RU2591202C1 - Method of non-local information transmission - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: communication.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to equipment and can be used in optical communication systems. For the purpose of non-local information transmission two sources of photons emit photons in pairs in intricate quantum-mechanical state, direct photons from each pair of one source onto one of two optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals containing quantum-mechanical convoluted between them electronic colouring centres, and convoluted to those photons paired photons are directed to a measuring device, modulating information in accordance with one of the transmitted binary symbols; photons from each pair of the second source are directed to the second optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal, and convoluted to those photons paired photons are delivered to the detecting device in such a way, that at one value of the binary symbol the interference pattern is disturbed, while at the other value it is restored. Information highlighting is performed at the detecting device as per the interference pattern state.

EFFECT: technical result is noise-immunity improvement.

3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to communication technology and can be used to transmit information over a distance based on a nonlocal quantum correlation between particles, some of which are electronic color centers and other photons.

A known method of transmitting information based on non-local quantum correlation between particles in an entangled quantum-mechanical state. To do this, photons are emitted by a photon source, directed along a spatial path to the transmitting and receiving sides, remote from the photon source, photons are modulated on the transmitting side in accordance with the transmitted binary symbols “1” or “0”, and information is extracted on the receiving side. Photons emit pairwise in a quantum-mechanical state mixed up in polarization, direct them to their spatial path of propagation of the transmitting side and the receiving side so that there is a nonlocal quantum correlation between the photons of each pair. Information is allocated on the receiving side according to their interference pattern [1].

A known method of transmitting information using photons. In the method, for each particle from a pair emitted by a coherent source of quantum particles, spatial propagation paths of the superposition state are directed to the transmitting and receiving sides, with the possibility of obtaining mutual interference between the paired particles on both the transmitting and receiving sides. On the transmitting side, all spatial propagation paths that came to it modulate and then reduce them in a quantum particle detector. Information is encoded and transmitted in the form of binary signals. On the transmitting side, modulation is performed by means of physical action so that a disturbance of the interference pattern occurs or the interference pattern is restored on the receiving side. Information is distinguished by the presence or absence of an interference pattern [2].

The disadvantages of these methods is the need for classic communication lines between the transmitting and receiving sides.

Classical communication lines are understood as any communication medium through which it is physically possible to transmit photons, distributing them between the transmitting and receiving sides, for example, free space or optical fiber.

A known method and device for remote communication in the interpretation of thermoluminescent or photoluminescent signals caused by entangled captured electrons. Two samples of thermoluminescent (or photoluminescent) material were irradiated with bremsstrahlung in order to create entangled traps - electronic color centers. Entangled in this way, the samples were then spatially separated. One of the samples - the "leader" is subjected to heating with building a curve of this heating. At the same time, in the second, “driven” sample, which is not heated, the emission is observed, the intensity of which repeats the heating curve of the “leading” sample. In this case, the stimulation of radiation occurs at thermal energy approximately equal to the energy emptying the traps. Stimulation of temperature increase in the “leading” sample causes the glow of the remote “slave” entangled sample, which is reproduced regardless of the distance [3].

The disadvantages of this method is that thermal stimulation leads to the highlighting of the "leading" sample, resulting in emptying of the color centers in both samples, which leads to decoherence - a violation of the coherent superposition state and, as a result, the complete impossibility of their further use to transmit information to the basis of nonlocal quantum correlation, in addition, the process of interpreting signals is extremely complicated due to the impossibility of applying the principles of binary coding of information in this method.

The technical result to which this invention is directed is the transmission of information without the use of classical communication lines, as well as the exclusion of thermal stimulation as a factor leading to highlighting and, therefore, violation of the coherent superpositional state of color centers.

This technical result is achieved due to the fact that two photon sources emit photons in pairs in an entangled quantum mechanical state, direct photons from each pair of one source to one of two optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals containing quantum mechanically entangled electronic color centers between them, and paired photons entangled with these photons are sent to a measuring device that modulates information in accordance with one of the transmitted binary symbols, photons from each the second pair of the second source is sent to the second optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal, and the paired photons entangled with these photons are sent to the detection device in such a way that at one value of the binary symbol the interference pattern is violated, and at its other value, the interference pattern is restored, information is extracted on the detecting device according to the state of the interference pattern, and also due to the fact that the formation of quantum-mechanically entangled electron color centers between two optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals are carried out by simultaneously and co-irradiating the latter with entangled x-ray or gamma rays, and optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals are made of doped lithium fluoride.

The drawings show one of the possible schemes for the principle of implementation of the proposed method for transmitting information. The invention is illustrated in FIG. 1-2 illustrating the implementation principle, where in FIG. 1 illustrates a transmitter circuit, and FIG. 2 receivers of information on the proposed method. The scheme includes: 1-1 ′ - computers containing all the necessary elements, for example, a K-encoder (in Fig. 1) and a D-decoder (in Fig. 2) information in binary characters, a system for displaying information in a user-friendly form, 2 - measuring device, 3-3 '- optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals containing quantum mechanically entangled electronic color centers between them, 4-4' - sources of entangled pair photons, 5 - devices for directing the propagation of photons along a specific path, for example mirrors or optical fibers , 6-7-8-9-10-11 - photons and paths / directions of their propagation (shown by large arrows), 12 - polarizing beam splitter, 13 - detecting device, 14-phase plate.

In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen wrote an article [4] in which they questioned the truth of the concept of entanglement, which follows from the theory, and suggested the existence of “hidden variables” to explain entanglement. In 1962, J. S. Bell [5] mathematically showed that experiments could show the truth of the predictions of quantum mechanics. In 1980, A. Aspek [6], using the Bell criterion, experimentally showed that the phenomenon of photon entanglement obeys the rules of quantum mechanics. In the period 1990–2000, some experimenters also showed that entangled photons generated by nonlinear crystals could remain entangled at a distance of up to 10 km [7]. Recent experiments have shown the possibility of transmitting an entangled state through a satellite to a distance of 144 km [8]. The physical effect was that the instantaneous destruction of the entangled state caused by measuring the polarization of one of the photons led to the immediate fixation of the polarization of the other photon in accordance with the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum teleportation experiments were also carried out [9]. In this case, entanglement switching consisting in the transfer of entanglement from one set of particles to another was theoretically studied [10] and experimentally demonstrated [11]. Currently, it is believed that the impossibility of transmitting information through entangled states was due to the fact that entangled states themselves give a symmetric probabilistic picture of the observation of measured polarization. In other words, the probability of polarization of a quantum particle (photon) upward was 50% and downward also 50%. In such conditions, it was impossible to isolate information through measurements at the transmitter by the receiver. The possibility of transmitting information appears if the quantum effect of entangled states is combined with the effect of the collapse of the wave function; in this embodiment, it is possible to extract information at the receiver through observation of the interference pattern [1, 2]. In the theory of quantum mechanics, a group of entangled particles, being in separate physical places, is in the same quantum state (Hilbert space) and is described by a common wave function [4, 5, 6, 7]. This can also include entangled states that arise in a system consisting of two or more subsystems. In the simplest case of a pure state of a composite system, entanglement consists in the impossibility of factorizing the wave function of the system, i.e. the impossibility of presenting it as a product of the wave functions of its subsystems. However, even if the initial state is factorized, then after the interaction of the subsystems with each other or through the environment, their state becomes confused. Therefore, it is most easy to confuse at first independent entangled subsystems and translate into an entangled state of the system. In this state, the subsystems are described only by the density matrix, while the system as a whole is characterized by either a wave function or a non-factorizable density matrix. There are many ways to create confused states. Firstly, it can be a physical process, as a result of which entangled states arise, in other words, the source of entangled states. Here we should mention the process of spontaneous parametric scattering (SPR) of light, which takes place in nonlinear media without an inversion center. The biphoton field that arises in such a process consists of pairs correlated in time, polarization, frequencies and photon production site. Based on such a two-photon field, it is possible to prepare states confused not only by continuous variables, momentum, or coordinate, but also by discrete ones, for example, by polarization. Another way is to prepare entangled states from initially independent states, for example, states of atoms, ions, or mesoscopic objects. It turns out that control over the entanglement process can be carried out using optical radiation. Such an idea underlies the creation of a quantum repeater — a device that allows the transmission of entangled states over long distances [12]. Experiments show that measurements of the polarization of a photon lead to the collapse of its wave function, which, in turn, predetermines its behavior at the moment of observation of interference. In this case, the interference disappears [13]. Experiments were described in [14], and subsequently a patent was issued based on them [3] with spatially separated entangled TLD crystals (crystals for thermoluminescent dosimetry) located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (USA) and Givarlet (France) at a distance of 8182 km. Chips (English chip, literally - a chip, fragment, piece) of doped lithium fluoride were irradiated with bremsstrahlung in order to create entangled traps (color centers) in adjacent TLD crystals at a medical accelerator. One of these samples was then sent to Baton Rouge, and his intricate partner remained in Zhivarle. The heating of the sample located in Baton Rouge was carried out in accordance with the temperature of another (confused with the first) sample, which was measured by the photomultiplier in Givarlet and was equal to the ambient temperature. Due to quantum correlations of entangled states of electrons, signals were obtained with increasing (and then decreasing) (due to disconnection of the heating device in Baton Rouge) temperatures (from 140 to 240 ° C). The moment when the TLD temperature maximum was reached in Baton Rouge exactly corresponded to the moment of the maximum correlation of the signal of the photoelectron multiplier recorded in Givarlet.

Thermoluminescence occurs in materials containing inclusions, or impurities of other atoms, or atoms of alloying substances. Such materials are dielectrics and have the property of retaining the effect caused by irradiation with x-ray or gamma rays. This influence can persist for years and is used for geological and archaeological dating. Artificial materials are used in thermoluminescent dosimetry to measure ionizing radiation. When heated, energy is released in the form of light. In the described experiment, crystals of precisely the dosimetric type were used. Thermoluminescence itself is described in terms of band theory, as formulated below [15]:

- Ionization of the atomic lattice, due to x-ray or gamma radiation, releases some electrons from the valence band.

- Holes form, and electrons pass into the energy region of the conduction band.

- These electrons are then captured by traps formed by inclusions, impurity atoms or dopant atoms in the band gap. There they are stored in a metastable state.

- Such a metastable state, depending on the type of material, can persist from a very short period of time to thousands of years.

- Thermal (in the case of thermally stimulated discoloration - TSL) or optical (in the case of optically stimulated discoloration - OSL) energy allows electrons to escape from traps. Then they return to the valence band, emitting light, and this is the phenomenon of thermoluminescence.

Traps (color centers) require different thermal (TSL) or optical (OSL) energy to release electrons, depending on their energy "depth". The shallow traps will be empty at low temperature (140 ° C and above) or the photon frequency, while the deep traps will require a higher temperature (240 ° C and above) or the photon frequency. Bremsstrahlung is electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, which is deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus. It was opened in 1888 by Nikola Tesla. The bremsstrahlung effect is most commonly used today in radiation processes caused by the deceleration of a charged particle when its other charged particle deflects. In the presented experiments [14], the radiation is caused by a beam of high-energy electrons bombarding a tungsten target. Since one electron creates several photons at the same time, these photons are confused in accordance with quantum mechanics. Being statistically distributed in a cone, entangled photons can collide with particles, switch their entanglement with nuclei or electrons of atoms. Electron accelerators thus turn out to be an effective means for irradiating thermoluminescent materials, during which entangled electrons can be stored.

It was found experimentally that light, magnetic and electric fields do not cause decoherence, which can destroy the bonds between entangled electronic color centers in a thermoluminescent crystal, since the samples irradiated several months before the described experiments generated an intense response. A very large number of single electrons of one crystal are entangled with the electrons of another crystal and are “stored” in the space of color centers relatively free from decoherence. It turned out that the traps behave very similarly to resonant cavities in quantum electrodynamics. The described experiments are a practical manifestation of the entanglement phenomenon in quantum mechanics. Two particles are called entangled when they are emitted simultaneously and have a common wave function, for example, photons emitted by a nucleus or electron, and the photons temporarily interfere with each other. Such particles are quantum interconnected, so interaction with one of them is immediately “felt” by an intricate partner. Entanglement between two particles can be switched to two other particles. Entangled particles, such as electrons, can be "stored" in ionic or impurity traps (color centers) of thermoluminescent materials and remain isolated from the influence of decoherence from the environment of the traps for significant periods of time. Color centers are impurity atoms and ions (traps, defects) that capture an electron or hole, as a result of which the absorption band of the substance and its color change. Initially, the term "color centers" refers only to the so-called F-centers, discovered for the first time in the 30s. 20 century in alkali metal halide crystals and representing anionic vacancies that capture an electron. Subsequently, color centers became understood as any point defects absorbing light outside the region of intrinsic absorption — cationic and anionic vacancies, interstitial ions, and also impurity atoms and ions. Color centers are found in many inorganic crystals and glasses, as well as in natural minerals. Color centers can be destroyed by heating with TSL - (thermally stimulated luminescence) or exposure to OSL - light (optically stimulated luminescence), which corresponds to the spectral absorption region of the color centers themselves [16, 17]. Under the action of heat (in the case of TSL) or light (in the case of OSL), one of the charge carriers, for example, an electron, is released from the defect that captured it and recombines with the hole. Impurity atoms and ions can also trap an electron or hole, as a result of which they change the absorption band of a substance and its color. In the framework of the macroscopic approach (Maxwell's theory), there is polarization of electrically elastic displacement for light. In the process of forced (under the influence of an incident light wave) oscillations of electrons with the frequency of the driving force, the dipole electric moments of atoms periodically change, the frequency of which is also equal to the driving force. The average distance between atoms of a substance is much less than the length of one wave train. Therefore, secondary waves emitted by a large number of neighboring atoms are coherent both with each other and with the primary wave. When these waves are added, they interfere, as a result of this interference, all the observed optical phenomena associated with the interaction of light with matter are obtained. An optical electron makes forced oscillations under the action of a restoring elastic force and a resistance force. Under the influence of these forces, the electrons and ions of the substance make forced harmonic oscillations (oscillate) with the frequency of the incident wave, while emitting secondary waves with the same parameters [18].

The proposed method for non-local information transfer uses the execution of operations known, for example, in optical information transmission systems, that can be implemented using known functional elements. The basis of the proposed method for nonlocal information transfer is the experimentally confirmed phenomena of entanglement, quantum nonlocality of entangled particles and the effect of instant collapse of the wave function, well known in quantum mechanics.

The proposed method can be implemented as follows.

1) An entangled pair of photons is the first subsystem [12]; eliminating an entangled state between them does not require energy, since a simple measurement of at least one of these photons (for example, absorption in a substance) leads to a collapse of the wave function [13];

2) An entangled pair of photons is the second subsystem [12]; eliminating the entangled state between them does not require energy either, since a simple measurement of at least one of these photons also leads to the collapse of the wave function [13];

3) Entangled electronic color centers between two systems - the third subsystem, the destruction of an entangled state between them requires energy [3,14].

A photon from the first subsystem, in the framework of the macroscopic approach [18], interacts with the electronic color centers of the third subsystem of one of the systems. A photon from the second subsystem, in the framework of the macroscopic approach [18], interacts with the electronic color centers of the third subsystem (second system). An educated common system is confused. Those. the first and second subsystems become entangled through the environment — the third subsystem (entangled electronic color centers) of the two systems [4,5,6,7,12]. The collapse of a photon of one of subsystems 1 or 2, caused by its measurement, leads to the collapse of all photons of these subsystems 1 and 2 [13], but not of subsystem 3, since it initially is a system for the collapse of its wave function (violation of a coherent superposition state) energy consumption is required [3, 14], in order of magnitude equal to that released during heating from 140 to 240 ° C.

Before using optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals in the transmitter of FIG. 1 and the receiver of FIG. 2, these crystals are simultaneously and simultaneously irradiated with quantum mechanically entangled x-ray or gamma quanta, as a result of which quantum color-entangled electronic color centers are formed in these crystals. The crystals are made of doped lithium fluoride according to well-known and industry-developed technology.

Using a source of 4 entangled pair photons (Fig. 1), pairs of photons are generated in an entangled polarization state. One of the photons 6 of each pair with the help of the device 5 of the direction of propagation of photons along a certain path (shown by large arrows) is sent to an optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal 3 containing electronic color centers quantum mechanically entangled with electronic color centers of the optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal 3 ′ . 2), and another photon 7, using a device 5 for propagating photons along a certain path, is sent to measuring device 2.

Using a source of 4 ′ entangled pair photons (Fig. 2), pairs of photons are generated in a state confused by polarization. One of the photons 8 of each pair with the help of a device 5 for propagating photons along a certain path is directed to an optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal 3 ′ containing electronic color centers quantum-mechanically entangled with electronic color centers of the optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal 3 (Fig. 1), and another photon 9 with the help of a device 5 of the direction of propagation of photons along a certain path is sent to a polarizing beam splitter 12. In accordance with [4,5,6,7,12] the subsystem of entangled f 6 and 7 tones tangle with entangled photons subsystem 8 and 9 through the electronic subsystem entangled two systems of color centers formed crystals 3 and 3 '. In other words, an entangled pair of photons 6–7 is quantum-mechanically confused with an entangled pair of photons 8–9. Photon 9 is split through polarizing beam splitter 12 into two “half-waves” 10-11 (shown by large arrows in Fig. 2), one “half-wave” by device 5 is directed along path 10 to detection device 13, and the other “half-wave” is directed along path 11 to the detector 13, if necessary, for example, through a phase plate 14, providing a rotation of the axis of its polarization by a certain angle with the condition that when both half-waves fall on any plane, they interfere. If the encoder K, which is part of the design of transmitter computer 1 (Fig. 1), does not send a signal to measuring device 2 (any measuring device, for example, a Pockels cell or a Faraday cell), then the polarization of photon 7 is not measured, which corresponds to modulation of information in according to the transmitted binary character "0". In this case, the wave function of photon 7 does not collapse, and therefore, an entangled pair of photons 6–7 remains in an entangled quantum-mechanical state both with each other and with an entangled pair of photons 8–9, and the quantum correlation of nonlocal wave functions between these pairs of entangled photons is stored at least until the moment when the photons 6 and 8 of the corresponding entangled pairs do not leave the region of the space occupied by crystal 3 and crystal 3 ′, i.e. until they cease to interact within the framework of the macroscopic approach with entangled electronic color centers. In this case, the quantum state of photon 9 does not collapse into one of two proper orthogonal polarization states corresponding to two possible measurement results, and its “half-waves” (wave functions) form an interference pattern on detector 13 depending on its corresponding parameter, for example, in the form bands in a certain area of the screen of the detecting device 13. In this case, the signal coming from the detector 13 is decoded by the decoder D included in the design of the receiver computer 1 ′ (Fig. 2), in accordance with "0" of binary symbols. If a signal is sent to the measuring device 2 from the encoder K included in the design of the transmitter computer 1 (Fig. 1), then the polarization of the photon 7 will be measured, which corresponds to modulation of the information in accordance with the transmitted binary symbol “1”. In this case, the wave function of photon 7 collapses into one of its states. Then, in accordance with [13], the collapse of the wave functions of all other photons 6–8–9 will occur, and the quantum correlation of nonlocal wave functions between entangled pairs, which consisted of entangled pairs of photons 6–7 and 8–9, will also cease to exist. . In this case, photon 9 cannot be split into “half-waves” and, being in one of its orthogonal states with a certain polarization, it will reach detector 13, propagating along only one of two possible paths 10-11, for example 10. Due to the fact that it will not who interfere, the detector 13 will be observed the absence of interference patterns. In this case, the signal from detector 13 is decoded by decoder D in accordance with the binary symbol “1”. Thus, through the observation of the presence or absence of interference patterns at the detector of the receiver will be possible to transmit information.

INFORMATION SOURCES

[1] RF patent No. 2235434, cl. HB04 10/30, 2004.

[2] RF patent No. 2465730, cl. HB04 10/24, 2006.

[3] US Patent No. 8391721, cl. HB04 10/00, 2013.

[4] Einstein A., Podolsky B., Rosen N., “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?)), Phys. Rev. 47, 777, 1935.

[5] Bell J.S., “Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics)), New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993.

[6] Aspect A., “Trois tests expérimentaux des inégalités de Bell parmesure de correlation de polarization de photons”, Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris-Orsay, ler Février 1983.

[7] Townsend P.D., Rarity J.G., Tapster P.R., “Single Photon Interference in 10 km Long Optical-Fiber”, Electronics Letters, V. 29, p. 634,1993. [8] R. Ursin et al., "Space-Quest, Experiments with Quantum Entanglement in Space," Euro Physics News, DOI: 10.1051 / epn / 2009503.

[9] Bennett C.H. et al., "Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State via Dual Classical and EPR Channels", Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 70, pp 1895-1899,1993. [10] Bouda J. and Buzek V. "Entanglement swapping between multi-qubit systems" J.Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34, 4301-4311, 2001.

[11] De Riedmatten H. et al. "Long distance entanglement swapping with photons from separated sources", Phys. Rev., A71,050302, 2005.

[12]. P. van Loock, T.D. Ladd, K. Sanaka, F. Yamaguchi, Kae Nemoto, W.J. Munro, and Y. Yamamoto, Hybrid Quantum Repeater Using Bright Coherent Light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, p. 240501, (2006).

[13] J. Baldzuhn, E. Mohler and W. Martienssen. A wave-particle delayed-choice experiment with a single-photon state. Zeitschrift fuer PhysikBCondensed Matter, 77 (2): 347-352, June 1989.

[14] (quant-ph / 0611109). Intercontinental quantum liaisons between entangled electrons in ion traps of thermoluminescent crystals. Robert Desbrandes (Louisiana State University) and Daniel L. Van Gent (Oklahoma State University). Endorser: Professor Robert O'Connell (Louisiana State University).

[15] McKeever S.W.S., Thermoluminescence of solids, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

[16] USSR Academy of Sciences. Siberian branch. Institute of Geochemistry Academician A.P. Vinogradova. A.I. Nepomnyashchikh, E.A. Radjabov, A.V. Egranov. "Color centers and luminescence of LiF crystals." Executive Editor Dr. Phys. Science, prof. I.A. Parfianovich. Publishing house "SCIENCE", Siberian branch. Novosibirsk 1984.

[17] Physical Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 1998 .-- T. 5.

[eighteen]. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Federal Agency for Education, St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. M.N. Libenson, E.B. Yakovlev, G.D. Shandybina. "Interaction of laser radiation with matter." St. Petersburg, 2005.

Claims (3)

1. A method of non-local information transfer, characterized in that two photon sources emit photons in pairs in a quantum-mechanical state confused by polarization, while a photon from each pair of one source is sent to a measuring device, where it is modulated in accordance with the transmitted binary symbols "1 "or" 0 ", and a photon from each pair of the second source is sent to a detecting device with the ability to extract information on the presence or absence of an interference pattern, characterized in that a pair photon from each pair of one source is directed to one of two optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals containing quantum mechanically entangled electronic color centers between them, and a pair photon from each pair of the second source is directed to a second optically transparent thermoluminescent crystal. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the formation of quantum-mechanically entangled electronic color centers between two optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals is carried out by simultaneous and co-irradiation of the latter with entangled x-ray or gamma rays. 3. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1 or 2, characterized in that the optically transparent thermoluminescent crystals are made of doped lithium fluoride.

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