RU2667893C1 - Device for studying vacuum discharge of electrons in magnetic field - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: instrument making.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to electromagnetism and scientific instrument making. Device for studying the vacuum discharge of electrons in a vacuum field includes a magnet, above the pole of which is suspended a flat glass evacuated from within a cell with an autoemission cathode and an anode oppositely mounted from one edge of the cell and connected to the terminals of a Tesla transformer (Ruhmkorff coil), the primary winding of which is connected to the storage capacitor through a thyristor controlled from a series-connected clock generator with adjustable frequency and a thyristor trigger device, storage capacitor is charged via a resistor from a high-voltage power source, and the vacuum chamber suspended from the magnetic pole of the magnet from the side of the field-electrode cathode in the form of a needle and an anode is mechanically connected to the piezo pickup with its rigid fixed stop on the opposite side of the sensor, and the output of the piezoelectric transducer via a high-sensitivity pulse amplifier is connected to one of the channels of a two-channel oscilloscope, an additional output of the thyristor trigger is connected to its second channel.

EFFECT: study of the possibility of motion of a closed mechanical system under the action of internal force.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to electromagnetism and scientific instrumentation and can be used to elucidate the hypothesis of unsupported motion of closed mechanical systems.

It is known that a current-carrying conductor placed in a transverse magnetic field is subjected to the action of the Lorentz force under the law on electromagnetic induction of M. Faraday. According to Newton’s third law, the force of action on the body causes an equal and oppositely directed reaction force, therefore, a closed mechanical system cannot change its center of inertia under the action of only internal forces, and the law of conservation of momentum (angular momentum) is observed. If a conductor with a magnetic field current acts on the conductor, the Lorentz force acts on the conductor, but the question is justified whether the counter-force arises according to Newton’s third law, and if so, what is it applied to. One of the hypothetical answers to this question is that the counter force is applied to the magnetic field, but not to the body of the magnet, that is, to its magnetic poles. However, the magnetic field is not a body, which is part of such a closed mechanical system, and the unsupported motion of such a system becomes possible. This hypothesis needs to be verified. Analogues of a device for studying such a hypothesis are not available.

Traditionally, mechanical inertial [1-5] or electromagnetic [6] systems capable of translating without any interaction with the medium and not consuming a working fluid for their motion are classified as unsupported motion [7]. With the existing definition of electromagnetic fields, a sufficiently large number of electromagnetic effects associated with the movement of material bodies can be attributed to unsupported motion [6] - the Faraday effect in a unipolar motor, the Lorentz force for a plane conductive magnet, Sigalov’s experiment with a solenoid, etc. Some authors [7–8] classify certain types of electric rocket engines as unsupported motion, for example, an electrodynamic AC capacitor motor, as well as those in which the jet stream, according to the author, serves only to close the current. Unconditionally unsupported motion also includes [6] a rocket photon engine, arguing that in this case a jet stream is needed only to create an uncompensated force applied to the shell, and is not the main force that creates thrust. This does not allow to draw a 100% clear demarcation line between the unsupported movement and resembling it. The shift of the center of inertia of a closed system is a phenomenon that goes beyond the framework of modern scientific concepts. At the same time, this is a pass into the new amazing world of previously unimaginable laws and natural phenomena.

The aim of the invention is to detect the possibility of unsupported movement of a closed mechanical system under the action of internal forces.

This goal is achieved based on the operation of a device for studying a vacuum discharge of electrons in a vacuum field, including a magnet, a flat glass evacuated cuvette with a field emission cathode and anode suspended from one edge of the cuvette and connected to the terminals of the Tesla transformer (Rumkorf coil) is suspended above its pole the primary winding of which is connected to the storage capacitor through a thyristor, controlled from a series-connected clock generator with adjustable frequency of the thyristor trigger device, the storage capacitor is charged through a resistor from a high-voltage power source, and the evacuated cuvette freely suspended above the magnetic pole of the magnet from the location of the auto-electronic cathode (in the form of a needle) and the anode is mechanically connected to the piezoelectric transducer with its rigid fixed stop on the opposite side sensor, and the piezoelectric sensor output through a highly sensitive pulse amplifier is connected to one of the channels of the two-channel oscilloscope, to its second channel the optional trigger output unit thyristor.

The achievement of the objective of the invention is explained by the receipt by the piezosensor of a pulse of force from the side of a freely suspended cell, arising from the displacement of the mass of electrons in the short-term discharge of the storage capacitor, deflecting in the transverse magnetic field of the magnet. This force pulse is converted in the piezoelectric transducer to the corresponding electric current pulse recorded by the oscilloscope from each of the discharges of the storage capacitor. The amplitude and shape of the current pulse detected by the oscilloscope from the piezoelectric sensor varies depending on the repetition frequency of the clock pulse generator recorded by the two-channel oscilloscope and triggering its sweep in standby mode.

In fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the inventive device and contains:

1 - a permanent magnet, for example, neodymium with a flat magnetic pole,

2 - located above the magnet 1 is a freely suspended evacuated flat cuvette, parallel to the pole of magnet 1,

3 - field emission cathode in the form of a point or a group of points,

4 - the anode, opposite located to the field emission cathode at the edge of the cell 2,

5 - a piezoelectric transducer, with one edge fixed to the body of the cell, and the other to a rigid fixed stop,

6 - high voltage DC power supply,

7 - limiting resistor R,

8 - storage high-voltage capacitor C,

9 - thyristor T, withstanding high voltage and high current,

10 - Tesla transformer (Rumkorf coil),

11 - thyristor trigger device,

12 - a clock generator with adjustable frequency,

13 - highly sensitive pulse amplifier,

14 - two-channel oscilloscope.

In fig. 2 shows a possible type of pulse from the output of the piezoelectric sensor (channel A) and the triggering thyristor pulse (channel B).

Consider the action of the claimed device.

From the high-voltage power supply 6 with a direct current voltage U _O , a storage high-voltage capacitor 8 with a capacity C is charged through a limiting resistor 7 with a resistance R. In this case, the current voltage, U (t), to which this capacitor is charged as a function of time, is calculated by the formula U ( t) = U _O [1 - exp (- t / τ)], where τ = R С is the time constant of the charge circuit, assuming that at time t = 0 the capacitor 6 is completely discharged. A triggering pulse from a clock generator 12 with a repetition period T, which can be changed through the thyristor 9 trigger 11, the latter opens, and the charge of the capacitor 8 is quickly discharged to the primary winding of the Tesla transformer (Rumkorf coil) 10 and at the same time to the secondary winding of this transformer a short ultrahigh voltage pulse arises, which acts on the field emission cathode 3 and and 4 of a flat vacuum cell 2, for example, a glass one, the plane of which is collinear to the magnetic lusu permanent magnet 1, for example, neodymium, made, in particular, in the form of a parallelepiped located on a horizontal plane. The cuvette 2 is freely suspended above this pole of the magnet and fastened by the edge to the piezoelectric transducer 5, the opposite edge of which is connected with a rigid fixed stop. Therefore, any mechanical vibrations of the cuvette 2 are perceived by this piezoelectric transducer, at the output of which a corresponding response is generated, the voltage of which is supplied to one of the channels of the two-channel oscilloscope 14 (channel A) through a highly sensitive pulse amplifier 13. To the other channel B of the oscilloscope 14, a start signal is sent from the additional output of the device starting thyristor 13. A possible form of these signals is shown in Fig. 2.

The charge in the storage capacitor 8 with a voltage U (T) = U _O [1 - exp (T / τ)] determines its energy W = C U (T) ^2/2. The magnitude of this charge Q is determined by the formula Q = C U (T) = e N (T), where e = 1,602 _* 10 ^-15 kul. is the electron charge, and N (T) is the number of electrons making up this charge, equal to N (T) = С U (T) / е. The duration t _{EXIT of the} discharge pulse is selected as short as possible by reducing the active resistance r _{p of the} discharge circuit of the storage capacitor C, and then t _DISP = 2.3 r _p C. In this case, the total mass m (T) of electrons passing through cell 2 during time t _RANGE and moving at different speeds between the cathode and the anode are found from the expression m (T) = m _e N (T), where m _e = 9.108 _* 10 ^-31 kg is the mass of the electron, assuming efficiency Tesla transformer 10 equal to one. Then we have m (T) = С U (T) m _e / е = 5.6854 _* 10 ^-16 С U (T) kg. In this expression, the capacitance C is expressed in Farads, and the voltage U (T) in Volts.

, где В - магнитная индукция в кювете 2, создаваемая магнитом 1,

- длина криволинейной траектории потока электронов в кювете между ее катодом 3 и анодом 4, k=w₂/w₁ - коэффициент трансформации трансформатора Тесла 10, как отношение числа витков w₂ вторичной его обмотки к числу витков w₁ в его первичной обмотке. Искривление этой траектории объясняется действием средней силы Лоренца F_CP, как это показано на рис. 1, а само отклонение электронов определяется известным правилом «левой руки».The use of a Tesla 10 transformer in the device is dictated by the need to obtain an ultrahigh voltage in the pulse applied to the cell 2 - its cathode 3 and anode 4, since the field emission mode from the cathode 3 in the form of a tip (or a group of tips) is used. In addition, it is important to ensure a high average speed V _{CP of the} movement of all electrons inside the cell 2, which determines the average value of the current I _{CP of} electrons, which, in turn, determines the average value of the Lorentz force

where B is the magnetic induction in the cell 2 created by the magnet 1,

is the length of the curved path of the electron flow in the cell between its cathode 3 and anode 4, k = w ₂ / w ₁ is the transformation coefficient of the Tesla transformer 10, as the ratio of the number of turns w _{2 of} its secondary winding to the number of turns w ₁ in its primary winding. The curvature of this trajectory is explained by the action of the average Lorentz force F _CP , as shown in Fig. 1, and the deviation of the electrons is determined by the well-known rule of the "left hand".

It is important to note that according to Newton’s third law, the force of action — the Lorentz force of action on the electron flux — would seem to cause a reaction force in the opposite direction. If magnet 1 is a simple single parallelepiped whose magnetic pole is collinear to cuvette 2, therefore, the plane on which the electron flow is located, then the oppositely directed reaction force CANNOT rely on the magnetic pole of this magnet, but passes by it into the outer space or rests on the transverse magnetic field of magnet 1, which is not a material (solid) body. Thus, it can be stated that either Newton’s third law is violated and there is no opposing force, or we are dealing with an unsupported motion of electrons away from their rectilinear motion between cathode 3 and anode 4 under the influence of a magnetic field, that is, unsupported motion of electrons as material objects.

(с учетом малости разности

). Так, если k=100, а В=1,3 Тл, то для средней величины ускорения электронов имеем α_СР=8,5745_*10⁴ м/с².As is known, in an electric field of strength E = U (T) / h, where h is the distance between the field emission cathode 3 and anode 4 in a vacuum cuvette 2, an electron accelerates its force f _e = е Е (in newtons), and the energy electron as it passes in a cell 2 adjacent the anode 4 with the relativistic effect can be expressed by the equation: e k U (T) / [1- (V a / a) ^{2] 1/2} = m _e V _a ^2/2, where V _A is the electron velocity at the anode 4, c = 3 _* 10 ⁸ m / s is the speed of light in vacuum, k = w ₂ / w ₁ >> 1. It is easy to show that V _A <c for any values of k U (T), but approaches the value of the speed of light for significant values of k U (T), for example, for k U (T) ≥100 kV. Given that the motion of an electron in an electric field can be considered uniformly accelerated, the average value of the electron velocity is V _CP = V _A / 2≈с / 2 = 1.5 _* 10 ⁸ m / s. For a given value of the distance h, each of the electrons is inside the cell 2 time interval Δt = h / V _CP ≈2 h / s. The average value of the current i _CP inside the cell 2 is determined from the expression: i _CP = I _CP / k = U (T) / r _p k. The total largest charge of electrons that are simultaneously in the cell during the discharge is Δq = i _CP Δt = 2 h U (T) / r _p k s, whose mass is Δm _Σ = 2 m _е h U (T) // r _r k c. This mass Δm _Σ under the influence of the average Lorentz force F _CP deviates inside the cell 2 (upwards in Fig. 1) with an average acceleration

(taking into account the smallness of the difference

) So, if k = 100, and B = 1.3 T, then for the average value of electron acceleration we have α _CP = 8.5745 _* 10 ⁴ m / s ² .

According to the law of conservation of momentum F _CP Δt = Δm _Σ v _{К СР} , where v _{К СР} is the average final velocity of a group of electrons in a cell equal to v _{К СР} = 2 α _СР h / s, and for h = 0.1 m we obtain v _{К SR} = 0.5716 _* 10 ^-4 m / s = 57.16 μm / s. And such a picture will continue for a time t _TIME = 2.3 r _r C discharge of the storage capacitor 8. If r _p = 0.002 Ohm and C = 1000 μF = 10 ^-3 F, then t _RES = 4.6 μs. Moreover, t _PIT / Δt = 6.9 _* 10 ³ , that is, during the discharge we have about seven thousand changes in the patterns of individual interactions of the continuous electron flux with the magnetic field of magnet 1.

Note that when the repetition period T of the starting pulses from the output of the clock pulse generator 12 changes, the results of the numerical calculations and the results of the responses from the output of the piezoelectric transducer 5, the signals of which are so small that require the use of a highly sensitive pulse amplifier 13 in the inventive device, change. weak pulses of oscillation of the cell 2 with a pulsed displacement of the electron trajectory from a straight line from the cathode 3 to the anode 4, assuming cell 2 as closed Mechanical Protection system. And the oscilloscope 14 captures these oscillations. Oscillations of the cell as a closed mechanical system are caused by the displacement of the mass of electrons due to the action of the magnetic field (Lorentz forces) in combination with the law of conservation of the center of inertia. In this case, the forces of opposition to the Lorentz forces either do not arise in violation of Newton’s third law, or do not rely on a cuvette as a closed mechanical system, which determines the possibility of unsupported motion.

The device in question is intended only for research purposes, but cannot be recommended as an unsupported propulsion device. As real acting unsupported propulsors, devices that create shock waves propagating, for example, in liquids inside a closed system, in which such waves exert pressure on the walls of the vessel system at different times, more precisely, when the force acting on one part of the body can be used, can be used the vessel ADVANCES in time the reaction force applied to the opposite wall of the vessel, that is, the forces of action and reaction are different at the same time. A number of works by the author are devoted to this topic [9–13]. Such unsupported propulsion devices can be widely used in transport, in industry, in household appliances. A special role is played by such unsupported propulsion systems in space exploration, when it is not necessary to use jet propulsion associated with the limited amount of stored fuel. In this case, only energy is required to create periodically following shock waves, for example, from a powerful electric discharge. At the first stage, replenishment of this energy is possible due to the consumption of solar or interstellar radiation by photoelectric converters. In the future, it is necessary to use the energy of the vacuum field, which is still unknown to physics. Such energy searches are already being carried out by theoretical physicists. In particular, the author proposed a ferromagnetically viscous engine, the operation of which can be explained either by the asymmetry of the magnetocaloric effect [14], or by energy intake from a vacuum field by a physical mechanism unknown so far [15-18].

Literature

[1] V.A. Zhigalov. Some topical issues of unsupported movement. http://science.bagmanov.ru/Supportless movement / On the issue of unsupported movement.pdf;

[2] G.I. Shipov. 4D gyroscope in Descartes mechanics. "Academy of Trinitarianism", M., El. No. 77-6567, publ. 13938, 10.26.2006 (http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0231/004a/02311026-01.pdf);

[3] V.A. Zhigalov. Once again about the movement of the Shipov inertiaoid. Project "Second Physics" http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/9770.html. June 22, 2009;

[4] A.A. Astakhov. Unsupported forward movement. http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/12909.html, June 1, 2013.

[5] A.A. Ivanov. Non-inertial closed systems and the rationale for unsupported movement, http://kuasar.narod.ru/ideas/unsupportedmovement/index.htm;

[6] Yu.V. Ivanko V.I. Balabay. Fundamentals of supporting and unsupported movement. http://www.skif.biz/index.php? name = Pagesop = pagepid = 120;

[7] A.N. Sidorov G.I. Shipov. Theoretical and experimental studies of jet propulsion without dropping mass. "Academy of Trinitarianism", M., El No. 77-6567, publ. 10724, 10/03/2003 (http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0231/004a/02310000.pdf);

[8] G. Ivchenkov. Reactive and "unsupported" movement. Features of jet propulsion. Electrodynamic unsupported engines, http://tnu.podelise.ru/docs/index-384440.html http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/eng/catalog/pages/11452.html;

[9] O.F. Smaller, Electromagnetic stepper mover, RF Patent No. 2409885, publ. in the bull. No.2 from 01/20/2011;

[10] O.F. Smaller, A device for observing Brownian motion in a vacuum, RF Patent No. 2343513, publ. in the bull. No. 01 dated January 10, 2009;

[11] O.F. Smaller, A device for recording the chaotic motion of ferromicro particles in a vacuum in zero gravity, RF Patent No. 2359249, publ. in the bull. No. 17 dated 06/20/2009;

[12] O.F. Smaller, Unsupported motion of a conductor system with a current in a magnetic field, Internet, Allbest.ru, Knowledge Base (report), publ. 07/28/2015;

[13] O.F. Smaller, On the question of the possibility of unsupported movement, Internet, Allbest.ru, Knowledge Base (article), publ. 07/05/2016;

[14] O.F. Smaller, Method for studying the dynamic asymmetry of the magnetocaloric effect, Internet, Knowledge Base (article), publ. 02/11/2014;

[15] O.F. Smaller, Magnetoviscous rotator, RF Patent No. 2310265, publ. in the bull. No. 31 dated November 10, 2007;

[16] O.F. Smaller, A method of producing energy and a device for its implementation, RF Patent No. 2332778, publ. in the bull. No. 24 dated 08/27/2008;

[17] O.F. Smaller, ferromagnetically viscous engine, RF Patent No. 2359398, publ. in the bull. No. 17 dated 06/20/2009;

[18] O.F. Smaller, Device for stabilizing the frequency of the generator, RF Patent No. 2368073, publ. in the bull. No. 26 dated 09/20/2009.

Claims (1)

A device for studying a vacuum discharge of electrons in a vacuum field, including a magnet, a flat glass evacuated cuvette inside the cuvette with a field emission cathode and anode mounted opposite one end of the cuvette and connected to the terminals of the Tesla transformer (Rumkorf coil), the primary winding of which is connected to storage capacitor through a thyristor, controlled from a series-connected clock pulse generator with an adjustable frequency and a thyristor trigger device RA, the storage capacitor is charged through a resistor from a high-voltage power source, and the evacuated cuvette freely suspended above the magnetic pole of the magnet from the side of the autoelectronic cathode (in the form of a needle) and the anode is mechanically connected to the piezoelectric sensor with its rigid fixed stop on the opposite side of the sensor, and the output of the pye sensor through a highly sensitive pulse amplifier connected to one of the channels of the two-channel oscilloscope, an additional output of devices is connected to its second channel trigger thyristor.

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