RU2656515C1 - Vortex wind thermal generator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: energy.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to heat engineering. Vortex wind turbine generator for heating the liquid coolant of heating and hot water supply systems in buildings and structures in the Arctic, containing an orthogonal wind turbine, converting mechanical energy into thermal energy in the form of a stirrer with moving blades operating on the Watt regulator principle, heat exchanger and pipelines for heating medium circulation in heating systems of various objects. Perforated wall is installed around the movable agitator blades to circulate the liquid along the inner contour and pressure pulsation with vortex formation, cavitation and collapse of the vapor bubbles of the liquid with generation of heat.

EFFECT: invention is aimed at increasing the heat output of a vortex renewable source of thermal energy.

1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of power engineering and is intended to be used as an environmentally friendly renewable heat source for heating and hot water supply of various objects of the Arctic and other regions of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East, characterized by low ambient temperature, strong winds and almost a year-round heating period.

The energy system of these areas is characterized by the presence of many isolated consumers and high costs for the so-called “Northern delivery” of fossil fuels, the volume of which in recent years has been about 6-8 million tons of fuels and lubricants (fuel and lubricants) and about 20-25 million tons coal. The high costs and expenses of the Northern Delivery, about a trillion rubles annually, are the result not only of the remoteness of Arctic consumers from supply bases, but also of the poor transport infrastructure of this part of our country. For this reason, the cost of fuel in the Arctic and other regions of the Far North is often doubled and tripled in comparison with producer prices. “Northern delivery” refers to one of the main problems of the population and administrations of the Arctic regions.

For heating and hot water supply of Arctic objects, villages and towns, they currently use mainly small (with a capacity of up to 1.5 MW) heat generators in the form of cast-iron sectional boilers capable of operating on gaseous (natural and liquefied gas), solid (coal and firewood) and liquid fuel (oil products) [1].

Heat generators (boilers) for gaseous fuels differ for the better in terms of technical level, efficiency and operating conditions, they are easily automated, but their use is extremely limited due to the lack of gas pipelines in most regions and islands of the Arctic.

The main disadvantage of solid-fuel heat generators is the unsolved problem of the automatic supply of fuel to the furnaces of boilers and the removal of slag from them, low efficiency, the need to maintain special personnel - stokers, in conditions of extremely difficult and harmful to human health manual labor.

Oil-fired boiler houses are easily automated, but their use requires the construction of special fuel oil farms for the storage and constant heating of liquid fuel (boiler oil). At the same time, the operation of boiler houses in the Far North is much simpler if we use special Arctic diesel fuel with low viscosity to obtain heat, therefore, it does not require preheating to supply it to the boiler nozzles. The main disadvantage of heat sources on liquid fuel follows from the high cost of petroleum products. More than a hundred years ago, our outstanding compatriot D.I. Mendeleev argued: "Burning oil is the same as burning a stove with banknotes."

Nevertheless, despite the current level of technology, there is no real alternative to the currently used heat generators with a capacity of up to 1.5 MW and operating on expensive petroleum products. It is for this reason that the whole North is thrown with empty barrels of oil products.

Currently, 2.5 million people live in the Arctic. In the coming years (over 15 years) this number may increase several times. Russia plans to implement about 150 projects in the Arctic, in the amount of 5 trillion rubles [3]. For this, in addition to money, we need qualified personnel who will work in the Far North only in conditions that meet modern living standards. The use for these purposes of energy sources known and traditional for the Arctic in the form of boiler houses and diesel electric power stations (DES), operating on diesel Arctic fuel, will lead to the fact that the above 5 trillion rubles “will fly into the pipe”, in the truest sense of the word, without proper resolution of the above strategic objectives.

To implement this extremely important state program for the development of the Arctic, fundamentally new, environmentally friendly generators of thermal energy will be needed, operating on renewable energy sources such as wind, solar radiation, hydropower of rivers and tides, heat of the bowels of the Earth, etc.

However, given the strength (speed) and constancy of winds in the Far North, it can be argued that it is the wind that is the most efficient energy source in the Arctic. The potential use of wind to convert its kinetic energy into heat is determined primarily by the fact that the power of the air flow in the cube depends on the wind speed [4]:

where V is the wind speed,

ρ is the density of air,

S - swept area.

For example, when wind speed is quite possible in the Arctic 40 m / sec and an air temperature minus 40 ° C, air flow rate area of 1 m ² is about 100 kW. However, the well-known power plants - wind power stations (wind farms), designed to generate electricity of standard quality, use the potential wind energy far from completely and with unit costs close to the costs of thermal stations, for example, DES.

The service life of wind power generators in normal conditions of central Russia is about 15-20 years. Abroad, the value of wind farms ranges from $ 1,000 to $ 1,500 per kilowatt of installed capacity. Modern Russia in the field of wind energy is far behind not only the West and East (China and Japan), but also the Soviet Union of the 30s of the last century. In our country, wind farms with a capacity of up to 10 kW are currently being produced. For a preliminary assessment of the capabilities of modern wind farms, we present their main parameters (power and size) (Table 1) [4]. The wind farm parameters were calculated for a wind speed of 12 m / s, for a power factor of C _p = 30%, air temperature plus 20 ° C (air density 1.2 kg / m ³ ) and a wind wheel speed of Z = 6 [4].

To achieve these indicators, modern wind farms must include a number of expensive and unreliable, especially in the Arctic, devices, including: a high, solid mast (tower), blades of the appropriate diameter, a system for changing the angle of attack, a brake system, a gearbox (multiplier ), an electric generator, slip rings (current collectors), an inverter, rectifiers, batteries, a control unit, a system for automatically turning a wind wheel into the wind, a lightning protection system, etc.

The need for expensive and sophisticated equipment, including particularly expensive electric batteries and automation systems, is caused by variable wind strength, both in magnitude and direction. In addition, wind motors can operate with maximum efficiency only at predetermined revolutions of the wind wheel (propeller), that is, only at a predetermined speed factor [4].

At the same time, an analysis of the energy consumption of the Arctic villages, especially their housing and communal services, shows that the energy consumption in the form of electricity is, as a rule, no more than 15% of the total energy demand. Thus, the bulk of energy in the Arctic is consumed in the form of heat for heating and hot water.

Therefore, for the energy supply of small villages and Arctic towns, it is most efficient to use not traditional wind farms, but special wind and heat generators, RF patents: 2231687 C1, 2253040 C1, 2576074 C1 [7-9], which convert the kinetic energy of the wind directly into heat.

In these technical solutions, the wind turbine, instead of the expensive and unreliable elements that are part of the known wind farms, is equipped with a mechanical heater in the form of an agitator with blades operating on the principle of a centrifugal regulator (Watt regulator). When the stirrer blades rotate in a liquid, the mechanical energy received from the wind is expended to overcome the friction forces, and, ultimately, according to the first law of thermodynamics, it completely turns into heat, in the proportion that bears the name - the mechanical equivalent of work:

J = 426.935 kgf m / kcal.

At the same time, this technical solution allows, by maintaining the speed of the wind turbine of the wind turbine at an optimal level, at different wind speeds, to provide a high coefficient of utilization of kinetic wind energy (wind power factor) of the wind generator as a whole.

At the same time, the problem of starting a wind-heat generator without any complicated control and automation systems is also solved: the resistance of the mixer at the time of start-up is the smallest, since the radius of rotation of the mixer blades is close to zero.

But the wind heat generator (patent RU 2576074 C1) [7], which uses an orthogonal wind turbine, which eliminates the need for a complex and expensive multiplier, should be considered the most effective known technical solution that converts kinetic wind energy into heat, while this technical solution does not require constant adjustment turning the wind turbine of the wind turbine “into the wind” (towards the wind).

Based on the foregoing, a wind and heat generator (patent RU 2576074 C1) is adopted as the closest analogue - prototype of the claimed device. However, the selected prototype has a significant drawback: the prototype does not use an additional mechanism for generating thermal energy - the effect of swirling and cavitation of water. In addition, the prototype is large, and as a result, it is characterized by great “sailing” and metal consumption. In the Arctic, where the wind speed can reach 60-70 m / s, it is very important to ensure the strength of the claimed technical solution. To do this, it is necessary to reduce its “windage” and, accordingly, the wind pressure on the wind and heat generator.

In addition, when developing the prototype, the dimensions of its mixer were adopted by the applicant on the basis of the existing technical level - the theory and technology of processes and apparatuses of the chemical industry and the physical basis of mixing in liquid media [5]. Moreover, this theory and technology were originally developed to minimize the loss of mechanical energy during the implementation of the technological process of mixing various liquids. The formation of heat in such mixers was related to undesirable effects, although inevitably concomitant with the solution of the problem - to obtain the most uniform mixture of different liquids.

In the claimed device, the process of mixing the liquid is not the goal, but only a means to solve the problem - to obtain heat in the maximum amount due to the kinetic energy of the wind.

In view of the above, the housing of the mechanical energy converter (mixer) of the claimed device, in contrast to the prototype, is additionally provided with an internal perforated cylindrical wall. With this technical solution, the heated fluid (for example, water) during rotation of the mixer blades will not move in a circle not along the smooth cylindrical wall of the main body of the mixer, but in a circle along the inner perforated cylindrical wall, passing successively its entire and perforated sections. Moreover, according to the Bernoulli equation, for any cross section of an ideal fluid, the sum of the potential and kinetic energy remains constant [4].

where z is the height of the liquid level in the mixer (constant value);

ρ is the fluid pressure;

γ is the specific volume of liquid;

ν is the fluid velocity;

g is the acceleration of gravity;

- потенциальная энергия;

- potential energy;

- кинетическая энергия.

- kinetic energy.

Thus, when the fluid circulates along the inner contour of the perforated wall, the flow cross section will cyclically change, and therefore its velocity. In this case, according to the Bernoulli equation, the pressure in the liquid will cyclically change. As a result, the heated liquid will be subjected not only to more active mixing, but also to the additional influence of sharp local rises and depressurization, with acceleration and expansion of the liquid, with the appearance of vortices and cavitation, that is, the mode in which bubbles of liquid vapor arise and collapse.

Cavitation as a mode of fluid boiling occurs when temperature and pressure correspond to saturated vapor parameters. The growth of bubbles occurs relatively slowly, with the expenditure of small power, but the collapse of the bubbles occurs almost instantly with the release of all the accumulated energy in the microscopic zone of their location. The temperature of the liquid in the claimed vortex wind generator will increase significantly compared with the prototype. [2].

The claimed whirlwind wind generator works as follows:

The air flow, running onto the blade of the orthogonal rotor, creates a torque that is transmitted along the vertical shaft to the mechanical water heater in the form of a stirrer with movable blades. When the stirrer blades rotate in a viscous liquid, such as water, due to friction, mechanical energy is converted into heat. In this case, the liquid is heated due to the kinetic energy of the wind.

The thermal power of the mixer is determined by the equation [5, p. 784]:

Where A is a constant, depends on the type of mixer;

D is the diameter of the circle swept by the blade, m;

n is the number of revolutions, rev / s;

ρ is the density of the liquid (water), kgsec ² / m ⁴ ;

μ is the viscosity of the liquid (water), kg sec / m ² .

As can be seen from the above equation, the power of the stirrer (the amount of generated heat) substantially depends on the diameter of the circle swept by the blade of its rotor, as well as the number of revolutions of the stirrer, which in this case is equal to the number of revolutions of the orthogonal wind turbine, since these devices are on the same shaft.

From this dependence it follows that a stirrer with moving blades, working on the principle of the Watt controller, along with the conversion of mechanical energy into heat, can be effectively used to control the speed of an orthogonal wind turbine, automatically ensuring the optimal value of the speed of its rotor at different wind speeds, thereby ensuring the highest wind energy utilization (power factor) of the claimed device.

In addition, unlike the prototype, in the inventive device around the movable blades of the mixer there is a perforated wall that provides fluid circulation along the circuit and pressure pulsation with vortex formation, cavitation and collapse of the liquid bubbles with heat generation.

This technical solution can significantly increase the efficiency (productivity) of the prototype [7] and at the same time reduce the size and metal consumption of the claimed device, compared with the prototype, per unit of generated thermal energy. Both are extremely important for the conditions of the Arctic, where the wind speed sometimes reaches 60-70 m / s, and the temperature drops to minus 60 ° С. The frontal pressure (load) on the wind wheel depends on the square of the wind speed and linearly depends on the air density. The height of modern wind farms and the diameter of their wind wheels often exceed 100 meters (Table 1). With such loads on wind turbines, special technical solutions are required to ensure their strength, and it is clear that the smaller the installation, the less the force of the wind will be on it, the easier it is to ensure its strength and reliability. In addition, due to the low temperatures in the Arctic, their manufacture requires special steels and other materials characterized by increased strength. In severe conditions of the Arctic, the most optimal, according to the conditions of reduced costs and reliability, are wind turbines with a capacity of 100-200 kW.

The use of a vortex heat generator in the mixer of an additional internal perforated cylindrical wall is not revealed in the prototype and other analogues designed to convert the kinetic energy of the wind directly into heat. This innovation allows to significantly increase the heat production of the claimed device compared to the prototype due to more intensive mixing of the liquid with pressure pulsation and vortex formation, with cavitation and collapse of the liquid bubbles with the generation of heat.

At the same time, the claimed device differs from analogues in higher reliability and durability when working in the Arctic and other regions of the Far North, where icing of metal structures is not excluded. Especially dangerous icing of a wind wheel.

The device is technologically advanced, characterized by simplicity and higher efficiency, lower metal consumption compared to the prototype. It can become the main source of heat in harsh climatic conditions (strong winds, low temperatures) of the Far North, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and other remote places, instead of currently used devices of a similar purpose, but using oil products.

The above allows us to conclude that the claimed technical solution meets the patentability level of "inventive step".

The inventive vortex wind heat generator is illustrated by the drawing, where in FIG. 1 shows a general side view thereof, and in FIG. 2 its component is a stirrer (mechanical heater - heat generator).

The vortex wind-driven heat generator consists of an orthogonal wind turbine with vertical blades 1 attached by means of radial traverses 2 to the hubs located in the center 3. The wind turbine is mounted on a tubular mast 4, inside of which there is a shaft 5, which transmits torque from the orthogonal wind turbine to the rotor of a mechanical heater (mixer) 6, filled with a viscous liquid (for example, water) 7, in which the blades 8 are rotated, attached to the shaft 5 by means of rods 9 to the fixed 10 and movable 11 couplings. A tubular heat exchanger 12 is located inside the mechanical heater (mixer) to heat water through pipelines 13 and 14 in the accumulator (storage tank) 15, from which hot water is supplied to consumers for heating and hot water supply of various objects through a pipe 16. A pipe 17 is provided for returning cooled (return) water and for feeding the system 17. A perforated cylindrical wall (perforated cylinder) 18 is installed inside the housing of the mechanical heater (mixer) 6.

Vortex wind generator works as follows. Initial state: the rotor of the orthogonal wind turbine and the shaft 5 of the mechanical heater (mixer) 6 do not rotate. The blades 8 of the mechanical heater (mixer) 6 due to their own weight are pressed against the shaft 5. The system has the least moment of inertia, the resistance of the liquid 7 to the rotation of the blades 8 is almost zero. This initial state of the wind-and-heat generator contributes to the spinning of the rotor of the orthogonal wind turbine with blades 1 even in light winds. With an increase in the rotor speed of the orthogonal wind turbine 1 due to the centrifugal force acting on the blades 8 (as in the Watt controller), the movable clutch 11, overcoming the gravity, rises, increasing the radius swept by the blades 8.

This increases the rotation speed of the shaft 5 and the friction of the fluid 7 on the blades 8 and the walls of the perforated cylinder 18. When the fluid 7 moves along the perforated wall 18 along the inner contour, pressure pulsates with vortex, cavitation and collapse of the liquid vapor bubbles with heat

The liquid 7 heated in a mechanical heater (mixer) 6 transmits thermal energy through a tubular heat exchanger 12 and a pipe 13 to the water in the hot water accumulator 15, from which the heated water according to the temperature schedule flows through the pipe 16 to the heating and hot water supply system.

The heated water passing through the heating and hot water supply systems is cooled and partially consumed in the consumer networks from which it is returned, with simultaneous recharge from the water supply, via pipeline 17 for reheating. Then the cycle repeats.

With an increase in wind speed and an increase, above the calculated one, of the rotor speed of the orthogonal wind turbine and a mechanical heater (mixer) 6 connected directly to the rotor shaft, the centrifugal force acting on the blades 8 increases. Under the influence of this force, the blades 8 further extend from the shaft 5, increasing the radius and linear speed of rotation of the blades 8.

In this case, the resistance of the viscous fluid 7 increases sharply (almost to the fifth degree), which slows down the rotation of the rotor 5 of the orthogonal wind turbine, reducing the speed of rotation of its blades 1. When the wind speed decreases, the reverse process occurs: the centrifugal force acting on the blades 8 decreases. The blades 8 under the influence of gravity move closer to the shaft 5, the radius of rotation and their linear speed decreases, while reducing the resistance of the viscous fluid 7 to the rotation of the blades 8 in the mechanical heater (mixer) 6, the rotational speed of the rotor of the orthogonal wind turbine and blades increases to the optimum speed orthogonal wind turbine, thereby providing the highest efficiency of the declared technical device at different wind speeds.

The relevance and effectiveness of the proposed "Whirlwind wind generator" follows from the fact that, as mentioned above, the so-called "Northern delivery" to the Far North is 6-8 million tons of diesel fuel and 20-25 million tons of solid fuel [6], taking into account the remoteness of consumers and modern fuel prices, the cost of the annual northern delivery is about a trillion rubles. Using the claimed invention, due to free renewable wind energy, will allow to reduce the indicated amount by orders of magnitude.

Information sources

1. Roddatis K.F., Poltaretsky A.N. Handbook of low-capacity boiler plants. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989, - 488 p.

2. Andreev E.I. The basics of natural energy. - St. Petersburg: Nevskaya Pearl, 2004, - 584 p.

3. Ragozin D. The North Pole will be equipped and populated. - M. Parliament newspaper No. 12. 2016, - 83 p.

4. Twidell J., Weir A. Renewable Energy: Per. from English - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1990, - 392 p.

5. Kasatkin A.G. The main processes and apparatuses of the chemical industry. M. - L .: State publishing house of scientific and technical literature, 1948, - 916 p.

6. Tolmachev V.N., Orlov A.V., Bulat V.A. Efficient use of wind in autonomous energy supply systems. - SPb. VITU 2002, - 203 s.

7. RF patent No. 2576074 C1, 02.02.2016, IPC F03D 9/02 - prototype.

8. RF patent No. 2231687 C1 06.27.2004, IPC F03D 9/00.

9. RF patent №2253040 C1, 05.27.2005, IPC F03D 9/00.

Claims (1)

A vortex wind heat generator for heating a heat carrier fluid of heating systems and hot water supply of buildings and structures in the Arctic, containing an orthogonal wind turbine, a converter of mechanical energy into heat energy in the form of a stirrer with moving blades operating on the principle of the Watt controller, a heat accumulator, a heat exchanger and pipelines for circulating the heat carrier in heating systems of various objects, characterized in that a perforated wall is installed around the moving blades of the mixer providing fluid circulation along the inner circuit and pressure pulsation with vortex formation, cavitation and collapse of the liquid vapor bubbles with heat generation.

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