RU2621261C1 - Method for growing fruit plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: in the method, when growing fruit trees, crowns are formed by bending branches at a level not exceeding the height of the snow cover. Wherein the crown formation is carried out by means of installing a light-permeable coating over a seedling.

EFFECT: method allows to eliminate the injury to bent branches, the "polarity" effect manifestation, rotting-out of bark, drying of the aerial tree part and the impact on fruit buds of the frost return.

2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to fruit growing.

Currently, the cultivation of most fruit crops, especially such as peach, apricot, plum, cherry, is concentrated in regions with a warm climate. Existing varieties are still unsuitable for cultivation in central Russia and in Siberia. If the cultivation of some large-fruited varieties of apple and pear is possible due to their formation in the creeping form (V.A. Potapov, V.V. Faustov, F.N. Pilshchikov and others. Fruit growing: Edited by V.A. Potapov, F. N. Pilshchikova. - M .: Kolos, 2000. - 432, see p. 308), the cultivation of most southern crops in cold regions encounters many obstacles. Many modern varieties of southern cultures, especially peach, have high frost resistance, up to minus 40 ° and more, but at the same time they have low winter hardiness. Existing varieties of southern cultures have high growth power and therefore in the middle zone of Russia and Siberia do not have time to get lumber by the fall and freeze at the very first frost. The bark of southern fruit trees, especially during their entry into fruiting, has the ability to dissolve during thaws. Almost all southern cultures do not tolerate return frosts well, after the first thaw, the plants lose their hardening, and in the conditions of a protracted spring, the buds of the trees awaken, but the roots still do not function, which leads to the drying of whole branches, or even the entire trunk. Growing in the creeping form of southern cultures with a high growth force is difficult due to the high fragility and fragility of their branches. In addition, all plants, and especially southern ones, are characterized by the so-called “polarity”, when the buds located in the uppermost part of the plant are first awakened. Therefore, if it is possible to bend the branch without damaging it, then the bend of the branch will be at its highest level and it is at the bend that new buds will awaken and continue to grow upward, and the end of the branch bent down can completely stop its growth and development.

A known method of forming the crown of trees by cutting the bent branches, taken by us as an analogue (V.A. Potapov, V.V. Faustov, F.N. Pilshchikov and others. Fruit growing: Edited by V.A. Potapov, F.N. Pilshchikova. - M.: Kolos, 2000, see p. 286, third paragraph above). To implement this method on a branch intended for bending, perform up to 7-9 transverse cuts with a depth of not less than half its diameter. Then they bend it so that the bark of the neighboring cuts is completely closed, and I fix the branch in this position with stretch marks (http://kak-svoimi-rukami.com/images/2015/06/formirovanie-krony.tif).

This method has the following disadvantages. In the midland of Russia and in Siberia, weather conditions may not allow the formation of thick branches intended for bending. Performing cuts followed by fixing the branch is a complex process that requires careful execution of all operations.

There is a known method of crown formation, which we adopted as a prototype, in which branches with thickness and flexibility are bent, allowing this operation to be performed with them (Sergey Makeev. Formation, grafting and pruning of trees and shrubs. - Publisher: RIPOL classic. Year of publication: 2013, p. 43, 44, 45, figures 23, 24).

However, this method also has disadvantages. Some fruit, such as apple trees, allow you to perform such operations once during the summer season, as they have high strength and flexibility. Fruit trees that have high fragility of branches, such as peach, require repeated repetition of this operation, in which, first, the branches are bent at a small angle, and then after a while, when the branch "gets used" to this position, it is bent again and so on, until the branch reaches the desired position. In addition, the property of polarity will primarily cause shoots to wake up and grow from buds located exactly in the places of bends. Permanent removal of these shoots will only weaken the tree. Even if it is possible to arrange the branches of the tree at a level not exceeding the height of the snow cover that will save the tree from winter frosts, then after a few years, when the tree’s bark becomes rough, it will become prone to evaporation, which will lead to the death of the tree. In addition to bark extinction, the tree is also threatened by the drying of the aerial parts in the early spring and the death of fruit buds from return frosts. These threats to fruit trees are characteristic precisely in the conditions of central Russia and in Siberia.

The technical task is to develop a method for forming the crown of fruit trees, excluding trauma to bent branches, the manifestation of the effect of "polarity", bark aging, drying of the aerial part of the tree, the effect of return frosts on the fruit buds, as well as reducing labor costs.

The task is achieved in that after planting a seedling above it at a height not exceeding, in a given area, the level of snow cover, a light-permeable coating is established with a strength sufficient to counteract and bend the growing and abutting tree branches. As it grows, the growing branches abut against a translucent coating and bend naturally, taking a horizontal position.

The claimed method differs from the prototype in that when growing trees according to the proposed method, the folds of the branches are lower than the branch itself, which eliminates the manifestation of “polarity” and bud growth at the bend of the branch. The growth of a branch in this position is somewhat slowed down, but the nutrients arrive in an amount sufficient for its development and subsequent fruiting. At the same time, the growth of the so-called fattening shoots, the wood of which, as a rule, does not have time to ripen and lignify, is excluded. In horizontally located branches, the growth process ends 15-20 days earlier (http://villa-master.ru/dlja-chego-nuzhno-sgibanie-i-naklon-vetvej/). In the fall, the snow that falls covers the shelter along with the tree below it, protecting it, thus, from frost and winds. The fallen snow forms snow walls on the sides of the shelter, and there is practically no snow inside the shelter near the trunk, which leads to easy freezing of the soil and excludes the contact of the trunk with snow and subsequent bark melting. As you know, many southern fruit trees are better able to tolerate winter if their trunk is covered with gravel or an inverted empty barrel is placed next to it to freeze the soil. In winter, the branch will be protected from the severity of snow and will not break. In the early spring, the soil warms up faster under a translucent shelter and thaws, which will prevent the possible drying of the aerial part of the tree, since the roots of the plant will begin to function earlier. In the spring, a translucent coating will protect the fruit buds of the tree from return frosts. Care of the tree will consist mainly in the usual pruning of thickening shoots.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the following description and the attached graphic material. In FIG. 1 shows one of the possible variants of the device for implementing the claimed method, a side view, where 1 is the trunk of a fruit tree, 2 is a branch (shoots) of a fruit tree, 3 is a translucent coating, 4 is a support for a translucent coating. In FIG. 2 is a top view. The design of the device can have a wide variety of designs and can be made of any materials. The main conditions for the implementation of the proposed method are: the coating installed above the fruit tree must be translucent, placed at a height not exceeding the level of snow cover, the supports of the translucent coating must be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the wind and the severity of snow in the winter.

As practice has shown, a translucent coating can be made of a wide variety of materials: glass, plastic and even a plastic film. Preference should be given to cellular polycarbonate, since the glass is expensive and fragile, and the plastic film is poorly preserved in the winter.

Claims (1)

A method of growing fruit trees, including forming a crown by bending branches at a level not exceeding the height of the snow cover, characterized in that the formation of the crown is carried out by installing a translucent coating over the seedling.

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