RU2676176C1 - Method of state control of a long object and device for its implementation for railway - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measuring equipment.SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to test and measurement equipment and can be used to monitor the state of long objects, namely, extended cargo-bearing structures in the form of rail track of the local and main railroad tracks, subway, mining and construction production, as well as rolling stock moving along said structures. According to the claimed method, and the device implementing the method, a special information-measuring fiber optic cable (IMFOC) containing a group of interacting glass fibers reacting to changes in controlled distributed physical and mechanical parameters. All glass fibers are placed in a common reflective sheath, filled with a thixotropic immersion gel. At least two of these IMFOC are fixed on the inner surface of the neck of both rails of a railway track, optical pulses are fed into each of them from a single source of wave energy, after phototransduction and demodulation of the output signals of both IMFOC, using the special algorithms in the computing device, the above characteristics of the rail track and the train are obtained, based on the analysis of which decisions about their condition are made. Device is used for the implementation of these operations, wherein the device comprises a source of modulated wave energy connected to the inputs of two IMFOC, and the outputs of these cables through the photodetector unit are connected to the input of the demodulator connected via the ADC unit and the FFT processor – to the computing device and video terminal, wherein second output of the ADC unit being directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is in turn connected to the output of an additional installed buffer memory.EFFECT: higher accuracy and selectivity of the control due to expansion of a range of the data at the control of the state of the rail track of a continuous welded railway track.9 cl, 17 dwg

Description

The invention relates to control and measuring equipment and can be used to monitor the condition of long objects, namely, long load-bearing structures in the form of a rail track of local and main railways, subways, mining and construction, as well as rolling stock moving along these structures . The physicomechanical characteristics of such long objects, primarily the geometry in space, the distribution of the acting loads, vibration fields and temperature are controlled along a given coordinate, usually the longitudinal axes of rail threads.

According to the claimed method, a special information-measuring fiber-optic cable (IIOC) is made, which contains a group of interacting glass fibers that respond to changes in controlled distributed physical and mechanical parameters. All fiberglass is placed in a common reflective sheath, filled with thixotropic immersion gel. At least two such IIECs are fixed on the inner surface of the neck of both rails of the railway track, optical pulses are supplied to each of them from one wave energy source, after photoconversion and demodulation of the output signals of both IIECs, using the special algorithms in the computing device, the abovementioned rail track characteristics are obtained and trains, based on the analysis of which, make decisions about their condition. The technical result is an increase in the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of a jointless railway.

The invention of the authors of Khodorkovsky, Ya.I., Anuchin, O.N., Gusinsky, V.Z., Emelyantsev, G.I., described in patent RU No. 2143445 "Method and device for monitoring the state of the rail gauge", published on December 20, 1998, is known. The invention relates to the field of means for monitoring the state of the rail track of a railway track using track gauges and is as follows.

According to this method, the width of the rail track and the speed of movement along it are measured, the position of the rail threads is determined by the level, the subsidence of the rail threads and the direction of the rail threads in the plan, characterized by the arrow of the bend of the rail thread, characterized in that the angular oscillations and the coordinates of the axle box are determined the matrix of the guiding cosines of the angles between the coordinate system associated with the axle box and the horizontal coordinate trihedron, according to angular vibrations and coordinates of the axle box pairs taking into account the measured rail gauge find the coordinates of the points of contact of the left and right wheels of the wheelset, and the position of the rail threads by level is expressed as the difference of the vertical coordinates of the points of touch of the left and right wheels of the wheels, the drawdown of each rail is expressed as the difference of the vertical coordinates of the point touching the wheel, corresponding to two points in time, differing by the time interval, which, taking into account the speed of movement, determines the measuring base for determining drawdowns, while for Determining the direction of the rail threads in the plan, find the components S ^M eS ^M n of the coordinates of the middle M chords of a given length and the components S ^A e and S ^A n of the coordinates of the point of intersection of the perpendicular recessed to the chord at point M and the trajectory of the rail track, and the bend arrow Δ _A (t) is determined by the relation Δ _A (t) = (S ^A eS ^M e) ² + (S ^A nS ^M n) ² .

A device for monitoring the rail gauge that implements the above method, comprising an on-board computer for calculating the position of the rail yarns according to the level, subsidence of the rail yarns and the direction of the rail yarns in plan, characterized by a bending arrow of the rail yarn associated with the gauge of the rail gauge and the speed meter, characterized in that it is equipped with an inertial measuring module mounted on the axle box of the pair of wheels, including three orthogonally mounted linear a celerometer and three orthogonally mounted angular velocity sensors and connected to the on-board computer, which is designed to calculate the specified parameters of the rail track using the coordinates of the points of tangency of the left and right wheelsets, the middle M chords of a given length and the intersection point of the perpendicular restored using the inertial navigation algorithm to the chord at point M, and the trajectory of the rail track.

The main disadvantage of this method and the device that implements it, as well as all technical solutions using track gauge wagons, is the frequency of monitoring (for example, once a quarter), which maintains a high probability of the occurrence of accidents in railway transport due to the occurrence of a large number of rail gauge defects and rail base during periods of lack of control.

Also known is a technical solution described in patent RU No. 2441788 "Rail stress monitoring system" by Harrison Harold (US), published April 27, 2009. The invention relates to instrumentation and can be used to monitor longitudinal stresses in jointless railway steel tracks.

According to this invention, it comprises a system, device and method for monitoring rail voltage with the following claims:

1. A system for monitoring rail stress, comprising:

(a) a sensor module, wherein the sensor module further comprises

(i) at least one sensor, and at least one sensor is configured to be mounted directly on the rail link and further includes a substantially flat gasket having at least one sensing element mounted on her and

(ii) at least one data acquisition module in communication with at least one sensor, and

(b) a data processing module, the data processing module receiving and processing information collected by the at least one data acquisition module to determine a rail voltage.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising transmitting means in communication with the at least one data acquisition module for transmitting information to the data processing module.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one rail link onto which the sensor can be mounted.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor module further comprises a protective housing for enclosing at least one sensor and at least one data acquisition module therein.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor module further comprises an autonomous power supply.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor further comprises a protective coating, and in which the protective coating is placed on a surface that surrounds the at least one sensing element.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the gasket is approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) long, approximately 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) wide, and further comprises metal foil.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor element is at least one of a strain sensor and a temperature sensor.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the data processing module further comprises a portable reader and a portable processor for processing data.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the portable reader and the portable data processor are combined into a single portable module.

11. A device for monitoring rail voltage, containing a module of sensing elements, and the module of sensing elements further includes at least one sensor, and at least one sensor can be installed directly on the rail link, and further includes, a substantially flat gasket and at least two sensing elements mounted on one side of the gasket in a herringbone configuration, and at least one sensor is configured to communicate, for example shey least one data acquisition module, and wherein the at least one data acquisition module is adapted to communicate with the data processing unit.

12. The device according to claim 11, further comprising transmitting means in communication with at least one data acquisition module for transmitting information to the data processing module.

13. The device according to claim 11, in which the module of the sensitive elements further comprises a protective housing for enclosing in it at least one sensor and at least one data acquisition module.

14. The device according to claim 11, in which the module of the sensitive elements further comprises an autonomous power source.

15. The device according to claim 11, in which at least one sensor further comprises a protective coating, and in which the protective coating is located on a surface that surrounds at least one sensing element.

16. The device according to claim 11, in which the gasket is approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) long, approximately 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) wide and further comprises a metal foil.

17. The device according to claim 11, in which at least two sensing elements are strain gauges.

18. The device according to claim 11, in which the data processing module further comprises a portable reader and a portable processor for processing data.

19. The device according to p. 18, in which a portable reader and a portable processor for processing data are combined into a single portable module.

20. A method for monitoring rail stress, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a sensor module, wherein the sensor module further includes at least one sensor, wherein at least one sensor can be mounted directly on the rail and further includes a substantially flat gasket and at least two sensing elements mounted on one side of the gasket in a herringbone configuration, and at least one data acquisition module in communication with at least one sensor;

(b) providing a data processing module, the data processing module receiving and processing information collected by at least one data acquisition module to determine a rail voltage; (c) recording and reviewing information processed by the data processing module.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising providing antenna means, wherein the antenna means is in communication with at least one data acquisition unit for transmitting information to the data processing unit.

22. The method of claim 20, further comprising providing a rail link on which the sensor can be mounted.

23. The method according to p. 20, in which the module of the sensitive elements further comprises a protective housing for enclosing in a protective manner, at least one sensor and at least one data acquisition module.

24. The method according to p. 20, in which the module of the sensitive elements further comprises an autonomous power source.

25. The method according to p. 20, in which at least one sensor further comprises a protective coating, and in which the protective coating is located along the perimeter of the surface that surrounds at least one sensing element.

26. The method of claim 20, wherein the gasket is approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) long, approximately 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) wide, and further comprises a metal foil.

27. The method according to p. 20, in which at least two sensing elements are strain sensors.

28. The method according to p. 20, in which the data processing module further comprises a portable reader and a portable processor for processing data.

29. The method according to p. 28, in which the portable reader and portable processor for processing data are combined into a single portable module.

The main disadvantages of the above method and implementing its systems and devices are:

- low accuracy of control due to the limited number of sensors and the used discrete principle of measuring distributed parameters-fields of mechanical stresses and temperature of the rail thread;

- high energy costs for measuring, collecting and transmitting information;

- low reliability of control due to the large number of connections of electronic and electromechanical elements located in the vibration zone from the passage of trains, as well as the use of unstable air for data transmission;

- high operating costs associated with the replacement of autonomous power supplies and failed elements of the control system;

- narrow functionality does not allow simultaneously with the fields of mechanical stresses and temperatures to control the distribution of such important physical and mechanical parameters of rail threads as the distribution of curvatures and bending stiffnesses along their axes in the vertical and horizontal planes that determine their stress-strain state, fatigue strength and acting load, as well as vibration fields.

A technical solution is known, described in patent RU 2141102 "Diagnostic system with optical sensors (options)" by Danfi James P. (US) and Falkovich Kennit P. (US), published November 10, 1999. In this invention, the system is used to detect mechanical deformations and temperature changes. The system includes a tunable narrow-band light source that generates variable-wavelength light, directing it into a light guide fiber. Reflective sensors, such as Bragg gratings, are located along the length of the fiber. The sensors transmit light radiation with a wavelength corresponding to the transmission minimums of these sensors and changing under the influence of the perturbation acting on them. The wavelength tuning loop controls the tunable light source, providing a scan of the generated light radiation in a predetermined wavelength region in order to individually illuminate each sensor with light with a wavelength corresponding to its transmission minimum. The power of this light transmitted by the sensors is converted by the detector into an electrical signal, which is processed by the signal processing circuit. The signal processing circuit reveals the gaps in the power profile of the light radiation received by the detector, and generates output signals that carry information about the parameters of the disturbance acting on each sensor. The system can be open without feedback for measuring static strains or closed with feedback for tracking changes in static strains and measuring dynamic strains. The system can also be used according to the Fabry-Perot scheme, while providing a very high sensitivity to deformation. The system can switch to operation in reflection mode or transmission mode of light radiation by sensors.

The main disadvantages of this system are its complexity and, as a consequence, low reliability, as well as narrow functionality due to low accuracy and selectivity of control due to the small number of controlled parameters - only mechanical deformations in one plane and temperature changes. Moreover, the control of these physical and mechanical quantities is not carried out simultaneously.

A closer analogue in technical essence to the technical solution claimed here is the invention described in patent SU 1742615 "Method for monitoring the state of a long object and device for its implementation" by S. Mikheev, V. N. Zemerov. and Elshansky P.V., published June 23, 1992

The said patent provides a method for monitoring the state of a long object, which consists in placing an extended wave energy transmission channel in the control zone, measuring the parameters of the latter and determining physical and mechanical data about the state of the object and their distribution in the control zone, characterized in that in order to improve the accuracy of monitoring and expanding the data range, the wave energy transmission channel is made in the form of a waveguide, the oscillation modes of the indicated energy are recorded, at least one of them As musculoskeletal informative on its basis of said modes allocate the most informative for said physical-mechanical data and measured parameters of each of them. For the parameters of the modes, the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of their transmission along the waveguide and the response of these characteristics to changes in the shape, structure of the object and surrounding pressure and temperature are taken.

A device for monitoring the state of a long object containing a source of modulated wave energy, a wave energy transmission channel and a demodulator, characterized in that in order to increase the control accuracy it is equipped with two spatial filters, one of which is connected between the output of the modulated wave energy source and the input of the wave transmission channel energy, and the second spatial filter is between the input of the demodulator and the output of the wave energy transmission channel, which is made in the form of a multimode Nogo waveguide of rectangular or circular cross section or combinations thereof, and the demodulator is designed as a second output connected to the spatial filter the two synchronous detectors integrator connected to the output of one of them and connected to the outputs of the integrator of the second synchronous detector and an operational amplifier. Additionally, the device described above is equipped with a local oscillator frequency converter of signals included between the outputs of the second spatial filter and the inputs of synchronous detectors.

The development of the above method and device in the field of railway transport is a patent for an additional invention SU 1793213 A2 "Method for monitoring the state of a long object and a device for its implementation" by S. Mikheev, V. N. Zemerov and Elshansky P.V., published on February 7, 1993.

The purpose of the additional invention is the expansion of the control functionality by simultaneously determining the state of the load-bearing structure and the parameters of the load moving along its surface. To do this, in the waveguide that responds to changes in the curvature of its axis, different slowdowns of the phase velocities of the reference and most informative curvatures of the structure of the mode are created, displacements of a predetermined load along the surface of the structure are recorded using the waveguide to determine the distribution of curvature and, accordingly, bending stiffness along the length of the structure, during the operation of the structure, its stress-strain state is determined by measuring the resulting deformations, as well as by the known bending stiffness and deformations of the structure receive the distribution of the load, the speed and acceleration of its movement along the structure.

A device for monitoring the state of a long object according to the method described above, characterized in that, in order to expand the monitoring functionality, it is equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a microprocessor, the input of which is connected to the output of the ADC, the input of the ADC is connected to the output of the demodulator, the output of the microprocessor connected to the input of the video terminal, and the waveguide, made in the form of a multimode fiber waveguide with insulating and protective sheaths, is fixed along the generatrix of the load-bearing structure on its ontaktiruyuschey surface load in the plane deformations arising from the action of the moving load, synchronous detectors embodied as photodetectors, and the source of modulated wave energy is in the form of an optical radiation generator. It is possible to use the load-bearing structure as a waveguide in the acoustic wavelength range.

The lengthy object in the example of the method is the load-bearing structure in the form of rails along which the distributed load moves, namely, the train.

The main disadvantages of the above inventions are the narrow functionality of the method and device for its implementation due to the low accuracy and selectivity of control due to the small number of simultaneously controlled parameters - only the distribution of the curvature of a long object in one vertical plane, as well as pressure and temperature fields.

The closest analogue (prototype) of the technical solution presented here is the invention described in the patent application of the Russian Federation with reg. No. 2017114899/28 (025867) dated April 27, 2017 “A method for monitoring the state of a long object and a device for its implementation” by V. Zemerov

The purpose of this invention is to increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the main oil and gas pipeline by simultaneously measuring the distributions of its curvature in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as vibration and temperature fields along this lengthy object.

Here, in accordance with the proposed method for monitoring the state of the oil and gas pipeline and taking into account the patent for an additional invention SU 1793213 A2 in the field of railway control, using the information-measuring fiber optic cable (IIOK) located in the control zone along the axis of the long object to measure the distribution of curvature of this object, in the vertical and horizontal planes, in the specified cable along its entire length L, at least two orthogonally located fiber optic pairs are placed, each of which it holds two cylindrical quartz glass fibers parallel to each other and interacting with each other, one of these fibers is a reference and information channel n ₁ , and the second is a measuring channel n ₂ with different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ placed in a common reflective sheath, while information and measuring fiber optic cable is fixed to the surface along a generatrix parallel to the axis of a long object, a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = L / V is generated, where V is coming soon the light intensity in the fiberglass of the reference information channel n ₁ with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses, these pulses are fed to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel n _{1 of an} information-measuring optical fiber cable of length L, amplify optical signals all channels of the information-measuring fiber optic cable, receive optical signals at the outputs of all channels of the specified cable, carry out a time delay and their photoconversion into electrical signals, m synchronously detect, integrate, amplify and convert these electrical signals into digital form, then, according to the measured distributions of curvature, they are scaled to the spatio-temporal distributions of bending moments, forces and stresses acting on a long object in horizontal and vertical planes and comparing the received physical and mechanical characteristics of the current state of a long object with specified physical and mechanical characteristics, decide on the state of th object,

wherein the light-conducting contact in each optical fiber pair between the cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₁ and n _{2 is} ensured by the creation of a translucent partition between them,

in addition, they control the distribution of the temperature field of the surface of a long object by placing an additional pair of glass fibers with the same refractive indices n ₁ = n ₂ in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, while the glass fiber of the measuring channel n _{2 is} selected with a linear temperature dependence of the dielectric constant ε of the glass fiber ε ,

additionally, a second pair of optical fibers with different refractive indices n ₁ and n _{2 is} installed in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, and n ₁ > n ₂ , with the help of which the distribution of the vibration field along the lengthy object is monitored, while for harmonic electrical signals characterizing the distribution of the fields vibrations of a long object, apply the fast Fourier transform procedure,

receive and store additional information about the static and dynamic characteristics of a long object by fixing the measured distributions of curvature, vibration fields and temperature of the object, as well as the rates of change of these parameters over time during operation and geodetic data on the distribution of the curvature of the object obtained during its construction,

to simultaneously determine the state of a long object in the form of a load-bearing structure, for example, a rail track and the parameters of a load moving along its surface, for example, a train, using the waveguide mounted on the rail, the distribution of curvature and, accordingly, bending stiffness along the length of the rail track is recorded, then in the process the operation of this design determine its stress-strain state by measuring the resulting deformations, as well as simultaneously known flexural rigidity and def Rail gauge frames receive train weight distribution, speed and acceleration of its movement along rails,

The apparatus for monitoring the state of a long object that implements the above method, contains a modulated wave energy source made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser connected through an optical amplifier and an optical connector to the input of an IED, containing one reference and information channel in the form of a cylindrical quartz fiber glass, the input of which is the input of the specified cable, and four measuring channels, also in the form of cylindrical quartz fiberglass, isolated between each other and interactions components with a reference and information channel along the entire length of the cable, while all five of these channels are placed in one common reflective sheath, which is separated by a solid dielectric from the main protective sheath of the IIEC with a rectangular cross-sectional profile, the cable itself is fixed along the generatrix on the surface of a long object, and the cable output, in this case, the outputs of all five of these glass fibers, through the second optical connector and the photodetector block, are connected to the input of the demodulator, the output of which is connected to the input of the AD block P, in turn, the output of which is the input of the FFT processor, connected in series with the computing device and the video terminal, and the second output of the ADC unit is directly connected to the second input of the computing device, the third input of which is in turn connected to the output of the buffer memory, in addition to the cable cut at certain distances intermediate optical amplifiers are installed.

The main disadvantages of the method and device prototypes when monitoring the status of a long object in the form of a rail track of a jointless railway are:

- low accuracy and selectivity of control, since these well-known technical solutions have a narrow range of controlled data, for example, the distribution of curvatures in the vertical and horizontal planes of one long object (one rail thread), which does not allow to obtain all the rail track geometry characteristics normalized in railway transport, and first of all - the distribution of the rail gauge and the relative position of both rail threads along the entire length of the railway track, and thereby timely accurately identify the places of dangerous violations of the geometry of the rail track to prevent train accidents;

- low impact strength and optical coupling coefficient of glass fibers IIOK;

- the inability to control the distribution of tension-compression of each rail filament along the entire length of the railway track.

The purpose of the proposed technical solution is to eliminate all of the above disadvantages.

The technical result in relation to the object of the invention - the method is achieved by the fact that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of a continuous rail track, at least two information-measuring optical fiber cables are used, the first of which is fixed on the inner surface rail neck along a line formed from the intersection of its surface of the neutral axes of the rail cross sections along the entire length of the left rail thread, and the second d - of the right rail, for example, using cyanoacrylate glue, while the supply of optical pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel of two information-measuring optical fiber cables is carried out from one source of modulated wave energy, and the optical signals are intermediate amplified and synchronized by delaying them in time in these cables is produced simultaneously through pieces of rail gauge of length ΔL = L / (N + 1), where N is the number of points of intermediate amplification and synchronization of optical Signals in cables.

Contributes to the achievement of the technical result that:

- to protect the glass fibers of all channels of each information-measuring optical fiber cable from impacts and simultaneously increase the optical coupling coefficient between the glass fibers, they are placed in a common reflective shell filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index of n ₃ not lower than the refractive index of the fiberglass of the reference information channel n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° C;

- to control the distribution of tension-compression of each rail filament due to changes in ambient temperature and to prevent the destruction of information-measuring fiber optic cables from these changes, each cable is free to store with a margin in length along the length of the glass fibers in the reflective sheath of the cable, the protective coating of this sheath is made of solid dielectric, for example, fiberglass reinforced polycarbonate or polyester having a linear thermal expansion equal to rail steel, s Then both cables are placed in steel protective covers with a rectangular cross-section, which are welded to the inner surface of the neck of each rail along its entire length;

- for the calibration of both information-measuring fiber optic cables, the data of recent measurements of the geometry of the rail track and the distributions of the longitudinal and transverse stiffnesses of the rail threads taking into account the action of the rail base, obtained using a track-measuring car, are used;

- for the translation of the physical and mechanical characteristics measured by two information-measuring optical fiber cables in the form of distributions of the curvature of each rail filament in the vertical and horizontal planes, a special algorithm is used to convert these characteristics of the rail gauge geometry into the physical and mechanical characteristics established by regulatory documents on the railway, then compare these characteristics with their limit values for each section of the railway track and decide its condition, as well as the maximum permissible value of the speed of trains in each section;

- the place of occurrence of the defect of the rail yarn or rail base is determined by changes in the distributions of its longitudinal or transverse stiffness, as well as the temperature field;

- to control the fatigue strength of the rail gauge, the number of cyclic changes in the distributions of its curvature and the total weight of goods transported by trains are recorded;

- to control the occurrence of defects in the running gear, for example, wheelsets moving along the railway track of trains, the distributions of the vibration spectra of each rail filament in the frequency range (1000-30000) Hz are recorded on its linear sections and after applying the fast Fourier transform to these signals, they are compared with reference spectra of typical defects, and with the coincidence of the compared spectra, the type and location of the defect in the running gear of the train is determined.

The technical result in relation to the object of the invention, the device is achieved by the fact that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of a continuous rail track, at least two identical information-measuring fiber optic cables are used, mounted on the inner surfaces of the left neck rail and right rail threads, and the inputs of these cables through an additional optical coupler installed in the first optical connector e, connected to one output of the modulated wave energy source, and the outputs of both cables through the second optical connector are connected through the photodetector block to the input of the demodulator, in which the number of photodetectors is doubled, and in the demodulator, the number of synchronous detection circuits, in turn, to the intermediate optical amplifiers installed optical delay lines, for example, implementing the principle of Michelson echelons.

The invention is further illustrated by a specific example of its implementation and the accompanying drawings, in which:

- FIG. 1 shows a supported bearing surface of a rail track subjected to external forces;

- FIG. 2 - profile of the rail yarn in the vertical plane, taking into account the errors of its recovery;

- FIG. 3 - undeformed and deformed bearing surface of the rail track indicating the main curvatures of the surface;

- FIG. 4 - the maximum differential shortening of the element Δz of the rail thread along the coordinate z;

- FIG. 5a, b are the profile of the rail yarn in the section x _oi z and the distribution of curvature K _z along the Z axis;

- FIG. 6 - the influence of measurements of the spatial momentum of curvature with a finite strip of the measuring tool on the restoration of the curve of the profile of the rail thread

- FIG. 7a, b, c are the characteristics of the geometry of the rail gauge, normalized in railway transport;

- FIG. 8 - constructive implementation of mechanical ventilation with a pair of interacting quartz glass fibers in a reflective shell filled with immersion gel;

- FIG. 9 is a longitudinal section of a ventilator with highlighted pairs of fiberglass input and output terminals;

- FIG. 10 - constructive implementation of IIR with a protective casing in cross section mounted on the surface of the rail neck;

- FIG. 11 - a fragment of a rail with a IIRF fixed on the inner surface of the neck of the rail;

- FIG. 12 is a graph of time-dependent symmetrical deformations of the neck of the left and right rails under static loading with a force of 100 kN (a), 200 kN (b), 300 kN (s), 400 kN (d) and 500 kN (e);

- FIG. 13 - diagnostic signals from strain gauges on rails in the Quo Vadis monitoring system;

- FIG. 14 is a structural diagram of a device for monitoring the state of a long object in the form of a rail track;

- FIG. 15 - dependence of the voltage at the output of the demodulator on the curvature of the steel plate in the experimental setup;

- FIG. 16 - bending curves of a steel plate at various loads, calculated in the computing device of the experimental setup according to the measured curvature and the proposed algorithms;

- FIG. 17a, b are photographs of the main parts of the experimental setup.

The following abbreviations are adopted in the text of the description of the invention.

Measuring waveguide line (IVL) - at least one pair of glass fibers interacting with each other along the entire length, depending on the change in the controlled distributed physical and mechanical parameter, placed in a common reflective shell filled with immersion gel and placed along the axis of a long object.

An information-measuring fiber-optic cable (IIOC) is a cable containing mechanical ventilation, placed in a protective sheath made of a solid dielectric, mounted on the surface of a controlled long object, for example, a rail thread of a railway track, closed by a steel casing welded to the rail.

The following are explanations of the essence of the proposed technical solution by the example of monitoring the state of a long object in the form of a rail track of a continuous railroad track, which allows the most efficient implementation of the method to achieve the goal.

To increase the accuracy and selectivity of control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of a continuous rail track, at least two information-measuring fiber optic cables are used, the first of which is fixed on the inner surface of the rail neck along a line formed from the intersection of the neutral axes of the transverse by its surface rail sections along the entire length of the left rail thread, and the second of the right rail thread, for example, using cyanoacrylate glue, while supplying optical Pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel of two informational-measuring fiber optic cables are carried out from a single source of modulated wave energy, and the intermediate amplification and synchronization of optical signals by their time delay in these cables is carried out simultaneously, through pieces of a rail gauge of length ΔL = L / (N + 1), where N is the number of points of intermediate amplification and synchronization of optical signals in cables.

As indicated in the new method for monitoring the state of the railway gauge, two IIECs are used, each of which is fixed in the above place of the corresponding rail thread, since it is known from the subject “Resistance of materials” that the neutral axis is a line in the cross section of a bent beam at which points normal stresses parallel to the axis of the beam are zero. This allows us to eliminate the methodological error of curvature measurements due to the mismatch of the longitudinal axes of the rail and the RIS, as well as to increase the term of use of the latter by reducing the number of movements of the RIS.

The use of cyanoacrylate glue for fixing on the surface of the IIEC rail is due to the fact that, for example, glue “Cyacrine EO” has an operating temperature range of -80 ° C + 80 ° C (see http://cestus.net/attaches/12/X60) and he proved himself well for fixing strain gauge sensors on rails, traditionally used to monitor the condition of sections of rail threads.

The use in the presented method of delivering optical pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference and information channel of two IIEC from one source of modulated wave energy and intermediate amplification of the optical signals with a simultaneous time delay in these cables is performed to increase the selectivity of control by creating time marks with a precisely known distance along the length of each rail filament and the synchronization of optical signals in the process of their distribution in the RISC.

We formalize the task of monitoring the geometry of the rail gauge using concepts generally accepted in mechanics and mathematics, as well as the results of experimental studies, in order to substantiate the feasibility and necessity of the above-described operations of the method in terms of the number and location of the IIRF, establishing the relationship between the measured distributions of the curvatures of the left and right rail threads along the arc coordinates, defined by the longitudinal axes of the IIEC with the characteristics of the geometry of the rail track in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.

The bearing surface 1, one-sidedly supported on an elastic base, simulating a rail track exposed to external forces, is shown in the figure of FIG. one.

переходит в точку Mⁱ(xyz) и исходная плоская поверхность 1 переходит в деформированную поверхность 1 (фиг. 1).On the z axis, surface 1 is rigidly fixed to an adjacent elastic base. Forces F ₁ , F ₂ , ... F _n act along the y and z axes. Torsional moments act along the z axis. If there are no forces and moments (including gravity), surface 1 occupies the position ox ₁ z ₁ (Fig. 1). In the presence of external influence, the surface point

passes to the point M ⁱ (xyz) and the original flat surface 1 passes to the deformed surface 1 (Fig. 1).

As a result of measurements, it is necessary to determine the geometry of a given surface 1 and its position relative to the initial state with the required accuracy. According to this geometry, on the basis of the known equations of mechanics, the quantities and distributions of the acting forces and moments on the bearing surface 1 are determined.

в совокупность точек Мⁱ. На эти точки «натягивается» контролируемая поверхность 1. За счет различного рода ошибок профиль 2 поверхности 1 после восстановления будет лежать в некотором слое d (фиг. 2) и ее прогибы h_i будут определяться с ошибкой Δh_i.Formally, for each particular state, it is necessary to measure the matrix of the operator that translates the set of points

a set of points M ⁱ . The controlled surface 1 is “pulled” to these points. Due to various errors, the profile 2 of surface 1 after restoration will lie in some layer d (Fig. 2) and its deflections h _i will be determined with an error Δh _i .

To organize measurements of the geometry of surface 1, you must have the following initial conditions:

- dimensions of the plane x ₁ , z ₁ surface 1 (Fig. 1);

- the maximum value of the deflection (deviation along the y axis) h _max ;

- the minimum value of the deflection, which must be measured h _min ;

- error layer width d;

(фиг. 2), соединяющей начальную и конечную точки несущей поверхности 1;- approximate (best possible maximum) number N _{1 of} variations (sign changes) of the deflection of surface 1 relative to the radius vector line

(Fig. 2) connecting the start and end points of the bearing surface 1;

- the number of variations of the deflection N ₂ in the cross section x, y of the plane;

- measurement performance Δt;

- requirements for the presentation of measurement output information.

We take the following technical characteristics to justify the created invention using the results obtained in an experimental setup:

z ₁ = 2000 mm, x ₁ = 2000 mm; h _max = 700 mm; h _min = 10 mm;

d = 10 mm; N ₁ = 4; N ₂ = 0; Δt is of the order of several seconds, since the loads are static. The image of the curvature of surface 1 when choosing its cross sections with coordinates relative to the xoz plane should be presented in graphical form.

From these conditions, the basic requirements for the created measuring system are determined.

According to the conditions of preliminary experiments, the length of the measuring waveguide line (IVL) can reach 50 km (the maximum length of the monitored section of the rail track to the intermediate optical amplifier). Dynamic range:

The resolution of the measurements of the experimental setup:

по

by

by

The remaining requirements will be clarified in the process of solving the entire problem of controlling the geometry of the supported shallow shell in the form of a bearing surface 1, the edges of which are the left and right rail threads of the railway track.

We formulate the differential geometric basis for the measurements of surface curvature 1.

и

в точках Mⁱ(x_iy_iz_i), начальными значениями

,

и граничными значениями K_oz(z=0), K_ox(z=0), которые постоянны для данного цикла измерений (фиг. 3). Координаты x, y, z в общем случае афинные. В частном случае плоской исходной поверхности 1 K_oz=K_ох=0.The controlled bearing surface 1 is a smooth (without kinks) surface, characterized by the current main values of curvature

and

at points M ⁱ (x _i y _i z _i ), the initial values

,

and boundary values of K _oz (z = 0), K _ox (z = 0), which are constant for a given measurement cycle (Fig. 3). The x, y, z coordinates are generally affine. In the particular case of a flat initial surface 1 K _oz = K _oh = 0.

In the general case, knowing the distribution of K _z and K _y over surface 1 allows us to construct surface 1 itself based on the solution of integro-differential geometric equations. However, in practice, numerical methods of solutions require a certain amount of additional initial data that do not follow from the general theory of differential geometry. The task can be greatly simplified by introducing a number of conditions that follow from the physical nature of the controlled object - the bearing surface 1.

We single out the main conditions without giving rigorous justifications here that follow from the theory of infinitesimal and quaternion calculi.

The first condition is small deformations of surface 1. This condition is formulated as follows

при

at

Physically, this means that the maximum differential shortening of the element Δz along the z coordinate has a third order of smallness with respect to Δz. The foregoing is explained in FIG. four.

Condition (1) is equivalent to the condition

where 0 (Δz) ³ is an order of magnitude (Δz ₀ ) ³ ; Δz _{0 is the} initial value of Δz.

A similar condition must also be satisfied in the x coordinate for the curvature K _x .

The second condition is a finite number of variations of curvature. It is formulated as follows

where the values of N, M are finite and natural. The condition is explained in FIG. 5, which shows the profile of surface 1 in the section x _oi z by the plane x _i yz and the distribution of curvature K _z along z. In the above example, N = 1.

;

:When the first condition is satisfied, the following expressions are valid for the coordinate of an arbitrary point on the surface M (x _j yz _i ) through the distributions

;

:

where ε, η are independent variables of integration; K _z (η), K _x (η) are the distributions of the main curvatures along the coordinate η∈z _oi for x = x _{oi of the} original coordinate system, in this case, the xoz plane (Fig. 1).

, то приращениями координаты x_oi можно пренебречь и выражения (4) упрощаются:If the differential strains in the cross section z = z _oi , x are small, so

, then increments of the coordinate x _oi can be neglected and expressions (4) are simplified:

From the expressions (4) and (5) it follows that the coordinates of the points on which the deformable surface 1 is “stretched” are determined by the integrals of the principal curvatures of this surface 1. The measurement procedure follows from this.

We turn to the second condition (3). This condition allows us to estimate the upper spatial frequency boundary of the curvature measurements. Here there is the following subtlety. Despite the fact that surface 1 is smooth during measurements, the distribution of the main curvatures essentially includes step functions. This is illustrated by the simplest example of FIG. 5. It is known that the exact restoration of a step function by measurements with an instrument with a finite passband or with a smooth form of a hardware function is in general an incorrect task. Accuracy questions in this case are problematic without a priori knowledge of the behavior of the measured quantity. Therefore, the choice of measurement organization algorithms plays a significant role. Below we give a comparison of two algorithms that give, as will be shown, the best approximations in two different target solutions. Namely:

- construction of surface 1 with a minimum deviation from the true shape;

- construction of the surface 1 with a minimum deviation from the true coordinates of the "end" points relative to the starting points of the supported surface 1 (Fig. 1).

The combination of these algorithms allows us to optimize the problem of determining the geometry of surface 1 using two target solutions.

We formulate the above algorithms for the restoration of the controlled surface 1 and the requirements for the accuracy of measurements.

We accept, at least for the experimental controlled sample of surface 1, the model described by expression (5). As the estimated calculations show, this model works with sufficient accuracy to implement the requirements of the adopted technical specifications.

и

будут определены со следующей зависимостью от δK_z(η):Suppose that the curvature K _z (η) is measured with some error δK _z (η). After recovery, the coordinates

and

will be determined with the following dependence on δK _z (η):

Expression (6) is obtained by substituting in (5) K _z (η) = K _z (η) + δK _z (η) and applying the theorem on the mean value of the integral.

From the expression (6) it follows that there is an accumulation of errors in the deflection y in proportion to the coordinate z _i . In FIG. Figure 6 shows the effect of measurements of the spatial momentum of curvature with a finite strip of the measuring tool on the restoration of curve 2 of the cross-sectional profile of surface 1.

A more detailed analysis and calculations show that when directly measuring the curvature and substituting these measurements in expressions (5) to restore the curve, a scale stretching occurs along the curve, leading to an increase in the error of the coordinate of the deflection y relative to the reference point z _o = 0. However, the shape of the reconstructed profile curve of section 2 remains similar to the true curve of profile 2 in terms of the nature of the distribution of deflections. Such a reconstruction algorithm is called linear, since the measurement results are linearly added in the process of restoring the curvature of the bearing surface.

будет определяться выражениемFunctionally, this algorithm is implemented as follows. The hardware function of the measuring system ƒ (η) is set or determined. Using it, we determine the transfer frequency response F (p) through the Laplace transform. Measured value

will be determined by the expression

This is the convolution equation for the unknown function K _z (η). It can be solved with a given accuracy by organizing the kernel of the equation ƒ (η) or in operator form

where F (p) - has a known inverse function.

или в операторной формеThen the function is determined

or in operator form

Then the integrals (5) are calculated:

In a first approximation, when K _z (η) is small, the whole solution can be carried out in operator form. Let F ^-1 (p) be given by a convergent series, for example, Neumann

where ƒ (ρ) = 1-F (ρ), and | ƒ (ρ) | <1 everywhere.

Then:

- обратное преобразование Лапласа.Where

is the inverse Laplace transform.

определяются из (5) следующим образомDeflections

are determined from (5) as follows

- операция свертки.Where

- convolution operation.

Expression (12) is algorithmized in the program of the computing device when processing the signal using standard subroutines such as convolution. Thus, the finite accuracy of the linear algorithm is related to the speed of convergence of a series of inversions of the hardware function of the measuring tool.

Practically in the proposed control method, the hardware function is determined by the envelope of the wave packet of the reference signal. For a rectangular envelope, the decomposition of the nucleus is optimal in the sense of convergence in spheroidal functions (Komarov I.V., Ponomarev L.I., Slavyanov S.Yu. Spheroidal and Coulomb spheroidal functions. - Moscow: Nauka, 1976, p. 131- 138), for the Gaussian form in Hermite polynomials or in the functions of a parabolic cylinder.

However, even the use of modern means of signal processing does not relieve the linear algorithm of the properties of the accumulation of deflection errors along the surface 1.

We set ourselves the goal of obtaining the most accurate values of the coordinates y, z _i on the right edge of surface 1 relative to the left edge. For this purpose, we represent the distribution of curvature K _Z (η) on the segment η∈z _oi ∈ (0 ÷ L), where L is the length over z of the undeformed surface 1 in the form of a generalized Fourier series over some complete system of orthonormal functions ϕ _n (η):

In the same system, we expand the distribution u (z):

The coefficients β _m are related to the coefficients α _n as follows

Where

The coefficients q _{nm are} not related to the measured object and can be pre-embedded in the algorithm for processing the measurements of curvature in a computing device.

The "end" coordinates z _L and y _L will be determined by the expressions:

The algorithms presented here obviously make it possible to determine not only the “end” coordinates z _L and y _L , but also the coordinates of any intermediate points of the curved profile of each rail filament within the rail gauge L. By monitoring their changes with changing ambient temperature, tensile-compression measurements of each rail filament due to temperature influence.

When placing the projections of the curves of two rail yarns in a common Cartesian coordinate system in the horizontal xoz plane and establishing the exact distance between their starting points along the x axis (see position 7 in Fig. 7c), the rail track width is determined when the z coordinate value is specified.

Thus, the presented algorithms make it possible to reconstruct the geometry of the rail track in three-dimensional space in Cartesian coordinates from the measured distributions of the curvatures of the two extreme generatrices (left and right rail threads) of the bearing surface of the rail track, which allows us to compare its current characteristics in arc coordinates with the limit specified by the regulatory documents of railway transport.

In FIG. 7a, b, c shows the characteristics of the geometry of the rail track in Cartesian coordinates used in the scientific and technical literature on railway transport, for example, the monograph by V. Garg and R. Dukkipati “Dynamics of rolling stock”, - M .: Transport, 1988, Fig. 3.11, p. 85. In FIG. 7a) shows a typical railroad track, where the positions 4 and 5 indicate the left and right rail threads, respectively. In FIG. 7b) shows: elevation 9 of one rail 4 above another 5 and the nominal vertical profile 10 of the railway track; base 11 for level marking in the horizontal plane 8. In FIG. 7c) shows: nominal horizontal position of the axis 6 of the path and the width of the 7 gauge. It is with the established limit values of these characteristics at different speeds of the train that the measured RIS should be compared through the distribution of curvatures of the right and left rail filaments in arc coordinates and their current values processed by the above algorithms.

The following are additional technical suggestions for improving the claimed method for monitoring the condition of a long object in the form of a rail track of a continuous railroad track, which can improve the efficiency of the proposed method.

To protect the fiberglass of all channels of each information-measuring optical fiber cable from shock and simultaneously increase the optical coupling coefficient between the fiberglass, they are placed in a common reflective sheath filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index of n _s not lower than the refractive index of the fiberglass of the reference information channel n ₁ , as well as the operating temperature range (- 60 + 60) ° C.

The rationale for increasing the coupling coefficient of interacting optical fibers using immersion gel are the following facts.

As is known (see Vaganov RB and others. Multimode waveguides with random irregularities. - M .: Soviet radio, 1972. P. 70), the parameters characterizing the interaction of waves in waveguides, for example, the wave coupling coefficient, linearly depend from the curvature of the ventilator. The total value of the relative power (see ibid.) Spent on measurements in the section of mechanical ventilation with a length ΔS can be estimated as

where λ is the wavelength of the carrier wave; a is the characteristic size of the waveguide in the plane of bending; S is the current coordinate; ΔS is the resolution of measurements along S; g is the dimensionless design coefficient ≤1.

The sensitivity of the equipment used in the experimental setup is of the order of 10 ^-10 W.

; ΔS - требуемое разрешение измерений по техническому заданию для экспериментального образца составляет 0,5 м. Тогда g≥10^-1. Физический смысл коэффициента g - начальный уровень связи опорной и измерительной мод в ИВЛ при отсутствии деформирующих ее воздействий. Таким образом, для решаемой задачи необходимо обеспечить ИВЛ с начальной мощностью связи между стекловолокнами каналов 5 дб/м.Assessment of the feasibility of the proposed control method is given for λ = 1.3 · 10 ^-6 m; a = 400⋅10 ^-6 m; K = 10 ^-5 m;

; ΔS - the required resolution of measurements according to the technical specifications for the experimental sample is 0.5 m. Then g≥10 ^-1 . The physical meaning of the coefficient g is the initial level of coupling of the reference and measuring modes in mechanical ventilation in the absence of deforming effects. Thus, for the problem to be solved, it is necessary to provide mechanical ventilation with an initial communication power between fiberglass channels of 5 dB / m.

Based on the use in the experiment of optical fiber lines in the IR range (λ = 1.3 μk), a quartz cylindrical optical fiber with a diameter of d ₁ = 400 μk was used as the basis for the mechanical ventilation. Structurally, the ventilator looks like that shown in FIG. 8. Here is a cross-sectional view of a ventilator in which two parallel-running glass fibers 12 and 13 are located at a distance a in the yoz plane that coincides with the vertical deflection plane of the rail yarn 16. The inner cavity between these glass fibers 12 and 13 is filled with immersion gel 15 placed together into the reflective shell 14. The ventilator is fixed on the inner surface of the neck 16 of the rail yarn along its entire length.

A schematic longitudinal section of the ventilator is shown in FIG. 9, where pairs of inputs 17, 18 and outputs 19, 20 of fiberglass 12 and 13 are highlighted.

In FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an informational-measuring optical fiber cable (IIEC) containing mechanical ventilation with five glass fibers 12, 13, 21 and 22. Moreover, two orthogonally arranged glass fibers 13 are used to measure the distribution of curvatures in the vertical and horizontal planes, and the glass fibers 21 and 22, respectively, the fields temperature and vibration. These glass fibers are parallel to the axis of the fiberglass 12 of the reference channel and all five glass fibers 12, 13, 21, 22 are placed in a common reflective, for example acrylic, shell 14 filled with a thixotropic immersion gel 23. In turn, this shell 14 is protected by a solid dielectric 23 and steel a rectangular casing 24 in cross section, mounted on with a welded joint 25 on the inner surface 16 of the rail neck.

In addition to protection against impacts, for example, gravel from a rail base, this steel casing 24, having a coefficient of thermal expansion equal to or close to the rail, lengthens or shortens along with the rail, solid dielectric 23 and reflective sheath 14, allowing optical fibers 12, 13, 21, 22 due to free laying unfold, not allowing them to limit tension and breakage.

To fill the reflective shell 14, an immersion thixotropic gel 15 is selected (see, for example, Wikipedia-free encyclopedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Immersion microscopy) with a refractive index equal to or greater than the refractive index of glass fibers 12 and 13 (Fig. 8-10). The rays emanating from one point of the fiberglass 12 of the reference information channel pass without refraction and scattering through the immersion film and are “received” by the fiberglass 13 of the measuring channel. In this case, the numerical aperture increases, and the resolution limit decreases. The parasitic reflections arising on the surfaces of the coverslip of the optical fibers 12 and 13 are substantially less than that of the “dry” ones, and in some cases the parasitic reflections can be completely eliminated. This improves the contrast of the image and allows you to increase the illumination of fiberglass 13 without harmful effects on radiation. The thickness of the gel layer 15 between the glass fibers 12 and 13 can vary, and due to this, the compensation of spherical aberration and the optical coupling coefficient can be changed to some extent. Given that the operating temperature range of railway electronic devices is usually considered in the range of -50 ... + 50 ° C, for example, silicone gel is used as a gel.

The article by the authors V. Katok, A. Kovtun and I. Rudenko “Optical fiber: permanent connections” (http://www.ruscable.ru/doc/analytic/statya-129.html) refers to the wide practical application of immersion gel in mechanical connectors for the repair of fiberglass. The inner space of the connectors is filled with a thixotropic gel to protect exposed areas of the optical fibers from moisture. At the same time, the gel has immersion properties - its refractive index is close to the refractive index of the fiber core. These properties are possessed, for example, by the two-component silicone gel “WACKER ® SilGel 612 A / B” (https://www.wacker.com/cms/en/products/product/product.jsp?product=10549) and the flowing two-component rubber “ SEMICOSIL 920 LT ”(https://www.wacker.com/cms/media/publications/downloads/6982_EN.pdf), the latter working without changing its properties at temperatures from -100 ° C to + 200 ° C.

As is known, thixotropy (thixotropy) is the ability of a substance, in this case, a gel, to reduce viscosity (liquefy) from mechanical stress and increase viscosity (thicken) at rest, which helps protect IIRK glass fiber from impacts arising from irregularities in the surfaces of rails and wheels during the movement of the train.

In addition to the above, the impact resistance of IIEC is increased, for example, when using 23-polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) as a solid dielectric, which has high mechanical strength and impact resistance, resistance to abrasion and repeated deformation during tension and bending and retains its high impact and strength characteristics in working temperature range from -40 ° С to + 60 ° С and at the same time it is a good heat insulator (see the article "Polyethylene terephthalate (Lavsan, polyester) - PET" at http://vensnab.ru/articles/view_ar ticles / 53).

In FIG. 11 shows a fragment of a rail with a cross section 26 and a zero axis, which creates the surface of zero axes along the entire length of the rail yarn, as a result of the intersection of which the inner surface of the rail neck forms a fastening line IIRK 27 with a protective casing 24.

To control the distribution of tension-compression of each rail filament due to changes in ambient temperature and to prevent the destruction of information-measuring fiber optic cables from these changes, each cable is free to store with a margin in length along the length of the glass fibers in the reflective sheath of the cable, the sheeting of this sheath is made of solid dielectric, for example, fiberglass-reinforced polycarbonate or polyester having a linear thermal expansion equal to rail steel, for thus, both cables are placed in steel protective casing with a rectangular cross-section, which are welded to the inner surface of the neck of each rail along its entire length.

As is known (http://temperatures.ru/pages/temperaturnyi_koefficient_lineinogo_rasshireniya) the temperature coefficient of linear expansion of polycarbonate reinforced with fiberglass is 21.5, and polyester - 25.0 × 10 ^-6 ° C ^-1 . In turn, for rail steel, α = 11.8⋅10 ^-6 ° С ^-1 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_discharge_path). Therefore, by changing the content of the reinforcing fiberglass in these solid dielectrics, it is possible to reduce the value of their temperature coefficient to the level of steel.

For the calibration of both information and measuring fiber optic cables, the data of the latest measurements of the rail track geometry and the distributions of the longitudinal and transverse stiffnesses of the rail threads taking into account the action of the rail base, obtained using a track measuring car, are used.

The main regulatory document for the presented invention is the order of Russian Railways dated 20.12.2010 N 2650r “On the implementation of additional standards for assessing the state of the rail gauge using measuring instruments and measures to ensure traffic safety”. The following important definitions are provided here.

Rail track geometry (GRC) - parameters characterizing the position of rail threads in the profile, plan, level and track width.

The established speed of movement (trains) is the speed set by the orders of the head of the road (head of the regional infrastructure directorate) for a given section of the track.

GRK deviation - deviation from the nominal values of the GRK within tolerances, which does not require limiting the set speed, but must be eliminated in a planned or priority order.

GRK malfunction - deviation from the nominal values of the GRK, exceeding the limit values requiring the elimination and limitation of the set speed or closure of train traffic.

In accordance with this decree N 2650р, the following parameters are monitored, recorded and evaluated by track meters:

- track gauge (narrowing and broadening);

- the position of the rail yarns in terms of level (skews and smooth deviations of the level);

- the position of the rail threads in the plan (horizontal bending arrows from the chord 21.5 m long at a point located at a distance of 4.1 m from its end) - straightening;

- subsidence of rail threads in a vertical plane (bending arrows of rail threads from a chord 17 m long at a point located at a distance of 2.4 m from its end);

- combination of straightening deviations with warps and subsidence;

- parameters of the device curves in plan and elevation of the outer rail;

- long irregularities in plan and profile (up to 150 meters long).

The frequency of checking acceptance routes where non-stop passage of freight trains is carried out, as well as the acceptance and departure of passenger trains are established by the head of the track service, as a rule, at least 1 time per quarter. Evaluation of proven pick-and-place tracks is included in the overall assessment of the state of the rail gauge by track facilities.

To transfer the physical and mechanical characteristics measured by two information-measuring optical fiber cables in the form of distributions of the curvature of each rail filament in the vertical and horizontal planes, we use the special algorithm presented here to convert these characteristics of the rail track geometry into the physical and mechanical characteristics established by regulatory documents on the railway, then compare these characteristics with their limit values for each section of the railway track, etc. they make a decision about its condition, as well as the maximum permissible value of the speed of trains on each section in accordance with the order of Russian Railways dated 20.12.2010 N 2650r “On the implementation of additional standards for assessing the state of the rail gauge with travel measuring equipment and measures to ensure traffic safety. "

The place of occurrence of a defect in the rail yarn or rail base is determined by changes in the distributions of its longitudinal or transverse stiffness, as well as the temperature field.

The first part of this provision is substantiated in an article by V. Barysheva. “Study of vertical stiffness of rail threads with internal rail defects” (https://sites.google.com/site/valentinkabar 777 / jestkosty). In this paper, the vertical stiffness of the rail thread is of interest. The utmost importance is attached to the development of track diagnostics, since their condition is directly related to the safety of train traffic and the planning of repair work. The determining factor in this is the quality and timeliness of the diagnosis. In this regard, the need for modern means and methods of measurement is justified, allowing to control the parameters of the rail track at high speeds without compromising quality. Internal cracks that occur in rail threads have a great influence on comfort, speed and the ability to operate the rail. Currently, rail defects are detected only by flaw detectors, which operate at low speeds and detect cracks only in the rail head, and when considering the vertical stiffness of rail threads, all these disadvantages are absent. Vertical stiffness, in combination with other parameters measured by a track-measuring car, can provide a comprehensive assessment of the operational condition of the rail track, and an analysis of its change allows us to predict its further state.

The relationship between changes in rail temperature and finding a zone of stress concentration is shown in RF patent No. 2454344 "Method for monitoring rail lashes of a jointless railway" by Fadeev B.C., Emelyanova EN, Konakova AV and others. Areas with a maximum susceptibility to destruction are subjected to additional control in the event of a 10-15 degree excess or a 50-60 degree decrease in temperature relative to the laying temperature of the whip in the path; if a defect is identified, it is eliminated. That is why in IIRK (see Fig. 10) there is fiberglass 21 for measuring the temperature field of the rail thread.

To control the fatigue strength of the rail track, the number of cyclic changes in the distributions of its curvature and the total weight of the goods transported by trains are recorded.

Of course, having received time-dependent changes in the spatial distributions of the curvatures of both rail threads, it is advisable to keep them, since comparing them with each other at certain time intervals, it is possible to identify and fix the cyclical nature of their changes, and thereby, with known stiffnesses of rail threads from the deflections of the rails, determine the values of these cyclic loads and fatigue characteristics of the rail gauge for comparison with their limiting values.

To control the occurrence of defects in the running gear, for example, wheelsets moving along the railway track of trains, the distributions of the vibration spectra of each rail thread in the frequency range (1000-30000) Hz are recorded on its linear sections and, after applying the fast Fourier transform to these signals, they are compared with reference spectra of typical defects, and when the compared spectra coincide, the type and location of the defect in the running gear of the train is determined.

As evidence of the feasibility of these operations in the figure of FIG. 12 (Kolomiets AO Algorithmic and software and hardware support of strain gauge control of wagon wheels in motion. Diss. Candidate of technical sciences, Novosibirsk, 2016. - P. 66) graphs of the dependence of the symmetrical deformations of the neck of the left 28 and right 29 rails on time under static loading with a force of 100 kN (a), 200 kN (b), 300 kN (c), 400 kN (g) and 500 kN (d) with a height of the under-rail ballast layer of 0.35 m. In FIG. 13 (Diagnostic signals in the Quo Vadis system [112] - Force Sensors Line Guide // Sensing and Control Honeywell. - 2013. - No. 2. - P. 1-4) shows the signals recorded by strain gauges installed on the left 30 and right 31 track rails when passing four wagons. Peaks and vibrations are observed in the signals associated with the passage of wheels with defects of the sliding surface of the “slider” type. The system software provides peak compensation to more accurately determine axial loads (and subsequently train masses). The signals do not depend on the speed of the train, provided that it exceeds 40 km / h. To take into account the peculiarities of the state of infrastructure at the location of the sensors, they are automatically calibrated when passing through the “reference” unit of rolling stock, for example, a locomotive of a certain series, which has a known mass. The use of an FFT processor (fast Fourier transform) for pre-processing such signals can significantly reduce the time of their subsequent analysis.

The need for spectral monitoring of each rail yarn to identify defects in rails and wheel sets, in addition to the need to control the geometry of the rail track, clearly confirms the need for monitoring the state of the rail track of at least two IIECs, at least one IIEC on each rail thread.

Thus, the essence of the claimed method is to perform the following new operations:

- the manufacture of at least two IIEC with the filling of the reflective shell of each of them, containing five glass fibers, with a thixotropic immersion gel;

- implementation in each RISC of free with a margin along the length of laying all the glass fibers in the reflective sheath of the cable and the protective coating of this sheath of solid dielectric having a linear thermal expansion equal to or close to rail steel;

- fixing at least two IIEC on the inner surface of the neck of the rail, the first along the line formed from the intersection of its surface by the neutral axes of the cross sections of the rail along the entire length of the left rail thread, and the second - the right rail thread;

- the placement of both IIEC in steel protective casings with a rectangular cross-section, which are welded to the inner surface of the neck of each rail along its entire length;

- the supply of optical pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel of two IIEC from one source of modulated wave energy;

- intermediate amplification and synchronization of optical signals by delaying them in time in both IIRICs simultaneously through predetermined sections of the rail track;

- calibration of both IIEC according to the latest measurements of the geometry of the rail track and the distributions of the longitudinal and transverse stiffnesses of the rail threads, taking into account the action of the rail base, obtained using a track-measuring car;

- the translation of the distributions of the curvature of each rail filament measured by two IIECs in the vertical and horizontal planes using a special algorithm for converting these characteristics of the geometry of the rail gauge into physical and mechanical characteristics established by regulatory documents on the railway, then comparing these characteristics with their limit values for each section of the railway ways and decisions about its condition, as well as the maximum permissible value of the speed of trains in each section;

- determining the place of occurrence of a defect in a rail yarn or rail base from changes in the distributions of its longitudinal or transverse stiffness, as well as the temperature field;

- fixing the number of cyclic changes in the distributions of the curvature of the rail gauge and the total weight of goods moved along it by trains;

- fixing the distribution of the vibration spectra of each rail yarn and their comparison with the reference spectra of typical defects, and if the compared spectra coincide, determining the type and location of the defect in the running gear of the train.

A device for monitoring the condition of a long object in the form of a rail track of a jointless railway that implements the proposed method is shown in FIG. 14. It contains a modulated wave energy source 33, made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser 34, connected through an optical amplifier 35 and an optical connector 36 in the form of an optical coupler, to the inputs of two information-measuring fiber optic cables IIOK 1 and IIOIK 2. Each IIOIK (see Fig. 10) contains one reference and information channel in the form of a cylindrical quartz fiberglass 12, the input of which is the input of the specified cable, and four measuring channels, also in the form of cylindrical quartz fiberglass n 13, 21 and 22, isolated from each other and interacting with the reference and information channel along the entire length of the cable, while all five of these glass fibers 12, 13, 21 and 22 are placed in one common reflective sheath 14 of a cross-shaped in cross section filled with thixotropic immersion gel 15, which is separated by a solid dielectric 23 from the main protective sheath of the IIEC — a steel casing 24 with a rectangular cross-sectional profile welded at points 25 to the inner surface 16 of the rail neck. Each IIEC is fixed as shown in FIG. 11 and 14, wherein the RISC 1 on the inner surface of the left rail thread 4, and the RISC 2 - the right rail thread 5 (Fig. 14). The outputs of each of these cables, in this case, the outputs of all five of these optical fibers in the cable, through the second optical connector 37 and the photodetector unit 38, containing ten photodetectors (five for each cable), are connected to the input of the demodulator 39, which has eight synchronous detection circuits with a local oscillator frequency converter of electrical signals (Fig. 14 are not shown to simplify the circuit of the device).

Each synchronous detection circuit in the demodulator 39 is made in the form of two synchronous detectors connected to the outputs of the block of photodetectors 38 (two photodetectors of optical signals of the reference information and one measuring channel), an integrator connected to the output of one of them, and connected to the outputs of the integrator, the second synchronous detector and operational amplifier. Additionally, this circuit is equipped with a local oscillator frequency converter of signals included between the outputs of the block of photodetectors 38 and the inputs of synchronous detectors. A more detailed description of the circuit is contained in patent SU 1742615.

The output of the demodulator 39 in the control device of FIG. 14 is connected to the input of the ADC unit 40, the output of which is the input of the FFT processor 43 connected in series with the computing device 41 and the video terminal 42. The second output of the ADC unit 40 is directly connected to the second input of the computing device 41, the third input of which is in turn connected to the output of the buffer memory 44.

Intermediate optical amplifiers 45 with a time delay, based on the Michelson echelons principle, are installed in the context of the IIOC 1 and IIOC 2 cables through certain distances determined by the allowable signal-to-noise ratio (see the Wikipedia article https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki / Delay Line).

The implementation of the proposed method when the device is used to monitor the state of a long object, in this case, the rail track of the jointless railway shown in FIG. 14 is carried out as follows.

A modulated wave energy source 33 comprising interconnected pulsed coherent laser 34, an optical amplifier 35 and an optical connector 36 generates a sequence of optical pulses of duration T = L / V, where V is the speed of light in fiberglass 12 (Fig. 10) of the reference information channel n ₁ with a spectrum width of the order of 1 / T and a time interval T ₁ between pulses. These pulses are fed to the inputs of the glass fibers 12 of the information support channels IIOK 1 and IIOK 2. These cables of length L are sequentially fixed (see Fig. 14) along the generatrices of the inner surfaces of the left and right rail threads 4, 5. During the propagation of the reference light pulse in glass fiber 12 due to the optical light guide contact created by the immersion thixotropic gel 15, with four measuring channels of glass fibers 13, 21 and 22 (see Fig. 10), part of the light energy enters into each of these channels, forming the output channel e is a measuring light pulse, in the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of which contains information about the physical and mechanical characteristics of the left and right rail threads 4, 5 controlled with the help of IIOK 1 and IIOK 2 (Fig. 14). In particular, to control the distributions of the curvature of the left rail thread 4 in the vertical and horizontal planes, two orthogonally arranged pairs of glass fibers 12 and 13 with a light contact zone along the cylindrical surfaces forming them are placed in IIOC 1 along its entire length L (see Fig. 10 ) At the outputs of these optical fibers 13 with a delay determined by the difference in the propagation velocities of light pulses in the reference 12 and two measuring optical fibers 13 due to different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ , measuring optical pulses will appear containing information about the distributions of the derivative curvature of the left rail thread 4 ( Fig. 14) in the vertical and horizontal planes. Similar processes occur in IIOK 2, as a result of which a light pulse is received at the output of this cable with information in the form of a change in its amplitude about the distributions of the derivative curvature of the right rail thread 5 in the vertical and horizontal planes

In turn, in RISC 1 and RISC 2 (Fig. 10) there is an additional pair of interacting cylindrical quartz fiberglass 12 and 21 with the same refractive indices n ₁ = n ₂ . In this case, the cylindrical quartz glass fiber 21 of the measuring channel n _{2 is} selected with a linear dependence of the dielectric constant, in this case, the active glass fiber 21, on temperature, which ensures the appearance of a difference in the speed of light pulses in the reference 12 and the measuring 21 glass fibers in proportion to the change in ambient temperature.

The second additional pair of interacting cylindrical quartz fiberglass 12 and 22 with different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ , created in IIOK 1 and IIOK 2 (Fig. 10) to control the distribution of vibration fields of the left 4 and right 5 rail threads (Fig. 14 ) arising from the movement of trains. In fact, here in the measuring light pulse formed in the glass fiber 22 due to its oscillations under the influence of sound pressure waves, the spectral, amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of the vibrations are recorded. In FIG. 13 shows an example of the spectral characteristics of 30 and 31 vibrations of the left 4 and right 5 rail threads while passing a train received from strain gauges glued to the rail neck. Fragments of the vibrational spectra corresponding to defects in the wheelsets of the rolling stock are also highlighted here. The frequency range of these vibrations is (1000-30000) Hz (see, for example, Materials of the Forum "Diagnostics in Transport", http://vibro-expert.ru/forum/9-obshie-voprosi-diagnostiki/diagnostika-na-transporte /Page-3.html) and the spectra of these vibrations are subsequently identified with the spectra of the defects causing them, for example, using correlation analysis.

Since IIOC 1 and IIOC 2 use one common fiber glass 12 of the reference information channel for all four measuring optical fibers 13, 21 and 22 (see Fig. 10), then from the output of each specified cable through the optical connector 37 to the input of the photodetector unit 38 ( see Fig. 14) one reference and four measuring optical pulses arrive, containing information on the distributions of the curvature derivative of the left 4 and right 5 rail threads in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as vibration and temperature fields along these threads. These optical signals are repeatedly amplified with the help of intermediate optical amplifiers 45 installed in the section IIOK 1 and IIOK 2 near electric power sources, for example, on the territory of railway stations. To increase the selectivity of control in amplifier 45, the same optical delay line is introduced into the reference information channel of each cable, which implements the Michelson principle. Then, with the help of the photodetector unit 38, the optical signals from the outputs of both the IIOC 1 and IIOC 2 cables are converted into electrical signals supplied to the input of the demodulator 39. Here, the frequency is reduced, the information envelope is extracted, and the integration and amplification of the measuring electrical signals synchronized by the reference signal -information channel.

From the output of the demodulator 39, all electrical signals are fed to the input of the ADC 40, where they are converted to digital codes and at the output of the ADC 40, the measurement signals are separated: digital codes corresponding to the distributions of curvature of rail threads 4 and 5 in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as fields temperatures along the rail threads immediately go to the computing device 41, and digital codes of harmonic signals corresponding to the distribution of vibration fields along each rail only after preliminary processing otki in the FFT processor 43.

In the computing device 41, according to the known differences in the propagation speeds of the light signals in the reference 12 and the measuring optical fibers 13, 21, 22 of each IIEC 1 and IIEC 2, a large-scale conversion of temporary measuring digital signals received from the outputs of the ADC 40 and the BPF processor 43 into spatial distributions is performed curvature of rail threads 4 and 5 in the vertical and horizontal planes, as well as temperature and vibration fields along the axes IIOK 1 and IIOK 2.

Using data on the bending stiffnesses of the rail threads 4 and 5, taking into account the rail bases, as well as other design parameters of the rail track and IIOK 1, IIOK 2 stored in the buffer memory 44, the distribution of bending moments is calculated from the measured curvature distributions in the computing device 41, forces and stresses acting in the horizontal and vertical planes of each rail thread 4 and 5. When passing a locomotive or train with a known weight, the existing curvature of these threads is determined by the obtained curvature of these threads EFINITIONS rails stiffness in the vertical and horizontal planes for subsequent analysis.

Taking into account the measured temperature fields of the rails, as well as comparing the measured load distributions with data on the maximum permissible values (elastic strength limits) entering the computing device 41 from the buffer memory 44, a conclusion is made about the strength of the rail track.

In addition to monitoring the static strength of rail threads 4 and 5, the computing device 41 also evaluates the dynamic (fatigue) strength of the rails by taking into account the number of cyclic changes and the magnitude of the loads on the rails. The load and time distributions obtained during the passage of passenger and freight trains are stored in the buffer memory 44. Next, the obtained characteristics are compared with the specified limits of rail fatigue strength.

The next important function of the computing device 41 is the translation of the measured RISS 1 and RISS 2 characteristics of the geometry of the rail track in the form of distributions of the curvature of each rail thread 4 and 5 in the vertical and horizontal planes depending on the arc coordinate defined by the longitudinal axis of each cable or rail thread, in the usual Cartesian coordinates. This is caused by the fact that the characteristics of the geometry of the rail gauge established by regulatory documents on the railway (order of Russian Railways dated 20.12.2010 N 2650r “On the introduction of additional standards for assessing the condition of the rail gauge with measuring instruments and measures to ensure traffic safety”) represented in Cartesian coordinates

For this, formulas known from differential geometry are used, as well as special algorithms placed in the description of this application. Then, the obtained characteristics of the gauge geometry are compared with their maximum normative values for each section of the railway track and a decision is made about its condition, as well as the maximum permissible value of the speed of train 32 in each section.

To analyze the distribution of the vibration fields along the rail threads 4 and 5 during the movement of the train 32 in the computing device 41, the measured vibrational spectra are compared with the reference ones (corresponding to typical defects of rails and wheelsets) stored in digital form in the buffer memory 44. Moreover, for some sources of vibration, for example, local destruction of the contact surface of the wheel (see Fig. 13) or cracks in the rail, the vibration spectrum of the rail has long been known and well studied. For spectrum identification, methods of direct comparison of digitized harmonics or correlation analysis are usually used.

An additional source of confirmation of the type and location of the rail defect (for example, cracks) is a temperature jump in the defect zone. Therefore, in the computing device 41, when determining rail defects by analyzing vibration fields, the temperature field is simultaneously controlled along the rail threads 4 and 5. These temperature data are used not only in calculating the strength and fatigue characteristics of the rail track, but also in determining the occurrence of fires of rolling stock and in the railway gauge zone.

All of the above geometric and physico-mechanical characteristics of the rail gauge are generated using the computing device 41 and displayed on the screen of the video terminal 42 for the operator to make a decision on troubleshooting the rail gauge or rolling stock, preventing an accident or changing the mode of train movement.

Pulse coherent laser 34, optical amplifier 35, optical connectors 36 and 37, block of photodetectors 38, block of analog-to-digital converters (ADC) 40, fast Fourier transform processor (FFT) 43, computing device 41, video terminal 42, buffer memory 44 and intermediate optical amplifier 45 included in the device of FIG. 14 are standard electronic products.

To verify and confirm the main provisions of the method claimed here and the device implementing it, an experimental setup was created with the possibility of monitoring the state of a pinched gently sloping shell in the form of a steel sheet and fixed along the forming surface of the mechanical ventilation with two interacting optical fibers placed in a common reflective shell filled with immersion liquid .

In FIG. Figure 15 shows the dependence of the voltage at the output of the demodulator on the curvature of the steel plate obtained in the experiments in the experimental setup.

In FIG. Figure 16 shows the bending curves of a steel plate obtained at various static loads from 0 to 300 N. Moreover, the algorithms described in the description of the present invention were used to translate the distributions of the curvature of the forming surface of the plate, depending on the arc coordinate, depending on the arc coordinate into the bending curves in Cartesian coordinates.

FIG. 17 a) and b) contains photographs of the main parts of the experimental setup. The following items are shown here. Welded frame 48 with unilaterally bolted steel sheet 49 and ventilator 50 glued to its surface, as well as a loading device 51.

The experiments conducted on the installation confirmed the feasibility of the claimed control method and the correctness of the formulation of its main provisions.

The invention can be used in almost all scientific and technical fields and spheres of industrial production, where it is necessary to monitor the state of long objects by the distributions of the curvature of at least two surface forming these objects, as well as temperature and vibration fields.

The most appropriate is the application of the present invention to create monitoring systems for long load-bearing structures in the form of a rail track of the local and main railways, subways, mining and construction, as well as rolling stock moving along these structures. Monitoring the physico-mechanical characteristics of such long objects, especially their geometry in space, helps to prevent a significant number of accidents occurring on the railway.

Claims (19)

1. A method of monitoring the state of a long object, which consists in placing an extended wave energy transmission channel in the control zone, measuring the parameters of the latter and using them to determine the physical and mechanical data on the state of the object and their distribution in the control zone, the wave energy transmission channel is performed in in the form of a waveguide, the vibration modes of the indicated energy are recorded, at least one of them is formed as a reference-informative, taking into account it, the most informative according to the indicated physical and mechanical the parameters of each of them, the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of their transmission along the waveguide and the response of these characteristics to changes in the shape, structure of the object and surrounding pressure and temperature are measured, then in the waveguide that responds to changes in the curvature of its axis, different slowing down the phase velocities of the supporting and most informative curvature modes of the structure, and by moving along the surface of a long object in the form of a load-bearing structure, for example, a rail track, in advance at a given load, the distribution of curvature and, accordingly, bending stiffness along the length of the structure is recorded using a waveguide, then, during the operation of the structure, its stress-strain state is determined by measuring the resulting strains, and at the same time, the distribution of the load value, the speed and accelerating its movement along the structure, characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of the control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of the jointless railway, the waveguide is made in the form of an information-measuring optical fiber cable located in the control zone along the axis of a long object, to measure the distribution of the curvature of this object in the vertical and horizontal planes, at least two orthogonally located optical fiber pairs are placed in the specified cable along its entire length L, each of which contains two parallel elongated and interacting cylindrical quartz glass fibers, one of these fibers is a reference and information channel n ₁ , and the second by measuring channel n ₂ with different refractive indices n ₁ > n ₂ , placed in a common reflective sheath, while the information-measuring optical fiber cable is fixed to the surface along a generatrix parallel to the axis of a long object, a sequence of coherent optical pulses of duration T = L / V, where V - velocity of light in a glass fiber support-information channel n ₁ spectral width of the order of 1 / T and the time interval T ₁ between pulses, said pulses fed to the input of zhdogo fiberglass support-information channel n ₁ information and the measuring fiber optic cable length L, amplify optical signals in all channels of information and the measuring fiber optic cable gave optical signals at the outputs of all of said cable channels carry time delay and photoconversion to electrical signals and then synchronously detect, integrate, amplify and convert these electrical signals into digital form, then they are measured using the measured distributions of curvature large-scale conversion into spatio-temporal distributions of bending moments, forces and stresses acting on a long object in horizontal and vertical planes and, comparing the obtained physical and mechanical characteristics of the current state of a long object with given physical and mechanical characteristics, make a decision about the state of this object, wherein the light-conducting contact in each optical fiber pair between the cylindrical quartz glass fibers n ₁ and n _{2 is} ensured by the creation of a translucent partition between them, in addition, they control the distribution of the temperature field of the surface of a long object by placing an additional pair of glass fibers with the same refractive indices n ₁ = n ₂ in the information and measuring fiber optic cable, while the glass fiber of the measuring channel n _{2 is} selected with a linear temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of glass fiber e , additionally, a second pair of optical fibers with different refractive indices n ₁ and n _{2 is} installed in the information-measuring optical fiber cable, and n ₁ > n ₂ , with the help of which the distribution of the vibration field along the lengthy object is monitored, while for harmonic electrical signals characterizing the distribution of the fields vibrations of a long object, apply the fast Fourier transform procedure, receive and store additional information about the static and dynamic characteristics of a long object by fixing the measured distributions of curvature, vibration fields and temperature of the object, as well as the rates of change of these parameters over time during operation and geodetic data on the distribution of the curvature of the object obtained during its construction, to simultaneously determine the state of a long object in the form of a load-bearing structure, for example, a rail track and parameters of a load moving but its surface, for example, a train, the distribution of curvature and, accordingly, bending stiffness along the length of the rail track is recorded using an information-measuring fiber cable , then, during the operation of this design, its stress-strain state is determined by measuring the resulting deformations, as well as simultaneously enno the known flexural rigidity and deformation of the track train weight distribution is obtained, the speed and acceleration of its travel along the rails, at least two information-measuring optical fiber cables are used here, the first of which is fixed on the inner surface of the rail neck along a line formed from the intersection of the neutral axes of the rail cross sections along its entire length of the left rail thread and the second of the right rail thread, for example, using cyanoacrylate glue, while the supply of optical pulses to the input of each fiberglass of the reference information channel of two information-measuring optical fiber cables is carried out from one of the source of the modulated wave energy, and the intermediate amplification and synchronization of the optical signals by their time delay in these cables is performed simultaneously through rail track lengths ΔL = L / (N + 1), where N is the number of points of intermediate amplification and synchronization of optical signals in cables. 2. The method of claim 1, characterized in that to protect the glass fibers of all channels of each information-measuring optical fiber cable from shock and simultaneously increase the optical coupling coefficient between the glass fibers, they are placed in a common reflective sheath filled with a thixotropic gel with immersion properties and a refractive index n _{3 is} not lower than the refractive index of the glass fiber of the reference information channel n ₁ , as well as by the operating temperature range (-60 + 60) ° С. 3. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1 and 2, characterized in that in order to control the distribution of tension-compression of each rail thread in connection with a change in ambient temperature and to prevent the destruction of information-measuring fiber optic cables from these changes, each cable is free to store with a margin in length along the length of all glass fibers in the reflective sheath of the cable , the protective coating of this shell is made of a solid dielectric, for example, fiberglass-reinforced polycarbonate or polyester having a linear thermal expansion equal to rail steel, then both cables are placed in steel protective casing with a rectangular cross-section, which are welded to the inner surface of the neck of each rail along its entire length. 4. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that for the calibration of both information-measuring fiber optic cables using the data of recent measurements of the geometry of the rail track and the distributions of the longitudinal and transverse stiffness of the rail threads, taking into account the action of the rail base, obtained using a track car. 5. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that for the translation of the physical and mechanical characteristics measured by two information-measuring optical fiber cables in the form of distributions of the curvature of each rail filament in the vertical and horizontal planes, a special algorithm is used to convert these characteristics of the rail track geometry into physical and mechanical characteristics established by the normative documents on the railway, then compare these characteristics with their limit values for each section of the railway and and take a decision on its status, as well as the maximum permissible value of the speed of trains at each site. 6. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that the place of occurrence of the defect of the rail yarn or rail base is determined by changes in the distributions of its longitudinal or transverse stiffness, as well as the temperature field. 7. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that to control the fatigue strength of the rail track record the number of cyclic changes in the distribution of its curvature and the total weight of the goods transported by trains. 8. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that in order to control the occurrence of defects in the running gear, for example, wheelsets moving along the railway track of trains, the distributions of the vibration spectra of each rail filament in the frequency range (1000-30000) Hz and after applying to These signals of fast Fourier transform are compared with the reference spectra of typical defects, and when the compared spectra coincide, the type and location of the defect in the running gear of the train is determined. 9. A device for monitoring the state of a long object containing a source of modulated wave energy, a wave energy transmission channel and a demodulator, it is equipped with two spatial filters, one of which is connected between the output of the modulated wave energy source and the input of the wave energy transmission channel, and the second spatial filter between the input of the demodulator and the output of the wave energy transmission channel, which is made in the form of a multimode extended waveguide of rectangular or circular cross section or their combinations, and the demodulator is made in the form of two synchronous detectors connected to the outputs of the second spatial filter, an integrator connected to the output of one of them, and connected to the outputs of the integrator, the second synchronous detector and an operational amplifier, the device is additionally equipped with a local oscillator of the frequency of the signals included between the outputs of the second spatial filter and the inputs of synchronous detectors, the first input of the demodulator being the input of the first detector, and the second input of the demod the radiator through a directional coupler is connected to the output of the second spatial filter, the second output of the directional coupler is the input of a signal generator, the two outputs of which are the second inputs of both synchronous detectors, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is also installed, and a computing device in the form of a microprocessor, one input of which connected to the ADC output, and the second to the buffer memory, in turn, the ADC input is connected to the output of the operational amplifier, which is the output of the demodulator, the micropro output the processor is connected to the input of the video terminal, and the waveguide, made in the form of a multimode fiber waveguide with an insulating and protective sheaths, is fixed along the generatrix of the load-bearing structure on its surface not in contact with the load in the plane of deformations arising from the action of the moving load, synchronous detectors are made in the form of photodetectors, and the modulated wave energy source is made in the form of an optical radiation generator, characterized in that in order to increase the accuracy and selectivity of the control by expanding the data range when monitoring the state of the rail track of the continuous railway track, the optical radiation generator, made in the form of a pulsed coherent laser, is connected through an optical amplifier and an optical connector to the input of a multimode fiber waveguide with insulating and protective sheaths, which uses an information-measuring optical fiber cable containing one reference and information channel in the form of a cylindrical quartz fiberglass , the input of which is the input of the specified cable, and four measuring channels, also in the form of cylindrical quartz fiberglass, isolated from each other and interacting with the reference and information channel along the entire length of the cable, while all five of these channels are placed in one common reflective sheath, which is separated by a solid dielectric from the main protective sheath of the information-measuring fiber optic cable with a rectangular cross-sectional profile, the cable itself is fixed along the generatrix on the surface of a long object, and the cable output, in this case, the outputs of all five of these fiberglass, through the second optical connector and the ph the receivers are connected to the input of the demodulator, the output of which is connected to the input of the ADC block, in turn the output of which is the input of the FFT processor connected in series with a computing device, for example, a microprocessor, and a video terminal, and the second output of the ADC block is directly connected to the second input of the computing device , the third input of which, in turn, is connected to the output of the buffer memory, in addition, intermediate optical amplifiers, and this uses at least two identical information-measuring optical fiber cables fixed on the inner surfaces of the rail neck of the left and right rail threads, and the inputs of these cables through an additional optical coupler installed in the first optical connector are connected to one output of the modulated wave energy source, and the outputs of both cables through the second optical connector are connected through a block of photodetectors to the input of the demodulator, in which the number of photodetectors is doubled, and in the demodulator - the number of synchronous detection circuits, in turn, optical delay lines are installed in the intermediate optical amplifiers, for example, which implement the Michelson principle.

Images