RU2655849C2 - Feed additive for livestock and method of its application - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural production, namely to a feed additive and methods for its use. Feed additive for livestock includes beet pulp, grain component, vitamin-mineral supplements and premix. As a corn component, maize is used, as a vitamin-mineral additive – corn gluten SP-60 %. Components are taken in the following proportions, wt %: maize – 20.00; corn gluten SP-60 % – 9.75, dry beet pulp – 70.00, premix, including vitamins and minerals per 1 kg not less than 15.00 thousand ME of vitamin A, 2.50 thousand ME of vitamin D3, 15.00 mg of vitamin E, 12.50 mg Cu, 50.00 mg Zn, 25.00 mg Mn, 2.50 mg Co, 5.00 mg J – 0.25. Feed additive is produced in the form of granules with a diameter of 4–5 mm and enter into the diet of heifers 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day, and into the diet of cows – from 21 days to calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day.

EFFECT: use of the invention will increase the dairy productivity of animals.

3 cl, 6 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, more specifically to animal feeding and to the production of combined feed additives using waste from sugar beet processing - beet pulp, and can be used in dairy farming both in industrial complexes and in farming or personal farming.

Beet pulp is a by-product of the process of production of beet sugar, representing sugarless beet chips (80-82% by weight of processed sugar beets with a dry matter content of about 6.5-7%). By chemical composition, beet pulp contains (in dry matter) about 45-47% cellulose, up to 50% pectin, 2% protein, 0.6-0.7% sugar and about 1%> minerals, vitamins and organic acids are present . Beet pulp is a good feed for cattle and nutritionally comparable to corn silage. It is advisable to feed it to animals in combination with enzyme preparations or enzymatic probiotics due to the relatively high fiber content. Fresh pulp is used for livestock breeding within a radius of 100 km from the sugar factory (Agricultural Review, No. 3, 2012). Delivering it to consumers over a greater distance becomes economically disadvantageous due to increased transportation costs.

According to current scientific research on feeding fresh and canned pulp, the recommended intake rate for highly productive cows is up to 10 kg (mainly 5-7 kg) per head per day. The main purpose of introducing pulp fresh or canned into the feed mixture for highly productive cows is to moisten the feed mixture to optimal humidity, increase the attractiveness of feed and, as a consequence, eatability, saturate the diet with well-digestible fiber, pectins (N.I. Strekozov, Dairy farming. - 2006 . - S. 89-90).

The most promising in use is granular beet pulp - a natural feed for farm animals, produced from beet pulp, using a drying method, ground into flour, followed by granulation into granules (pellets). In accordance with GOST R 54901 - 2012 “Dried pulp. TU. ”M. 2013. diameter of granules up to 30 mm, length up to 2.5 diameters.

After granulation, the pulp can be stored in packaged form for a long time, which allows you to make long-term stocks of feed for livestock. The feed unit of granular beet pulp is 0.85, while the nutritional value is 10 times higher than that of fresh pulp, with a similar decrease in weight. The assimilation by animals of protein and extractives from dry pulp is 75%. The production of granulated beet pulp is 97.6% of the total production of dried beet pulp, i.e. almost all dried beet pulp is granulated. At the same time, 47.7% of the granulated pulp is exported.

In its pure dry form, beet pulp is not recommended for feeding animals because of porosity and moisture absorption, which can lead to some health problems of the livestock. To avoid such, granular feed is diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 3 or used as an additive to mixed feed within 10%, which limits the volume of its use (E.V. Dushkin, 2005 Zootechnics. - 1997. - No. 6. - P. 9 - 10)

In addition, this food contains insufficient amounts of calcium, sodium, B vitamins, free amino acids, peptides, easily digestible proteins, biostimulants and therefore cannot be used as a complete feed for animals.

To increase the feed value, beet pulp is processed with various technological methods or enriched with various nutritional components (molasses, urea, ammonia water). Molten pulp is obtained by mixing dry pulp with molasses. Amide pulp is obtained by mixing dried pulp with molasses in which urea is dissolved (urea - 6 ... 12%). Amide pulp is granulated. Distillery pulp is obtained by drying pressed pulp mixed with condensed post-yeast or post-alcohol distillery distillery in an amount of 15 ... 20% by weight of pulp. Amidomineral pulp is made on the basis of dried pulp enriched with molasses, carbamide, diammonium phosphate, sodium sulfate and trace elements (cobalt, copper, zinc sulfate) (L.V. Donchenko, S.E. Kovaleva, journal of the Kuban GAU, prospects for using beet pulp, 2006 .-- S. 85-86).

These techniques aimed at increasing the feed value have a number of serious disadvantages when feeding the finished product to highly productive dairy cattle. The negative effect of an excess of non-protein nitrogen extremely negatively affects the reproduction function of newborn cows, and also contributes to the emergence of a number of metabolic diseases, in particular disturbance of protein metabolism. Feeding molassed beet pulp can lead to excessive acidification of the scar content, which will lead to scar acidosis. The inclusion of molassed beet pulp in diets with a highly concentrated type of feeding is especially dangerous. Feeding molassed beet pulp during the transit period can disrupt the cationic-anionic balance of cows in the precautionary period, because molasses contains high levels of potassium (www.soft-agro.com).

Also known is “Feed for cattle” (see RF Patent No. 2028791), containing in the ratio of components, wt. %: Barley - 11.0-30.9; Cottonseed meal - 15.0; Herbal flour - 5.0; Wood flour - 3.5; Phosphate - 1.0; Salt - 1.0; Premix - 1.0; Pulp from pre-hydrolyzed cocoa shells - 17.6-30.0; Pulp from pre-hydrolyzed sugar beets - 10.0-17.0; Wheat bran - the rest. The disadvantage of this food is the complexity, multicomponent composition and a small amount of beet pulp.

Also known is the technology for the preparation of amide-mineral granules based on beet pulp, including: dry pulp - 77%; molasses - 9.5; carbamide - 6; defluorinated phosphate or monocalcium phosphate; sodium sulfate - 1.5% (G.Ya. Vaistikh, P.M. Darmanyan. Granulation of feed. M. Kolos 1978. p. 125-126). With a high content of pulp, such food has limited use due to the high content of urea.

The aim of the invention is the development of an enriched feed additive (feed mixture) for different types of farm animals with a high content of sugar production waste (dry pulp), increasing productivity and reproductive functions, used to prevent acid-base imbalance, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, partial or complete replacement of feed grain and feed in the diets, contributing to the introduction of non-waste sugar production technology while expanding the range of feed additives with a high content of dry sugar beet pulp.

The goal is achieved by the preparation and use of a feed protein-vitamin-mineral mineral supplement for farm animals (BVMD), including beet pulp, a grain component, vitamin-mineral additives and premix, with corn being used as a grain component, and corn gluten SP as a vitamin-mineral additive -60%, and the components are taken in the following ratio, mass. %:

corn - 20.00;

corn gluten SP-60% - 9.75 mass. %;

dry beet pulp - 70.00 mass. %;

premix, including vitamins and minerals per 1 kg of at least 15.00 thousand ME of vitamin A, 2.50 thousand ME of vitamin D3, 15.00 mg of vitamin E, 12.50 mg of Cu, 50.00 mg of Zn, 25, 00 mg Mn, 2.50 mg Co, 5.00 mg J - 0.25,

while the feed additive is produced in the form of granules with a diameter of 4-5 mm and introduced into the diet of heifers 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day, and in the diet of cows - from 21 days to calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day.

The feed additive is produced in the form of granules with a diameter of 4-5 mm by dry granulation and fed to cows of 2 kg per day 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving once a day, replacing the same amount of feed.

Protein-vitamin-mineral feed supplement in the form of a granular dry mixture of beet pulp, corn gluten with a crude protein level of 60%, crushed corn grain, as well as a vitamin-mineral complex for cows and heifers in dairy cattle breeding BVMD "Rumen Meal VM "(Rumen Mil VM).

BVMD is prepared as follows. Beet pulp dehydrated or in granules with corn and gluten is mixed with premix and crushed.

The crushed dry mass (particle size 0.5-3 mm) is sifted through a sieve and fed with a stream of air into a small cyclone, where it escapes from the air. Having passed the lock gates, the mass enters the auger of the agitator, which feeds it to the granulation. Granulation is carried out by an OGN-1.5 press, consisting of a storage hopper, the press itself and a cooling column, in which non-standard granules and flour are separated from the finished product, which enters the storage hopper through a weighing device, from where the BMD is shipped to automobile transport or to the warehouse.

BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" represents granules with a diameter of 4-5 mm, dark brown in color, with a specific smell. Experimental batches of additives are produced packaged in polypropylene bags of 50 kg. Store the product in a dry place at room temperature. It is not recommended to store the additive in high humidity. The recommended shelf life from the date of issue is 6 months.

The pharmacological actions of BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" are determined by the content of high levels of hemicellulose, pectin substances, macro- and microelements, as well as vitamins A, D3, E, H and B vitamins.

It was established that when ingestion of a feed additive, top dressing has a stimulating effect, helps to increase the intake of dry matter of the diet, enhances chewing gum, increases the amount of scar reduction, stimulates the appetite and eatability of the main diet. It stimulates an increase in milk productivity and a quick recovery of the reproductive tract after calving.

Contraindications to the use of BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" in dairy farming has not been established.

Research and justification of the composition, doses, administration schemes, the effectiveness of the proposed feed additive and the method of its use in dairy farming was carried out in GBUSO Regional Veterinary Laboratory and at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Expertise of the Ural State Agrarian University in Yekaterinburg.

To further confirm the effectiveness of BVMD, an experiment was conducted on cows of black-motley breed. After conducting laboratory experiments with animals and testing the application methodology, production experiments at agricultural enterprises of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions were presented. In the experiments we used the feed additive BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" manufactured by Vita Mix LLC.

Production experience was carried out in LLC “Seeds of the Urals”, Beloyarsky district, Sverdlovsk region.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples.

For the experiment, two groups of animals were formed, experimental and control, 20 animals each. Cows belong to the black-and-white Holstein breed. The groups were formed on the basis of pairs of analogues with a milk yield for a previous lactation of 6500 kg. The experimental group included animals of the dry period 21 days before calving. All animals had one complete lactation. Animals of the dead period 21 days before calving were also selected in the control group. The cows of the experimental group were fed a Rumen Meal VM BVMD at a dose of 2 kg per head (changing 2 kg of compound feed) to change the main diet. BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" was fed for 42 days - 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving. The cows of the control group received the main diet.

Further, after the animals were calved, during the initial period of lactation, the occurrence of metabolic diseases associated with impaired interstitial metabolism, liver pathology, as well as reproductive characteristics, the nature of lactation, and the composition of milk were taken into account and investigated. The dynamics of changes in serum biochemical parameters was monitored. Blood samples were taken from the caudal saphenous vein into vacuum tubes. In test tubes, the blood is mixed with a clot activator, which then allows the serum to be freely separated. Serum studies were conducted on the basis of GBUSO Sverdlovsk Regional Veterinary Laboratory. Methods of biochemical analysis of blood included the determination of total protein, glucose, total calcium, reserve alkalinity, chlorides, magnesium. The studies were carried out in the Regional Veterinary Laboratory according to generally accepted methods in accordance with the “Methodological guidelines for the application of unified biochemical methods for blood, urine and milk tests in veterinary laboratories.” 30 days after the start of the experiment, all clinical animals of the experimental and control groups were analyzed, taken blood for biochemical analysis. The research results are shown in tables 1 and 2.

Table 1 shows the clinical indicators of the cows of the experimental and control groups.

Cows in the control group have slightly worse performance. The number of cows in which the edge of the liver stands for 13 ribs in the control group is 30%, compared to 5% in the experimental group. Atony of the scar and total inhibition in the control group is also recorded much more often, so in the control group the percentage of such cows is in the range of 65-70%, and in the experimental 35%. The data obtained convincingly indicate that during the period when the metabolic processes in the body of the cow proceed as intensely as possible, clinical indicators often exceed the normative values in the control group. A depressed state contributes to reduced feed intake, compared with active animals, which exacerbates the situation and leads to an even greater deterioration in clinical performance. The results indicate serious violations in the technology of feeding cows.

These phenomena are reflected in deviations of serum biochemical parameters. So, as can be seen from table 2, the animals of the experimental group had deviations in biochemical parameters 2 times less than animals that did not receive BVMD "Rumen Meal VM". In particular, deviations in indicators that reflect the state of the hepatobiliary system (bilirubin, total protein, alkaline phosphatase) were manifested more than 2 times more often in the control group.

In the process of continuing the experiment, a comparative characteristic of the clinical signs of calves obtained from the mothers of the experimental and control groups was carried out at the hotel. The data are presented in table 3. The clinical indicators were recorded in the first hours after calving. Colostrum is drunk in the first 40 minutes after the birth of the calf. During this procedure, the sucking reflex was evaluated. Calves that drank 2-2.2 liters of colostrum with a well-defined sucking reflex on their own were evaluated as animals with a well-defined sucking reflex.

For calves that refused to drink colostrum, a forced colostrum was applied through a probe. They were evaluated as animals with a violation of the sucking reflex. Calves obtained from cows of the experimental group had a violation of the sucking reflex in only 5% of cases. Whereas in calves obtained from cows of the control group, the reflex was disturbed in 30% of cases. If not for the timely completed procedure for the forced drinking of colostrum, such calves were guaranteed to have no colostral immunity.

Before colostrum was bled, blood samples were taken from the calves for biochemical analysis of blood serum. The results of this study are shown in table 4.

Analysis of the obtained data indicates the presence of serious deviations of biochemical parameters in the blood of calves obtained from mother cows of the control group.

So the content of total protein in the blood serum of calves of the control group has a deviation in 45% of cases, against 10% of cases in calves of the experimental group. Elevated serum urea in the calves of the control group is observed in 35% of cases, while in the experimental group this indicator does not exceed 5%. Alkaline phosphatase in calves of the control group has a deviation from the physiological norm in 40% of cases, against 10% in the experimental group.

Other biochemical parameters in the calves of the control group also have worse dynamics.

According to the vaccination scheme for young animals against acute respiratory viral infections, at 14 days of age, the calves are inoculated with the live vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis Bovilis IBR marker, manufactured by MSD. 3 weeks after vaccination in calves, blood serum is examined for immunity to this virus. This indicator can also be described as a functional state of the immune system of young animals.

The study was carried out in reactions RIGA and PH on the basis of the Ural Veterinary Research Institute. The results of the study are shown in table 5.

From the analysis of the data presented in table 5, it is seen that more uniform and higher titers of antibodies to the virus of infectious rhinotracheitis in cattle are recorded in calves obtained from cows of the experimental group. In the experimental group, 1 calf was dropped out 1 month after birth for a reason related to the injury.

In the group of calves obtained from cows of the control group, antibody titers are lower, which indicates the absence of intense immunity and the lack of protective antibodies in the calves of this group to the virus of cattle RTI. The heterogeneity of antibody titers is also observed, which is a predisposing factor to the occurrence of ARVI outbreaks and calf retirement. During the first month of life, two calves dropped out in the control group due to lobar pneumonia.

On the 21st day after calving, data were recorded on the effect of Rumen Meal VM BMVD on cow productivity. The data are shown in table 6.

By the time the production experiment ended on the 42nd day of feeding the Rumen Meal VM BVMD, the productivity of the cows of the experimental group was 2.9 liters more, which indicates a more intensive process of milking new-born cows. Indicators of fat in milk in cows of the experimental group are 0.2% higher in comparison with cows in the control group. The level of somatic cells in the cows of the experimental group is lower by PO thousand cells, which indicates the good condition of the alveolar apparatus of the udder of newborn cows. Presumably a positive effect on the level of somatic cells is associated with an increase in the intake of dry matter of the diet and, as a result, a more rapid recovery of cows after calving.

During the experiment, an assessment was made of the economic efficiency of using the Rumen Meal VM BMD:

1. Calculation of the cost of the actual ration of feeding the transit group (21 days before calving, 21 days after calving), taken at the farm of LLC "Seeds of the Urals":

Corn silage - 1 rub. × 15 kg = 15 rubles.

Alfalfa haylage 1 rub. × 4 kg = 4 rubles.

Concentrates (compound feed) - 28 rubles. × 4 kg = 112 rubles.

Total cost of the diet = 131 rubles.

2. Calculation of the cost of the feeding ration of the transit group (21 days before calving, 21 days after calving) using the Rumen Meal VM BMD:

Corn silage - 1 rub. × 15 kg = 15 rubles.

Alfalfa haylage 1 rub. × 4 kg = 4 rubles.

Concentrates (compound feed) - 28 rubles. × 2 kg = 56 rubles.

BVMK "RumenMeal VM" - 22.5 rubles. × 2 = 45 rubles.

Total diet: 120 rubles.

The economic efficiency only from a cheaper diet, excluding the reduction in the incidence rate, amounted to 11 rubles per head per day.

Numerous comprehensive studies have made it possible to recommend the use of BVMD "Rumen Meal VM" in the diets of cows and heifers in the transit period (21 days before calving, 21 days after calving) both in large dairy complexes, and in farm and personal farms.

The preparation and use of the proposed feed additives by the proposed method contributes to the implementation of non-waste sugar production technology and can significantly improve the environmental situation in the area of the sugar factories while expanding the range of effective feed additives with a high content of dry beet pulp, which is the novelty of the proposed feed additive used with non-obvious effect in the form of an increase in fat in milk by 0.2%, with a decrease in somatic cells in my Locke more than 30%.

Claims (8)

1. A feed additive for farm animals, including beet pulp, a grain component, vitamin and mineral additives and premix, characterized in that corn is used as a grain component, and SP-60% corn gluten is used as a vitamin and mineral additive, with the components taken in the following ratio, mass. %: corn - 20.00; corn gluten SP-60% - 9.75; dry beet pulp - 70.00; premix, including vitamins and minerals per 1 kg of at least 15.00 thousand ME of vitamin A, 2.50 thousand ME of vitamin D3, 15.00 mg of vitamin E, 12.50 mg of Cu, 50.00 mg of Zn, 25, 00 mg Mn, 2.50 mg Co, 5.00 mg J - 0.25, while the feed additive is produced in the form of granules with a diameter of 4-5 mm 2. The method of application of the feed additive according to claim 1, characterized in that it is introduced into the diet of heifers 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day. 3. The method of application of the feed additive according to claim 1, characterized in that it is introduced into the diet of cows from 21 days before calving and 21 days after calving in a dosage of 2 kg per head 1 time per day.