RU2616672C2 - Method for improvement of soil structuring - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves preliminary application to the soil surface of structure-forming addition - nano sapropel in the amount of 60-100 kg per 1 ha of the crop area, plowing, harrowing and cultivation.

EFFECT: increased particle proportion, ensuring for soil fertility, of the structural factor while maintaining or slightly increasing the water stability factor.

1 tbl, 12 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of preparation of soil cover for growing various crops and can be implemented in agriculture.

There is a method of increasing the structure of the soil by pre-applying to its surface structure-forming additives - ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol, plowing, harrowing and cultivation [1]. The disadvantage of this known method is the relatively low proportion of those soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility, namely with a size of (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as a low structural coefficient. In addition, this organic preparation may not be completely processed in the soil over time and accumulate in it, while creating undesirable consequences for growing crops.

There is also a method of increasing the structure of the soil by pre-applying to its surface a structure-forming additive - sapropel, plowing, harrowing and cultivation [2]. The disadvantage of this method, which, in terms of the combination of operations and the technical effect achieved by using it, is closest to the object we are declaring and therefore selected as a prototype, is also the relatively low proportion of soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility, namely, size (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as a relatively low structural coefficient.

The aim of this invention is to increase the proportion of those soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility and increase the structural coefficient.

The declared goal is achieved by the fact that in the known method of increasing the structure of the soil by pre-applying to the surface of the structure-forming additives, plowing, harrowing and cultivation [2] as a structure-forming additive, nanosapropel is used, which is applied to the soil in an amount of (60-100) kg per 1 ha of sown area. As a result of using the inventive method, the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility increases by 15-20%, the structural coefficient - by 30-40% compared with those for the prototype method [2].

So far, the literature has not described any way to increase the structure of the soil, where nanosapropel or any natural mineral with a nanostructured level of organization of the substance would be used as a structure-forming additive. This fact allows us to assume that the claimed object meets the first of the criteria of the invention established by the legislation of the Russian Federation - novelty. A comparison of the known features of the prototype method [2] and the distinguishing features characterizing our claimed object (replacement of the structure-forming additive used in the prototype — natural sapropel containing micro and macro particles with sizes of the order of 1 μm or more, by nanosapropel containing nanoparticles with sizes less than 100 nm), does not allow to predict a priori the appearance of new properties in comparison with the prototype, namely, an increase in the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility and the structural coefficient (for practical Ski constant water-resistance coefficient). This fact allows us to conclude that the claimed object does not explicitly follow from the level well-known in the art and, therefore, meets the second criteria criterion of the invention — inventive step. Finally, the structure-forming additive used in our method is very simple in its composition, the preparation of both itself and the nanosapropel used in it is easily feasible on an industrial scale and, therefore, its practical use is also feasible without any problems; therefore, the claimed by us object also meets the third criteria criterion of the invention - industrial applicability.

The use of the proposed method is illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1 (preparation of additives)

Natural sapropel from the bottom sediment of Lake Beloe (Tukaevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan) is crushed into flour and mixed with distilled or deionized (desalted) water at the rate of 20 g of sapropel per 100 ml of water. The resulting mixture is sonicated in an ultrasonic disperser UZU-0.25 with a power of 80 W at a frequency of 18.5 kHz with an oscillation amplitude of an ultrasonic waveguide of 5 μm for (5-20) minutes at room temperature, resulting in a water-sapropel suspension with particle sizes of sapropel from 5 to 100 nm. The nanosapropel suspension thus prepared is then used for use as an additive in the soil.

Example 2

The structure-forming additive indicated in Example 1 is applied to the soil surface — nanosapropel in the form of a suspension at the rate of 300 l (i.e. 60 kg of nanosapropel) per 1 ha of sown area, after which it is plowed, harrowed and cultivated using a traditional method. Then, the content of aggregates of a certain size is determined by the so-called method. “Dry” aggregate analysis, and water-resistant aggregates - by the so-called method. “Wet” aggregate analysis in accordance with the method described in [3]. In the framework of the first of these methods, a sample of 1 kg is taken from a sample of the air-dried soil prepared above, sieved in portions through a sieve column with a diameter of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm, avoiding with strong shaking. As a result of this procedure, the soil is divided into fractions with particle sizes> 10, 10-7, 7-5, 5-3, 3-2, 2-1, 1-0.5, 0.5-0.25 and <0 , 25 mm. Each fraction is weighed on a technochemical balance and its mass fraction is calculated as a percentage of the mass of the soil sample taken for analysis. In the framework of the second method, an average weight of 50 g is collected from individual fractions of aggregates obtained by dry sieving, for which a weight in g of numerically equal to half the percentage of this fraction in the soil is taken from each fraction on a technological chemical balance. Moreover, the fraction with a particle size <0.25 mm is not included in the average sample, so as not to clog the lower sieves during sieving. Next, they make up a set of 6 screens with holes from 5 to 3, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm in diameter from the top to the bottom, fasten them and place them in a water tank so that there is a layer of water above the side of the top screen 5-6 cm. A cylinder with a sample of soil is filled with water for 2/3 of the volume and left to stand for 10 minutes, after which it is added to the top with water. After that, it is covered with a watch glass, tilted to a horizontal position and placed vertically. This procedure is repeated twice until the air is completely removed from the soil. Then the cylinder is closed with a stopper and kept in this position until the bulk of the soil aggregates fall down, after which it is turned over and waiting until the soil reaches the bottom. The described process is repeated 10 times until the destruction of fragile aggregates. Then, the bottom to the top of the cylinder is transferred to a set of screens and open the cylinder plug under water. The soil transferred to the sieve is sieved under water: a set of sieves is lifted under water without exposing soil clumps on the upper sieve, and lowered down with a quick movement. After 2-3 seconds, repeat the movement. After 10 shakes, remove the top two sieves and continue to shake the bottom three sieves five more times. The aggregates remaining on the sieves are washed off with a stream of water from the wash bowl into large porcelain cups. After the soil aggregates have settled to the bottom of the cups, excess water is carefully drained from the cups and the soil aggregates are transferred to pre-weighed small porcelain cups for drying in a water bath to an air-dry state, and then weighed on a technical balance. The mass of each fraction of aggregates in grams is multiplied by 2 (since the calculation is made per 100 g of soil, and 50 are taken for analysis) and the percentage of water-resistant aggregates in the soil is obtained. The content of the fraction less than 0.25 mm is determined by the difference: 100% - Σ of all fractions> 0.25 mm, in%. The results for determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, namely with sizes in the range (0.25-10.0 mm), as well as structural and water strength factors for this case are presented in Table 1.

Example 3

Carried out as Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 80 kg of nanosapropel (i.e. 400 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. Data for determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for this case are also given in Table 1.

Example 4

Carried out as in Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 100 kg of nanosapropel (i.e. 500 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. For information on the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for the case under consideration, see Table 1.

Example 5 (comparative)

Perform as Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 20 kg of nanosapropel (i.e. 100 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. Indicators of the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for this case, see Table 1.

Example 6 (comparative)

Perform as Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 120 kg of nanosapropel (i.e. 600 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, the structural coefficient and water resistance for such a case are also shown in Table 1.

Example 7 (prototype [2])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of sapropel into the soil at the rate of 30 tons per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). Information on the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are presented in Table 1.

Example 8 (prototype [2])

They are carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of sapropel at the rate of 45 tons per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). Data on determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are presented in Table 1.

Example 9 (comparative, prototype [2])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of sapropel into the soil at the rate of 80 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, the structural coefficient and water resistance for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 10 (similar to [1])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol into the soil at the rate of 12 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The values of the fraction of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength coefficients for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 11 (comparative, similar to [1])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol into the soil at the rate of 20 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 12 (control)

They are carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but no additives are introduced into the soil. Data on determining the fraction of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

As can be seen from the data shown in Table 1, when using the method we are proposing, there is a significant improvement in indicators that determine the degree of soil structure, namely, a significant increase in the proportion of particles with sizes in the range (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as the structural coefficient at practically unchanged or even slightly better coefficient of water resistance compared to those for the prototype method [2]. The amount of nanosapropel required to achieve the goal is 300-500 times less than the amount of sapropel used in the prototype method [2]. In this regard, we note that the range of nanosapropel amounts claimed by us per 1 ha of sown area, namely (15.0-25.0) kg, is significant and, when going beyond its lower border, the indicated technical effect decreases, when going beyond the upper border, essentially excessive consumption of nanosapropel, because the further growth of the above indicators is stopped (see the data of Examples 2-4 and 5-6).

LITERATURE

1. RF patent No. 2430951 (analogue).

2. T.H. Ishkaev, Sh.A. Aliev, I.A. Yapparov. Agroecological aspects of the integrated use of local raw materials and non-traditional agro-ore in agriculture. Kazan, Center for Innovative Technologies, 2007. S. 191-195 (prototype).

3. V.V. Medvedev. Soil structure (methods, genesis, classification). Kharkov, Publ. "13 typography", 2008. S. 402-405.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the structure of the soil by preliminarily applying a structure-forming additive to the surface, plowing, harrowing and cultivation, characterized in that nanosapropel is applied as a structure-forming additive, which is applied to the soil surface in an amount of 60-100 kg per 1 ha of sown area.