the information center, the obtained registers of the measured distributions of the differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of the cable beams 30 of the antenna 11 along the x, y, z axes are numerically integrated along the arc coordinate S to obtain the distributions of the curvatures K (S), and then using the known relations of integral geometry (see, for example, RF patent No. 2670570, published on October 23, 2018, “A method for monitoring the state of a long object and a device for its implementation” by Zemerov .N.) Beam profiles 30 are obtained in two orthogonal vertical planes describing the surface geometry of the monitored portion of the earth's crust 28 or the seabed 32. Then these profiles are compared with existing profiles from ground, air or underwater mapping of the same surface, and then a decision is made on the suitability for future use of the registries obtained using the antenna 11.

The procedure for determining the location of a point (the center of the antenna 11 at the bottom) using the geometry of the cable cable in space is described in detail in patent SU 1791757 A2 of the authors S. Mikheev, V. N. Zemerov. and Elshansky P.V. "A method for monitoring the state of a long object and a device for its implementation", published January 30, 1993

To increase the resolution of the seismic antenna 11 in angle and range by increasing its effective area, the length of the installed cable beams 30 of the antenna 11 is increased, as well as their number in both horizontal and vertical planes, for example, due to cluster drilling of a group of deviated wells 31 and placing additional cable beams 30 in them, or attaching, using optical connectors, additional segments of cable beams 30 to those already installed.

For the convenience of deploying the antenna at the measuring range, collecting in one place and transmitting information from all cable antenna beams through the satellite communication channel, each antenna beam is made in the form of an information-measuring fiber optic cable, along the entire length L of which the measuring waveguide is stretched in the forward and reverse directions a line (IVL) containing at least five cylindrical glass fibers interacting with each other along the entire length, one of these fibers is a reference and information channel ohm with a refractive index n _1, and the remaining four - measuring channels with the same refractive index n ₂ <n ₁ arranged in vertical and horizontal planes on both sides of the reference channel fiber, all fiberglass Each ventilator is placed in a reflective membrane, in an end point of each the cable beam is introduced the same for horizontal beams, and for a vertical beam more L / H times, where L is the length of the horizontal beam of the antenna; H is the depth of the well, the time delay between the forward and reverse mechanical ventilation while the information and measuring fiber optic cable containing at least two mechanical ventilation is fixed on the surface of the monitored land in such a way that a horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the three glass fibers n ₂ , n ₁ , n _{2 of} each ventilator was perpendicular to the vertical plane in which the longitudinal axes of the other three glass fibers n ₂ , n ₁ , n _{2 of the} second ventilator are located, and the vertical beam of the antenna is rigidly fixed inside the casing of the first borehole column so that when the geometry of the column changes, the beam geometry synchronously changes. Then a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = 2L / V + T _{s is} generated, where: T _s is the time delay; V is the speed of light in fiberglass, with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses, amplify and simultaneously supply these pulses to the input of the optical fiber of the reference information channel of each cable beam of the antenna.

To protect the fiberglass of all channels of each segment of the information-measuring optical fiber cable from shock and simultaneously increase the optical coupling coefficient between the fiberglass, they are placed in a common reflective sheath, filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index of n ₃ not lower than the refractive index of the fiberglass reference information channel n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° С.

To obtain a high angular resolution of control due to the aperture synthesis of antennas by several coherent measurements of seismic wave parameters on the same section of the surface layer of the lithosphere, one or more other similar gradient fiber-cable seismic antennas are additionally placed at a distance of 50 km to 300 km between the centers of the antennas, which is determined by the length of the main shock wave of the earthquake (Article "Seismic Waves". http://www.mygeos.com/2010/02/11/1840). All beams of one antenna in horizontal and vertical planes should be deployed and fixed parallel to the corresponding beams of another antenna, and all inputs of the cable beams of these antennas are excited simultaneously by the command signal of the satellite communication system with antennas, then they are processed by all antennas of the registrograms using known interferometric algorithms (see, for example, an article by V.G. Kobernichenko, A.V. Sosnovsky. Interferometric processing of space radar data high resolution, http://www.unigeo.ru/upload/files/b59d94e98b2b2cbc6613aff2d94da7e2.pdf).

In order to calibrate a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna and use it for prospecting and mineral exploration, one or a series of directional explosions of linearly increasing power are produced in the zone of the measuring seismic test site on the surface or in an additionally drilled well, and then using the known methods for decoding the obtained seismograms (see, for example, http://teachpro.ru/EOR/School%5COBJSupplies7/Html/der07091.htm) evaluate the boundaries and reserves of mineral deposits, as well as the main characteristics of the antenna.

A device for monitoring the state of a long object that implements the proposed method is shown in FIG. 10. It contains a modulated wave energy source, made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser 37 connected through an optical amplifier 38, an optical splitter 39 and optical connectors (OR) 25 to the input of each segment of the information-measuring fiber optic cable in the form of a cable beam 30 of an antenna containing two measuring waveguide lines (IVL), laid (see Fig. 7a, b) in the forward and reverse directions and interconnected in a terminal device (OS) 26 using an optical delay line (OLS) 27. As shown but in FIG. 7a) each ventilator contains one reference and information channel 15 in the form of a cylindrical quartz glass fiber n ₁ , the input of which is the input of the wave energy transmission channel, and four measuring channels 16 (two identical channels for measuring the distribution of differential curvature in the vertical and horizontal planes), 17 (channel for measuring the distribution of the field of vibrations), and 18 (channel for measuring the distribution of the temperature field), also in the form of cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₂ isolated between themselves and in contact with the reference info a radiation channel 15 along the common cylindrical surfaces forming them, while all five of these channels 15, 16, 17, and 18 are placed in one common reflective shell 19 filled with a thixotropic gel 20 with immersion properties, for example, WACKER ® SilGel 612 A / B ”(Https://www.wacker.com/cms/en/products/product/product.jsp?product=10549), which is separated by a solid dielectric 21 with reinforcing elements from the main protective sheath 22 of a rectangular section of the cable beam 30. This sheath 22 is attached to a controlled surface 23, for example, using anchor bolts 24. Longitudinal cable section beam 30 with the optical connector 25 and terminal device 26, comprising an optical delay line 27, shown in FIG. 7b.

The wave energy transmission channel itself in the device of FIG. 10 is made of interconnected a set of identical in construction sections of information-measuring fiber optic cable used as cable beams 30, for example, equal to half the length (a / 2) of seismic test site 29 (see Fig. 8-9) with a square the shape of the surface, in the form of a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna 11 by the umbrella connection of the cable beams 30. For this, five beams 30 are used, four of which are placed in a horizontal plane, for example, crosswise on the earth's surface 28, and the fifth from the center of the cross is suspended vertically in the well 31. As shown in FIG. 10 all the inputs of the cable rays 30 of this antenna through optical connectors (OR) 25 are connected to the outputs of an additionally installed optical splitter 39 connected to the output of the optical amplifier 38 of the signal of the pulsed coherent laser 37, and the outputs are connected to terminal devices (OS) 26 located at the end each cable beam 30.

The outputs of the second ventilators of all five cable beams 30 through these connectors 25 are connected to the inputs of the block of photodetectors 40, which through a demodulator 41, one output of which is connected to the ADC block 42, the computing device 43 and the video terminal 47, and the second output to the FFT processor 44. In turn, the third input of the computing device 43 is connected to the output of the buffer memory 45, and the fourth input to the output of the FFT processor 44. The second output of the computing device 43 through an additionally placed preparation unit and before The signal antenna (PPSA) 46 is connected to the input of an additionally installed satellite antenna 48.

The demodulator 41 includes five identical sets of four of the same type, synchronous detection electronic circuits with a heterodyne frequency converter of electrical signals (not shown in the device diagram of Fig. 10 because they are similar to the device demodulator, an analogue of the present invention described in patent SU 1742615). Each synchronous detection circuit is made in the form of two synchronous detectors connected to the outputs of the photodetector block 40, an integrator connected to the output of one of them, and associated with the outputs of the integrator, a second synchronous detector and an operational amplifier. Additionally, the circuit described above is equipped with a local oscillator frequency converter of signals included between the outputs of the block of photodetectors 41 and the inputs of synchronous detectors (see patent SU 1742615).

All the main blocks of the control device in FIG. 10, namely, a pulsed coherent laser 37, an optical amplifier 38, an optical splitter 39, a block of photodetectors 40, a demodulator 41, an ADC block 42, a computing device 43, an FFT processor 44, a buffer memory 45, a PSA block 46 together with an autonomous power supply unit 49 are standard electronic products and are housed in one housing of the received information processing unit (OPI) 50. Outside on the surface of this OPI 50 unit are mounted optical connectors 25 for connecting the cable beams 30 of the antenna 11 and electrical connectors (not shown in the diagram) for I am connecting video terminal 47 and satellite dish 48.

To reduce the dispersion and attenuation of optical signals in cable beams 30 antennas use multimode quartz fiberglass with a range of transmitted wavelengths (1310-1550) nm. The rationale for the selected range is that the attenuation in different transparency windows is not the same: its lowest value - 0.22 dB / km is observed at a wavelength of 1550 nm, therefore this transparency window is used to organize communication over long distances. In the second: the transparency window (1310 nm), the attenuation is higher, but zero dispersion is typical for this wavelength (see the article “Optical fiber transparency window.” Wikipedia - Free Encyclopedia, 02/14/2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki)).

The optical amplifier 38 is made of fiber, for example, based on doped with erbium or ytterbium optical fibers.

The optical delay line is made in the form of a set of plane-parallel quartz glass plates, for example, according to the Michelson principle.

The block of photodetectors 40 is made on the basis of p-i-n or avalanche photodiodes with transimpedance amplifiers and bandpass filters.

Buffer memory 45 is made using the "blockchain" technology (see, https://tass.ru/wfys2017/articles/4625564) or in the form of an optical drive made using the "Blu-ray" technology.

To expand the storage capacity of the information obtained by the monitoring device, the satellite antenna 48 is connected to a remote blockchain-type data storage channel and contains a position sensor of the satellite navigation system (these elements are not shown in Fig. 10).

Implementation of the proposed method when the device for monitoring the state of a long object shown in FIG. 10 is carried out as follows.

A modulated wave energy source containing interconnected pulsed coherent laser 37 and an optical amplifier 38, through an optical splitter 39 and an optical connector 25 at the input of each cable beam 30 generates a sequence of optical pulses of duration T = 2L / V + T _s , where: T _h - time delay; V is the speed of light in fiberglass 15 (Fig. 7a) of the reference information channel n ₁ with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses. These pulses arrive at the input of fiberglass 15 of the first measuring waveguide line (IVL), laid in the forward direction of each cable beam 30. Four such beams 30 of length L = a / 2 are crosswise mounted (see, for example, Fig. 8) in a horizontal plane on at a depth of 1 m from the surface of the monitored portion of the earth’s crust 28 within the measuring range 29, and the fifth beam 30 with a length of H <L is suspended vertically in a borehole 31 with a depth of N. During the propagation of the reference light pulse in the fiberglass 15 (Fig. 7a) behind light guide its contact due to the immersion of the gel 20 with four measurement channels n ₂ glass fibers 16, 17 and 18 in each of these channels goes portion of light energy to form the output of each channel n ₂ measuring light pulse, a gain-phase-frequency characteristics of which provides information about controlled by each cable beam 30 (Fig. 8) distributed physical and mechanical parameters of the monitored portion of the earth's crust 28 (lithosphere). In particular, to control the distributions of the differential curvature of each beam 30 in the vertical and horizontal planes in each artificial ventilation along its entire length L, two orthogonally arranged pairs of glass fibers 15 and 16 with a contact zone in the form of an immersion gel 20 along the common generatrices of their cylindrical surfaces are placed (see Fig. 7a). At the outputs of these optical fibers 16 with delay, determined by the difference in the propagation speeds of the light pulses in the reference 15 and two measuring optical fibers 16 due to different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ , measuring optical pulses will appear containing information about the distributions of the derivative curvature of the first and second mechanical ventilation, and thereby the beam 30, in the vertical and horizontal planes.

In turn, in each beam 30 (Fig. 7a), there is an additional pair of cylindrical quartz glass fibers 16 and 17 in contact with each other along a common generatrix with 15 identical refractive indices n ₁ = n ₂ . In this case, the cylindrical quartz glass fiber 17 of the measuring channel n _{2 is} selected with a linear dependence of the dielectric constant, in this case, the active fiber 17 on the temperature, which ensures that the difference in the speed of the light pulses in the reference 16 and the measuring 17 glass fibers is proportional to the change in ambient temperature.

A second additional pair of cylindrical quartz glass fibers 16 and 17 in contact with each other along a common generatrix 16 and 17 with different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ is created in each beam 30 (Fig. 7a) to control the distribution of vibration fields along the axis of the beam 30. In fact, here in the measuring light pulse formed in the glass fiber 17, due to its oscillations under the influence of sound pressure waves, the spectral, amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of the vibrations caused by high-frequency earthquake precursors are recorded.

Since each common cable beam 30 uses one common reference optical fiber 16 for all four measuring optical fibers 16, 17, and 18, from the output of each beam 30 through the optical connector 25, one reference and four measuring optical pulses containing information about distributions of differential curvature in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as vibration and temperature fields along all the rays 30. The indicated optical signals are converted into an electronic detector using a block of photodetectors 40 These signals are fed to the input of the demodulator 41. Here, the frequency is reduced, the information envelope is extracted, and the measuring electric signals are synchronized by the reference signal.

From the output of demodulator 41, all electrical signals are fed to the input of the ADC 42, where they are converted to digital codes and at the output of the ADC 42, the measurement signals are divided into digital codes corresponding to the distributions of the differential curvature in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as the temperature field along all axes rays 30 go directly to the computing device 43, and digital codes of harmonic signals corresponding to the distribution of vibration fields along rays 30 only after preliminary processing in the process Ore FFT 44. It made a preliminary spectral analysis of high-frequency signals, foreshocks precursors of earthquakes.

In the computing device 43, according to the known differences in the propagation speeds of the light signals in the reference 15 and the measuring optical fibers 16, 17 and 18 of the cable beams 30, a large-scale conversion of temporary digital measuring signals from the outputs of the ADC 42 and the FFT 44 is performed into spatial distributions of differential curvature in vertical and horizontal planes, as well as temperature and vibration fields along the axes of the cable beams 30 of the seismic antenna 11 (Fig. 8-9). From these data, direct and inverse registers of measurements are formed, direction cosines and the location of the earthquake hypocenter are determined. Its possible magnitude and time of occurrence are calculated. According to the measured distributions of the vibration fields, which are essentially distributed seismograms of all types of high-frequency seismic waves, they are decrypted by known methods (see, for example, Researcher. "Seismic waves", http://ligis.ru/effects/science/272/ index.htm) to determine existing parameters. Then, controlling the changes in these parameters, as well as changes in temperature, the main parameters of the earthquake are again calculated.

In addition to the above functions, the computing device 43 numerically integrates the measured distributions of differential curvature in the vertical and horizontal planes to obtain distributions of the curvature K (S) itself with the aim of subsequently constructing the geometry of the controlled earth's surface.

The obtained distributions in the form of registers are accumulated in the block of buffer memory 45 and are used in the computing device 43 to determine the main parameters of the upcoming earthquake. Then, using the satellite antenna transmit-receive unit (PPSA) 46, the output from the computing device 43 is converted into radio signals for transmission using a satellite antenna 48 to a remote information center for notification of an impending earthquake.

In FIG. 11a, b - shows the dependences of the voltage 51 at the input of the ADC block 42 when the curvature of the beam 30 and the profile of the metal plate 52 for different loads are changed, obtained using an experimental setup, photographs of the main parts of which are presented in FIG. 12a, b, c, d.

Thus, the application of the proposed group of technical solutions related by a single concept makes it possible to increase the accuracy and selectivity of monitoring a long object by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of extended near-surface layers of the lithosphere in the form of land plots several kilometers thick and hundreds of square kilometers in seismically dangerous zones on the surface of the earth and the seabed.

The presented inventions can be used in almost all scientific and technical fields and areas of industrial production, where it is necessary to monitor the seismic state of extended spatial objects. The most appropriate is their use in practical seismic geophysics for:

- predictions of earthquakes and tsunamis in coastal areas;

- predictions of technological disasters;

- search and exploration of minerals;

- monitoring the status of hydro and nuclear power plants, protective dams and other various complex construction structures.

Claims (31)

1. A method of monitoring the state of a long object, which consists in the fact that in the seismically active zone create a measuring seismic test site with a rectangular surface area of at least 200 square meters. km and a thickness of at least 1 km, a vertical well is drilled in the geometrical center of the surface of the selected area, four lines of sensing elements are placed crosswise on the surface of the landfill and one line vertically in the well, connected between each other and the data center by the data cable, near the tectonic fault, then the displacements are measured the earth's crust in three rectangular coordinates x, y, z with center 0 on the surface of the measuring range at the wellhead, changes in the seismic mode are detected due to control I of the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of high-frequency and infrasonic waves, as well as the linear velocities of seismic waves with their separation into longitudinal, transverse surface and deep, then form the measurement registers of each of the cross-shaped groups separately by the rectangular coordinates x and y, calculate the hypocenter of the earthquake source as the intersection point vectors whose cosines are calculated through the derivatives of the cross-shaped group registers and the time of the earthquake is predicted, magnitude as the main shock wave, wherein as sensing elements and lines of the data cable is used at least two orthogonally located fiber optic pairs, each of which contains fiber optic information and measurement cable, which is placed in the control zone of a long object, and to measure the distributions of curvature along the cable axis, in vertical and horizontal planes in the specified cable along its entire length L two parallel and stretched interacting cylindrical quartz glass, one of said fibers is a supporting-information channel n _1, and the second - measure lnym channel n ₂ with different refractive indices n _1> n _2, placed in a common reflective membrane, generating a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = L / V, where V - velocity of light in a glass fiber n ₁ musculoskeletal information channel to the bandwidth of the order of 1 / T and the time interval T ₁ between pulses, said pulses fed to the input of each fiber support-information channel n ₁ information and the measuring fiber optic cable length L, amplify optical signals in all the channels of information o-measuring fiber-optic cable, receive optical signals at the outputs of all channels of the specified cable, carry out a time delay and their photoconversion into electrical signals, then synchronously detect, integrate, amplify and convert these electrical signals into digital form, then scale them out using the measured distribution of curvature transformation into spatio-temporal distributions of bending moments, forces and stresses acting on a long object in horizontal and vertical planes and by comparing the obtained physical and mechanical characteristics of the current state of the elongated object with predetermined physico-mechanical characteristics, make a decision about the state of the object, wherein the light-conducting contact in each fiber pair between cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₁ and n ₂ provide creating therebetween a translucent baffle parallel to the cable axis information-measuring optical fiber cable is fixed along the generatrix of the surface of a long object so that the plane of maximum sensitivity measurements of the curvature of the generatrix are in the vertical and horizontal planes, in addition, they control the distribution of the temperature field of the surface of a long object by placing an additional pair of glass fibers with the same refractive indices n ₁ = n ₂ in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, while the glass fiber of the measuring channel n _{2 is} selected with a linear temperature dependence of the dielectric constant ε of the glass fiber ε , additionally, a second pair of optical fibers with different refractive indices n ₁ and n _{2 is} installed in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, and n ₁ > n ₂ , with the help of which the distribution of the vibration field along the lengthy object is monitored, while for harmonic electrical signals characterizing the distribution of the fields vibrations of a long object, apply the fast Fourier transform procedure, further, in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, one reference and information channel is created in the form of cylindrical quartz glass fiber n ₁ and four measuring also cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₂ isolated between each other and in contact with the reference information channel n ₁ along common cylindrical surfaces forming them, at all five of these channels are placed in one common reflective sheath, and the cable itself is made with a rectangular cross-sectional profile of the last protective sheath and besides receive and store additional information about the static and dynamic characteristics of a long object by fixing the measured distributions of the curvature, vibration fields and temperature of the object, as well as the rates of change of these parameters over time during operation and geodetic data on the distribution of the curvature of the object obtained during its initial examination, characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of the control by expanding the data range when monitoring the seismic state of the volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere, from a set of identical in construction segments of the information-measuring optical fiber cable used as cable beams, the length determined by the linear dimensions of the measuring seismic test site creates a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna in the form of an umbrella connection of cable beams, for this use at least five beams, four of which they are placed, for example, crosswise on the earth's surface, and the fifth - from the center of the cross vertically in the well, forming one or more of these cable beams its three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems x, y, z with center 0 on the surface of the measuring range at the wellhead, and all inputs of the cable beams of this antenna are excited simultaneously from one coherent source of optical radiation, and the optical signals received at the outputs of the cable beams containing information about the change differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature along the axis of each antenna beam, after photoconversion into electrical signals, synchronously detect, amplify and transform these ektricheskie signals in digital form representing registrograms measured at regular time intervals T ₁ distribution of the differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration and temperature fields along the axes of all cable antenna beams, these data define the basic characteristics of high spatial and infrasonic waves and seismic calculated the hypocenter of the earthquake source as the intersection of vectors whose cosines are calculated through the registered distributions of differential curvatures ∂K / ∂S of the cable rays of the antenna along each axis of the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate systems x, y, z according to the formulas

where (∂K / ∂S) _x ; (∂K / ∂S) _y ; (∂K / ∂S) _z are the measured distributions of the differential curvatures of the antenna’s cable rays along the x, y, z axes, and on the basis of the obtained data, the time of the earthquake and the magnitude of the main shock wave are determined from the known ratios, in addition to simultaneously monitoring changes in the characteristics of other earthquake precursors, for example, the amplitudes and frequencies of the fundamental harmonics of high-frequency foreshock wave oscillations, carry out a spectral analysis of the measured distributions of vibration fields along the axis of each antenna beam using fast Fourier transform, and also determine the changes in the amplitudes, frequencies and linear velocities of the longitudinal, transverse and deep waves, as well as the ratio of the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves V _p / V _s , form the direct and inverse registers of the distributions of each of these parameters and temperature separately for the x, y, z coordinates, the hypocenter of the focus is additionally calculated as the point of intersection of the vectors, the cosines of which are calculated through the partial derivatives of the inverse registers with respect to the arc coordinate S each nd three-dimensional measurements of parameters of said group earthquake precursors and the data used for correcting the basic earthquake prediction characteristics obtained by controlling the antenna differential distributions curvatures ∂K / ∂S each of its beam. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that to increase the sensitivity of the antenna and maintain its orientation in space, two antenna cable beams that make up a straight line are placed on the earth’s surface parallel to the tectonic fault line, and all four horizontal antenna beams are buried in the ground on a depth of at least 1 m, for which at least two crosswise spaced laying grooves are milled in the horizontal plane of the earth’s surface, and in a vertical well, the fifth cable beam is fixed to internal at the bottom of the casing along the entire depth of the well, forming a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system from every three rays of the antenna with the beginning at the top of the vertical well. 3. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1, 2, characterized in that for monitoring the state of the volumetric section of the seabed, a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna is installed on the bottom surface, optical signals received at the outputs of the cable beams containing information about the change in the differential curvature ∂K / ∂S, vibration fields and temperature along the axis of each antenna beam, they transmit using an additional fiber-optic cable cable to a radio transmitting buoy located on the sea surface, where they are photoconverted into an electrical signal And then converting them into radio signals and transmitting on satellite communication channel to the data center for processing and storing information. 4. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that to increase the reliability of control using satellite navigation, the location of the center of the gradient seismic antenna is determined, and the measurement data of the registers recorded using the antenna are transmitted through the satellite communication channel to the information center for the accumulation and storage of information, for example, using technology “Blockchain”, as well as comparisons with the available data of ground, air and underwater mapping of the surface of a controlled volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere ry. 5. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that in order to increase the resolution of the seismic antenna in angle and range by increasing its effective area, the length of the installed antenna cable beams is increased, as well as their number in both horizontal and vertical planes, for example, due to cluster drilling groups of deviated wells and placement of additional cable beams in them, or joining with the help of optical connectors additional segments of cable beams to those already installed. 6. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-5, characterized in that for the convenience of deploying the antenna on the measuring ground, collecting in one place and transmitting information from all cable beams of the antenna through the satellite communication channel, each antenna beam is made in the form of an information-measuring optical fiber cable, along the entire length L of which stretch in the forward and reverse directions a measuring waveguide line (IVL) containing at least five cylindrical glass fibers interacting with each other along the entire length, one of these fibers the information channel with a refractive index of n ₁ , and the remaining four - measuring channels with the same refractive index of n ₂ <n ₁ located in the vertical and horizontal planes on both sides of the fiberglass of the reference channel, all the glass fibers of each ventilator are placed in their reflective sheath, in the endpoint of each cable beam is introduced the same for horizontal beams, and for a vertical beam, L / H times greater, where L is the length of the horizontal beam of the antenna; H is the depth of the well, the time delay between the direct and reverse mechanical ventilation, while the information and measuring fiber optic cable containing at least two mechanical ventilation is fixed on the surface of the monitored land in such a way that a horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axes of the three glass fibers n ₂ , n _1, n ₂ of each ventilator is perpendicular to the vertical plane in which are located the longitudinal axis of the other three glass n _2, n _1, n ₂ of the second ventilator and the vertical antenna beam rigidly fixed inside casing th column of the borehole so that when changing the geometry of the column varied synchronously beam geometry, then generate a sequence of coherent optical pulse duration T = 2L / V + T _3, where T ₃ - time delay; V is the speed of light in fiberglass, with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses, amplify and simultaneously supply these pulses to the input of the optical fiber of the reference information channel of each cable beam of the antenna. 7. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-6, characterized in that to protect the glass fibers of all channels of each segment of the information-measuring optical fiber cable from shock and at the same time increase the optical coupling coefficient between the glass fibers, they are placed in a common reflective shell filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index of n ₃ not below the refractive index of the glass fiber of the reference information channel n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° C. 8. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-7, characterized in that to obtain a high angular resolution of the control due to the aperture synthesis of the antennas by several coherent measurements of seismic wave parameters in the same section of the surface layer of the lithosphere, another or more similar gradient fiber-optic seismic antenna is additionally placed at a distance of 50 to 300 km between the centers of the antennas, and all the rays of one antenna in the horizontal and vertical planes should be deployed and fixed parallel other rays of the respective antennas, and inputs all cable rays excite these antennas simultaneously by a command signal from the satellite communications system antennas, and then performs processing all received antennas corded interferometric using known algorithms. 9. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-8, characterized in that in order to calibrate the gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna and use it to search and explore minerals in the zone of the measuring seismic test site on the surface or in an additionally drilled well, one or a series of directed explosions of linearly increasing power is produced, and then Using well-known methods of decoding obtained seismograms, the boundaries and reserves of mineral deposits, as well as the main characteristics of the antenna, are estimated. 10. A device for monitoring the state of a long object containing a modulated wave energy source, a wave energy transmission channel and a demodulator is equipped with two spatial filters, one of which is connected between the output of the modulated wave energy source and the input of the wave energy transmission channel, and the second spatial filter is between the input of the demodulator and the output of the wave energy transmission channel, which is made in the form of a multimode extended waveguide of rectangular or circular cross section or their odetons, and the demodulator is made in the form of two synchronous detectors connected to the outputs of the second spatial filter, an integrator connected to the output of one of them, and connected to the outputs of the integrator, the second synchronous detector and the operational amplifier, and the device is also equipped with a local oscillator of the frequency of the signals included between the outputs of the second spatial filter and the inputs of synchronous detectors, the modulated wave energy source is made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser connected through an optical amplifier and an optical connector to the input of the wave energy transmission channel, created in the form of an information-measuring fiber optic cable containing one reference and information channel in the form of a cylindrical quartz glass fiber n ₁ , the input of which and is the input of the wave energy transmission channel, and four measuring channels, also in the form of cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₂ isolated between wallpaper and contacting with the reference and information channel along the common cylindrical surfaces forming them, while all five of these channels are placed in one common reflective sheath, which is separated by a solid dielectric with reinforcing elements from the main protective sheath of the information-measuring fiber optic cable mounted on the surface of a long object and an output channel transmission of wave energy, in this case - the outputs of all five of said glass n ₁ and n ₂ as an optical connector and a second pro a transient filter implemented as a block of photodetectors is connected to the input of the demodulator, the output of which is connected to additionally installed, connected in series by the ADC block, FFT processor, computing device and video terminal, and the second output is directly connected to the second input of the computing device through the ADC block, the third whose input is connected to the output of an additionally installed buffer memory, characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of the control by expanding the data range when monitoring the seismic state of the volumetric section of the surface layer of the lithosphere, the wave energy transmission channel is made of interconnected a set of identical in design segments of information-measuring fiber optic cable used as cable beams, length L, determined by the linear dimensions of the measuring seismic test site and the depth of the drilled hole H, in the form of a gradient fiber-cable seismic antenna umbrella connection of cable beams; five beams were used for this, four of which are placed in a horizontal plane, for example, a cross the heat is on the earth’s surface, and the fifth from the center of the cross is suspended vertically in the borehole, and all the cable’s inputs of this antenna through optical connectors are connected to the outputs of an additionally installed optical splitter connected to the output of the optical signal amplifier of a pulsed coherent laser, and the outputs are connected to terminal devices located at the end of each cable beam, in turn, each terminal device, in addition to its own input optical connector, contains an optical delay line connecting the first and second, additionally installed in the cable beam, similar in design to the first, five-channel fiber optic measuring line (IVL), laid in the forward and reverse directions along the entire length of each cable beam, placed like the first IVL in a common reflective sheath filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties, and the output of the second ventilator is located in the input connector of each cable beam, then the outputs of the second ventilator of all five cable beams through these connectors are connected to the inputs of the photodetector block, which through a demodulator, one output of which is connected to the ADC block in series, an FFT processor, a computing device, and a video terminal, and the second output of the ADC block is directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is connected to the output of the buffer memory, in turn, the second output of the computing device through an additionally placed signal preparation and transmission unit is connected to the input of the additionally installed satellites oh antenna. 11. The device according to p. 10, characterized in that in order to reduce the deployment and installation time of the seismic antenna at the test site, all the main blocks, namely a pulsed coherent laser, optical amplifier, optical splitter, photodetector block, demodulator, ADC block, processor FFT, satellite antenna transmit-receive unit together with an autonomous power source are located in one case of the received information processing unit, on the surface of which optical connectors for cable connection are fixed nyh beam antennas and electrical connectors for video terminal and a satellite dish. 12. The device according to p. 10, characterized in that in order to reduce the dispersion and attenuation of optical signals in the cable beams of the antenna using multimode quartz fiberglass with a range of transmitted wavelengths (1310-1550) nm. 13. The device according to p. 10, characterized in that the optical amplifier is made of fiber, for example, based on doped with erbium or ytterbium optical fibers. 14. The device according to p. 10, characterized in that the optical delay line is made in the form of a set of plane-parallel plates of quartz glass, for example, on the basis of Michelson trains. 15. The device according to p. 10, in which the block of photodetectors is made on the basis of p-i-n or avalanche photodiodes with transimpedance amplifiers and bandpass filters. 16. The device according to p. 10, in which to expand the processing of the received information, the satellite dish is connected to the channel of accumulation and storage of data of the type "blockchain".

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