RU2604922C1 - Method of determining wood resin channels - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: data processing.

SUBSTANCE: method relates to study of anatomical analysis of wood and enables to obtain required information on resin channels of wood. System for determining resin channels presented by present method consists of a universal microscope, web-camera with software, adapter rings, a personal computer, support and "Izmeritel" software. Working material is wood samples in form of cores, which before operations are stained with 4 % potassium permanganate solution to quickly find resin channels in wood. Stained core sample is placed in support and its upper edge is cut with a sharp razor. By means of web-camera installed in microscope lens eyepiece, wood samples are photographed. Images of surface of section of core are stored on personal computer and through "Paint" and "PhotoStitch" software finished image of entire core is formed. Image is loaded through "Izmeritel" software and number of resin channels, section area of working surface of core, as well as parameters of annual layers are measured, then data are stored in an excel file.

EFFECT: method simplifies and increases accuracy of measuring parameters of wood resin channels.

1 cl, 7 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of studying the anatomical study of wood and provides the necessary information on the resin passages of wood.

It is known from the prior art that the basic methods for determining the biometric parameters of resin passages and the anatomical parameters of wood as a whole are microscopic, histochemical and information methods. The microscopic method (optical microscopy method) allows you to study the structure of wood. It consists in the manufacture of very thin transparent sections and their study in transmitted light using an optical microscope. The histochemical method is based on the ability of wood fibers to give a certain color when interacting with specific chemical reagents with any component of the cell wall. The information method allows you to use computers to process material, create databases and makes it possible to visually build research models. The proposed method combines existing methods of studying the anatomy of wood, simplifies and increases the accuracy of obtaining the necessary information.

To study the resinous courses of wood using an electron microscope, direct and indirect methods are used. Direct methods include the method of preparing objects of the required thickness by dispersion and the method of ultra-thin transverse and longitudinal sections, while indirect methods include obtaining the results of measurements of the surface of wood samples.

For microscopic study of resin passages, three sections are used in three mutually perpendicular planes: transverse (perpendicular to the axis of the barrel) and two longitudinal - radial (along the axis of the barrel) and tangential (perpendicular to the radius of the barrel) [Ugolev B.N. Wood science with the basics of forest commodity science: A textbook for forestry universities. Ed. 3rd, rev. and add. - M .: MGUL, 2002. - 340 p.]. To prepare preparations under a microscope, slides and coverslips, dissecting needles, glass droppers, Petri dishes, crystallizers, strainers and filter paper are required. Slides - glass plates of rectangular shape with a size of 75 × 25 mm, a thickness of 1.2 mm. Coverslips - thin glass plates measuring 18 × 18, 20 × 20 mm. Slides and coverslips must be clean, before use they are wiped with a piece of soft tissue, stored in special boxes [N. Kostyukevich. Chemistry of wood: a training manual. SPb .: SPbGLTA, 2010], [Elistratov N.A., Nesterenko V.V., Mokrova M.V., Platonova N.M. The structure of wood: method, decree. to perform laboratory work for students of all specialties and forms of training. SPb. state architect - builds. un-t - SPb., 2010. - 19 s].

The manufacture of wood slices is carried out manually with a sharpened razor. The test sample of cylindrical or rectangular shape is cut from a sample of wood of a tree trunk (saw cut, die cutting). Before cutting, the wood sample is boiled for 30 minutes, and sometimes several hours in water, followed by its transfer to cold water or cooling in the same vessel in which it was boiled. This is necessary to remove air bubbles from the wood and obtain a sample with a certain hardness. Freshly chopped wood in most cases is cut without any preparation, but at the same time it must be kept in water.

For a more contrasting identification of the structural features of the anatomical elements on wood sections before staining them in a particular environment, staining is carried out. Most often, a 1% aqueous solution of safranin or a combination of dyes is used for coloring: safranin and aqueous blue; chrysoidine and water blue or light green. Slices were placed in a dye bath and kept there for 5 minutes, then excess dye was washed with water, glycerin or alcohol.

Prepared preparations are examined using an optical microscope. To obtain a clear image, a glass slide with an object to be studied is placed on a stage and, using a macroscopic screw, move the telescope in height until the object is clearly visible. Then, by means of a micrometer screw, the microscope is mounted so that the preparation can be examined over its entire thickness.

The anatomical structure of wood, including the parameters of resin passages, is examined on a glass subject in three mutually perpendicular planes. On the cross-section, in addition to the main macro- and microstructural parameters of wood (tracheid cells, annual layers, core rays), vertical resinous passages are visible, which, as a rule, are in the late part of the annual layer in the form of whitish dots. In the longitudinal section, vertical resin passages are visible as dark strokes directed along the axis of the tree trunk. Horizontal resin passages passing in the core rays can be detected only under a microscope in a tangential section [Stanko, Y.N. Wood species and major wood defects. Illustrated reference manual for customs officers / Ya.N. Stanko, G.A. Gorbachev; under. ed. N.M. Shmatkova, A.V. Belyakova; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). - M., 2010. - 155 p.].

The problem to be solved by the claimed method is aimed at simplifying and increasing the accuracy of obtaining the necessary information, studying the parameters of the resin paths of the anatomical structure of the wood of the tree trunk.

The problem is solved due to the fact that to study the parameters of the resin courses of wood on the example of Scots pine, cores are used, the collection of which is carried out by drilling with the help of an age drill. A core is a sample of wood extracted from the trunk of a growing tree with a specially designed device (an age drill), while causing minimal damage to the tree and the tree does not experience any serious mechanical damage. The core is a cylindrical shape (column) of wood strong enough to maintain solidity. The quality of the taken core is largely determined by the degree of sharpening of the edge of the screw cutting of the drill. To increase the life of the drill and maintain a high degree of sharpening, it is necessary to avoid the contact of the screw thread and especially its edge with foreign metal objects. At the end of core sampling, the drill should be cleaned of various kinds of inclusions, tar and, if possible, lubricated with machine oil or solid oil. Drilling is performed in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the barrel. A small deviation in drilling from the perpendicular direction is possible when determining the dimensional characteristics of the anatomical parameters of the structure of the wood of the tree trunk (number of resin passages, width of annual rings, width of zones of early and late wood, etc.).

To implement the method for determining the parameters of the resin paths of wood of a tree trunk, on core samples, an experimental measurement system has been developed, consisting of a digital installation and the computer program “Izmeritel" [Certificate of official registration of the computer program No. 2007711593], which allows to increase the accuracy of measurement of resin passages, to reduce the complexity of the process, save and archive research results, create a database of core images for subsequent research in the field of wood science regardless of time and without preservation of natural samples.

The method for determining the resin passages of wood is illustrated by photographs (Fig. 1-7), which are illustrative materials of a particular case of execution, as well as the calculation of the prototype are summarized in tables 1 and 2 and are presented below.

The system consists of a universal microscope, a web-camera with software, adapter rings, a personal computer, a caliper and the “Izmeritel” program (Fig. 1).

The nodal element is a web-camera connected to a computer, which is mounted on the eyepiece of a universal microscope using adapter rings. In this case, the camera matrix should be in the focal plane of the microscope objective. Before starting the camera, you must install the camera software on your computer.

The core sample (Fig. 3) of the test wood is placed on the microscope stage in a special holder (caliper) (Fig. 2), along which the preparation moves along its axis as it is examined, while the transverse orientation of the core is preserved. The image of the surface of the wood cut through the eyepiece lens is transmitted to the web camera, which allows you to get an image of the object and transfer it through the camera software to the computer monitor (Fig. 4). Image quality is determined by the resolution of the camera. Moreover, thanks to the camera software, image correction and its adjustment on the monitor screen can be carried out: contrast, sharpness, increase, etc. To determine the parameters of the resin paths of the wood of the tree trunk, the program “Measuring instrument” was written (Fig. 5).

Working method

The prepared core (Fig. 3) is clamped in a support (Fig. 2), which is fixed to the base of the binocular. Before measuring the core for a certain time (day), it is necessary to withstand in a 4% solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate). As a result of wetting, coloring of wood layers is carried out and vertical resin passages located in the late zone of the annual layer become more noticeable. After staining, the core is fixed in the caliper, and turning it in the clamp along the longitudinal axis, they achieve the best visibility of the resin moves (core side with the maximum number of most noticeable white dots). The top edge of the core is cut with a sharp razor. The cutting area should be smooth, without “scoring” and maximum in size (approximately to the middle of the core), for a visual examination of the maximum number of resin passages. It is advisable to cut off the upper part of the core from the edge of the sample, from the side of the tree bark, since the maximum number of resin passages is located in this particular zone and their number decreases to the core core.

The caliper is moved along its axis manually. The caliper has a scale with marks, with which it is convenient to move it along the base of the binocular. The core image adjustment is carried out on the monitor screen by rotating the focusing screws and the microscope approximation, they begin the process of photographing by moving the core holder along its axis, focusing on the caliper scale marks. Ready photos of core samples must be processed by saving only the central part of the image and cutting out the peripheral part of the photo, focusing on the caliper scale marks. Processing of this kind can be carried out using the universal PC software program “Paint”. Ready samples of the core image are interconnected using the scanning program “PhotoStitch”. The program is in the public domain of the Internet and connects the images horizontally and vertically, which were shot in sections. We open the finished image of the whole core through the “Measurer” program and copy it to the “canvas”. The core image is saved, marked and you can start making measurements by clicking on the "measurement" button and using the "sight" moving the mouse, put a point on the borders of the zones or some element that needs to be measured. When calculating the area of the working surface of the core cut, the length and width of the measurement area are measured (Fig. 6). The number of resin passages on the selected surface is determined by eye-counting them over the entire selected core zone or in each individual annual layer of the studied section. At the end of the measurements, the results are saved by clicking the "save measurements" button on the toolbar and are saved in an excel file, which allows you to work with them in the future. Measurement of parameters of resin passages is carried out with an accuracy of ± 0.1 mm in semi-automatic mode.

Claims (1)

A method for determining resin passages of wood, combining microscopic, histochemical and informational methods of studying wood anatomy, characterized in that as a working material take samples of wood from the tree trunk in the form of cores, which are pre-stained with a 4% solution of potassium permanganate, after which the sample is placed in the support and a sharp razor cut off its upper edge, while the support has a scale with marks, with which it is convenient to move it along the base of the binocular, to the eyepiece is universal Using the adapter rings, a web camera connected to a computer is installed, the image of the surface of the wood cut through the eyepiece lens is transferred to the web camera, which allows you to obtain an image of the object and transfer it through the camera software to the computer monitor, the core image is adjusted using the monitor screen by rotating the focusing screws and the microscope and start the process of photographing by moving the holder with the core along its axis, focusing on the marks on the scale port, ready to use photos of core samples treated by the computer program «Paint» by storing only the central part of the image, the image samples obtained cores are interconnected through scanning program «PhotoStitch» and an image of the whole core is loaded into the program

, in which the parameters of resin passages are measured, after which the data is saved in an excel file for further work with them.

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