RU2590748C1 - Method of sowing seeds and device therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; machine building.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in fact that seeds scattering is conducted by their feeding along row line perpendicular to surface of soil at speed of up to 60 m/s depending on its moisture content. Closing seeds into soil is carried out by wedging in it at depth of 15…20 mm. To realise method seeds sowing device is used including seed tube connected with limiter with possibility of covering by its cylindrical part of spreading disc with grooved blades mounted on it. Latter are arranged perpendicular to spreading disc fitted on drive shaft. End part of limiter is made in form of guide 5° installed at angle to vertical plane in opposite direction from direction of movement. On guide there is curvilinear tip.

EFFECT: invention allows to ensure sowing of seeds without mechanical action on soil at high its moisture content, uniform distribution of seeds at high working speed of sowing machine movement, which provides increase of field germination capacity and increase in productivity.

3 cl, 7 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to a method for sowing seeds of agricultural crops and a device for its implementation.

Sowing Method Level

A known method of sowing seeds, including the crafts of the grooves, laying seeds in it, pressing them into the bottom of the grooves, filling the grooves with a layer of loose soil (see RF patent No. 2483517, IPC A01C 7/20, publ. 06/10/2013).

As a disadvantage, it should be noted that the most effective method is performed on pre-treated soil and at a certain moisture content.

A known method of sowing seeds, including the formation of a comb profile on untouched soil, laying seeds, pressing them into the tops of the ridges with the formation of a compacted soil layer and filling the seeds with a thin mulching soil layer (see RF patent No. 2143793, IPC A01B 79/02, A01C 7 / 00, publ. 10.01.2000).

The main disadvantage of this method is that access to the air pressed into the soil and covered with seeds decreases. In addition, when the soil moisture content is more than 20% more favorable for seeds, the closing bodies are stuck with soil, clogged, which disrupts the sowing process.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved positive effect and adopted by the authors for the prototype is a method of sowing seeds, including scattering of seeds on the surface of the soil with their subsequent incorporation into the soil (see Khalansky V.M., Gorbachev I.V. Agricultural machines. - M .: KolosS, 2006 .-- S. 147).

The method is effective, but has several disadvantages.

Firstly, when scattering seeds on the surface of the soil, it is difficult to maintain the uniformity of their distribution. Secondly, scattered seeds are planted in the soil by harrowing or rolling. When harrowing, not all seeds are embedded in the soil, and to the required depth. When rolling in, soil moisture is pulled up and evaporates, and the seedlings become more difficult to reach the day surface. A mechanical effect on the soil is carried out, which leads to erosion processes, clogging and sticking of the working bodies with increased soil moisture.

A device for sowing seeds is known, including a seed tube, a furrow cutter with a limiter in the form of a wedge, and the height of the wedge corresponds to 2 cm and the width of its upper part is larger than the size of the sown seeds, while the ratio of the width of the roller to its diameter is not more than 1:30 (see Patent No. 2284094 RU, A01C 7/00, published on 09.27.2006).

The main disadvantage of this device is the adhesion of the soil and its clogging with high soil moisture, the most favorable for sowing.

The closest in technical essence is a device for spreading granules of fertilizers and seeds, including fertilizer and seed tube, spreading disc with grooved blades, moving with a drive shaft, a guide, a limiter (see V.M. Khalansky, I.V. Gorbachev. Agricultural machines . - M .: KolosS, 2006, p. 118 ... 119).

The disadvantage of this device is the horizontal arrangement of the disks, which does not provide a uniform distribution of material on the surface of the soil.

The device requires additional technical means for embedding granules or seeds in the soil.

Disclosure of invention

Increasing the productivity of the sowing unit due to the increase in the speed of the working movement of the seeder.

The implementation of sowing seeds with high soil moisture.

The technical result that can be achieved using the present invention is reduced to sowing seeds without mechanical impact on the soil, with its increased moisture, providing an increase in field germination of seeds and increase yield. The uniformity of seed distribution improves, the speed of the working movement of the seeder and its productivity increase.

The technical result is achieved using the method of feeding seeds along a row perpendicular to the surface of the soil at a speed of up to 60 m / s, depending on its moisture content, and seeding the seeds into the soil by wedging them into it to a depth of 15 ... 20 mm.

The technical result is achieved using a device for sowing seeds, including the vas deferens, a spreading disc with blades, with a drive shaft, a guide, a limiter, while the vas deferens is connected to the limiter, with the possibility of covering its cylindrical part of the spreading disc with grooved blades mounted on it, which are located perpendicular to the spreading disc, and the spreading disc is mounted on the drive shaft, while the end part of the limiter, made in the form of a guide, is installed an angle of 5 ° to the vertical plane in the opposite direction from the direction of movement.

A curved narrator is located on the guide.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Table 1 gives a method of sowing seeds and a device for its implementation, physico-mechanical properties of seeds. Variety of winter wheat "Zustrich" (Fig. 1).

In table 2 - the same, the dependence of laboratory germination from the load on the seed (Fig. 2).

In FIG. 3 - the same, the silogram of the load on the seed of wheat to failure.

In FIG. 4 is a diagram of a device for sowing seeds, general view.

In FIG. 5 is the same, the layout of the blade disk, front view.

In FIG. 6 - the same scheme of seed supply during sowing.

In FIG. 7 is the same, diagram of the grooved blade, end view.

The implementation of the invention

Examples of specific performance of the method of sowing seeds and devices for its implementation

Example. The parameters of the method of sowing seeds are determined.

Sowing seeds is carried out without mechanical impact on the soil when sowing in the absence of the coulter group on the seeder. Seeds are fed to the surface of the soil with kinetic energy:

, $$T_c=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="m\; V\; c"\; filenames="00000011.png,00000012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">m\; </figure-callout>}{V}_c^{}{}_2^{}}{2}$$

,

where m is the mass of the seed, kg;

V _c - the speed of the seed during flight, m / s.

This technology is most effectively used when sowing seeds of grain crops, rapeseed, onions, carrots, beets, tomatoes and other small seeds, the depth of which does not exceed 15 ... 20 mm.

Based on the studies, the following indicators of the physicomechanical properties of winter wheat seeds were obtained (see Table 1), namely the sizes of seeds of the Zustrich winter wheat variety: length, width, thickness, weight of 1000 seeds and the maximum load on the seed, which does not lead to lower germination.

As can be seen on the silogram of destruction of the seed (Fig. 3), point A is marked, where a violation of the integrity of the membrane of the seed occurred. We took this point as the limit of permissible load, it is 60 N. This was tested in experiment No. 1 (Table 2). It was established that violation of the integrity of the seed coat or scarification positively affected the germination energy and seed germination. Especially, the energy increased, which is explained by the access of water and air to the seed germ that appeared due to a violation of the shell. Seed destruction occurs with an effort of 95 ... 110 N.

According to agricultural requirements, the laboratory germination of wheat seeds should be at least 90%.

Determine the feed rate of the seed, providing wedging, penetration into the soil to a depth of 20 mm. Seeding of wheat seeds to a depth of 20 mm increases the resistance of plants to damage by fungal diseases and putrefactive bacteria.

Based on the given seed placement depth h, the necessary seed feed rate is determined:

where ρ is the hardness of the soil, Pa;

S is the cross-sectional area of the seed, m ² ;

m is the mass of the seed, kg

The hardness of the soil varies depending on soil moisture from 1.3 MPa to 0.4 MPa. According to the available data (see the Handbook of the designer of agricultural machines. M .: Mashinostroenie, 1967. P. 703), this dependence can be represented in the form:

ρ = 2.1-0.2 (W _f -20), MPa,

where W _f - actual absolute soil moisture,%.

For example: when W _f = 25%; ρ = 2.1-0.2 (25-20) = 1.1 MPa; when W _f = 30%; ρ = 2.1-0.2 (30-20) = 0.1 MPa.

Then

Therefore, the seed accelerator must provide a seed feed rate of up to 60 m / s.

To determine the load on the seed when wedging it into the soil, a laboratory experiment was performed.

The data obtained are approximated by the following equation:

F _n = 50-1.6W, N.

At soil moisture content W = 20%, the force of pressing the seed into the soil is 18 ... 20 N, and at W = 30% it is 2.0 ... 2.5 N.

This is significantly less than the permissible load of 60 N.

The method of sowing seeds is as follows.

Seeds 9 from the sowing apparatus (not shown) are fed to the device through the lower part of the vas deferens 6.

семена 9 вклиниваются в почву при помощи разбрасывающего диска 1 (фиг. 5, 6, 7) с желобчатыми лопастями 2, который соединен с валом 3 электродвигателя 4, проникая на глубину до 20 мм. На легких почвах глубина может достигать и 30 мм. Семена 9 получают объемный контакт с почвой с уплотненным дном, что обеспечивает их быстрое набухание и прорастание. Надсеменное пространство не уплотнено, что улучшает аэрацию.This device gives them a speed of up to 60 m / s, they are directed perpendicular to the surface of the soil. Under the influence of pulsed kinetic energy $$(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="m\; v"\; filenames="00000011.png,00000012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">m\; </figure-callout>}{v}^{}{}^2}{2})$$

the seeds 9 are wedged into the soil using a spreading disc 1 (Fig. 5, 6, 7) with grooved blades 2, which is connected to the shaft 3 of the electric motor 4, penetrating to a depth of 20 mm. On light soils, the depth can reach 30 mm. Seeds 9 receive volumetric contact with soil with a compacted bottom, which ensures their rapid swelling and germination. The superficial space is not sealed, which improves aeration.

To implement the proposed method of sowing seeds, a special device is used.

It includes a spreading disc 1 (Fig. 5, 6) with grooved blades 2. In order to increase the uniformity of seeding, three grooved blades 2 are installed. The blades 2, located perpendicular to the spreading disc 1, are grooved so that the seeds 9 move along them along the length. The spreading disc 1 is mounted on the shaft 3 of the electric motor 4. The electric motor 4 is powered by a 12 V battery (not shown). The shaft speed is 100 s ^-1 . Above the spreading disc 1, a stop 5 is placed, which covers it with its cylindrical part, to the center of which the lower part of the seed tube 6 is attached. The front end part of the stop 5, made in the form of a guide 7, is installed at an angle of 5 ° to the vertical plane, in the opposite direction from the direction of movement (Fig. 6), on which is mounted a curved narralik 8.

Define the device parameters.

The radius of the spreading disc 1 is determined by the formula:

where r is the radius of the spreading disk, m;

n is the rotation frequency of the spreading disc, m / s.

Therefore, the diameter of the spreading disc is d = 200 mm.

The guide is located at an angle β to the vertical plane:

where V _m - the speed of the working movement of the machine (seeder), m / s;

V _c is the speed of the seed, m / s.

At V _m = 5 m / s; V _c = 60 m / s:

This ensures the supply of seeds 9 perpendicular to the surface of the soil.

The device operates as follows.

When the seeder is working, seeds 9 (Fig. 6) from the vas deferens 6 enter the cavity formed by the spreading disc 1 and grooved blades 2. When the spreading disc 1 is rotated, the seeds 9 under the influence of inertia F _u = m (2πn) ² · r move along the trough the blades 2. Seeds cannot leave the spreading disc 1, as they are held by the limiter 5 until they approach the guide 7. From the guide 7 they fly off at an angle of 5 ° to the vertical, which provides them with a perpendicular entrance to the soil. On the guide 7 is mounted a curved mouth 8, which removes clumps of soil from the row line. It is advisable to sow at high soil moisture.

The invention in comparison with the prototype and other known solutions has the following advantages:

- provides sowing of seeds at high soil moisture, which improves germination, growth and development of plants;

- there is no mechanical effect on the soil, which can significantly increase the speed of the working movement of the seeder, and therefore, productivity;

- increases the uniformity of seed distribution in the soil.

Claims (3)

1. The method of sowing seeds, including the spreading of seeds and their seeding in the soil, characterized in that the scattering is carried out by feeding the seeds along a row perpendicular to the soil surface at a speed of up to 60 m / s, depending on its moisture, and seeding in the soil is carried out by wedging them into it to a depth of 15 ... 20 mm. 2. A device for sowing seeds, including the vas deferens, spreading disc with blades, with a drive shaft, a guide, limiter, characterized in that the vas deferens is connected to the limiter with the ability to cover its cylindrical part of the spreading disc, with grooved blades mounted on it, which are perpendicular to the spreading the disk, and the spreading disk is mounted on the drive shaft, and the end part of the limiter, made in the form of a guide, is installed at an angle of 5 ° to the vertical plane in the opposite side from the direction of travel. 3. The device according to p. 2, characterized in that on the guide is a curved narrator.

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