RU2566684C1 - Multicomponent organic-mineral fertiliser - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: multicomponent organic-mineral fertiliser comprises carbonate sapropel, peat, mineral fertilisers and amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide with the following ratio of components, wt %: carbonate sapropel - 60, peat - 30, mineral fertilisers (NPK) - 5, colloidal silicon dioxide - 5.

EFFECT: increase in fertility and environmental sustainability of soils, contributes to increase in productivity.

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Description

The present invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the production of fertilizers with the aim of increasing soil fertility and environmental sustainability, producing environmentally friendly agricultural products.

Known mixtures containing peat (sometimes together with organic waste), enriched with nutrients, since peat itself contains a very small number of nutrients and trace elements, therefore, all components must be added to the mixture during cooking. In addition, peat for fertilizer must have a certain humidity and acidity. All this prevents the widespread use of these mixtures.

Known granular fertilizer based on peat (US Pat. RF №2121489, IPC C10F 7/00, C05F 11/00, 1998). In addition to peat, it contains mineral fertilizers and natural zeolite to ensure the resistance of nutrients to leaching.

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is the almost complete absence of trace elements and calcium that are vital for plants, which ensures the regulation of the acid-base state of the soil. All this does not allow to increase the fertility of degraded and unproductive soils and does not stimulate humus formation.

Known fertilizer reclamant "Nara-2" (US Pat. RF No. 2115641, IPC C05F 7/00, 1998), which is a mixture of peat and sapropel, zeolite tuff, lime flour and chitin or chitosan. It exhibits a high reclamation effect and has increased sorption activity to heavy metals and radionuclides.

The disadvantages of this fertilizer are the low content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which does not provide an increase in productivity on depleted soils. In addition, the strong organomineral complex of sapropel prevents the release of humic substances, which also reduces the effectiveness of the fertilizer.

Organomineral fertilizers are known that have the advantages of both mineral and organic fertilizers. The organic part contributes to the accumulation (or preservation, compensation of losses) of humus, improves the soil structure, ensures the development of soil microorganisms, and the mineral component makes up for losses in nutrients and also contributes to soil structuring.

Known granular complex fertilizer obtained by mixing and granulating loam, expanded clay, kaolinite, phosphogypsum, aerosil with the addition of peat and natural zeolite as sorbents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the amount of 3.0-3.5 wt. % (Aut. Certificate. USSR No. 1302646, IPC C05G 5/00, 1985).

The disadvantages of the fertilizer thus obtained are the significant complexity of the process, the complex component composition, the low content of organics and nutrients for plants.

The closest to the proposed is a fertilizer-reclamation mixture (UMS), including carbonate sapropel, peat and a mineral component obtained by composting using an EM culture of soil microorganisms (US Pat. RF No. 2286321, IPC C05F 7/00, 2006). However, this long process, requiring strict observance of the conditions, microbial preparations are very sensitive and do not always correspond to the declared properties. Therefore, their use does not always give the expected effect of activating the processes of transformation of the organic matter of sapropel in the soil into a form accessible to plants, which is necessary in the presence of insoluble lake sediments containing more than 50% of organic matter in the form of strong organomineral complexes.

To eliminate these disadvantages allows the proposed multicomponent organomineral fertilizer, including carbonate sapropel, peat and mineral fertilizers, which additionally contains amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide in the following ratio of components, wt. %:

carbonate sapropel - 60,

peat - 30.

mineral fertilizers (NPK) - 5,

colloidal silicon dioxide - 5.

For expanded reproduction of soil fertility, a system of targeted impacts is required that promote humus formation and sustainable accumulation of humus as a source of potential energy and information carrier. An increase in the supply of organic matter in the soil increases its potential energy, the introduction of a colloidal fraction of sapropel improves the soil structure due to the creation of durable organomineral complexes of humic substances. Colloidal complexes fix nutrient elements (NPK) on the surface of colloidal particles in the fertile soil layer and prevent their loss.

The active centers for the formation of organomineral complexes of humic substances are atoms of polyvalent elements in the functional groups of organosilicon compounds in the state of colloidal mineral and organomineral micelles of sapropel and amorphous silica. The high lime content in carbonate sapropel forms a particularly stable buffer system - humic substances (HV) -CaCO ₃ , which provides increased soil resistance to acidification and alkalization, a decrease in hydrolytic acidity, and an increase in the cation exchange capacity. This determines the duration of action of a new organic fertilizer in the soil up to 10 years or more. The presence of a sufficiently high sorption capacity of carbonate sapropel ensures the sorption of heavy metals, herbicides and insecticides. The introduction of amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide effectively reduces the translocation coefficient of heavy metals by increasing the number and expanding the composition of active sorption centers. For organic compounds, these are d elements - calcium, silicon. The carbonate sapropel has a high calcium content in the composition of organomineral complexes of humic substances and in the form of mineral salts, mainly carbonates. The silicon content in the form of amorphous silica in sapropel is low, therefore, amorphous silicon in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide (aerosil) is introduced into the composition of a multicomponent organic-mineral fertilizer. Silicon tetravalent is similar in structure to the main organogen element - carbon, but a larger radius of the atom determines its greater polarization and promotes the formation of less strong bonds, therefore compounds containing silicon are more active and easier to transform under the influence of reagents. The main problem is to preserve the amorphous structure with a large surface energy and a high content of active centers in the form of silicon atoms with free valencies. This problem is solved by the formation of organosilicon structures due to the organic matter of sapropel and peat and amorphous silica. The role of silicon compounds is great both in the soil, where they contribute to structural formation due to organomineral complexes, and for plants - silicon strengthens the walls of the epidermis. Crystalline silica is inaccessible to plants and inactive in soil. Amorphous silica due to the large number of active centers and, as a consequence, higher surface energy, can more actively interact with the acid centers of organic compounds of the soil and sapropel, which include carboxyl groups, phenolic hydroxyls and, possibly, sulfonium groups of fulvic acids, humic acids and others organic compounds.

Interaction Examples:

1. amorphous silica and acid centers - carboxylic groups of fulvic and humic acids

2. amorphous silica and phenolic hydroxyls of fulvic and humic acids

3. amorphous silica and sulfonic acids of organic substances

In the next step, the silicon-containing functional group, as an electrophilic substrate, interacts with other oxygen-containing nucleophilic reagents of organic compounds with the replacement of the hydroxyl group with an alkoxyl group. So, the compound, which is the result of the interaction of amorphous silica with polyphenols, has the following structure:

Thus, peat-sapropelic mixtures containing a large amount of organic matter, and consequently, organic acids (carboxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyls) convert silicon compounds into a more active and accessible form for plants, and on the organosilicon functional groups, due to the polyvalency of this element, active centers for the formation of soil organomineral complexes, which are the basis of soil humus.

The multicomponent organic mineral fertilizer Saprosil is prepared as follows:

Hydroperite is added to a pre-frozen wet moist carbonate sapropel (humidity 50-60%) in a ratio of 100: 1 per air-dry substance. When mixing the components of the mixture, hydroperite in a humid environment gradually turns into hydrogen peroxide, which leads to a partial destruction of the organomineral complex of sapropel and the release of humic substances. Sapropel can withstand 2-3 days. At the next stage, A-300 brand aerosil (amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide) is added to sapropel. In this case, the previously released humic acids interact with silicon compounds, they gradually dissolve silica, forming chemically stable soluble organosilicon derivatives available to plants. The components of the mixture are thoroughly mixed. The mixture is kept for 2-3 days to restore the state of dynamic equilibrium of all chemical processes. At the next stage, a sapropel-silicon mixture is mixed with peat in a ratio of 1: 1 by volume and mineral fertilizers. Produce thorough mixing to ensure uniformity of the obtained multicomponent organic-mineral fertilizer "Saprosil".

The ratio of components in the resulting fertilizer is determined by the following: the lower limit of sapropel and peat, i.e. organic matter in the fertilizer should not be less than 40%, and since the proposed fertilizer is of prolonged action, sapropel is preferred, since peat is an almost inert, quickly burning organic matter. The decrease in the content of colloidal silicon dioxide and mineral fertilizers below the lower limit significantly affects the quality of plants, the strength and resistance of their stems. An increase in the content of components above the upper limit with an increase in the cost of fertilizer does not give any meaningful results.

Studies of the effectiveness of the new multicomponent organomineral fertilizer were carried out in a vegetative experiment on vessels on a spring barley culture.

The following options were studied: control (clean soil); the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of 210 kg a.a. / ha, peat-sapropel mixture at the rate of 5 t / ha and multi-component organic fertilizer "SAPROSIL" at the rate of 5 t / ha. Barley was grown to tillering. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

It can be seen from the table that when applying SAPROSIL, a synergistic effect is observed. The increase in green mass from mineral fertilizers is 16%, from the peat-sapropel mixture 16% due to the large volume of inert mass, and 44% from the application of SAPROSIL.

The multi-component organic fertilizer “SAPROSIL” was also introduced at the Tinki-2 plot of the OPKh of Polkovo, Ryazan region, Ryazan region, in the amount of 5 t / ha under spring barley. The yield of green mass was 21.1 t / ha, in the control 15.4 t / ha, and with 10 t / ha of pure sapropel 17 t / ha.

Thus, the proposed multicomponent organomineral fertilizer "Saprosil" provides targeted formation and activation of soil processes of humus formation, lowering the barrier to the transformation of humic substances of sapropel into humus of the soil, helps to increase productivity by introducing nutrients and biologically active compounds, provides high water-holding ability in the soil, is a long-lasting improver, improves the condition of the soil by sorption of pollutants, th It provides higher yields and production of ecologically clean products.

Claims (1)

Multicomponent organomineral fertilizer, including carbonate sapropel, peat and mineral fertilizers, characterized in that it additionally contains amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silicon dioxide in the following ratio of components, wt.%:
carbonate sapropel - 60;
peat - 30;
mineral fertilizers (NPK) - 5;
colloidal silicon dioxide - 5.