RU2597671C1 - Method for building a network of stations for environmental monitoring of air in a city - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to ecology and can be used for constructing a network of stations for monitoring environmental contamination of the atmospheric surface layer of a city. Character of invention: boundaries of analyzed urban territory are determined and the monitoring system to measure the current level of air pollution taking into account the weather conditions is deployed. Database of maximum ground-level concentrations of contaminants is collected and the obtained information is analyzed. Priority substances and "source-substance" combinations are determined. Zones of average annual active contamination of atmospheric boundary layer are determined for all "source-substance" combinations. Zones of average annual active contamination of atmospheric surface layer, the areas of which are larger than the industrial areas are referred to as above-limit contaminated zones. Monitoring stations are installed at the points of maximum overlap of above-limit contaminated zones.

EFFECT: obtaining accurate information on concentration of pollutants in the surface layer of the atmosphere of a city.

1 cl, 4 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of hydrometeorology and can be used in the formation of the spatial structure of the placement of stations for measuring natural concentrations of impurities in the air and then determining the level of chemical pollution of the atmosphere during environmental certification procedures, examination, investment design, development of environmental measures, determining the likely culprits of dangerous atmospheric pollution, in resolving economic disputes, informing the public, as well as for forecasting or to assess the overall environmental situation.

The well-known "Method of controlling emissions of pollutants by sources of air pollution" (RF Patent No. 2161321, IPC G01W 1/00, publ. 12/27/2000).

The essence of this method is that when choosing a control point, an algorithm is used for the relationship between the mass emission of substances and the concentration level in the control point under current weather conditions. According to the calculation results, all sources of atmospheric pollution are ranked by the level of their contribution to the pollution of its surface layer at each control point, including those sources whose total contribution is at least 80% of the total estimated pollution at each control point. Next, the calculated values of the concentrations of harmful substances from the main sources are compared with field measurements of these concentrations at the minimum quality criterion, for example, the sum of the standard deviations of the calculated from the measured values. At all control points, the relationship between the mass emission of a polluting substance emanating from a particular stationary source of pollution and the level of concentration of this substance at a control point is determined. In case of exceeding the level of maximum authorized mass emission by at least 10%, emergency measurements are carried out.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the criterion of “at least 10% exceeding the maximum authorized level” is not correct, since outside the territory of the industrial site, namely, outside the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise, any excess of the volumes of normatively authorized emissions is absolutely unacceptable.

- low accuracy, reliability and objectivity of the method, due to the preference for episodic and non-systematic current measurements of concentrations of substances. The point where single or short-term high or peak concentrations of pollutants are recorded may not coincide with the point where there is a high long-term average concentration, which should be considered as a potential control post;

- priority pollutants and stationary sources of their emission are not determined and the rationalization of the construction of a network of monitoring posts is not ensured and the cost of the method is increased, because all pollutants and all sources that satisfy the conditions specified in the method are subject to control.

The well-known "Method of environmental monitoring of chemically hazardous objects" (RF Patent No. 2385473, MGZH G01N 33/00, publ. 03/27/2010). The essence of the method lies in the fact that the permanent control posts are set by a "triangle" in the amount of three units, and on the leeward side of the center of the "triangle" formed by the permanent control posts, a flare post is installed, which is moved based on data from meteorological sensors, internal (external) conditional contour of the "triangle" in the direction of the changed direction of the wind.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the method is not universal, does not differ in high objectivity, because the dimensions of the “triangle” section, as the zone of location of the control posts, are determined on the basis of the assumption of a non-standard mode of operation of the enterprise (source) or emergency;

- low accuracy of monitoring the concentration of pollutants in the air of the city in view of the insufficiently complete consideration of factors determining the formation of an active pollution zone;

- the method does not specify the criteria for the selection of controlled (priority) sources, and the mobile post duplicates the functions of stationary posts, which increases the cost of the method.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed method, selected as a prototype, is the "Method of building a network of posts for monitoring atmospheric pollution and determining the characteristics of its pollution sources" (RF Patent No. 2397514, IPC G01W 1/02, publ. 08/20/2010).

The essence of the method is that they establish the boundaries of the study area, deploy an automated monitoring system with mathematical software on the study area. Before starting the measurements, a three-dimensional coordinate grid of the studied area is visually created in the central computer. It introduces data on the study area to build an optimal network of monitoring posts. A program block (BP1) is launched to build an optimal network of monitoring posts. They solve "direct" problems for each known source of pollution from the area of influence of this source. All theoretically possible combinations of triples of monitoring posts are determined, which allow us to solve the inverse problem of finding each of the possible sources of pollution. Such triples of posts are ranked by the number of repetitions of them for all sources of pollution and all meteorological situations under consideration. Decide on the optimal placement of monitoring posts in the places represented by the BP1 program block. If the theoretical data differ from the measured values by an amount not exceeding a predetermined one, an optimal network of monitoring posts on the ground is set up. A program block (BP2) is launched to solve the “inverse” problem of determining the coordinates and power of hidden pollution sources. Measurements are taken continuously of meteorological parameters and pollution concentrations. Enter the measurement data in the specified BP2, where they determine the characteristics of the desired hidden source. Effect: optimization of the network of monitoring posts and characterization of hidden sources of pollution.

The disadvantages of the prototype are:

- priority substances and sources of their release are not determined, which increases the complexity of the environmental monitoring process;

- rationalization of the construction of a network of monitoring posts is not ensured due to the lack of a clear criterion for selecting sites for the placement of “triples of observation posts” and “remote observation posts,” as well as a reasonable method of formalizing the assessment of the boundaries of the pollution zone formed under the influence of a specific source;

- the influence of the development and landscape gardening of the urbanized territory as macro factors that determine local characteristics of the distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere for a given mutual spatial coordination of sources located on independent industrial sites was not taken into account.

The objective of the proposed method is to create the optimal network of posts for monitoring air pollution in cities.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to ensure the accuracy of the information on the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere by increasing the reliability of determining the location of environmental monitoring posts of atmospheric air in cities.

, устанавливают места их наложения, на которых располагают посты экологического мониторинга, отбирают пробы атмосферного воздуха, определяют концентрацию i-го приоритетного загрязняющего вещества, выбрасываемого из k-го источника, а расчет среднегодовой величины

проводят по формуле:The specified technical result is achieved due to the fact that in the method of constructing a network of posts for environmental monitoring of urban air pollution, which consists in establishing the boundaries of the study area, the deployment and operation of a system for monitoring atmospheric pollution on it, which carries out ongoing measurements of the level of air pollution in the city, taking into account weather conditions, using data on pollution sources located in the study area, compiling a database of maximum surface concentrations of pollutants and analyzing the received information, and after establishing the borders of the study area determined criterion excess contaminated areas to accommodate environmental monitoring stations for which the use quantity of active space areas of contamination from pollutant sources of substances meeting the following condition:

, establish places for their imposition, at which ecological monitoring posts are located, take samples of atmospheric air, determine the concentration of the i-th priority pollutant emitted from the k-th source, and calculate the average annual value

carried out by the formula:

- откорректированная величина среднегодовой площади зоны активного загрязнения;Where:

- the adjusted average annual area of the active pollution zone;

- площадь промышленной площадки;

- the area of the industrial site;

- расчетное значение площади зоны активного загрязнения атмосферы;

- the estimated value of the area of the zone of active pollution of the atmosphere;

B _(B) - the probability of the onset of wind at a speed of 0.5-1.9 m / s (less than 2.0 m / s) with a predominance of high cold emissions and 2.0-7.0 m / s for high heated emissions, in shares;

In _(W) - the probability of the onset of calm, in shares;

In _(OS) - the probability of precipitation during the year, in shares, and for megacities, ceteris paribus, place an environmental monitoring post in an area with a lesser degree of landscaping and / or multi-storey buildings.

The technical result is achieved by introducing a criterion for determining the location and number of posts for environmental monitoring of atmospheric air of the city. Particularly hazardous areas, with possible excess of regulatory concentrations of pollutants, are formed in places where active pollution zones (ZAZ) are imposed, if they are located outside the boundaries of industrial sites of enterprises. The choice of monitoring monitoring sites location points is made taking into account the real ratio of ZAZ and industrial sites for priority sources and substances, taking into account a set of factors affecting dispersion.

The essence of the proposed method is illustrated by drawings, where:

, поэтому зона экологического риска выходит за территорию промплощадки. Пост контроля размещают на границе ЗАЗ с учетом неблагоприятных условий рассеивания;- FIG. 1 shows an option where the size of ZAZ is larger than the size of the industrial site

, therefore, the environmental risk zone extends beyond the industrial site. The control post is placed on the border of ZAZ taking into account adverse dispersion conditions;

- in FIG. 2 - ZAZ territories from priority sources located at different industrial sites overlap. When placing monitoring posts, preference is given to sites with the maximum number of ZAZ overlays;

- in FIG. 3 - ZAZ territory from a source located at one industrial site, "falls" into the territory of another enterprise. Monitoring is carried out to coordinate the interests of enterprises;

- in FIG. 4 shows the layout of environmental monitoring posts in places where ZAZ is applied from sources of enterprises in the city of Georgievsk, Stavropol Territory, and the following notation is introduced:

No. 1 ... - number of industrial enterprise;

- источник выброса загрязняющих веществ;

- source of pollutant emissions;

- территория промышленной площадки предприятия;

- territory of the industrial site of the enterprise;

- the boundary of the SPZ;

О - ZAZ area.

1 - boiler room No. 24;

2 - boiler room of Georgievsky Bakery;

3 - boiler room of OAO Stavropol Oil;

4 - boiler room of OJSC Nadezhda Winery;

5 - boiler room LLC "Brigantine";

6 - boiler room No. 12;

7 - boiler room No. 6;

8 - boiler room No. 13;

9 - boiler room No. 2;

10 - boiler room No. 9;

11 - boiler room No. 19.

The inventive method is carried out in stages as follows.

Preliminarily get acquainted with the master plan of the city to take into account the location of large industrial facilities (emission sources), transport routes, residential areas. Systematize general information about the village: the status of the territory, the features of the building and the terrain; prospects for the development of residential development and expansion of industrial enterprises; landscape, level of gardening and the state of woody-shrubby vegetation (age, condition, etc.); population size and density; weather conditions. The data on the wind regime, calm, precipitation, density of gardening and the nature of the development of the city’s territory are separately analyzed, as shown in the example considered below (table 1).

Next, summarize the inventory of emission sources (according to the MPE projects of enterprises), study the technological regulations, the composition and intensity of emissions, the technical condition of gas purification equipment, etc. The well-known methods determine the sanitary hazard categories of enterprises and sources, priority substances and source-substance combinations [ one].

The ZAZ area, taking into account climatic factors, is determined by the formula:

- откорректированный среднегодовой размер ЗАЗ веществом выбрасываемым из источника «к»;Where:

- the adjusted average annual size of ZAZ with the substance ejected from the source “k”;

- In _(B), V _(III), In _(OC) - the probability of occurrence of wind velocity over 1.7 m / s, and calm rainfall during the year;

- площадь зоны активного загрязнения.-

- area of the active pollution zone.

, т.е. площадь ЗАЗ больше площади промплощадки предприятия

. На базе выполненных расчетов проводится рекогносцировка - уточнение пространственного распределения и перекрывания площадей ЗАЗ на плане-карте города. С учетом застройки и плотности озеленения выбираются и ранжируются участки городской территории, где происходит максимальное сопряжение или перекрывание площадей ЗАЗ за пределами конкретных промплощадок (фиг. 4). Именно в этих районах возможно формирование максимальных приземных концентраций загрязняющих веществ, превышающих значения ПДК, и следовательно целесообразно размещение постов мониторинга. В этих местах отбираются пробы воздуха, выполняются анализы и затем составляется карта загрязнений городской атмосферы.Having determined the ZAZ area for all priority combinations “source-substance”, they are applied to the situational map of the location area of the enterprise, as shown in FIG. 1-3, choose options when

, i.e. ZAZ area is larger than the industrial site area of the enterprise

. Based on the calculations, reconnaissance is carried out - the spatial distribution and overlapping of ZAZ areas on the city map plan is clarified. Taking into account the development and density of landscaping, sections of the urban territory are selected and ranked, where the maximum coupling or overlapping of ZAZ areas outside of specific industrial sites takes place (Fig. 4). It is in these areas that the formation of maximum surface concentrations of pollutants exceeding the MPC values is possible, and therefore it is advisable to place monitoring posts. At these places, air samples are taken, analyzes are carried out, and then a map of pollution of the urban atmosphere is compiled.

Thus, a network of posts for environmental monitoring of atmospheric air in the city is being formed.

An example of determining the location of environmental monitoring posts. The method was tested in the conditions of the city of Georgievsk, Stavropol Territory, an area of 2.5 thousand hectares (24,710 km ² ). The calculations were performed for the seven largest continuously functioning industrial enterprises, the level of capacity utilization of which was at least 70% over the past five years. It was assumed that the background concentration of impurities (SF) in the city is zero. The calculations were performed on 176 sources of pollution.

Averaging the weather conditions of the city (table 1).

To select priority pollutants and sources, the hazard categories of sources are specified taking into account the combination of “source-substance” according to the factors Ф and Q [1]. The calculation results for all sources are summarized in table 2. Due to the bulkiness, the calculations are not presented. Depending on the source category, an emission control schedule is established.

At industrial enterprises of the city there are sources of all categories, including some of which simultaneously belong to several categories, taking into account the nature of the substances (for example, source 0004 at the bakery). Almost half of the sources belong to category III, which means that control is required at least once a year. Further, according to regulatory documents, a priority determination of pollutants was carried out.

The main priority impurities are: for Mukomol OJSC - grain and flour dust; for OAO Stavropol Oil - nitrogen dioxide, grain dust, Nefras gasoline; for CJSC “Kozhzavod Georgievsky” - fur, abrasive, wood dust, perchlorethylene, formaldehyde; according to GMUP Teploset and LLC Brigantina - nitrogen dioxide; for OAO Georgievsky Bakery - acetic aldehyde.

They calculate the area of ZAZ, establish areas where the highest levels of air pollution as a result of their mutual overlap are possible.

The calculated values of the ZAZ area [2] are given in table 3.

The spatial location of ZAZ borders by enterprises is as follows:

;- OJSC Mukomol. All impurities discharged from sources are localized within the industrial site. In this case, the location of the environmental monitoring posts is within the boundaries of the enterprise, since

;

- JSC "Bakery" Georgievsky "; CJSC “Kozhzavod Georgievsky”; LLC "Brigantine"; LLC "Winery" Hope "; OJSC "Oil of Stavropol". ZAZ areas exceed the area of industrial sites only for emissions from boiler pipes (Fig. 4). Monitoring posts 3 and 4 (Fig. 4) are located in areas of maximum overlay ZAZ;

- GMUP "Heating system". The ZAZ areas of boiler houses 2, 11, 12, 13 go beyond the boundaries of industrial sites, forming pollution sites that are integrated into the sleeping areas of the city. ZAZ overlay zones correspond to the location of posts 1, 2 and 5 (Fig. 4)

A detailed description of climatic factors (wind, calm, precipitation) taken into account when choosing posts is presented in table 4.

According to current standards [3, 4], for the control of pollution from industrial sources, taking into account the ecological status of the territory of Caucasian Mineral Waters, which includes the city of Georgievsk, the number of posts for environmental monitoring of atmospheric air can be at least 8. The cost of their operation will amount to 6,400,000 rubles .

As can be seen from table 4, in the city of Georgievsk there are enough 5 posts for monitoring atmospheric air. The average annual cost will be [5]:

- engineering arrangement of 1 post - 450,000 rubles.

- routine maintenance of 1 post - 250,000 rubles.

- overhead costs of 1 post - 100,000 rubles.

Total for 5 posts: 4,000,000 rubles.

The savings will amount to 2,400,000 rubles.

For megacities and large cities with a population of more than 1 million people, the number of posts reaches 20, therefore, even greater cost savings are possible.

, устанавливают места их наложения, на которых располагают посты экологического мониторинга, отбирают пробы атмосферного воздуха, определяют концентрацию i-го приоритетного загрязняющего вещества, выбрасываемого из k-го источника. Это позволяет обеспечить точность получаемой информации о концентрации загрязняющих веществ в атмосфере путем повышения надежности определения местоположения постов экологического мониторинга атмосферного воздуха городов, а также исключить из объектов мониторинга источники, вносящие незначительный вклад в общее загрязнение воздушной среды города, и минимизировать число постов и, соответственно, сократить объем необходимых ресурсов.Thus, the atmosphere of an urbanized territory is a single whole, and any impurity entering the atmosphere, in one concentration or another, is found in any part of the city. The present invention can be used in the formation of the spatial structure of the placement of environmental monitoring posts to control the concentration of harmful substances in the air. Compared with the prototype, the following has been achieved: as the criterion for the selection of excessively polluted territories for placement of ecological monitoring posts on them, the size of the areas of active pollution zones from sources of pollutant emissions that meet the condition

, establish places for their imposition, at which ecological monitoring posts are located, take samples of atmospheric air, determine the concentration of the i-th priority pollutant emitted from the k-th source. This allows us to ensure the accuracy of the information obtained on the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere by increasing the reliability of determining the location of ecological monitoring stations for atmospheric air in cities, and also to exclude sources that make an insignificant contribution to the overall air pollution of the city from monitoring objects and to minimize the number of posts and, accordingly, reduce the amount of resources needed.

Information sources

1. Methodological manual for the calculation, regulation and control of emissions of pollutants into the air. - St. Petersburg: Research Institute Atmosphere, 2005. - 166 p.

2. Egorov A.F., Savitskaya T.V. Safety management of chemical industries based on new information technologies: Textbook. manual for universities. - M .: Chemistry, Kolos, 2004 .-- 416 p.

3. Instruction for inventory of air pollutant emissions. - L .: All-Russian Research Institute of Nature Protection and Conservation, 1990. - 36 p.

4. Methodology for calculating atmospheric concentrations of harmful substances contained in enterprise emissions. OND-86, Goskomhydromet L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. - 36 p.

5. A standard methodology for determining economic efficiency and economic incentives for the implementation of environmental measures and the economic assessment of damage from environmental pollution. M.: TsEMI, 1997 .-- 192 p.

Claims (2)

1. A method of constructing a network of posts for environmental monitoring of urban air pollution, including establishing the boundaries of the study area, the deployment and operation of a monitoring system that carries out ongoing measurements of the level of air pollution in the city, taking into account weather conditions, using data on pollution sources located in the study area, compiling a database by maximum surface concentrations of pollutants and analysis of the information received, characterized in that Priority substances and source – substance combinations are determined; for all source – substance combinations, zones of average annual active pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere are determined by the formula:

where

- the calculated values of the areas of zones of active pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere;

- the probability of the onset of wind at a speed of from 0.5 to 2.0 m / s with the predominance of high cold emissions and from 2.0 to 7.0 m / s for high heated emissions, in shares;

- the probability of the onset of calm, in shares;

- the probability of precipitation during the year, in shares;

- the area of the zone of average annual active pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere, the zone of average annual active pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere, for which the condition

where

- the area of the industrial site, referred to excess polluted zones, monitoring posts are established in places of maximum interfacing and overlap of excess polluted zones. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for megacities, ceteris paribus, an environmental monitoring post is located in an area with a lesser degree of landscaping and / or multi-storey buildings.

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