RU2561685C2 - Optical sight and gun for such sight (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: weapons and ammunition.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to firearms, particularly, to optical sight and guns to be used therewith. Claimed sight features eyepiece optical axis shifted downward relative to objective lens. Gun to be incorporated with claimed sight comprises barrel, sight, handles and butt. It includes folding or permanent second butt located under the main one In compliance with another version, claimed gun has controlled muzzle brake with the main or extra slit opening upward. In compliance with one more version, gun has optical section of objective lens and at least two replaceable adapters of the following four: eyepiece, TV, thermal imaging and night vision adapters.

EFFECT: compact design, enhance combat performances.

4 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to sights for small arms - to machine guns, light machine guns, submachine guns and especially to sniper rifles.

The front-sight type used now was born in the 12th century (see Wikipedia, the Kalashnikov assault rifle) and corresponded to ideas about firing accuracy for the 12th century and the technological capabilities of the 12th century. The use of this sight or its slightly retouched variety - a diopter sight, in the 21st century is an unwarranted anachronism and is not due to technical reasons, but only retrograde trends among the military leadership.

The constructive simplicity of such a sight creates a deceptive feeling of the simplicity of aiming from such a weapon. In fact, the use of this sight is as difficult as possible - for aiming it is necessary to adjust the position of the front sight in height and lateral direction and at the same time in two ways to adjust the position of the slot (or hole in the diopter sight). Not only that, you must still track the position of the head and butt on the shoulder. That is, it is necessary to simultaneously manage 6 parameters! A person is not capable of this and therefore tries to reduce the number of degrees of freedom by squeezing the butt in his shoulder and trying to fix his head relative to the weapon, pressing his cheek against the butt. In this way, it is possible to at least approximately reduce the influence of two parameters. And to regulate “the rest” 4. The psychologists say that a person cannot regulate 4 parameters at the same time. That is why there are very few people who can shoot weapons with such an aim at a good level. There is an assumption that people who shoot well from such weapons involuntarily include the subconscious in the process of aiming - this is the only way they manage to simultaneously control 6 parameters. And then only after months of training.

Famous modern facet sight, see US Pat. No. 2431105. It requires regulation in just two ways. But it is designed for high-speed shooting at short range.

Also, according to two parameters, there is an aiming using an optical or television sight. That is, these are good sights from an ergonomic point of view. Almost any healthy person is able to shoot with the help of these sights from the same weapon with an accuracy that is an order of magnitude superior to the accuracy of shooting from a weapon with the mentioned obsolete sight. It is clear how this will increase the combat effectiveness of a fighter. True, the success of using a television sight in a war against a technologically superior opponent is doubtful - such sights can easily be damaged by laser irradiation even from a relatively low-power laser, after which they become completely inoperative.

A shooter with a telescopic sight can also be blinded by laser radiation, but there are optical materials that selectively transmit the emission spectrum, and there are materials that instantly darken when the allowable limit of illumination is exceeded. Therefore, a shooter with a telescopic sight is possibly more combat-ready than a shooter with a television sight. Although the television sight can be partially protected by the two mentioned materials.

But the optical sight also has a drawback - during aiming, at least half of the shooter's head is not protected from defeat by enemy fire.

There is another drawback. It is twofold and consists in the following: if the optical magnification of the sight is low, then it is difficult for a sniper to get into a remote point target - sometimes the mark of the sight looks more than the target itself. And if the magnification of the sight is large, then due to the small angle of view it is difficult for a person to identify the area that he sees in the narrow field of view of the sight - in such a sight it is almost impossible to understand whether that bush, figuratively speaking, you are considering or neighboring.

The objective and technical result of the invention is to increase the accuracy and speed of aiming, reduce the likelihood of a shooter being hit by enemy fire, compactness and multifunctionality.

OPTION 1. When aiming due to vertical cover (pillar, tree, rock, vertical part of a door or window, corner of a building, armored vehicles, etc.) with an optical sight, approximately half of the shooter's face is outside the shelter and is vulnerable to enemy fire. To hide the whole face, this sight has a parallel optical axis of the eyepiece, shifted sideways (to the left for right-handed people), (hereinafter all directions are given relative to the direction of the shot at the conditionally working horizontal position of the weapon). That is, simply put, the “half" of the binoculars is used.

Moreover, in order to make the weapon more compact during transportation and storage, and also so that the eyepiece can be turned left for right-handed people and right for left-handed people, the entire sight or zigzag part of the sight is made rotatable relative to the longitudinal axis of the lens. The rest of the optical design of the sight does not differ from the optical design of averaged binoculars.

We call such a sight "prismatic."

Figure 1, 2 shows a weapon with such an aim, where 1 is a weapon, 2 is a lens, 3 is an eyepiece, 4 is a rotatable zigzag part. The same designations for figures 3, 4, 5; figure 1, the sight is presented in the transport position, figure 2 - in combat.

The sight works like this: the zigzag part of the sight rotates horizontally to the left, and the shooter performs aiming due to the vertical cover. However, because of the shelter, only the ear and part of the helmet may stick out. The defeat of the shooter by enemy fire is almost ruled out

OPTION 2. When aiming from behind a horizontal shelter (trench, window sill, tree, rail, funnel, terrain, armored vehicles, etc.) with an optical sight, the upper half of the shooter's face is outside the shelter and is vulnerable to enemy fire. To hide the entire face, this sight has a parallel optical axis of the eyepiece, shifted down.

Like the first option, the zigzag portion of the scope can be rotated for compactness. And there is another purpose of this turn - if there is no shelter or if there is no need to hide, the shooter can shoot from this sight, leaning out of the shelter, and the eyepiece can be rotated so that for the right-hander it will be opposite the left eye, see figure 4 . This is less familiar than for the right, but having trained, you can easily adapt.

We call such a sight “periscopic”. According to the optical scheme, it is no different from the averaged periscope.

Figure 3, 4, 5 shows such a sight. In Fig. 3, the sight is shown in the firing position for firing due to horizontal shelter, and in Fig. 4, the sight is shown in the position for the left eye for firing without shelter.

It works the same way.

OPTION 3. For a periscope sight you need a special weapon. The fact is that if you lower your head below the weapon (or you can say the opposite - if you raise the weapon above the head) so that the head does not stick out from behind the shelter, and so that the right eye is just at the eyepiece level, the butt will be hanging in the air above the shoulder, and the weapon will be unstable in the hands.

To eliminate this drawback, the weapon has a folding or permanent second butt located below the main one. When using a shortened shutter, the second butt is conveniently located in a monoblock with the first butt and with the magazine slot in the very rear of the weapon.

Figure 3, 4, 5 shows a weapon with two permanent butts - the main (upper) and lower, designed to stop in the shoulder when firing with a periscope sight from a weapon raised above the head.

OPTION 4. When shooting with the arms resting on the shoulder in the lower butt or without resting on the butt, and with the arms resting on a horizontal surface, an increased throwing moment arises, since the recoil vector falls on the lower butt or on the arms (through the handle of the machine) and therefore is separated a greater distance from the stop to the shoulder. To compensate for this increased throwing moment, the weapon has a controlled muzzle brake with an upward opening main or additional window.

This weapon, as usual, contains, in addition to the stock (butts), one or two handles and, possibly, the forend.

The opening window of the muzzle brake can be in the form of a hole, several holes or a gap, but preferably with a profile in the form of a jet nozzle (downward thrust will be greater).

The muzzle brake can be controlled manually, but in stressful combat conditions, the shooter can forget about it, and it is also desirable to free him from the need to perform this operation. Therefore, this weapon has a lever or key on the lower butt connected to the draft by the muzzle brake, and the thrust direction is such that when the butt is pressed against the shoulder, the window in the controlled muzzle brake opens.

See figure 5, where 5 is a lever key on the lower butt, 6 is a controlled muzzle brake.

This option works as follows: when pressing the butt to the shoulder, the key 5 is sunk into the butt, the thrust (not shown) opens an additional window in the controlled muzzle brake 6, directed upward, and the increased throwing moment is compensated.

OPTION 5. To eliminate the aforementioned drawback of the optical sight, which consists in insufficient magnification and in an insufficient field of view, this sight has a smooth or two-stage zoom optical system. Such schemes are widely known, see, for example, Chinese-made binoculars 10-90 * 60. It has a basic magnification of 10 *, and when you click on the special lever, the increase jumps up to 90 * (the number 60 is the diameter of the lens). That is, such a sight does not even need to be developed, it is enough to order a half from this binoculars to manufacturers.

This sight works as follows: the shooter surveys the desired area with an increase of 10 *, with this increase, a person easily finds in the optics an object that he saw with the naked eye. Having seen a suspicious object, the shooter presses the lever and the magnification becomes 90 *, which allows a good view of the object and allows you to selectively aim.

OPTION 6. For compactness and multifunctionality, the sight has one optical part of the lens and interchangeable at least two of four nozzles: ocular, television, thermal imaging, night vision (that is, with a photomultiplier).

All four variants of the sight can be combined in one.

Claims (4)

1. Weapons for sight with the optical axis of the eyepiece, offset downward relative to the lens, containing a barrel, sight, handles and butt, characterized in that it has a folding or permanent second butt located below the main one. 2. Weapons for sight with the optical axis of the eyepiece, offset downward relative to the lens, containing a barrel, sight, handles and butt (stocks), characterized in that it has a controlled muzzle brake having an opening main or additional window up. 3. The weapon according to claim 2, characterized in that it has a lever or key on the lower butt connected to the muzzle brake by a thrust, the thrust direction being such that when the butt is pressed against the shoulder, the window in the controlled muzzle brake opens. 4. An optical sight containing a lens and an eyepiece, characterized in that it has one optical part of the lens and interchangeable at least two of four nozzles: ocular, television, thermal imaging, night vision.

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