RU2610130C1 - Method of pest and microorganisms control on plants via heat treatment - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: heat carrier flow is directed at plants in the process of pests and microorganisms distruction. As the water temperature used with hot air of 50 to 150°C, humidity from 0.01 to 0.15, the exhaust flow rate from 3 to 8 m/s. Act on the crown, foliage and fruits of plants for 1-3 seconds.

EFFECT: destruction of pests on plants and micro-organisms with the help of the flow of hot air.

4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to protect plants from pests and microorganisms.

A known method of plant protection using chemical and biological compounds (AS No. 168085, AS No. 75434). Chemical preparations dichloro - diphenyl-dichloroethane, designed to kill insects and microorganisms, are dissolved in water and applied to plants. The death of pests occurs due to the effects of chemicals on pests.

The disadvantages of analogues are;

- Dependence on weather conditions and soil contamination. In the rain after treatment, chemicals are washed off and fall into the soil infecting it and the effectiveness of the use of drugs is reduced;

- after application, time is needed for weathering or decomposition of substances harmful to humans;

- pests get used to chemicals, and they cease to act on them.

A known method of supplying energy to a bioobject, including the impact on the object of a directed flow of coolant, which is used saturated steam of water or its solutions with environmentally friendly substances, the flow of saturated steam with a temperature from 80 ° C to 135 ° C and humidity from 0, 01 to 0.99 is fed to the target under pressure (1.01-5.2) 105 Pa with a flow rate of 0.1 to 10 m / s and a coolant flow rate of 0.05 to 3.0 g / s, and the level of exposure to the coolant is determined by the amount of condensed at the facility p ra (cm. analogue characteristic to a specification AS RU № 2177224 A01M1 / 20, A01M21 / 04, F22B27 / 16).

When saturated steam is cooled on the surface of an object, condensation heat of steam and its heat as a heated gas are supplied to it. The first component - the heat of the vapor-liquid phase transition is about twenty times larger than the second component, when the steam, like any gas, is heated to a temperature of 100 ° C at a pressure of 1 atm. During steam condensation at the object, the treated surface heats up to a certain temperature, which depends on the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the object and the specific heat flux.

In accordance with the laws of heat transfer on the surface of objects with such specific heat fluxes, a temperature occurs that is approximately equal to the boiling point of the coolant. At the same time, biological objects either die, or vital organs are affected, their viability is suppressed.

The disadvantage of this method are:

- limited use on plants, as it can be used only in early spring, when there is no foliage;

- it is impossible to control the temperature of the condensate, which overheats the plant above 45 ° C and the foliage of the plant dies and burns occur on the branches at the branching points where condensate accumulates.

A common feature of the prototype and the proposed method is the temperature effect on pests of a hot steam stream and hot air, leading to the death of pests.

The objective of the proposed method for the destruction of agricultural pests and microorganisms is to create environmentally friendly, highly effective and non-genetic effects of agricultural pest control technology, which allows to expand the scope and with selectivity of impact.

The technical result is expressed in the destruction of pests and microorganisms on plants by the flow of hot air.

The specified technical result is achieved in that a method of destroying pests and microorganisms on plants by heat treatment of a plant, comprising exposing the object to a directed flow of coolant, characterized in that, as a coolant, a stream of hot air with a temperature of from 50 to 150 ° C, humidity from 0 is used , 01 to 0.15, the flow rate from 3 to 8 m / s, and the duration of exposure to the object from 1 to 3 seconds.

The method of destroying pests and microorganisms on plants by heat treatment with a hot air stream is characterized in that;

- heat treatment is carried out by dry air flow;

- air heat treatment does not create condensate (the main difference), and therefore, does not overheat the plant above 45 ° C and the foliage does not die;

- Unlimited use on plants as it can be used all year round;

- the destruction of pests is carried out by a stream of hot air, not steam.

This result is achieved in that the destruction of pests and microorganisms on plants is carried out by a directed heat carrier flow, which provides for the death of insects and microorganisms using a hot heat stream, characterized in that the death of insects and microorganisms occurs from the critical temperature effect of a hot air heat stream.

The method is based on a short-term high-temperature effect of a hot air heat flow on the crown, foliage and fruits of plants. Short-term temperature exposure does not damage the plant, but instantly destroys pests and microorganisms. The active life of insects occurs at a temperature of 10 to 35 ° C. The upper threshold for the development of insects does not exceed 40 ° C. An increase in temperature from the optimum point has a sharp effect on microorganisms. Heating above the temperature maximum leads to the rapid death of microbes. The cause of death of microorganisms during heating is mainly the coagulation of protein substances of the cell and the destruction of enzymes. Experiments with plant leaves show that the temperature at 47 ° C is extreme. At the same time, the analysis of experimental data shows a large amplitude of lethal temperatures for leaves in different species of woody plants from +45 to +80 С. Therefore, the temperature of the hot air stream and the processing speed of the plant should not heat the leaves above a temperature of about 45 ° C.

To determine the resistance of plants to heat treatment, we tested a number of plants growing in the garden and in the garden by the degree of resistance to high temperatures. The most stable of them were identified, which is very important for creating heat treatment schemes. For testing, 6 fresh leaves from various tree species were taken, wrapping the ends of the petioles in wet cotton wool, foil, and all the leaves were placed temporarily in cellophane. If the leaves are exposed to high temperature and then immersed in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, the damaged and dead cells will turn brown due to the free penetration of acid into them, which will cause the conversion of chlorophyll into pheophytin (brown), while the intact cells will remain green. In plants with acidic cell sap, pheophytinization can occur without treatment with hydrochloric acid, because in case of violation of the semi-permeability of the tonoplast, organic acids penetrate from the cell juice into the cytoplasm and displace magnesium from the chlorophyll molecule. Leaves were fastened with clothespins to the rope and exposed to them with hot air at a temperature of 80 ° C and 150 ° C for 1, 2, and 3 seconds. The obtained 6 test leaves, treated with the solution as described above, determined, by their color, the allowable temperature and the heat treatment rate of the plant.

For example, it is necessary to destroy white aphids on tomatoes, it was determined that the tomato leaf withstands a stream of hot air of 80 ° C for 2 seconds. We set the air supply to 80 ° C and process the sheet from above and below, monitoring the processing speed, which should not be more than 2 seconds.

The proposed method of killing pests can be implemented by various installation options. In FIG. 1 and 2 show the installation, the blower sleeves of which have horizontal and vertical positions for the processing of beds and vertical plants.

The installation consists of a trolley 1, on which a fan 2 and blower sleeves are fixed 3. The blower sleeve of FIG. 3 is made of metal, a metal mesh 5 is installed in the exit zone of the air flow. Inside the casing, heating elements 4 are installed, controlled by a temperature sensor 6 installed externally and maintaining the set temperature of the air flow. To destroy pests on vertical plants, for example, on tomatoes tied to vertical ropes, the installation is placed in the aisle and the blower sleeves are fixed in a vertical position. On the control panel, the plants regulate the temperature and advance the installation in the row-spacing at a speed determined experimentally. Air flows from the blower hoses with a given temperature are directed to the plants. At least two such installations are installed along plants. After two to three days, if pests are detected on the plant, the treatment is repeated. In order to grow environmentally friendly products, especially in greenhouses, treatment of plants should be carried out regularly at least once every two weeks, preventing pests from reproducing.

In autumn, before digging the beds, they must be treated with a hot stream at a temperature of at least 200 ° C to destroy spores of fungal diseases and pest larvae.

In spring, when positive temperatures are established, it is necessary to treat the crowns of trees and shrubs with a heat stream without heating the trunks and branches above 45 ° C. Processing should be carried out 3-4 times since insects creep onto plants and infect them at different times.

In FIG. 4 shows a manual installation that allows you to process individual plants or plant areas populated by pests. The installation consists of a fan 1, a heating element 2, controlled by a temperature sensor 3 mounted externally and maintaining a predetermined temperature of the air flow. Destruction of pests and microorganisms is carried out by a heat stream with a temperature from 50 to 150 C. (depending on the plant and type of pest), directed to a leaf and crown no closer than 25-40 centimeters lasting from 1 to 3 seconds, moving the source, heat flow and directing it in places of accumulation of pests.

The use of heat fluxes makes it possible to grow environmentally friendly vegetables and fruits, which leads to a general improvement in the population, a decrease in the incidence rate and an increase in average life expectancy.

Claims (1)

A method of destroying pests and microorganisms on plants by heat treatment of a plant, including exposure to an object with a directed flow of coolant, characterized in that the flow of hot air with a temperature of from 50 to 150 ° C, humidity from 0.01 to 0.15, speed is used as a coolant flow expiration from 3 to 8 m / s, and the duration of the impact on the object from 1 to 3 seconds.

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