RU2658579C1 - Optical device for volume perception of a plane image - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: optics.

SUBSTANCE: device belongs to the field of cognitive perception and can be used to observe static and moving images on the output means of a plane image from TVs and displays to tablets and smartphones, as well as photographs and other printed materials, in computer graphics, film, television and video industries, industrial process control systems, video monitoring of guarded objects, and supervision systems with the use of X-ray installations. Optical device for the volume perception of a plane image, located between an eye of an observer and an image, contains two optical low-dispersion prisms that bases directed toward each other, and filters that transmit visible radiation and suppress near infrared radiation, starting from a long-wave part of the visible range.

EFFECT: providing the most complete volume perception of the plane image without additional modifications and regardless of the way it is represented by reducing the ocular convergence and leveling the chromatic perspective features.

13 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of cognitive perception, to perspective systems that take into account the activity of the brain in the visual perception of the space of objects, and is an optical tool that provides volumetric perception of flat images in the absence of binocular disparity. The range of application of the device covers its use for observing static and moving images on a wide range of output devices of two-dimensional images from TVs and displays to tablets and smartphones, as well as photographs and other printed products, in computer graphics, film, television and video industry, control systems industrial processes, video monitoring of protected objects, inspection systems using x-ray systems.

The device "Spectral sphere-prismatic glasses" (patent for utility model No. 88542). Structurally, the device is a sphere-prismatic glasses equipped with light filters that cut off the ultraviolet-blue and blue-green parts of the spectrum, which reduce the effect of phototoxicity. This approach violates the integrity of color perception and does not allow to remove the influence of the long-wavelength part of the spectrum, which reduces the degree of volumetric perception of a flat image.

The closest analogue adopted for the prototype is the "Optical volumetric image system" (utility model patent No. 16873), including a light source of the image and at least three transparent planes located between the eye of the viewer and the light source of the image.

The disadvantages of this device are poor ergonomics, the occurrence of eye muscle fatigue and increased psychological stress during work, due to the “yaw” of focusing the eyes. Also, the main mechanism that interferes with the volumetric perception of a two-dimensional (flat) image, namely the convergence of the eyes, is not compensated for, a system of imaginary images is created, which prevents the eye from focusing on the image, blurring and blurring of the image are created, and the field of view is limited.

The objective of the invention and the technical result is the creation of an optical device for the volumetric perception of a flat image having good ergonomics for mobile use, a wide field of view, providing the main condition for volumetric perception of a two-dimensional image, namely deconvergence of the eyes and high definition image.

This goal is achieved in that the optical device for the volumetric perception of a flat image, located between the observer’s eye and the image, contains two optical low-dispersion prisms directed by the bases to each other, and filters with the possibility of transmitting visible radiation and suppressing near infrared radiation, starting with the long-wavelength part visible range.

The filters can be made in the form of interference filters and applied directly to the surface of the prisms. Spherical prisms are ergonomically efficient and integrate easily on a variety of mounts, including a spectacle frame. For versatility, prisms can include spherical and cylindrical corrective elements. To increase efficiency and protect the surface, prism can be coated with antireflection or hardening coatings. The use of prisms and filters can be expanded by placing in any combination on protective frames with shields, soft and hard masks and helmets to ensure performance in specialized applications. In some cases, including the selection of refractive optics, prisms and filters, in combination with other optical elements, can be mounted on cassette holders that are adjustable for all degrees of freedom. For comfortable use in everyday life and in production, prisms with filters can be made in the form of contact lenses.

The technical result consists in the fact that by reducing the convergence of the eyes and leveling the chromatic promising features provides the most complete volumetric perception of the usual flat image without additional modifications and regardless of the way the latter is presented.

In FIG. 1 shows the general construction of the device, and FIG. 2 shows a variant with spherical prisms and filters applied to their surface.

The essence of the invention and its design features are illustrated in FIG. 1, where the source of the image 1 in the form of a two-dimensional flat image on the monitor screen is indicated, optical low-dispersion prisms 2 located in front of the observer’s eyes, the bases of the prisms to each other, conditional observer 3, the direction lines of the visual rays 4, near-infrared filters 5, under 6 the interpupillary distance is indicated, and under 7 is the distance of maximum comfort for observing a two-dimensional flat object of a given size.

In FIG. 2 shows a variant of the device with spherical prisms 2 and integrated filters for near infrared radiation 5, supplemented with antireflection and hardening coatings, the remaining designations coincide with those in FIG. one.

The device is as follows. The eyes of the observer 3 look at the image 1, located quite close, at a distance of 7 so that the rays of vision 4 (on the right) form a pronounced triangle. Located between the eyes of the observer 3 and the image source 1, optical low-dispersion prisms 2 allow you to change the direction of the angle of view without introducing additional chromatic distortions, while the rays of vision become close to parallel 4 (on the left), as when examining a distant object (at infinity). In this way, convergence of the eyes is reduced or eliminated. In front of the prisms, there are near-infrared interference filters that reduce chromatic aberration in the long wavelength range and help improve the volumetric perception of a flat image. The angle of rotation is determined by the distance of maximum comfort for observation 7 and the interpupillary distance 6. The boundary of the transmission of the interference filter is determined by the boundary of the range of visible radiation.

Spatial (volumetric) data visualization is quite complex and time-consuming, if we take the stereoscopic system as a basis. It is necessary to provide two points of view and duplicate all visualization systems. Duplication of modern means of image registration and visualization of processes - thermal imagers, shadow and interference systems, high-speed cameras and related systems is not always justified and not always possible. At a minimum, this requires systems and devices for spatial and temporal synchronization, the availability of free space to accommodate additional equipment, processing and visualization systems for registration data, which complicates and increases the cost of the visualization complex many times.

Usually, experimental numerical visualization data is displayed on a monitor screen in a two-dimensional form. Visual perception in two spatial dimensions does not cause much difficulty, since each point in a two-dimensional scene can be mapped to a point on the surface of the retina. Much more complicated is the situation with the perception of depth and distance to the object, since this involves special mechanisms of perception and generalization of space. The main ones are accommodation (focusing the eye), convergence (bringing the eyes to a point in three-dimensional space), brain activity (psychology of visual perception). At the same time, a three-dimensional representation, in most cases, contributes to a more adequate perception of visualization data. When visualizing numerical simulation data, there are no special problems of generating data from several angles of view and using them in the future to obtain stereo images based on widely used methods, such as shutter systems, anaglyph systems, polarization systems.

This device provides a partial or complete decrease in eye convergence, that is, the exclusion of a mechanical distance indicator and the active use of visual experience and psychology of visual perception to supplement two-dimensional space with information about the depth or distance to the object and its length. To transmit information about depth to the brain, a number of purely pictorial features are used - perspective distortion, texture gradient, the principle of shading [Gregory GL, Intelligent Eye: Transl. From Eng. Ed. 2nd. - M .: URSS editorial, 2003], macro-contrast, elevation above the horizon, atmospheric perspective, dispersive perspective, micro-contrast or texture perspective, saccadic eye movement dynamics in the process of studying the scene image as a feature of perceptual-motor interaction. All these signs relate to cognitive factors that contribute to the perception and image of spatial relationships in various display systems [Cognitive Psychology. Textbook for high schools / Ed. V.N. Druzhinina, D.V. Ushakova - M.: PER SE, 2002].

In order to use the information hidden in the cognitive factors of visualization, an optical device has been developed that provides a reduction in eye convergence. When removing muscle information about the distance to the subject, most people (according to statistics up to 92%) have an active cognitive perception of the topological processing of spatial information [Antipov V.N., Zhegallo A.V. and others. Experimental study of 3D-perception of images of planar images // "Experimental method in the structure of psychological knowledge" Otv. ed. V.A. Drummers. M .: Publishing House "Institute of Psychology RAS", 2012. S. 187-194]. The main points contributing to the determination of the depth of space are perspective distortion and the texture gradient associated with it, the principle of shading [Goncharov O.A. Perception of space and perspective constructions. SPb .: SPbU, 2007], elevation (as the equivalent of depth with respect to the horizon) [Raushenbakh, B.V. Spatial constructions in painting / B.V. Rauschenbach. - M .: Nauka, 1980].

The developed device serves for volumetric visualization of flat images, which is based on reducing convergence, for which prismatic (divergent disaccommodation) and spectral components are used (Fig. 1). This aspect is based on the works of Antipov V.N. [Antipov V.N., Scherbakov B.C., Chugunov A.V. The experimental-physical approach in the methodology for the development of intuition of a synergetic-cognitive figuratively-structured visual system // Uchen. app. Kazan University. Ser. test. Sciences. - 2009. - T. 151, book. 1. - P. 188-195], in which the possibility of full volumetric perception of images of flat images is revealed and it is shown that this feature of the visual system contributes to the development of intuitive and creative thinking. The spatial relief of the image is formed by the brain based on previous experience. It is important to note that accommodation of the eye has a weak effect on spatial perception.

A feature of the device is that only the prismatic component, reducing the convergence of the eyes, does not completely eliminate the signs of flatness of the image. For a more complete perception of the volume of a flat image, high-frequency filters are used, similar to filters installed in front of color photodetector arrays. The principle of operation of the filters consists in suppressing low-frequency optical components, starting from the boundary of the visible range of the optical spectrum, and transmitting high-frequency components. The use of high-frequency filters can reduce the influence of several factors: long-wave scattering, increased spherical aberration, dispersion or chromatic perspective, transverse chromatic aberration.

The human eye has increased spherical aberration in the long-wavelength region of the visible part of the optical spectrum, including the near infrared range. The eye interacts not so much with the microcontrast of the image as with the low, in comparison with the resolution of the eye, optical resolution of the existing means of image output. Psychologically, this forces us to perceive information about the flatness of the image as significant. We can conclude that the need to reduce long-wave scattering.

A feature of the human eye is also a significant difference in the refractive power at the red and blue wavelengths. An experiment for a point source at two wavelengths - 400 nm and 750 nm showed that the difference in optical power reaches 2 or even more diopters [Faubert, J. (1994) 'Seeing depth in color: More than just what meets the eyes' . Vision Research, 34 (9). pp 1165-1186]. This is the so-called longitudinal chromatic aberration of the optical system of the eye. The blue light refracts more strongly and, due to the accommodation of the eye, seems to be located further from the observer. This effect is known to medieval artists and has been actively used since that time in painting, design and advertising [Milner D, Goodale M. The Visual Brain in Action. New York, NY: Oxford, University Press, 2006]. From the point of view of information about the depth of the painted object, this effect is called the chromatic or dispersion perspective. The filters used in the developed optical device for spatial perception minimize this effect.

In addition to longitudinal chromatic aberration, the eye also has transverse chromatic aberration, which occurs due to the fact that the visual axis of the eye does not coincide with the optical axis. Although the effect of transverse chromatic aberration is less pronounced than the longitudinal effect, it affects the position or convergence of the eyes, depending on the angle of rotation of the eyes during saccadic movements, and therefore provides a significant contribution to the depth information. When using additional optical devices, this effect can be expressed even more, due to a stronger refraction of blue light in optical media. Moreover, depending on the prismatic sign of the optics used, the effect of chromatic aberration of the eye can be enhanced or leveled [Christian Ucke, 3-D VISION WITH CHROMADEPTH ™ GLASSES // Proceedings of the International ICPE / GIREP conference 'Hands-On Experiments in Physics Education' August 23-28, 1998, Duisburg / Germany]. In our case, when using negative prisms, unfortunately the effect is enhanced. It is to reduce the effect of dispersion perspective [Lee ES, Lee J.W., Park K.R., Experimental investigations of pupil accommodation factors // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2011 Aug 17; 52 (9): 6478-85], which introduces a distortion in the interpretation of the depth of space of the two-dimensional image of the spatial scene in question, and near-infrared interference filters are used [Lourdes L., OD, Luis Diaz-Santana, David Lara-Saucedo, Susana M. Aberrations of the Human Eye in Visible and Near Infrared Illumination // OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE (American Academy of Optometry), VOL. 80, NO. January 1, 2003, PP. 26-35].

It is important to note that the discrepancy between perspective images of a rectangular scene at a short distance, observed by different eyes, is compensated by the mechanism of perception constant [O. Goncharov, Patterns of perception and image of perspective relations // Psychological journal of the International University of Nature, Society and Man "Dubna". 2009. No. 4] and does not introduce additional distortions to spatial perception.

Recommendations for using the device are based on the experience of using a prototype in which optical elements were integrated into the spectacle frame. The use of the above optical device in the form of prismatic glasses, with the bases of prisms oriented towards the nose, and applied to them in the form of multilayer coatings, interference filters for near infrared radiation, allows to obtain a technical result in the form of providing a natural visual cognitive perception of the space of objects, their ratios and depth space without distortion. Interference filters, of course, are combined with conventional antireflective and surface-hardening coatings, which allows you to save the ergonomics of ordinary glasses and practically does not increase the cost of production.

When using an optical device for the volumetric perception of a flat image, there is a slight increase in the size of the monitor screen and, accordingly, the data displayed on it. Therefore, for a more accurate perception of depth in the image, you should use high-resolution monitors - at least 100 pixels per inch, or at least 4 lines per millimeter. That is, monitors with an aspect ratio of 16: 9 and a diagonal of up to 22 "should have HD resolution (1920 × 1080 pixels), and monitors with a larger diagonal should have QHD (2560 × 1440 pixels). Starting with a diagonal of 37", the minimum resolution requirement becomes called 4K or UHD, which corresponds to 4096 × 2160 or 3840 × 2160 pixels. Exactly the same requirement, namely, to comply with the resolution of the monitor, is presented for the displayed data. Reducing the resolution of the monitor or data leads to the fact that the visibility of the pixel structure begins to play the role of a destructor of the texture feature of depth and, therefore, violate the spatial perception.

The device is easy to operate and adapted for use by an untrained person. Due to the wide range of applications, on a number of devices for outputting two-dimensional images from TVs and displays to tablets and smartphones, selection of device parameters is required. The selection of parameters of refracting prisms is extremely simple - the maximum comfort distance for a given image output device is determined, which determines the height of the triangle of vision. The base of the triangle is the segment between the pupils of the conditioned viewer. The size of the interpupillary distance is usually from 58 to 68 mm; the maximum comfort distance for the smartphone is about 250 mm, respectively, prisms with a power of -10 ... -12 diopters are used. For the display, the maximum comfort distance is approximately 0.8-1.0 m and prisms of -3 ... -4 diopters are used. For a TV, or a large monitor larger than 60 "in diagonal and a maximum comfort distance of 2.5-5.0 m, a spectacle prism of optical power of about -1 diopter is used.

The presented optical device for volumetric perception of a flat image was produced in the form of a prototype and tested in real conditions (as one of the confirmations of the applicability and operability of the invention).

Several samples were produced of both purely prismatic glasses with filters (-2.0 ... -8.0 diopters) and complex glasses sphere-cylinder-prism (spheres. -5.0 ... + 3.0 diopters, cyl. -2.5 ... + 1.0 diopters) with interference fringe - transmission filters (390-670 nm) for different ranges of applicability according to the size of the source of the initial static and moving images, and, accordingly, at different distances of comfortable vision for these devices - from 25 cm to 5 m.

The medical aspects of the use of this device have not been specifically investigated, since there is a rich practice in the application of bifocal sphere-prismatic glasses (BSPOs) similar to them, proposed by Yu.A. and E.V. Utekhiny in 1959 [Utekhin Yu.A., Tsameryan A.P. A method for the prevention and stabilization of myopia using bifocal sphere-prismatic glasses (BSPO). International Symposium "Myopia". Pathogenesis, prevention of progression and complications. M .: 1990. S. 109, 110]. This practice shows that reducing or completely removing convergence has a relaxing effect on the muscular system of the eyeball, helps relieve spasm of accommodation, and can be recommended for the prevention of visual impairment, especially in children.

Testing of the device was carried out with the participation of 6 patients with both normal vision and various impairments. In all cases, a great positive effect was noted - when working on building spatial models in CAD (computer-aided design systems), building 3-dimensional grids for modeling the flow of gas around aircraft (LA) and its elements, visualizing simulation results, in processing studies and visualization of data of a real aerophysical experiment on the flow of gas around aircraft and its elements at various stands, including highly enthalpy ones. A significant positive effect was achieved when processing the visualization data of the flight experiment. Also, a positive effect is observed when viewing entertaining and informative content - images, photos, slide shows, films and even cartoons.

An increase in the microcontrast of ultra-high definition images (on 4K 3860 × 2180 pixel devices) was noted due to a decrease in chromatic aberration and some scattering at long wavelengths.

It was noted that in a small, small number of cases, a lack of perception of the volume of the image was recorded. After several training sessions on divergent disaccommodation according to A.I. Dashevsky [Vatchenko A.A. Spasm of accommodation and myopia. Kiev, Zdorov’ya, 1977], spatial perception has improved. In one case, a complete absence of the positive effect of the device was recorded, but as it turned out later, this patient had a medical opinion on the congenital absence of binocular vision (the absence of stereopsis), and, consequently, spatial perception.

The device can be used on control and inspection systems without any change in the design of X-ray units, eliminating the need for complex staff training to identify the depth of objects on the visualized scene and while maintaining existing pseudo-color palettes. This applies to devices where the creation of a stereoscopic two-channel option for constructing a spatial image is almost impossible.

Thus, the device, eliminating information about the two-dimensionality of a flat image due to deconvergence of the eyes and reducing the influence of chromatic long-wavelength signs of depth, provides volumetric perception of a flat image, greater clarity and a high level of distinguishability of details. At the same time, it has convenient ergonomics, not inferior to the properties of ordinary glasses. The applicability and operability of this device in full accordance with the technical result is confirmed.

Claims (13)

1. An optical device for volumetric perception of a flat image located between the eye of the observer and the image, characterized in that it contains two optical low-dispersion prisms directed by the bases to each other, and filters with the possibility of transmitting visible radiation and suppressing near infrared radiation, starting with the long-wavelength part visible range. 2. The device according to p. 1, characterized in that the filters are made in the form of interference filters deposited directly on the surface of the prisms. 3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the prisms are made spherical. 4. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that the prisms include spherical and cylindrical corrective elements. 5. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that additional antireflection or hardening coatings are applied on the surface of the prisms. 6. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that it is integrated into the spectacle frame. 7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the spectacle frame has protective shields on the sides. 8. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that it is placed on a flexible mask. 9. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that it is placed on a hard mask. 10. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that it is placed on the helmet. 11. The device according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that the prisms are fixed in a cassette holder that allows you to combine them with other optical elements. 12. The device according to p. 11, characterized in that the prisms are fixed with the possibility of adjustment on one or more degrees of freedom. 13. The device according to p. 4, characterized in that the prisms with filters are made in the form of contact lenses.

Images