RU2600015C1 - System of ventilation for rooms and compartments of vehicles - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ventilation.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to ventilation of rooms and compartments of vehicles, particularly, if it is impossible to provide sufficient air exchange with the external medium. Ventilation system comprises means of air supply and its intake. Air intake means are located in the zones where the air flow enriched with products of exhalation is spread or expired. As the result the air contaminated with waste products is removed before it is mixed with the rest of the air in the room, so that there is no need to replace its entire, but only a limited amount of the air taken from the said zone.

EFFECT: provided is independence of the ventilation system.

9 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of construction and transport and can be used to ventilate the rooms and interiors of vehicles, especially when it is impossible to provide sufficient air exchange with the external environment, whether due to pollution, lack of air ducts and drives of the required capacity, or in order to save energy.

Known means of ventilation of the patient’s lungs, in which the separation of the inhaled and exhaled air flows for subsequent removal of exhaled products is carried out by a valve system and is provided with a mask with breathing holes or breathing tubes. An example is the device described in US patent 2005028823, 2005-02-10, A61M 16/06 or US patent 4838257, 1989-06-13, A61M 16/00.

However, the scope of such ventilation means is limited to medicine, their use for ventilation of rooms and, especially, car interiors creates inconvenience. An example is a ventilation device that contains a mask connected through a breathing hole to the human respiratory system, a channel for supplying atmospheric air to the room, and a channel for releasing used air from the room in communication with the mask. The mask is made with a cavity connected to the hole for breathing. The atmospheric air supply channel and the used air exhaust channel are communicated with the mask using a cavity (see Application 2010146564/06, 11.16.2010).

U.S. Patent No. 2015140915, 2015-05-21, B60N 2/56 describes a vehicle interior ventilation system in which purified air is supplied to the rear of the vehicle by an air duct located in the back of a driver's seat and a fan located on the rear panel of this seat.

Such a device has two significant drawbacks: to achieve a low concentration of exhalation products in the cabin or premises, a significant amount of air must be supplied from the outside, which makes the device consume significant energy, being uneconomical, and in addition, this is far from always justified and generally possible - for This requires the presence of ducts with sufficient capacity, the presence of clean air from the outside, or powerful filtering media.

Chinese Patent 103287382, 2013-09-11, B60R 22/00 describes a device for ventilating a seat belt, which for this purpose is implemented with ventilation chambers and air ducts facing a side facing the driver. At the same time, the structure, and hence the strength of the seat belt, are preserved.

However, as in the above examples, in this case we are only talking about the ventilation of a given volume or place. And this means that the above-mentioned disadvantages are also inherent in this device. In addition, it is not applicable for ventilation of the vehicle as a whole.

Chinese Patent 2699932, 2005-05-18, A61N 2/08 describes a device for teaching proper breathing, comprising geometrically separated channels for inspiration and expiration. However, this device is not suitable for ventilation.

Closest to the proposed is the ventilation system of the livestock building, containing an exhaust shaft with a valve and a wind turbine connected to air ducts that are connected to the hollow front struts of the stall rails, with openings located at the level of the respiratory organs of animals during feeding (see RF application 94031036 / 06/23/1994, A01K 1/00, published on 06/20/1996).

The optimal location of the air ducts near the respiratory organs gives a good effect with the obvious impossibility of using masks, however, in this case, the predominant use of fresh air ventilation leads to the fact that in order to achieve acceptable conditions for breathing of people in the room, it is necessary to supply a significant amount of air from the outside, for which the device consumes significant energy, being uneconomical and, in addition, is far from always justified situationally.

The technical result expected from the use of the invention is to provide a greater degree of autonomy of the ventilation system by increasing the efficiency of ventilation where there is no way to ensure a sufficient influx of clean air, and, accordingly, reducing energy consumption where this is possible. An additional effect is the elimination of unpleasant sensations, which are usually accompanied by overly intensive ventilation.

This result is achieved by the fact that in the known ventilation system containing means for supplying clean air and means for venting air, the latter are made in the form of means for venting air contaminated by respiratory products, and their air inlets are located in the zone of distribution of the exhaled air stream.

In addition, the zone of distribution of the flow of exhaled air can be formed by means of forming a stream located in the zone of direct distribution of the flow of exhaled air.

In this case, the means of forming the flow can be made in the form of elements of the air flow, including the means of flow of clean air or recirculation of previously discharged air contaminated by respiratory products.

In addition, the air sampling openings may be located in the zone of distribution of the exhaled air flow related to the nasal and / or oral type of breathing.

Further, the means of venting air contaminated by respiratory products can be made with the possibility of periodic operation.

In this case, the means of venting air contaminated by respiratory products can be made controllable, and the ventilation system is equipped with a respiration sensor connected to the control input of the said means.

It is also advisable to perform a breathing sensor in the form of a carbon dioxide sensor or water vapor.

It is also allowed to perform the breath sensor in the form of a respiratory rate meter.

And finally, the means of venting air contaminated with respiratory products can be performed by monitoring the position of the respiratory organs of living creatures in the room.

Thus, the essence of the proposal lies in the fact that in the known ventilation system with means of supplying, supplying air and means of its intake, removal, removal, the latter are carried out, spatially located in areas where the flow of exhaled passengers from the vehicle is distributed, or those who are in room, air enriched with expiratory products. As a result, air contaminated with waste products (primarily СО ₂ ) is removed from the cab or passenger compartment of the vehicle, from the room, or more precisely, from the area of space or the zone of exhalation of the exhalation, before it is mixed with the rest of the air in the room , so that there is practically no need to replace the whole, but only to replace a limited amount of intake air from these zones.

In existing solutions of ventilation systems, the internal air intake (for removal from the system) becomes global (general), and the influx of fresh air, on the contrary, is individual and as close as possible to the consumer. So most systems have been implemented, if we are not talking about breathing masks and other types of breathing apparatus with special ways to divert expiratory products. In the proposal, on the contrary, the inflow can be any, but the lead is carried out individually.

As a result, the ventilation system is characterized by a reduced inflow while maintaining and even increasing comfort for humans - which is important both in conditions of external pollution and when using limited air supplies to increase the quasi-autonomy time of the cabin, passenger compartment, and the room, including when using the internal recirculation mode.

The intake of expiratory products takes place in the proposal from the spatial or geometric zone of the direct distribution of expiratory products, and since a person with an open face and without a mask is characterized by two types of breathing, two zones with a maximum concentration of expiratory products (which include CO ₂ , pairs H ₂ O, nitrogen-oxygen mixture with a reduced to 16% O ₂ content and other exhalation components):

a) for nasal breathing time intervals for a straight-looking person with an unbent head, this area is located in the direction from the nose along the body (vertically and at a slight angle forward), it extends from the chin to the abdomen and hips (from the level of the chin down to 75-85 cm and width 50 cm (25 cm to the sides of the axis)) - in the form of a parallelepiped, cylinder or cone (depending on the influence of surrounding objects and flows).

b) for a person during a conversation and oral breathing, this zone is located in front, in front of the lower part of the face and neck and extends to the same distance.

It should be noted that the exact value of this distance, as well as the angle mentioned above, is not of fundamental importance, the effect is achieved due to the fact that expiratory products that fall with the flow of exhaled air into the sector of space in front of the respiratory organs of each individual are discharged, for example, due to the fact that the overflow of ventilation creates excessive pressure in the room, so that the elimination of waste products occurs spontaneously. This can also be carried out by special means located stationary, when the nature of ventilation is replaced by exhaust, moreover, in which the intake of polluted air occurs at the places of people’s location, where the air exhaled by them enters, and the inflow, on the contrary, can be either individual or general stationary, located, for example, on top.

In addition, saying that the zone of distribution of the flow of exhaled air can be formed by means of forming a stream located in the zone of direct distribution of the flow of exhaled air, we mean that in this last one "originates" of the means for diverting the stream, that the latter is removed from the zone direct distribution to the area of assignment.

All other variations are limited to a combination of propagation zones, taking into account the position and rotation of the head, as well as the influence of external reflective objects and jets of air.

When designing devices and the need to switch between the above zones for better removal of exhalation products, along with video sensors that give the position of the face, you can use, for example, microphones to switch between zones upon the fact of voice or the specific sound of mouth breathing.

As already noted, the proposal relates to ventilation systems that work with a reduced volume of external influx and gives the maximum effect for the case of cabins, salons and rooms, where for one reason or another the flow of fresh air is limited, but people are not wearing gas masks, masks and other means, placed on the respiratory system. However, this does not mean that all of the above cannot be extended to such a case, if it is possible to take into account the spatial topology of the distribution of expiratory products and adjust the geometric zones of the arrangement of intake devices for these products accordingly.

Ventilation systems in accordance with the proposed solution can be classified as follows:

1) “passive”, when the exhalation products are taken continuously or pulsed from geometric (spatial) zones with an increased concentration of vital products (for sitting people with nasal breathing, these zones are located between the chin and stomach). At the same time, the inflow in the right proportion compensates for the fence and is directed, for example, to the upper part of the head / face and the inflow and / or intake means provide the differential pressure necessary for the functioning of the system. Sensors may be missing.

2) “active” - similar to paragraph 1), where the formation of jets and vortices contributes to the improvement of the intake conditions by appropriate devices (nozzles, guides), which allows the removal of expiratory products inside and even outside the geometric zone in convenient directions. Sensors may also be missing.

3) “adaptive” - similar to paragraph 1) or 2), but equipped with mechanical, electronic, optical or other sensors of position, displacement, speed, pressure, sound pressure, concentration, etc., which allows changing the direction of the jets, guides (parameters and vortex position) and switching zones when changing the direction of breathing or the position of a person (including moving the head, moving around the room, etc.).

4) “synchronous” - the system according to claim 1), 2) or 3), additionally equipped with electronic, mechanical, optical, chemical and other sensors for determining the presence of people and / or the fact of breathing (including local increase in the concentration of expiratory products ), after which the selection and removal of exhalation portions with the breathing rhythm is synchronized, in addition, portions with the maximum (above the threshold) concentration of exhalation products from geometric zones near the person are selected for removal in order to minimize the necessary inflow to the deputy Well.

It is advisable to place the means (openings) of the fence at the intersection of the mentioned geometric zones with various surfaces and objects placed in their space. However, some items may acquire additional functions of the elements of the ventilation system. Consider a few specific system options.

Workplace at a computer or other workplace in the room - for this case, the intake means in accordance with the above geometric zones can be located in the following places:

- bottom edge of the monitor;

- computer keyboard;

- the front edge of the table;

- mat-pad on the table;

- pillow pad on the seat / chair / knees;

- the front of the sofa cushions and armrests;

- a tablecloth, a writing-table or any other device for a table, including for several people.

In a hospital, waiting room, gym:

- bedside table and structural elements of the bed and chairs;

- elements of medical equipment for monitoring or therapeutic procedures;

- individual lamps, holder rods, armrests;

- the front of the pillows of chairs and sofas;

- elements of sports simulators that fall into the geometric zone of distribution or located near it;

- a robotic unit with the ability to move, used both for the fence and optimization of the topology of the jets (vortices) in the room.

Concert Halls:

- in the backs of the front seats, despite the fact that the folding seats can be equipped with an individual mechanical valve that opens the intake duct when lowering them;

- folding table or horizontal bar between the armrests of a chair.

For a vehicle:

- a safety belt (an overlay for a belt, fastening of a belt);

- the rear surface of the seatback in the middle and lower parts (for passengers of the second and subsequent rows);

- at the bottom of the steering wheel, front panel.

In the emergency system of elevators and similar enclosed cabins:

- in the panel with the call buttons of the dispatcher or a special communication panel, to which the passenger is asked to be in case of a long emergency stop.

In office premises, at workplaces:

- surfaces of the control panel;

- in work clothes.

In addition, in many cases, passengers, listeners, etc. individual means of sampling may be offered, for example:

- a decorative patch in the form of a rubber or soft toy located on the stomach or knees and connected with a thin hose to the system.

We also note that in cases when it is undesirable to connect the air ducts to objects used as intake elements of the ventilation system, they can be equipped with an autonomous device for transmitting the accumulated volume by a remote narrowly directed stream to the receiver.

The intake means described above must be combined with inflow devices that compensate for the volume of air removed. At the same time, the inflow devices can be single and common (ventilation holes in the ceiling, for example) - since the very process of breathing people in the case of removal and removal of products creates the desired direction of influx of fresh air masses. But, of course, there can be individual ones — in this case it is desirable to arrange them with orientation from above, with flows in the direction of the upper part of the head and with the condition of “non-overlapping”, non-intersection of the jets with the flow of exhaled air.

In this case, the intake in all cases can be either active (a pump to create a pressure differential and suction products from the geometric zone), or passive if the necessary overpressure is created by the inflow to withdraw products.

In addition to increasing battery life, reducing the flow rate allows better filtering of the incoming air and facilitates recovery problems.

In FIG. 1-4 illustrate some of the options for implementing the proposed solution. In FIG. Figure 1 shows the use of a ventilation system in a car. As shown in FIG. In example 1, the means of inflow of clean air are not indicated, it can be an inflow through blowing the windshield or another, preferably with a top-side orientation, and the means of venting are made on the seat belt 1 and on the steering wheel 2 (on the inside and in the central part) and represent the air inlets 3 and 4, respectively, connected through the corresponding air ducts (on the seat belt 1, the air duct is indicated by 5, on the steering wheel 2 is not shown), connected to the exhaust pump (also not shown in Fig. 1), sucking sweat ki air contaminated products of respiration (through air intake opening 3 is given flow characteristic nasal breathing through the opening 4 - the oral). For this option, when the air sampling openings 3 are located on the seat belt 1, it is possible to perform mechanical synchronization of the intake of expiratory portions by mechanical means, for example, in the form of plates 6, 7 (they are shown separately in Fig. 1 on the right) installed closer to the seat belt attachment point 1 , the plate 6 is stationary, and 7 with the possibility of displacement when tensioning the seat belt 1, which occurs during the breathing of the driver, for example, by means of a rod 8, which moves with the additional tension of the seat belt 1. The specified offset leads to the fact that the holes 9 in the plate 6 cease to coincide with the holes 10 in the plate 7 and the pumping of air through the air intake holes 3 in the seat belt 1 occurs only on the exhale. The driver sets the initial relative position of the plates 6 and 7 after fastening the seat belt 1 on a full breath or full exhalation, fixing the plates 6, 7 in the position “beginning of inspiration and closing of openings 9, 10” or “beginning of exhalation and end of closing of openings 9, 10” respectively.

In another embodiment, also shown in FIG. 1, on the lap of the driver or passenger of the vehicle lies a pillow (or soft toy) 11 with a breathing sensor 12, which controls the operation of the valve 13 at the inlet of the flexible hose 14 connected to the pump out.

FIG. 2 illustrates how the flow forming means located in the “direct expiratory air flow” zone extends this zone to the “exhaled air flow propagation zone". A monitor 16 and a passive screen 17 on a stand 18 are installed on the user's desk 15, which serves as a reflector of the exhaled air flow 19 (the flow characteristic of nasal breathing is shown in Fig. 1, item 20). Streams 19, 20 are shown in FIG. 1, 2 in areas of direct flow propagation, extending from the respiratory system by 75-80 cm in the direction of exhalation. As shown by the arrows in FIG. 2 reflector 19 and monitor 20, being in this case flow forming means located in the zone of direct distribution of the exhaled air flow, redirect the exhaled air flow to the air intake opening (louvers) 21, thereby forming the zone of distribution of the exhaled air flow along the entire path of the exhalation flow .

FIG. 3 illustrates the implementation of the means of forming a stream in the form of elements of the means of inflow of clean air. The air intake holes 21 are located in the rack 22, the user is located on the chair 23. To the right of the user is a lamp 24, equipped with fresh air nozzles 25, 26. As shown in FIG. 3, the air supply to the duct 27 is carried out at intervals T ₁ and T ₂ (correspond to the inhalation and exhalation of the user or continuously, the nozzle 25 supplies a stream of clean air at the interval T2, and the nozzle 26 at the interval T _1. The stand 22 of the duct 30 is connected to the means However, as noted above, it is also possible to form, redirect the flow of air taken in by the surrounding air from the passenger compartment or by the flows of previously taken polluted air, which, together with new portions, is then redirected to the air intake openings.

The indicated intervals are recorded by the sensor 28, the output of which is connected to the information input of the controller 29, which controls the operation of the means for supplying clean air and pumping out contaminated air (which is conditionally shown by arrows in Fig. 3).

As shown in FIG. 4 example, sensors 28 are installed on the meeting table 15, remotely connected to the controller 29, which controls (also remotely) the operation (position on the table 15 and the state (on / off)) of the partitioned movable polluted air sampling units 31. The included sections of the sampling units 31 shaded are shown in Fig. 4. Around table 15, only the chairs occupied by office workers are shown 23. The supply ventilation is common to this room, 32. In the initial state, the selection units 31 are in a neutral position The center of the table (shown by a dotted line). As the room fills, the controller 29 places them and includes sections from the condition of the most complete selection of portions of air exhaled by workers. Of course, the sampling units can be configured to overcome or bend around flat obstacles (notepads, for example) and be connected flexible hoses to a common pumping system or to transmit narrowly directed pulsed flows of polluted air from one node to another (shown by arrows) and then to a common intake node 33. The controller and Uses for this is not included on the pumping section or not included at this time (in intervals between inclusions). Thus, the position of living creatures (users) of the ventilation system is monitored.

Thus, the proposed ventilation system provides, in conditions of gas and pollution, long periods of isolation of the cabin, cab or room from the influx of external air. This is achieved not by an excess flow of oxygen, but by the removal of expiratory products, which are purposely removed from recirculation.

If we are talking about a seat belt, then the ventilation elements, which are made in the form of holes and channels for intake and / or air supply, can structurally be placed in the structure of the belt and not violate its strength. They can also be made in the form of overhead elements. In this case, the belt acts as a supporting structure and when donning (or when hanging in a free position on the side) positions them in the desired position relative to the respiratory system.

As already noted above, these elements can be designed to work taking into account the rhythm of breathing of a person located on a given seat, for example, by changing the belt tension when moving the chest.

A belt with ventilation elements in the form of holes and channels for intake and / or air supply can be made with elements of the formation of jets (flows) and / or structural elements that improve the proportion of intake of exhaled products, including in the form of a plastic bib with a curved edge.

A similar air intake element in the form of a “basket” with nozzles can be placed in the lower part of the steering wheel and made with air ducts through the steering wheel and steering column, both without sensors and with sensors for changing the position of the abdomen or lower chest of the driver or passenger: mechanical type (in the form, for example, fringes of elastic strips touching the front of the body); optical (similar to the autofocus of the camera); ultrasound (measuring the change in distance by reflection), etc.

The same air intake element can be made in the form of an apron on the seat or the protruding edge of the pillow with holes located in the direction of the line from the nose down for the sitting person, while the wiring of the air ducts is carried out, for example, through mounting the seat. In this case, a simple optical sensor can be added to the above sensors, responding, for example, to a change in shadow (from an angle of light source) created by the front of the body when the chest and abdomen move.

All of the above options and many others can be constructed based on the essence of the proposal and the examples given above, and all of them, whether it is a vehicle seat belt with ventilation elements or units of selection (intake, pumping) of portions of exhaled air with an appropriate duct system and control in a room for meetings, a student audience, etc., can be characterized by the presence in the ventilation system of means of venting, made exactly in the form of vents and air contaminated with respiratory products, as well as the location of their air inlets in the area of distribution of the exhaled air stream (directly or directed to the indicated openings). It is this feature that provides the ventilation system with a higher degree of autonomy and efficiency.

Claims (9)

1. The ventilation system of the premises and interiors of vehicles containing means for supplying clean air and means for venting air, characterized in that the latter are designed as means for venting air contaminated by respiratory products, and their air inlets are located in the area of distribution of the exhaled air stream. 2. The ventilation system according to claim 1, characterized in that the zone of distribution of the stream of exhaled air is formed by means of forming a stream located in the zone of direct distribution of the stream of exhaled air. 3. The ventilation system according to claim 1, characterized in that the means of forming the flow can be made in the form of elements of the flow of air, including means of flow of clean air or recirculation of previously discharged air contaminated by respiratory products. 4. The ventilation system according to claim 1, characterized in that the air sampling openings can be located in the zone of distribution of the exhaled air flow related to the nasal and / or oral type of breathing. 5. The ventilation system according to claim 1, characterized in that the means of venting air contaminated by respiratory products, can be made with the possibility of periodic operation. 6. The ventilation system according to claim 5, characterized in that the means of venting air contaminated with respiratory products can be made controllable, and the ventilation system is equipped with a respiration sensor connected to the control input of the said means. 7. The ventilation system according to claim 6, characterized in that the breathing sensor is made in the form of a carbon dioxide sensor or water vapor. 8. The ventilation system according to claim 6, characterized in that the respiration sensor is designed as a respiration rate meter. 9. The ventilation system according to claim 1, characterized in that the means of venting air contaminated with respiratory products, made tracking the position of the respiratory organs of living things in the room.

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