RU2592149C1 - Steam engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to propulsion engineering, particularly to steam straight-flow engines intended for electric power generation and drive of machines and mechanisms. Steam engine comprises housing accommodating cylinder with piston connected via crank mechanism with engine shaft. At end of cylinder there is a slide valve body for steam supply. In body of slide valve is installed in form of a tube a slide valve for steam supply. Inlet steam pipelines of engine are communicated with slide valve body cavity and cavity of slide valve for steam supply. At end of cylinder is fixed second slide valve body for steam exhaust, in which slides in form of a tube slide valve for steam exhaust, slide valve body for steam exhaust has outlet steam lines communicated with cavities of second body and second slide valve. In slide valves there are upper and lower holes, and in bodies of slide valves there are upper and lower holes for steam exhaust. Slide valve for steam supply is made with blind upper end.

EFFECT: improved compactness and simplified design of engine.

1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to engine building, to direct-flow steam engines designed to generate electricity and drive machines and mechanisms, the feature of the engine is the supply of steam through the cylinder cover.

In the most common direct-flow engines, the case of the steam distribution mechanism is located separately from the piston engine case, which leads to a complication of the design, loss of power and engine efficiency. There are various designs of engines of this type that solve the problem of simplifying their designs, increasing power and efficiency.

For example, a combined-cycle piston engine is known, in which, to increase the efficiency, a power source, a power cylinder, a piston with a rod installed in the cylinder with the formation of the rod and piston cavities, a high pressure receiver, a switchgear made in the form of a two-position differential spool, and a low pressure receiver are contained and an auxiliary differential cylinder, the high-pressure receiver communicating with the rod cavity through an opening in the power cylinder, closed by the piston end face and the latter is in the initial position, and the control cavity of the differential valve through the start valve and adjustable throttle is connected to the rod cavity of the power cylinder, while the piston cavity of the auxiliary differential cylinder is constantly in communication with the low pressure receiver, the on-off valve is made four-linear and its input is connected to the power source , the first output is with a piston cavity of the power cylinder, the second output is with a low pressure receiver, and the discharge channel is connected to the rod th auxiliary cylinder chamber (RU 2330160 C1, 27.07.2008).

Also known is a piston engine containing a piston with a rod located in the working cylinder, a switchgear including a latch and a switching valve, kinematically connected by a two-position discontinuous gearing mechanism with the cylinder rod and connected by two communication lines to the drive chambers of the permutation spring-loaded memory valve, two working the lines of which are connected to the cavities of the working cylinder, as well as at least one piston compensator connected to the communication line and, with the aim of expanding the range of applications and improving reliability, it is equipped with a bypass valve connected between the communication lines of the switching valve, the gearing mechanism of which is mounted coaxially with the piston rod, and the latch is made in the form of two bands installed along the edges of the switching valve with the formation of end cameras connected each to one of the communication lines, while the permutation drive is made in the form of a piston supported on a spring of a spool (RU 2018707 C1, 08.30.1994). This engine essentially comprises a cylinder, a piston, a spool interacting with the piston through an engine operation control system that includes a hook pusher, a two-position discontinuous gear for engaging the working cylinder rod located coaxially to the rod, the hook pusher being rigidly connected to the cylinder rod and the hook being rigidly connected with a switching spool of another memory spool. The engine converts the energy of the working medium into the movements of the working piston by automatically switching the supply of the working medium to the right and left cavities of the working cylinder with a memory spool, and at the same time, the discharge of the working medium is also switched. This engine design is relatively complex.

A known reciprocating pneumatic motor comprising a housing with end caps, a piston with a rod, piston and rod cavities, a channel in the housing for supplying a working medium to the cylinder and communicating the rod cavity with a pressure source, a working medium outlet channel made in the piston and rod, communicated with the piston cavity (SU 1245773 A1, 07.23.1986).

A known steam distribution mechanism for a piston engine, characterized in that the required number of small in size and mass of one-seat round valves, not unloaded from the axial force, installed in the covers of the working cylinders in such a way that the maximum excess steam pressure always presses them against saddles driven by camshafts with cams profiled in radial and axial directions and having the ability to move axially regulation for the purpose of quantitative regulation of the engine (individual cylinders in particular), by means of rods, pushers and a lever mechanism (RU 2006139496 A, 05.20.2008). This application presents a steam-powered installation consisting of a hydraulically coupled steam boiler, a double expansion piston engine, a condensing unit and an engine steam distribution mechanism.

Of the analogs presented, a piston engine is close, containing a cylinder, a piston installed in the cylinder, a spool in the housing, openings in the wall of the spool housing made with channels of steam pipelines that are fixed to the wall of the spool housing, openings in the housing of the spool and channels of steam pipelines communicated to each other through the spool cavity and with the source of the working medium, and in the cylinder there are windows for discharging the working medium (RU 2018707 C1, 08.30.1994).

This engine has a relatively complex design, the complexity leads to an increase in the number of friction pairs, which leads to loss of power to overcome friction, as well as to steam loss through seals. A piston engine containing a cylinder with a piston installed in it is known from foreign patent documentation. channels for supplying a working fluid to the piston and rod cavities of the cylinder, a distributor of the working fluid with a control hydraulic valve (US 4022269 A, 05/10/1977), moreover, in another known piston engine odachi working fluid into the piston and rod of the cylinder communicated through the tubular spool, which is mounted parallel to the cylinder (US 2,265,667 A, 12.01.1954).

In another known piston engine (US 1661558 A), the spool is made in one piece with a piston by casting, which greatly complicates the design of the engine. As follows from the description of US 1661558 A, the piston of this engine has a stepped shape and its upper stage, having a smaller diameter, acts as a spool. This stage is made blind, there are no holes in it, communicating the spool cavity with the channels of the engine switchgear. The movement of the working fluid (steam) of the known engine requires the use of an additional piston mechanism for suction of the working fluid, which is ultimately associated with the complexity of the device of the known engine.

Of the known engines, the closest to the engine presented in this description is a direct-flow steam engine in which the steam distribution unit moves with the piston as one part of the engine (RU 2548241 C1, 04.20.2015, prototype).

The specified patent, issued in the name of the applicant of this application, represents a piston engine comprising a cylindrical housing of at least one cylinder, a piston mounted in the cylinder body, which is pivotally connected to the connecting rod, and a spool mounted in the spool housing, and the cylinder is made with a face wall and a hole in it, the spool is made hollow with upper and lower radial holes in the wall of the spool, in the body of the spool made radial holes that are compatible with the lower holes of the hollow spool , Bottom valve hole communicated with the cavity of the cylinder casing cavity and the cavity of the spool valve, the spool body is mounted in the bore end wall and is rigidly connected to the housing of the cylinder, wherein the spool is fixedly connected with a piston movable relative to the cylinder housing and valve body.

The second variant of the piston engine according to patent RU 2548241 C1 comprises a cylindrical housing of at least one cylinder, a piston installed in the cylinder body, which is pivotally connected to the connecting rod, and a spool installed in the valve body, the cylinder being made with an end wall and an opening in it the spool is made hollow with upper and lower radial holes in the spool wall, radial holes are made in the spool body that are aligned with the lower holes of the hollow spool, the lower spool holes are in communication with the cavity of the cylinder, the cavity of the valve body and the cavity of the valve, the valve body is installed in the hole of the end wall and is rigidly connected to the cylinder body, while in the upper part the valve is closed by a cover that covers the valve cavity from above, and the lower end of the valve is located in the cylinder cavity with the possibility of end contact spool with piston.

RU 2548241 C1 also discloses a cylindrical piston engine housing of one cylinder, a spool housing with holes in its wall for supplying a working medium to the spool, and the cylindrical housing is made with an upper end wall in which a hole is made and the spool housing is fixed in it, and exhaust walls are made to the cylinder wall.

In the engine according to the patent RU 2548241 C1, a cylindrical spool is used for steam inlet, which is a hollow tube with a mount to the piston, in the upper and lower parts of which there are openings for the passage of steam. The spool moves in a cylindrical casing, the inner surface of which fits snugly against the outer surface of the spool and its seals, not allowing steam to pass freely between both the spool and the casing. The housing is attached to the cylinder cover so that the spool, being attached to the piston, moves freely with the piston through the cylinder cover. A steam line for supplying steam is connected to the body, and steam is released through the side windows of the cylinder, as in a conventional ramjet engine. The holes in the spool are arranged so that during the period of steam inlet into the cylinder, the upper holes coincide with the holes in the housing for supplying steam from the steam line, and the lower holes allow the steam to escape into the space between the piston and the cylinder cover after the steam has passed through the internal channel of the valve.

Common features of the prototype and the technical solution presented in this description is that each steam engine contains a housing in which a cylinder is located with a piston connected via a crank mechanism to the engine shaft, a spool housing for steam inlet is fixed to the end of the piston, in the spool housing movably mounted, made in the form of a tube, a spool for inlet of steam, as well as inlet steam lines connected to the cavity of the spool body and the cavity of the spool for inlet of steam.

The layout of the engine, made in accordance with the prototype, made it possible to significantly simplify the design and eliminate the loss of compressed steam, however, as engine tests showed, it is relatively complex and this complexity is associated with the presence of side windows in the cylinder through which the exhaust steam is discharged. Side windows in the cylinder are associated with the need to complicate the design by introducing into the design means for venting and closing said windows. Moreover, as shown by tests of the engine manufactured in accordance with the prototype, its dimensions do not meet the compactness indicators and do not allow it to be optimally assembled with nodes of transport and power machines.

The technical result of this invention is to increase compactness and simplify the design of the engine.

The technical result is obtained by a steam engine containing a housing in which a cylinder is located with a piston connected through a crank mechanism to the engine shaft, a spool housing for inlet of steam is fixed at the end of the cylinder, a spool in the form of a tube for inlet of steam is movably mounted in the form of a tube, as well as inlet steam pipelines in communication with a spool housing cavity and a spool cavity for steam inlet, and a second spool housing for securing steam is fixed at the end of the cylinder, in which it is movably mounted A spool made in the form of a tube for steam discharge is provided, while the spool housing for steam release has exhaust steam lines connected to the cavities of the second body and the second spool, upper and lower holes are made in the spools, and upper and lower holes for steam release are made in the spool cases while the spool for the steam inlet is made with a blind upper end.

In FIG. 1 shows a steam engine when the piston reaches TDC, the position of the inlet of compressed steam;

in FIG. 2 - the engine when the piston reaches the BDC, exhaust exhaust;

in FIG. 3 - the engine when the piston reaches an intermediate position, the period of operation of the steam or the position of the piston when it is returned to its original position before the steam inlet into the cylinder;

in FIG. 4 - view of the engine from above (enlarged).

The steam engine (Fig. 1) comprises a housing 1 with a cylinder 2 having a cover 3 forming an end face of the cylinder. A piston 4 is located in the cylinder 4. At the end of the cylinder, a spool housing 5 for steam inlet and a spool housing 6 for securing steam are fixed. The upper ends of the housings 5 and 6 are made blind. The body of each spool is made tubular. In the housing 5, a tubular inlet spool 7 is movably mounted for inlet of steam, which is closed on top with a blind end. In the housing 6 movably mounted tubular exhaust valve 8 for the release of steam. The tubular spools inside have central cavities.

The engine has a connecting rod 9 connected to the piston 4, with which a crankshaft 10 is connected with a flywheel 11 mounted on it. The engine has inlet steam lines 12 (Fig. 4) connected to the valve body cavity 5 and the valve cavity 7, and exhaust steam lines 13 communicated with a cavity of the housing 6 of the spool and a cavity of the spool 8. In the spools 7 and 8 (Fig. 1-3), the upper and lower holes are made. The upper black dot on the inlet spool 7 (FIG. 2) shows the upper inlets 14 of the inlet spool 7. The holes 14 are located in the walls of the tubular spool. The upper black dot on the exhaust valve 8 (Fig. 1) shows the exhaust holes 15 of the exhaust valve 8, made in the walls of the tubular valve 8. The upper white circle on the housing 5 (Fig. 2) shows the holes 16 in it for steam inlet, made in the walls tubular casing 5. The upper white circle on the casing 6 (Fig. 1) shows the holes 17 in the casing 6 of the spool for releasing steam, made in the walls of the casing 6. The bottom black dots on the spools 7 and 8 show the holes 18 for the passage of steam into the spools and exit a pair of spools. Each spool is a hollow tube attached to a piston. A rigid connection of the spool with the piston is made so that it does not interfere with the passage of steam. The body of each spool is attached to the cylinder cover 3 so that each spool, freely moving with the piston, attached to the piston, moves in the hole in the cylinder cover. The size and location of the holes in each spool and each spool body are selected taking into account the fact that during the periods of release and intake of steam, the holes remain fully or partially aligned for the passage of steam. Unlike the outlet spool 8, the upper end of the inlet spool 7 is blind, it is closed by the upper wall 19. The spool 8 is made without an upper end wall, which does not exclude the execution of the spool 8 with an end wall made in the same way as the spool 7. In the case of a spool 8 with a blank upper end wall, it is possible to place an additional exhaust steam line in the upper end wall of the housing 6 of the spool 8.

The engine operates as follows. When the engine is running, each spool moves in a cylindrical body, the inner surface of which fits snugly against the outer surface of the spool and its seals, not allowing steam to pass freely between the spool and its body. When the piston 4 (Fig. 1) moves upwards along with the spools 7 and 8, the steam inlet to the cylinder starts through the inlet steam lines 12 (Fig. 4) immediately before the piston reaches top dead center (TDC). This occurs at the time of the start of steam inlet through the upper holes 14 in the inlet spool 7, when the holes 14 are aligned with the holes 16 in the body 5 of the spool 7. In this position, the steam passes from the steam supply pipe 12 through the holes 14 and 16 into the spool 7 and further, through the central cavity of the tubular inlet spool 7 and the lower holes 18 of the spool, steam enters the engine cylinder into the over-piston space. While the holes 15 of the exhaust valve 8 are blocked by the walls of the housing 6 and the steam does not exit the cylinder into the exhaust steam lines 13.

After the end of the steam inlet period and the passage of the piston TDC, the spool 7 moves with the piston 4 in an intermediate position (Fig. 3) to the bottom dead center (BDC). Since the openings 14 of the spool 7 are blocked by the walls of the housing 5, and the spool is closed with a blind end on top, the steam from the inlet steam line 12 passes through the openings 16 into the housing 5 of the inlet spool 7, while the steam does not enter the engine cylinder. According to this position, the openings 15 of the exhaust spool 8 are blocked by the walls of the housing 6 and the steam does not exit the cylinder into the exhaust steam line 13. In addition, also the holes 17 in the exhaust housing 6 of the spool 8 are closed by the spool wall and further prevent steam from escaping through the exhaust steam line 13. During this period, when the piston moves from TDC to BDC, the steam located in the cylinder expands, which acts on the piston and does useful work. Since within the spools 7 and 8 pairs are present, entering through the lower holes 18 of the spools, it also participates in the expansion of the steam.

Upon reaching the BDC, the upper holes 15 in the exhaust valve 8 are aligned with the holes 17 in the housing 6 of this valve and the steam exits the cylinder through the lower holes 18 of the valve 8, its inner channel and then, through holes 15 and 17, into the exhaust steam line 13. the openings 14 of the spool 7 are blocked by the walls of the housing 5, on top the spool is closed by a blind end of the housing and the steam from the inlet steam line 12 passes through the openings 16 into the housing 5, but does not enter the engine cylinder and does not communicate with the exhaust steam line 13. When the piston moves upward, the last e passage of the BDC, an intermediate position of the piston occurs (Fig. 3). In this period, until the TDC is reached, as well as in the intermediate position when the piston moves downward, the openings 14, 15 and 17 are blocked by walls and the internal space of the cylinder does not communicate with the inlet and outlet steam lines 12 and 13. During this period, compression occurs steam remaining in the cylinder and spools after its release. When the piston reaches TDC, the engine cycle is repeated.

The steam engine has practical compactness. This is achieved by using part of the space above the engine housing to place the exhaust spool in it next to the intake spool. This arrangement made it possible to exclude the exhaust windows in the piston cylinder that occur in the prototype, which significantly simplified the design of the cylinder and the engine as a whole.

Claims (1)

A steam engine comprising a housing in which a cylinder is arranged with a piston connected via a crank mechanism to the engine shaft, a valve body for inlet of steam is fixed to the end of the cylinder, a valve in the form of a tube for inlet of steam, and also inlet steam pipelines in communication with a spool housing cavity and a spool cavity for steam inlet, characterized in that a second spool housing for securing steam is fixed at the end of the cylinder, in which the in the form of a tube, a spool for discharging steam, a spool housing for discharging steam, has outlet steam lines communicated with the cavities of the second casing and the second spool, upper and lower openings are made in the spools, and upper and lower openings for discharging steam are made in the spool cases, while the spool for the steam inlet is made with a blind upper end.

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