RU2626377C1 - Method electric machine of radial motion operation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: electric machine of radial motion generates the electric power on the basis of use of the magnetohydrodynamic effect arising at interaction of a stream of water, electrolytes, a conducting liquid with an external magnetic field. The electric radial motion machine comprises a body, permanent magnets and working channels with an electrically conductive moving mass with a number of channels greater than two in which electromagnetic and electromotive forces are created by interacting with a constant magnetic field. The working channels are radially located between the permanent magnets, are made tapering toward the central axis and are provided with external bridges connecting them in series. As a body, a cylindrical magnetic circuit is used with an inlet and an outlet for an electrically conductive moving mass. Two ring and one disk permanent magnets are located inside the housing with the possibility of placing working channels between them. The electrodes are obliquely located on the inside of each working channel and are insulated with insulating inserts of a polymeric material with a high triboelectric capacity and an internal variable cross section.

EFFECT: efficiency upgrading.

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Description

The invention relates to a method for directly converting the flows of liquids and gases in pipelines into electrical energy, and in particular, to a method for operating an electric radial motion machine, and can be used to power sensors and instruments installed on pipelines in remote areas for centralized power supply and remote areas of oil production and oil -gas pumping and transmitting information on measured parameters. An electric radial motion machine (EMRE) generates electricity based on the use of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect that occurs when the flow of water, electrolytes, a conductive fluid with an external magnetic field interacts.

MHD generation (MHD) is the generation of electrical energy by directly converting the energy of a flow of a working fluid (an electrically conductive medium) moving in an external magnetic field. The essence of the phenomenon is that when the working medium moves in a magnetic field, an electric current is induced (induced) in it. This is a manifestation of the effect of deflection of charged particles to the electrodes in a magnetic field under the action of the Lorentz force, which is the product of the charge q and the vector product of the flow velocity v and the magnetic induction of field B according to the formula:

The charges accumulating on the electrodes create an electric field E ^/ forming a current, which is described by Ohm's law, which establishes a connection between the current and electric and magnetic fields. In the absence of the Hall effect, it has the form:

The proportionality coefficient σ between j and E 'is the electrical conductivity of the medium.

But in some environments (liquids, gases, semiconductors), the Hall effect may occur. Indeed, under the influence of the field, electrons e with density n _e (the number of electrons per unit volume) will still move relative to the medium with an average speed v _e , creating an additional electric current with density j _e = (- e) n _e v _e . The total velocity e will be (v + v _e ), while it can be assumed that the ion velocity is negligible and v _i = 0 due to their large mass. The total force acting on the electron by the electric and magnetic fields will be:

Due to this force F _{e, the} electron moves and experiences collisions with surrounding particles and ions. The force F ^/ _e acting on an electron moving due to collisions is directed against its speed and will be greater, the greater the electron mass m _e , the relative velocity v _e and the number of collisions ν _e per unit time: F ^/ _e = -m _e v _e ν _e = -m _e v _e / τ _e , where τ _e is the time between its collisions with other particles. In the steady state process, F _e = F ^/ _e and

Substituting v _e = (- j / en _c ) in level (4), using the relation σ = е ² n _c τ _e / m _e and taking into account that еВ / m _с = ω _е is the cyclotron frequency of rotation of an electron in a magnetic field In, we obtain the value of the induced current J with the parameter β = ω _e τ _e according to the generalized Ohm's law:

[Special electric machines: textbook. manual for universities / ed. A.I. Bertinova; ed. Bookinist, 1982. 72].

For MHD generation, Faraday MHD generators are usually used, in which the upper and lower walls of the channel are solid conductive electrodes, and the side walls are non-conductive. The magnetic system creates a magnetic field B in the channel. If the electrodes are closed to a passive electric circuit with an ohmic load, and the working medium (electrolyte, water, gas, plasma) moves in the channel under external influence, an electromotive force (EMF) ε appears on the conductive electrodes, similar to that which occurs in an electromechanical generator when the conductor moves in a transverse magnetic field, and the voltage at the electrodes will be U = E _z ⋅h, where h is the channel height.

If we accept a coordinate system in which the working fluid flow is directed along the x axis and the magnetic induction vector is along the y axis, then the induced electric voltage E = v × B (EMF per unit length) is directed along the z axis. But if the electrodes are solid, then with significant values of the Hall parameter β≥1, the Hall effect can occur, which consists in the fact that in the transverse magnetic field B _the current density vector j rotates through an angle with respect to the electric voltage vector E _z . Its longitudinal (along the flow direction) component j _x will be closed through solid electrodes and will become useless. This can be avoided if the electrodes are made partitioned - to collect from separate electrode sections isolated from each other, and when each section is connected to a separate load. In this case, j _x = 0 and the current in the channel has only component j _z , but this means the loss of a significant part of j. The disadvantages of sectioned MGDG include the complexity of the electrical circuit due to the large number of independent loads and low output voltage.

Thus, in the method of operation of MGDG there is a problem of low efficiency associated with the influence of the Hall effect, the design and complexity of the electrical circuit, as well as low conductivity when the working medium is liquid and gas. In the method of operation of MHD, the Hall effect (β≥1) can be manifested, namely, in the transverse magnetic field, the current density vector j rotates through an angle θ with respect to the vector E and j becomes ineffective, since with increasing β the longitudinal component j _x it closes through the electrodes and turns out to be useless; moreover, due to the presence of one channel, the MHD gives an insufficient EMF value ε, especially when water, gas, and other working media with a low electrical conductivity σ are used as the working medium. That is, there is a need to increase the number of channels and the time the fields affect the working environment in one MGDG. In accordance with equation (2), to increase the current density j, it is necessary to increase the electrical conductivity of the working medium.

The solution to the problem of the low efficiency of the MGDG operation method is seen in the following.

1. Instead of fighting the Hall current with β≥1, you can use it to generate electrical power. To do this, it is rational to use a channel consisting of conductive mutually isolated frames with a shift Δ connected by diagonal jumpers - the so-called diagonal conductive MGDG. In the diagonal MGDG, the conducting frames are inclined to the channel axis at an angle θ:

[Special electric machines: textbook. manual for universities / ed. A.I. Bertinova; ed. Bookinist, 1982. 510, fig. 12.5, 12.6]. In it, the first and last frames are closed to the load R _H , i.e. with β≥1, the longitudinal Hall current with the help of the frames at the input and output also closes through the load.

Each transverse layer of the channel in it is an elementary generator in which the current coincides in direction with the transverse induced electric field E _ν = v × V. In this case, the Coulomb electric field E will be directed perpendicular to the inclined planes of the frames, since they are equipotential surfaces and the total electric field will be E '= E + v × V.

:Changing the angle of inclination θ of the frames, you can change the direction of E, E 'and j. At a certain optimal value of the angle θ, the current density j in the EPM has only a transverse component. This makes it possible to obtain significantly higher voltages at the channel output than that of the Faraday MGDG. Indeed, for conductive diagonal MGDG with a channel length

:

раз выше, чем у фарадеевского, поскольку появляется возможность использовать и длину

канала. Для типичных значений β=1÷2 и

эта разница может быть более чем десятикратной. К другим преимуществам диагонального МГДГ относится простота внешней электрической цепи и устойчивость работы из-за отсутствия поперечных электромагнитных сил.(for the Faraday MGDG, U = E _z ⋅h), i.e. at tgθ = β, the voltage of the diagonal MHD is

times higher than that of Faraday, because it becomes possible to use the length

channel. For typical values β = 1 ÷ 2 and

this difference can be more than tenfold. Other advantages of diagonal MGDG include the simplicity of the external electrical circuit and the stability of operation due to the absence of transverse electromagnetic forces.

The specific power of the conductive diagonal MGDG will be:

where k _z = E _z / v _x B _y = U / ε is the load coefficient, E _z , v _x , B _y are the components of E, v, and B on the z, x, and y coordinate axes, and ε is the EMF of the Faraday MGDG. Thus, the generator power increases with increasing σ, v ² and В ² , and the choice of the angle of inclination of the jumpers (frames) will provide maximum efficiency due to the growth of j _z and Е _z . The diagonal conductive MHD is similar to a set of elementary current sources connected in series using diagonal jumpers.

2. An increase in the number of MGDG channels and, correspondingly, a multiple increase in EMF according to formula (7), when water, gas, and other working media with low specific electrical conductivity σ are used as the working medium, can be achieved by using an electric radial machine, in which an increase in the number radial channels.

3. An increase in the useful current density j can be achieved by increasing the electrical conductivity σ of the working medium due to the well-known triboelectric effect, when due to the friction of the working medium on the dielectric surface, electric charges (amber) appear on it, carried away by the moving medium and increasing its conductivity.

The analogue is the method of operation of the magnetohydrodynamic generator according to the RF patent for the invention No. 2456735 C1, IPC H02K 44/08, H02K 44/12, 238.01.2011, in which the MHD has channels for the electrically conductive medium, made in the form of nozzles facing perpendicular to the axis of the generator, and a magnetic pole system that provides magnetic flux in the channel zone, the number of channels being a multiple of four, the channels are connected in series, and the expanding and contracting regions of the channels are located symmetrically with respect to the MHD axis and are directed towards this axis a tapering and expanding part.

A disadvantage of the analogue is the low efficiency of the EMR due to the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field and the decrease in the field in the expanding areas of the channels.

The prototype is the method of operation of the electric radial motion machine according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2346378 C1, IPC H02K 44/02, H02K 44/08, H02K 44/12, 10.23.2007, according to which the electric radial movement machine (EMRE) consists of a housing made of two sections of pipes - internal and external, covering twelve channels, tapering from the outer pipe to the inner one.

Between the channels are permanent magnets that create magnetic flux in the channels. As a result of the interaction of the current flowing through the channels with the flow of liquid metal, an EMF is induced in the channels, while the EMF contains a cylindrical inductor for creating a magnetic flux and a channel with an electrically conductive moving mass, in which electromagnetic and electromotive forces are created in interaction with the magnetic field, and the channels are radially located between the sources of the magnetic field of the inductor and made tapering towards the central axis of the machine.

The disadvantage of the prototype is the low efficiency of the EMR due to the large number of permanent magnets that create a large hydrodynamic resistance to the flow of the working fluid, which leads to an increase in pressure at the inlet of the EMR.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method of operating an electric radial motion machine, which eliminates the disadvantages of the analogue and prototype.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the electric radial motion machine by eliminating the heterogeneity of the magnetic field, reducing the hydrodynamic resistance by reducing the number of permanent magnets, and also by expanding the range of work on working environments with low conductivities by increasing charge carriers, simplifying the circuitry of the electric circuit.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of operation of an electric radial motion machine comprising a housing, permanent magnets and working channels with an electrically conductive moving mass with more than two channels, in which electromagnetic and electromotive forces are created in conjunction with a constant magnetic field, while the working channels are radially located between the permanent magnets and are made tapering towards the central axis of the machine, and the working channels with electrodes are equipped with external jumpers connecting them in series, according to the invention, a cylindrical magnetic circuit with input and output openings for an electrically conductive moving mass is used as a housing, two ring and one disk permanent magnets located inside the housing with the possibility of placing working channels between them are used as permanent magnets, as electrodes use electrodes inclined from the inside of each working channel and insulated with polymer insulating inserts material with high triboelectric ability and an internal variable cross-section, wherein the flow of electrically conductive moving mass enters the housing through the inlet, moves along working channels with inclined electrodes in radial directions to the periphery of the housing, and is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the first annular and with permanent disk magnets, then the electrically conductive moving mass reverses the flow direction along working channels with inclined electrodes it moves from the periphery to the center, is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the disk and second ring permanent magnets, then the electrically conductive moving mass exits through the outlet, and from the electrodes throughout all working channels due to the triboelectric effect of insulating inserts made of polymer material with high triboelectric ability and internal variable cross-section receive additional charges, and at the terminal extreme opposite-polarity output terminals of the induction The electric potential is shorted, which is closed to the load.

The invention is illustrated by the drawings EMRE, which implements the proposed method of work. In FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. Figure 3 shows the EMR design in different projections and two working channels.

The numbers in FIG. 1, 2 and 3 are indicated:

1 - housing

2 - inlet for conductive rolling mass,

3 - outlet for conductive rolling mass,

4 - the first annular permanent magnet,

5 - the second annular permanent magnet,

6 - disk permanent magnet

7, 8 - working channels,

9 - inclined electrodes,

10 - insulating inserts of a polymeric material with high triboelectric ability and internal variable cross-section,

11 - extreme bipolar output terminals,

12 - load

13 - external jumpers.

The radial electric machine comprises a housing 1, permanent magnets and working channels 7, 8 with an electrically conductive moving mass (EPM) with more than two channels in which electromagnetic and electromotive forces are created in conjunction with a constant magnetic field, with working channels 7 and 8 are radially located between the permanent magnets and are made tapering towards the central axis of the machine, and the working channels 7 and 8 with the electrodes 9 are equipped with external jumpers 13 connecting them in series.

A distinctive feature of the proposed method of operation of an electric radial motion machine is that a cylindrical magnetic circuit with input 2 and output 3 openings for the EPM is used as case 1, two ring 4, 5 and one disk 6 permanent magnets located inside the case are used as permanent magnets 1 with the possibility of placing working channels 7 and 8 between them, electrodes 9 use electrodes inclined from the inside of each working channel 7, 8 and isolated interconnecting insulating inserts 10 of a polymeric material with high triboelectric ability and an internal variable cross-section, while the EPM stream enters the housing 1 through the inlet 2, moves along the working channels 7 with inclined electrodes 9 in radial directions to the periphery of the housing 1 and undergoes a constant magnetic field created by the first ring 4 and disk 6 permanent magnets, then the EPM changes the direction of flow in the opposite direction and through the working channels 8 with inclined electrodes 9 moves from the periphery to the center, is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the disk 6 and the second annular 5 permanent magnets, then the EPM exits through the outlet 3, while from the electrodes 9 throughout all the working channels 7 and 8 due to the triboelectric effect of the insulating inserts 10 of the polymer material with a high triboelectric ability and an internal variable cross-section, additional charges arrive, and an electric induction is induced at the terminal extreme opposite-pole output terminals 11 potential which is shorted to load 12.

Thus, a distinctive feature of the proposed method of operation EMR is that:

magnetic field lines of permanent magnets 4, 5 and 6 are closed through a ferromagnetic case 1 transformer ("pot") type, increasing the value of the magnetic field induction;

The EPM carries out radial movement along the working channels 7 from the axis of the housing 1 and the working channels 8 from the periphery to the axis of the housing 1, doubling the distance and time of exposure to the magnetic field for each pair of channels and many times with a larger number of channels;

two ring 4, 5 and one flat 6 permanent magnets create a uniform magnetic field in the area of the working channels 7 and 8, increasing the efficiency of the EMR due to the maximum equally uniform current distribution between all electrodes 9 along the entire length of the working channels 7 and 8;

the diagonal arrangement of the electrodes 9, the inclination angle θ of which is selected depending on the Hall parameter β through the equation tgθ = h / Δ = β, eliminates the deviation of the generated current from the induced electric field;

external jumpers 13 connecting the end electrodes in the channels sequentially increase the total potential of the electrodes 9;

insulating inserts 10 of a polymeric material with high triboelectric ability increase the electrical conductivity σ of the electrically conductive moving mass;

extreme bipolar output terminals 11 close the total potential of the electrodes 9 to the load 12.

The method of operation of an electric radial motion machine is implemented as follows.

The EPM flow enters the housing 1 through the inlet 2, moves along the working channels 7 with internal inclined electrodes 9 in radial directions to the periphery of the housing, and is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the first ring 4 and disk 6 permanent magnets, then the EPM changes direction the opposite flow and through working channels 8 with internal inclined electrodes 9 moves from the periphery to the center, is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the disk 6 and the second ring with 5 permanent magnets, the inclined electrodes 9 in the working channels are isolated by polymer inserts 10, from which additional charges are supplied throughout the channels due to the triboelectric effect, an electric potential is induced at the terminal extreme opposite-pole output terminals 11, which is closed to the load 12, then the EPM goes out through the outlet 3.

и высотой канала (расстоянием между электродами) h=0.01 м, то согласно формуле (4) при магнитном поле В=1 Тл, проводимости 1/σ жидкости не менее 5⋅10^-5 См⋅м, скорости потока v=12 м/с, между электродами в каналах возникнет ЭДС ε=160 мВ.If you use a diagonal conductive MGDG with a length

and the channel height (distance between the electrodes) h = 0.01 m, then according to formula (4) with a magnetic field of B = 1 T, the conductivity of 1 / σ of the liquid is at least 5⋅10 ^-5 S⋅m, the flow velocity is v = 12 m / s, between the electrodes in the channels an emf of ε = 160 mV will occur.

м и h=0.01, постоянном эффекте Холла β=2, отношении длины к высоте

и последовательном соединении электродов, получим ЭДС ε=32 В.If there are 32 radial working channels (16 × 2) in the EMRE using the design of FIG. 1-3, with the same values of the parameters of the working channels

m and h = 0.01, constant Hall effect β = 2, ratio of length to height

and a series connection of the electrodes, we obtain the emf ε = 32 V.

In the proposed method of operation, the EMF generated by the EMF is 200 times higher than the value of the EMF of single-channel diagonal MHD with the same parameters.

Thus, the use of the invention will improve the efficiency of EMR by eliminating the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, reducing the hydrodynamic resistance by reducing the number of permanent magnets, and also by expanding the range of work on working environments with low conductivities by increasing charge carriers, simplifying the circuitry of the electrical circuit.

Claims (1)

The method of operation of an electric radial motion machine comprising a housing, permanent magnets and working channels with an electrically conductive moving mass with more than two channels, in which electromagnetic and electromotive forces are created in cooperation with a constant magnetic field, while the working channels are radially located between the permanent magnets and are made tapering towards the central axis of the machine, and the working channels with the electrodes are equipped with external jumpers connecting them in series, distinguishing I mean that a cylindrical magnetic circuit with inlet and outlet openings for an electrically conductive moving mass is used as a housing, two ring and one disk permanent magnets located inside the housing with the possibility of placing working channels between them are used as permanent magnets, electrodes are used as electrodes, inclined from the inside of each working channel and insulated with insulating inserts made of polymer material with a high triboelectric feature and an internal variable cross-section, while the flow of the electrically conductive moving mass enters the housing through the inlet, moves along the working channels with inclined electrodes in radial directions to the periphery of the housing, and is exposed to a constant magnetic field created by the first ring and disk permanent magnets, then the electrically conductive moving mass reverses the flow direction and moves from the periphery to the center along working channels with inclined electrodes, undergoes I am exposed to a constant magnetic field created by a disk and a second annular permanent magnet, then the electrically conductive moving mass exits through the outlet, and from the electrodes throughout the working channels due to the triboelectric effect of the insulating inserts of a polymeric material with high triboelectric ability and an internal variable cross-section additional charges arrive, and an electric potential is induced at the end extreme bipolar output terminals ut on load.

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