RU2641189C1 - Lysimeter - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: lysimeter includes a container with soil monolith, communicating with a vertically installed capacity, pallet, the container is divided into a measuring jar and drain well with a partition, which made a hole with water. The device for discharging water is located in the drainage well and is made in the form of an outlet chamber in which a valve is connected, which is rigidly connected by an upper end to the rod of the articulated lever. The second end of the lever with a horizontal axis of rotation is placed in a measuring vessel with a float actuator, the float rod of which is connected by a top end through a hinge to the lever. The float actuator is fixed in the guides fixed rigidly with the upper end to the mechanism for changing the position of the float actuator in the form of a screw nut with a lock.EFFECT: increase of reliability and convenience of carrying out of researches on experimental plots, reduction of metal consumption.1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices used in agriculture for the balance of research on reclaimed land, in particular for determining the infiltration of irrigation, thawed rain water.

A known lysimeter, including a container with a monolith of soil, connected through a valve to a feed device having a water level recorder with a float actuator (Copyright certificate SU No. 298887, G01N 33/24 of 03.16.1971).

The disadvantage of this device is that it does not provide the measurement of the desired parameters at a variable level in the tank synchronously with the changing level of groundwater. In addition, it is too complicated for field lysimeters of experimental plots, studies to study the scientifically based parameters of agrochemical reclamation on degraded soils, for example, in conditions of lysimetric experiments when it is necessary to use irrigation or sprinkling. Another disadvantage is that it is difficult to work, and this leads to an underestimation of the rate of infiltration.

A known lysimeter comprising a container with a soil-soil sample, a bottom filter, a connecting channel, a topping and draining tank, in the wall of which a hole is made (Copyright certificate SU No. 899015 A01G 25/02 of 01/23/1983).

The disadvantage of the lysimeter of this design is the lack of reliability of the quantitative composition of the fluid flowing through the hole and again into the tank, which is characterized by groundwater supply. In addition, the installation of a flow sensor under the soil thickness leads to inconvenience in maintenance, i.e. for its inspection, it is necessary to tear off the soil along the depth of the entire tank, as a result, a void is formed, which is filled with soil water, and the structure of the soil is disturbed, which reduces the reliability of the results obtained in natural conditions. In addition, it is too complicated for field lysimeters, experimental plots, studies to study the scientifically based parameters of agrochemical reclamation on degraded soils, for example, in conditions of lysimetric experiments, when it is necessary to use irrigation or sprinkling. The area of such experimental plots is not less than 8 ... 10 m ² , on which lysimeters should be installed in an amount of not less than 14 ... 16 pieces to obtain the reliability of the final results. Another disadvantage is that it is energy-intensive, since it requires large expenditures of electricity and a hydraulic pump to pump liquid from the tank.

A known lysimeter, including a soil monolith with a vertically mounted tube for measuring moisture, a metal housing, a pan with filter material in which the distribution tubes are located, is equipped with a water tank that is installed above the pallet and connected to the distribution tubes, and the soil and soil monolith is filled with two layers of soil different in water permeability, and drainage tubes with measuring tanks and observation wells are installed inside the upper permeable layer (Avt rskoe certificate SU №1513400, G01N 33/24, A01G 25/16 from 07.10.1989).

A disadvantage of the known device is the high complexity of the work. It is necessary to break the soil monolith, to tear out niches for drains and measuring tanks and to fill them up again, as a result of which this gives a low accuracy in determining the volume of the infiltration water flow. In field studies, it is difficult to deliver and fill a water tank with water; in addition, it is difficult to take into account the relevant modeling conditions from natural precipitation in nature, watering and pressure between drains, between which a depression curve forms. The formula itself already shows that the error in the measurement error will significantly affect the reliability of the research and, therefore, to obtain a theoretical formula. In addition, the disadvantage is the inconvenience of maintenance, i.e. maintenance of measuring tanks is rather difficult, it is necessary to open the soil in the casing, as a result, the structure of the soil is disrupted, which reduces the reliability of the experimental results in natural conditions.

A lysimeter is also known, including a tank with a soil monolith, connected through a valve to a feeding device having a water level recorder with a float actuator, it is equipped with an electronic valve control unit and a float position lock with an electric contact water level sensor in the feeding device, communicated through a valve with groundwater (Copyright certificate SU No. 763794, G01N 33/24, A01G 25/16 dated 09/15/1980).

A disadvantage of the known device is that it is additionally necessary to have an observation well with a float actuator, since during the entire period of operation of the device, the water level in the tank is interconnected with the hole filter and the level constantly follows the groundwater level, i.e. high groundwater levels are present. However, not all lands have a high level of groundwater, affecting soil infiltration from bottom to top, i.e. reduce their scope. In addition, the design is difficult to operate, as a result of which the accuracy of measuring the total evaporation during ground pressure supply is reduced. Groundwater enters the tank at the control site from bottom to top to fill the tank with the soil monolith in the lysimeter, which affects the accuracy of water accounting during research, and also there are difficulties in observing the growth and development of plants as a whole; determination of agrochemical parameters of soils with a sufficient degree of accuracy, determined by the dose rate of irrigation or sprinkling from above into the tank, and thereby the accumulation of water at the bottom of the lysimeter, to determine experiments of optimal groundwater levels and soil moisture according to the phases of development of the main crops (perennial grasses, grains etc.), in order to determine at the same time on a small field plot according to the installation area a predetermined number of lysimeters, as well as to irrigate, t Scarlet and rainwater passed through the soil stratum in the experimental plots through layers of monolithic soil. In this case, the excess must constantly be discharged from the tank for discharge into the discharge pipes. This thereby eliminates the uptake of capillary-entering water in order to determine the accuracy of accounting for the quantity and quality of infiltration water. For example, on lands with deep occurrence of groundwater, irrigation or sprinkling of experimental plots with the subsequent possibility of draining excess water from the tank to the waste structure is required, which allows maintaining the optimum water level in the capacity of the lysimeter with a soil monolith (for perennial grasses - 70 ... 90 cm; for grain - 60 ... 85 cm; for potatoes - 75 ... 95 cm).

The closest in technical essence to the proposed one is a lysimeter, which includes a container with a monolith of soil communicating with a vertically installed tank, a pan and water level control elements, the installed tank is divided into a measuring tank and a drainage well with a partition in the middle of which a hole is made in the form of an opening , covered by a shield equipped with a device for discharging water in the form of a siphon, the descending branch of which is brought out to the drainage well towards the head of the outlet closed collector and, at the same time, the siphon knee is fixed inside the hole in the shield, made with the possibility of vertical fixed movement relative to the opening in the partition, and the tank is hydraulically communicated with the pallet of the soil monolith capacity (Patent RU No. 2593332, G01N 33/24, G05D 9/00 from 10.08. 2016).

The disadvantage of the device closest in technical essence to the proposed lysimeter is that it provides the volume of water discharged by the siphon with insufficient dosing accuracy, i.e. the flow of water through the siphon does not sufficiently increase the accuracy of calculating the parameters of the measuring capacity when there is a sharp discharge of excess water on the components of the water balance and the metering error on the discharge of water.

The technical result from the use of the claimed invention consists in increasing the accuracy of the lysimeter, eliminating the error of experimental data and expanding the scope of application for a given program.

The task in the design of the lysimeter, including the tank (1) with a soil monolith, communicating with a vertically mounted tank (6), the pallet (5), the tank (6) is divided into a measuring tank (8) and a drainage well (9) with a partition (10) ), in which a hole (11) is made with a device for discharging water, the latter is located in the drainage well (9) and is made in the form of an outlet chamber (12), in which a valve (13) is placed, connected rigidly by its upper end to the rod 15 hinged lever drive, with the second end of the lever (18) with a horizontal axis S (19) of rotation is placed in the measuring vessel (8) with a float actuator, the rod (22) of the float (20) of which is connected with the upper end through a hinge (23) with a lever (18), and the float actuator is fixed in guides (21), rigidly fixed by the upper end to the mechanism for changing the position of the float actuator in the form of a screw nut (24) with a latch (25).

This design of the lysimeter in operating conditions allows you to constantly maintain the water level in the measuring tank, which is hydraulically connected to the soil monolith due to the exhaust chamber, which is equipped with a valve with a rod connected to the articulated lever actuator, which is also connected through a hinge to the float actuator and to the mechanism its position in the measuring tank, divided by a vertical partition. In each specific case, depending on the phase of culture development, due to the fixed float to the guides on the rod with the ability to move and fix them, it makes it possible to fix the float in position for a given culture and its development phase - the water level is maintained automatically, after setting the float with guides with a change mechanism in the form of a screw nut with a lock. In this regard, the operation of the float actuator is associated with the operation of the exhaust chamber through the articulated lever actuator, which means that, ultimately, the desired value is determined by the filling of water in the measuring tank and the soil monolith.

As a result of establishing a predetermined water level in the measuring vessel, excess water is systematically discharged through an outlet chamber located in the drainage well and the level (controlled) in the soil sample under study is maintained close to the natural field.

These structural differences from the prototype allow us to conclude that the inventive lysimeter meets the criteria of the invention of "novelty."

The author does not know the design of a lysimeter of a similar design, so he believes that the proposed technical solution meets the criterion of "significant differences".

The drawing shows a lysimeter, General view.

The lysimeter contains a metal case of a container 1 with a soil monolith, and the container 1 is filled with two different water-permeable layers of the filter: the upper well-permeable 2 soil sample and the lower weakly permeable 3 filter bottom, made of geotextile material laid on a grid 4, overlapping the pallet 5 on top which is hydraulically connected to a metal vertical pipe in the form of a container b. A moisture sensor 7 is placed in a well-permeable soil sample 2. The container 6 is divided into two unequal parts 8 and 9 by a vertical partition 10. The hole 11 of the partition 10 is connected to a water discharge device in the form of an outlet chamber 12. In the outlet chamber 12, installed in the drainage well 9, a valve 13 is placed, blocking the discharge opening 14 and connected rigidly with its upper end to the rod 15, kinematically connected through the rod 1, freely passed through the guides 16, fixed rigidly by the rods 17 to the wall of the drainage well 9, with a lever 18, which with the horizontal axis of rotation 19 is fixed to the wall of the measuring tank 8. The measuring tank 8 is equipped with a float actuator made of a float 20, rigidly attached to the guides 21 with the rod 22, the upper end of the rod 22 of which is connected via a hinge 23 to the lever 18. The rod 22 passed freely through the float 20 and the guides 21, which are connected by means of a screw nut 24 with a latch 25, providing the corresponding calculated set level in the measuring tank 8 and maintaining the level of infiltration in odopronitsaemom 2 Samples of soil through the hydraulic connection of the pallet 6 Volume 5 closed with a lid 26 having an opening with a hatch for the operational adjustment of the float to the drive rod 22 with a screw 24 with locking nut 25.

Since the state of groundwater conditions depends on the soil surface both on the periods of work and on crops and their development phases, as a result, the screw nut 24 with the lock 25 is moved together with the guides 21 and with the float 20 along the rod 22 up or down (rod 222 can be, for example, executed with markings on it in the form of a scale - a measuring ruler), respectively, the water level is set by moving the float 20 in the measuring tank 8, the error of which does not exceed ± 2% of the discharge flow through the exhaust chamber 12 in renazhny well 9 connected to the outlet pipe 27, i.e., excess water is automatically discharged and the level in the measuring tank 8 is gradually restored.

The lysimeter works as follows.

In the experimental plot, on the test field, a trench opens in which at a given depth of 1.0 ... 1.8 m a metal container 1 is installed and filled with the test soil with two permeable filter layers, i.e. the top layer is a soil monolith 2 and poorly permeable material 3, laid on a grid 4, the latter are fixed on a pallet 5. The pallet 5 of the tank 1 is hydraulically connected to a vertically mounted tank 6, divided by a partition 10 into two unequal parts, one of which is made of a measuring tank 8 and the other a drainage well 9. Thus, there is a drop in the outlet pipe 27. With a high standing of water in the tank 1, it fills the measuring tank 8 with a float 20 adjusted to a predetermined level through a pan 5, which is fixed for example those who are bearing 21 on the stem 22 (not shown with divisions) using a screw nut 24 with a latch 25, this determines the task, maintaining the level at the required height for a given period of plant growth, excess water is removed through the outlet chamber 12, opening the outlet 14 by a valve 13 into the drainage well 9, water enters the discharge pipe 27 outside the container 6.

The amount of water drained from the measuring tank 8 characterizes, as it were, the infiltration supply of the soil monolith in the tank 1. The soil moisture is measured by a moisture sensor 7, and the position of the water level in the tank 1 is determined by the presence of the tank 6 with the control and discharge elements for the excess water installed in it.

Thus, the culture grown in the experimental plot with the test field has the possibility of its development due to the installation of the tank 6, which is divided by a partition 10 into a measuring tank 8, in which the float actuator connected with the articulated lever drive, and the drainage well 9, in which the exhaust chamber 12 is located with a valve 13, with a rod 15 connected to the articulated lever drive in the form of a lever 18. The height of raising or lowering the float 20 is associated with the fastening of the guides 21 to the screw nut 24 with the latch 25 on the w Ther 22 (division with the scale not shown).

If the level begins to rise in the measuring tank 8, then raising the float 20 upward through the stem 22 and the lever 18 will open the hole 14 with the valve 13 using the rod 15, placed in the guides 15, rigidly fixed by the rods 17 to the wall of the drainage well 9, which makes the valve control vertically up or down steadily. Water discharge occurs smoothly without jumps and the water level of the soil layer under test remains at the same level in the measuring tank 8. Thus, the issuance of the discharge (outflow) determines the reliable operation of the lysimeter when the level in the measuring tank is exceeded.

The effectiveness of the lysimeter will facilitate its long-term operation and the improvement of working conditions for maintenance personnel and the maintenance of the level from irrigation or sprinkling of the soil monolith of the test sample with a natural near field; it is rational to use the exhaust chamber in the drainage well with its control elements working in conjunction with the control elements via a articulated lever drive with a measuring tank, in which the float actuator with the control mechanism is placed with the float placed up or down on the rod, i.e. in managing the processes of the phases of the development of culture in the experimental plot. The accuracy of the lysimeter is sufficient, which is supported by all the elements of the device, made simple, and the determination of moisture is fixed by a soil moisture sensor, therefore, the reliability of the quantitative composition of the studied soil increases. The device of the lysimeter can significantly simplify the discharge of excess water due to the kinematic connection of all elements with a single articulated lever drive in a divided tank by a partition into two unequal parts and reduces the metal consumption in experimental plots near the natural field.

Claims (1)

A lysimeter including a container with a soil monolith communicating with a vertically mounted container, a pallet, the container is divided into a measuring tank and a drainage well with a partition in which a hole is made with a water discharge device, characterized in that the water discharge device is located in the drainage well and made in the form of an exhaust chamber, in which a valve is placed connected rigidly by the upper end to the rod of the articulated lever drive, while the second end of the lever with a horizontal axis of rotation is placed in tank with a float actuator, the rod of the float of which the upper end is connected through a hinge with a lever, and the float actuator is fixed in guides, rigidly fixed with the upper end to the mechanism for changing the position of the float actuator in the form of a screw nut with a lock.

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