RU2537051C1 - Device to inspect magnetic engagement - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: instrumentation.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to physics of ferromagnetics and may be used to investigate magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetics in a wide range of magnetisation, including an area of deep saturation, in particular, during research of effect of dynamic abnormal magnetisation under action of magnetic viscosity of ferromagnetics. A device to inspect magnetic friction comprises an electromagnet with flat-parallel ends of magnetic poles connected to a controlled DC source. In its magnetic gap there is an edge of a ferromagnetic ring from investigated ferromaterial, put into rotary motion from a synchronous AC motor connected to an AC generator with controlled frequency, between which there is a meter of capacity of electric oscillations, information from which on capacity consumed by the synchronous AC motor arrives to an additional input of an information control and processing unit. Flat-parallel ends of the electromagnet are equipped with flat attachments from investigated ferromaterial, for instance, by their gluing.

EFFECT: inspection of magnetic friction of two dissimilar magnetic poles moved relative to each other without variation of distance between these poles.

4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the physics of ferromagnets and can be used to study the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnets in a wide range of magnetization, including the deep saturation region, in particular, when studying the effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization under the influence of magnetic viscosity of ferromagnets.

Observations in 1919 by G. Barkhausen [1] showed that, with a smooth change in the magnetic field strength, the magnetization of a ferromagnet changes stepwise due to the action of different nature of domain friction. The Barkhausen effect is one of the direct evidence of the domain structure of ferromagnets; it allows one to determine the volume of an individual domain. For most ferromagnets this volume is 10 ^-6 ... 10 ^-9 cm ³ (respectively, the transverse domain size is 0.1 ... 0.01 mm), which indicates that one domain consists of a huge number of atoms and molecules with identically oriented magnetic moments, that is, the domain has a mass many orders of magnitude greater than the mass of an individual molecule or atom of a substance. This, in particular, taking into account the indicated domain friction, determines the property of magnetic viscosity of ferromagnetic materials.

It is believed that during the interaction of two magnetized ferromagnets, the magnetic lines of force of one of them (from the north magnetic pole N) emerging from the domains enter the domains of the other (the south magnetic pole S) and are “frozen” into the corresponding domains of these ferromagnets located between by the shortest path. When the magnetically interacting magnetized ferromagnets are mutually displaced relative to each other over a certain small range of displacements, the magnetic lines of force lengthen or shorten accordingly, which leads to a change in the magnetic resistance of the magnetic circuit, similar to the well-known Ohm's law for the magnetic circuit. Any change in time of magnetic resistance can be detected by technical means based on the Faraday law on electromagnetic induction.

A technical solution is known [2] for detecting fluctuations in magnetic flux during the mutual displacement of two magnetized ferromagnets without changing the distance between their magnetic poles. This device consists of two thin-walled cylindrical and coaxially spaced permanent magnets magnetically connected from the ends of the studied ferromagnetic substance, one of which is the rotor, which is rotationally driven by an electric motor, and the other, the stator, is made in the form of a horseshoe-shaped structure of the magnetic circuit on which the inductor is located, forming, together with a capacitor of variable capacity connected to it, an oscillatory circuit tuned to the frequency F = ΩD / 2md, where Ω is the circular frequency of rotation of the cyl a magnetic rotor magnet with a diameter D, m is a certain positive number to be measured, d is the assumed transverse domain size in the used ferromagnet, and the wall thickness h of the cylindrical ends of the magnetic poles is many times smaller than the diameter D, for example, by one or two orders of magnitude, and the ends of the magnetic poles of the rotor and stator are located from each other at a small distance s, commensurate with the value of h and forming a magnetic gap. An increase in the D / h ratio in the indicated technical solution is associated with the requirement to reduce the linear velocity spread of various points of the ends of thin-walled cylindrical permanent magnets (electromagnets) from the ferromagnetic substance under study in order to obtain a quasimonochromatic oscillatory process in the indicated oscillatory circuit tunable to frequency F.

The same effect of magnetic coupling occurs with any other configuration of the magnetized rotor-stator system [3], for example, in a device with a coaxially mounted cylindrical rotor and a hollow cylindrical stator, inside which the rotor is mounted, so that the cylindrical surfaces of the rotor and stator form a cylindrical magnetic constant clearance. In other words, it is argued that for the rotation of the magnetized rotor-stator system, it is necessary to apply an additional amount of energy, compared with the same rotation, but in the absence of magnetization. This conclusion is subject to verification and additional research in the claimed technical solution.

The presence of these fluctuations in the magnetic flux in such a system indicates additional energy costs during rotation of the magnet-rotor relative to the stationary magnetor-stator, associated with the manifestation of magnetic adhesion of these magnets to each other, facing each other with opposite magnetic poles. Such magnetic coupling tends to prevent the rotation of the magnet-rotor due to the forced elongation of the magnetic lines of force of the domains, similar to how it takes some work to increase when the distance between the opposite poles of two direct permanent magnets increases [4-8]. It is important to note that such an extension of magnetic field lines between coupled pairs of domains inside the magnetic gap between the magnetized ends of the rotor and stator is limited in magnitude of extension, and when the maximum allowable extension is reached, a breakdown of the magnetic bonds between domain pairs and a transfer of magnetic field lines from the domain of the rotating the rotor to the domain of the fixed stator closest to the current moment of time from it, i.e., an abrupt decrease in the magnetic resistance in the stator magnetic circuit, which is recorded in the form of EMF - positive pulses with a repetition rate F - in the oscillatory circuit. The spectrum of electric vibrations excited in the oscillatory circuit narrows with an increase in the D / h ratio with a homogeneous structure of the ferromagnetic substance. The extension of magnetic field lines between pairs of domains and their breakdown is similar to the nature of the sound of the violin from the interaction of a moving bow relative to the violin string.

ферромагнетика, помещаемого во внешнее намагничивающее магнитное поле с напряженностью H[A/м]; здесь $${\mu }_O$$

- магнитная постоянная, равная $${\mu }_O=1,256*{10}^{-6}$$

Гн/м, $$\chi$$

- магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика (безразмерная величина). Чем большая доля магнитных силовых линий домена образует магнитные связи с другими доменами линейной доменной цепи, тем больше оказывается магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика, помещенного во внешнее магнитное поле. Вариация величины этой доли определяется значением напряженности Н внешнего (намагничивающего) магнитного поля, что согласуется с известной кривой Столетова - зависимости магнитной восприимчивости $$\chi$$

ферромагнетика от величины напряженности Н действующего на него магнитного поля. С ростом напряженности Н магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика $$\chi$$

сначала растет, доходит до своего максимума $${\chi }_{MAX}$$

(различного для различных ферроматериалов) при напряженности магнитного поля H*, а затем уменьшается, а при сверхсильных магнитных полях - стремится к нулю. В то же время с ростом напряженности магнитного поля в диапазоне H>H* намагниченность J ферромагнетика растет с ростом напряженности магнитного поля и доходит до насыщения при H_НАС>H* несмотря на то, что магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика уменьшается согласно кривой Столетова. В области магнитного насыщения (в области парапроцесса) произведение $$\chi H\approx const(H)$$

при H>>H*, и намагниченность насыщения J_НАС не растет с дальнейшим ростом магнитного поля. Это требует соответствующего физического объяснения, и оно может быть получено на основе применения заявляемого технического решения.The detection of fluctuations in the magnetic flux in a magnetized ferromagnetic rotor-stator system, together with the manifestation of the Barkhausen effect, indicate the "freezing" of the partial parts that make up the total magnetic flux to the corresponding magnetic domains of the ferromagnet. In virtual representation, these partial parts of the magnetic flux are a group of magnetic field lines emanating from each domain separately, and the domains are considered as independent direct permanent magnets, interconnected in an externally magnetized ferromagnetic substance. Part of the magnetic field lines of the domain binds to adjacent domains, forming a group of consecutive magnetic field lines for the set of domains in their linear chains, and the other part of the magnetic field lines of the domain closes along the contour inside the body of the ferromagnet, without affecting the magnetization $$J={\mu }_O\chi H$$

a ferromagnet placed in an external magnetizing magnetic field with intensity H [A / m]; here $${\mu }_O$$

- magnetic constant equal to $${\mu }_O=\mathrm{one},256*{10}^{-6}$$

GN / m $$\chi$$

- magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet (dimensionless quantity). The larger the fraction of magnetic field lines of a domain that forms magnetic bonds with other domains of a linear domain chain, the greater the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet placed in an external magnetic field. The variation in the magnitude of this fraction is determined by the value H of the external (magnetizing) magnetic field, which is consistent with the well-known Stoletov curve - the dependence of magnetic susceptibility $$\chi$$

ferromagnet from the magnitude of the intensity H of the magnetic field acting on it. With increasing tension H, the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet $$\chi$$

grows first, reaches its maximum $${\chi }_{MAX}$$

(different for different ferromaterials) at a magnetic field strength H *, and then decreases, and at superstrong magnetic fields it tends to zero. At the same time, with increasing magnetic field strength in the range H> H *, the magnetization J of the ferromagnet increases with increasing magnetic field strength and reaches saturation at H _HAC > H * despite the fact that the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnet decreases according to the Stoletov curve. In the field of magnetic saturation (in the region of the para process), the product $$\chi H\approx const(H)$$

at H >> H *, and the saturation magnetization J _NAS does not increase with a further increase in the magnetic field. This requires an appropriate physical explanation, and it can be obtained through the application of the claimed technical solution.

) до H_O>>H_O, например, на один-два порядка, равном ΔT_СК=0,01 мс, под действием магнитного поля напряженности H_O магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика не может мгновенно уменьшится до величины $${\chi }_{MIN}$$

, при которой выполнялось бы соотношение $${\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O\approx const(H)$$

, отвечающее магнитному насыщению в установившемся режиме. Фактор магнитной вязкости ферромагнетика приводит к тому, что в динамическом режиме скачкообразного увеличения внешнего магнитного поля намагниченность $$J(\Delta t_{CK})\approx {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MAX}{H}_O>>{\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

. За время порядка 2,3 τ намагниченность $$J(2,3\tau )\to {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

, то есть экспоненциально стремится к своему установившемуся значению магнитного насыщения. Аномальный рост намагниченности ферромагнетика в указанном динамическом процессе может быть использован при создании ферромагнитовязких двигателей [14], энергетическая подпитка которых осуществляется за счет притока тепловой энергии к охлаждающемуся ферромагнитному веществу за счет его размагничивания под действием известного магнитокалорического эффекта [15-18]. Так, вращающееся ферромагнитное кольцо, краем помещенное в локализованное магнитное поле, первая по ходу вращения часть которого (подготовительная) имеет напряженность H*, а вторая (рабочая) - напряженность H_O>>H*, в зоне насыщающего магнитного поля Но будет иметь распределение намагниченности J(x) в диапазоне криволинейной координаты x, отсчитываемой от начала рабочей зоны длиной L насыщающего магнита (то есть при условии, что 0≤x≤L) в форме неравенства $$J(\Delta t_{CK})\ge J(x)\ge J(2,3\tau )$$

или, что то же, в форме неравенства вида $${\mu }_O{\chi }_{MAX}{H}_O\ge J(x)\ge {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

. Эти неравенства показывают, что при x=0 магнитная восприимчивость ферромагнетика равна своей максимальной величине $${\chi }_{MAX}$$

и такой же остается в интервале времени $$\Delta t_{CK}$$

, а затем экспоненциально уменьшается с постоянной времени $$\tau >>\Delta t_{CK}$$

и доходит до своей установившейся величины $${\chi }_{MIN}$$

к концу рабочей части магнита с насыщающим магнитным полем при x=L. Как показывают расчеты, величина отрезка L соотносится со средним радиусом R ферромагнитного кольца и постоянной времени τ для выбранного ферромагнитного материала по формуле $$L=e\omega *R\tau$$

, где e=2,71 - основание натурального логарифма, $$\omega *$$

- круговая скорость вращения ферромагнитного кольца, соответствующая максимуму втягивающей силы f (ферромагнитного материала в магнитный зазор с насыщающим магнитным полем. В устройстве [14], кроме того, использован рабочий магнит с нарастающим насыщающим магнитным полем вдоль криволинейной координаты x, что создает градиент магнитного поля в рабочем зазоре вдоль этой оси x, что дополнительно увеличивает втягивающую силу f, направленную по касательной к радиусу R в сторону вращения ферромагнитного кольца.The well-known property of the magnetic viscosity of ferromagnets [9–13] leads to a delay in time of changes in the magnetic susceptibility (a ferromagnet with an abrupt change in the magnetic field, and the process of establishing a new value of magnetic susceptibility is exponential with a time constant τ, called the constant relaxation of magnetic viscosity. For various (ferromagnets the value of τ can take various values, in particular, in the range 0.05 ... 1 ms with an appropriate selection of additives introduced in the synthesis of ferro magnetics.This means that when choosing τ = 0.2 ms and a time interval ΔT _{SC, the} jump of the magnetic field from the value of H * (at which $$\chi ={\chi }_{MAX}$$

) to H _O >> H _O , for example, by one or two orders of magnitude equal to ΔT _SC = 0.01 ms, under the influence of a magnetic field of intensity H _{O, the} magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet cannot instantly decrease to $${\chi }_{MIN}$$

at which the relation $${\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O\approx const(H)$$

corresponding to magnetic saturation in steady state. The magnetic viscosity factor of a ferromagnet leads to the fact that in the dynamic regime of an abrupt increase in the external magnetic field, the magnetization $$J(\Delta t_{CK})\approx {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MAX}{H}_O>>{\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

. Over a time of the order of 2.3 τ, the magnetization $$J(2,3\tau )\to {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

, that is, exponentially tends to its steady-state value of magnetic saturation. An abnormal increase in the magnetization of a ferromagnet in the indicated dynamic process can be used to create ferromagnetically viscous engines [14], which are energized by the influx of thermal energy to the cooling ferromagnetic substance due to its demagnetization under the influence of the known magnetocaloric effect [15-18]. So, a rotating ferromagnetic ring, placed at the edge in a localized magnetic field, the first part of which (preparatory) has intensity H * and the second (working) one has intensity H _O >> H *, will have a distribution in the saturating magnetic field Ho magnetization J (x) in the range of the curvilinear coordinate x, counted from the beginning of the working area with the length L of the saturating magnet (that is, provided that 0≤x≤L) in the form of the inequality $$J(\Delta t_{CK})\ge J(x)\ge J(2,3\tau )$$

or, equivalently, in the form of an inequality of the form $${\mu }_O{\chi }_{MAX}{H}_O\ge J(x)\ge {\mu }_O{\chi }_{MIN}{H}_O$$

. These inequalities show that, at x = 0, the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet is equal to its maximum value $${\chi }_{MAX}$$

and remains the same in the time interval $$\Delta t_{CK}$$

and then decreases exponentially with the time constant $$\tau >>\Delta t_{CK}$$

and comes to its steady-state value $${\chi }_{MIN}$$

to the end of the working part of the magnet with a saturating magnetic field at x = L. As calculations show, the value of the segment L corresponds to the average radius R of the ferromagnetic ring and the time constant τ for the selected ferromagnetic material according to the formula $$L=e\omega *R\tau$$

where e = 2.71 is the base of the natural logarithm, $$\omega *$$

- the circular rotation speed of the ferromagnetic ring, corresponding to the maximum of the retracting force f (of the ferromagnetic material in the magnetic gap with the saturating magnetic field. In the device [14], in addition, a working magnet with an increasing saturating magnetic field along the curvilinear coordinate x is used, which creates a magnetic field gradient in the working gap along this axis x, which additionally increases the retracting force f directed tangentially to the radius R in the direction of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring.

, для чего ферромагнитное кольцо сначала раскручивают до этой скорости вращения от внешнего источника (например, электромотора). Под действием этой силы ферромагнитное кольцо продолжает вращаться с угловой скоростью ω, а мощность Р такого «самовращения» определяется тепловым потоком Р=dQ/dt, поступающим к охлаждающемуся ферромагнитному кольцу из внешней среды. Угловая скорость вращения ω снижается при увеличении присоединенной нагрузки, но не до критической величины ω*, определяемой равенством ω*=L/eRτ. Так как Р=ωМ, где М=fR - вращательный момент, приложенный к ферромагнитному кольцу под действием втягивающей силы f, постоянно действующей во времени в динамике его вращения, то действие рассматриваемого ферромагнитовязкого двигателя согласно закону сохранения и превращения энергии определяется забором тепловой энергии из внешней среды, например, из воды соответствующих водных бассейнов, запасенная тепловая энергия в которых, постоянно восполняемая солнечной радиацией, практически неисчерпаема. А возникающая втягивающая сила f определяется, в частности, градиентом магнитной восприимчивости dχ/dx в рабочей зоне насыщающего магнитного поля протяженности L. В первом приближении, при линеаризации градиента grad χ=dχ/dx≈(χ_MAX-χ_MIN)/L для насыщающего магнитного поля Н_O в рабочей зоне получим силу втягивания $$f={\mu }_O{H}_O^{2}Vgrad\chi \approx {\mu }_O({\chi }_{MAX}-{\chi }_{MIN})H_O^{2}V/L$$

. Тогда потребный тепловой поток к ферромагнитному кольцу должен составлять величину $$dQ/dt>{\mu }_O(L/eR\tau )R*[{\chi }_{MAX}-{\chi }_{MIN})H_O^{2}V/e\tau$$

, где V=(R_MAX-R_MIN)L h - объем части ферромагнитного кольца, находящийся в рабочей зоне с насыщающим магнитным полем, R_MAX и R_MIN - соответственно максимальный и минимальный радиусы ферромагнитного кольца толщиной h, причем R=(R_MAX+R_MIN)/2. Знак больше в выражении для dQ/dt взят потому, что реально ω>ω* в установившемся режиме при присоединенной нагрузке меньше критической.Since the magnetization of the ferromagnetic ring in the magnetic gap of the working zone is much greater at the beginning of this zone than at its end (for x = L), the magnetization center of the ferromagnet covered by the saturating magnetic field is always shifted to the beginning of the working zone, and therefore it experiences retracting force under the condition of rotational motion (ferromagnetic ring with a circular frequency $$\omega \ge \omega *$$

why the ferromagnetic ring is first untwisted to this speed of rotation from an external source (for example, an electric motor). Under the action of this force, the ferromagnetic ring continues to rotate with an angular velocity ω, and the power P of such a "self-rotation" is determined by the heat flux P = dQ / dt entering the cooling ferromagnetic ring from the external environment. The angular velocity of rotation ω decreases with an increase in the connected load, but not to the critical value ω * determined by the equality ω * = L / eRτ. Since P = ωM, where M = fR is the rotational moment applied to the ferromagnetic ring under the action of a pulling force f, which constantly acts in time in the dynamics of its rotation, the action of the ferromagnetically viscous engine in accordance with the law of conservation and conversion of energy is determined by the intake of thermal energy from external environment, for example, from the water of the corresponding water basins, the stored thermal energy in which, constantly replenished by solar radiation, is practically inexhaustible. And the arising pulling force f is determined, in particular, by the gradient of magnetic susceptibility dχ / dx in the working zone of a saturating magnetic field of length L. As a first approximation, when linearizing the gradient grad χ = dχ / dx≈ (χ _MAX- χ _MIN ) / L for saturating the magnetic field H _O in the working area we get the retraction force $$f={\mu }_O{H}_O^{2}Vgrad\chi \approx {\mu }_O({\chi }_{MAX}-{\chi }_{MIN})H_O^{2}V/L$$

. Then the required heat flux to the ferromagnetic ring should be $$dQ/dt>{\mu }_O(L/eR\tau )R*[{\chi }_{MAX}-{\chi }_{MIN})H_O^{2}V/e\tau$$

where V = (R _MAX -R _MIN ) L h is the volume of the part of the ferromagnetic ring located in the working area with a saturating magnetic field, R _MAX and R _MIN are the maximum and minimum radii of the ferromagnetic ring with thickness h, respectively, with R = (R _MAX + R _MIN ) / 2. The sign is larger in the expression for dQ / dt because it is real that ω> ω * in steady state with an attached load less than critical.

As mentioned above, the revealed nature of the occurrence of magnetic coupling during mutual movement of the magnetic poles from each other without changing the distance between them (with a constant magnetic gap) manifests itself in the form of additional energy costs to overcome such friction, which creates a braking effect.

As the closest in design analogue (prototype) to the claimed technical solution, a device known from the author’s work [19] can be taken that discusses the practical detection of the distribution of the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet when it is pulled through a localized magnetic field, the intensity of which is regulated in the corresponding electromagnet from an external regulated source of direct current, with an adjustable speed of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring from the studied ferromaterial, partially eschennogo into said magnetic gap of the electromagnet.

This technical solution solves another physical problem that is directly related to the considered one, therefore, criticism of the disadvantages of the prototype should be recognized as inappropriate, since the claimed technical solution has a completely different target.

The aim of the invention is to verify the existence of magnetic friction of two opposite magnetic poles that are moved relative to each other without changing the distance between these poles, which allows us to build a physical interpretation of the nature of the decrease in magnetic susceptibility according to the Stoletov curve in the para process.

This goal is achieved in a device for checking magnetic friction, containing an electromagnet with plane-parallel ends of the magnetic poles, connected to an adjustable direct current source, in the magnetic gap of which is placed the edge of the ferromagnetic ring from the studied ferromaterial, driven into rotational motion from a synchronous AC motor connected with an alternating current generator with adjustable frequency, as well as a control and information processing unit, for example, based on a personal computer with peripheral I / O data on the magnetic field in the magnetic gap of the electromagnet by setting and measuring the magnetization current from an adjustable constant current source, as well as setting and measuring the circular frequency of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring according to data from an alternating current generator with an adjustable frequency, characterized in what is introduced between the alternating current alternator with an adjustable frequency and the synchronous alternating current motor an electric oscillation power meter, inf rmatsiya from which power consumption of a synchronous AC motor is supplied to an additional input of the control unit and the information processing, in addition, the plane-parallel end faces of the electromagnet are provided with planar nozzles ferromateriala of the test, e.g., by gluing them.

Achieving the objective of the invention is explained by the possibility of comparing the graphs of the power consumption of a synchronous AC motor in a given range of its rotation speeds for various magnetizing currents of an electromagnet, including the absence of a magnetizing current, that is, in the absence of a magnetic field in the magnetic gap of the electromagnet.

The invention is understandable based on the presented drawings and graphs. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the inventive device, consisting of:

1 - an electromagnet with a magnetizing winding and end nozzles 1.1 and 1.2 from the studied ferromaterial,

2 - adjustable source of direct current magnetization of the electromagnet 1,

3 - ferromagnetic rings from the studied ferromaterial with its axis of rotation,

4 - synchronous AC motor associated with the axis of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring 3,

5 - power meter of electrical oscillations,

6 - alternating current generator with adjustable frequency,

7 - control unit and information processing with peripheral data input-output devices.

Figure 2 shows the Stoletov curve 8 for the magnetic susceptibility J (H) and the magnetization curve 9 J (H) of the studied ferromagnet as a function of the applied magnetic field with varying intensity H.

Figure 3 gives a visual representation of the nature of the change in the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet with a variation in the intensity H of the external magnetic field.

In fig. Figure 4 shows graphs for comparing the dependences of the power consumption P (ω) in a synchronous alternating current motor at various rotational speeds ω of the ferromagnetic ring and in the absence of a magnetizing current in an electromagnet - inclined line 10 and a magnetizing current creating a strong saturating magnetic field - curve 11.

Consider the action of the claimed device.

An electromagnet 1 with a bias winding associated with the output of an adjustable constant current source 2 creates a magnetic field in its magnetic gap with a voltage H as a function of the bias current. This magnetic field is chosen uniform over the entire length L of the magnetic gap, although it can be specified in ferromagnetically viscous engines increasing along the curvilinear coordinate x, that is, creating a magnetic field gradient along the coordinate x that coincides with a segment of a circle of radius R - the average radius of the ferromagnetic ring 3 of constant thickness h. In the case of plane-parallel arrangement of the ends of the electromagnet 1, the size of the magnetic gap is defined as (2s + h), where s is the distance between the planes (ferromagnetic ring 3 and the corresponding flat end nozzles 1.1 and 1.2 of electromagnet 1, and in these gaps occurs when the ferromagnetic ring rotates extension of magnetic field lines between many pairs of domains of a ferromagnetic rotor (ferromagnetic ring 3) and a stator made with flat nozzles at the ends of electromagnet 1 from the same ferromagnetic materials that can be glued to the magnetic poles of the steel magnetic circuit of this electromagnet.The ferromagnetic ring 3 rotates on an axis articulated with a synchronous AC motor 4, powered by an alternating current generator with an adjustable frequency of 6, in the electric circuit of which a power meter 5 is connected in series, consumed by a synchronous motor 4. Control of the magnetizing current of the electromagnet 1 from an adjustable constant current source 2, as well as controlling the frequency ω of the alternator current 6 is carried out according to the program in the control unit and data processing 7. The same unit measures the bias current in the winding of the electromagnet 1, measures the frequency in the alternator 6 and measures the power consumed by the synchronous motor 4 in the speed range of the rotation of the ferromagnetic ring 2 at various magnetization currents of the electromagnet 1, that is, at different values of the magnetic field strength H inside the magnetic gap. Communications control and data processing are indicated by curly bidirectional arrows between blocks 2 and 6 and block 7. Data transmission from the meter of power of electrical vibrations 5 is shown by a unidirectional arrow. The unit’s work program includes constant parameters of the device, the knowledge of which is necessary for processing the incoming information, in particular, design parameters — the average radius of the ferromagnetic ring R, the length of the magnetic gap L, its size (2s + h), and separately the data on h and s . In addition, the parameter τ of the ferromagnetic substance to be studied is introduced.

. Строго говоря, темп роста величины H несколько превышает темп падения величины χ(H), что видно из кривой намагничивания 9 ферромагнетика для режима парапроцесса - практически прямой участок кривой намагничивания имеет очень малый положительный наклон в области магнитного насыщения ферромагнетика.As is known, the Stoletov curve 8 (Fig. 2) expresses a nonmonotonic dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ of a ferromagnet on the intensity H of an external magnetic field. At H = 0, the initial value of the magnetic susceptibility is not equal to zero, and for various ferromaterials it can be several hundred or thousands. For example, the well-known ferrite rings of the type M2000NM-1 have an initial magnetic susceptibility χ _NACH = 2000. As the magnetic field strength H increases, the magnetic susceptibility increases nonlinearly, and at H = H * it reaches its maximum value χ _MAX , after which, with a further increase in the magnetic field strength H (H> H *), it begins to fall relatively slowly. At the same time, in the para process, i.e., at saturation, the previously indicated condition is approximately satisfied $$\chi (H)*H\approx const(H)$$

. Strictly speaking, the growth rate of H slightly exceeds the rate of decrease of χ (H), which can be seen from the magnetization curve 9 of the ferromagnet for the para-process mode - the almost straight section of the magnetization curve has a very small positive slope in the region of magnetic saturation of the ferromagnet.

What is the physical nature of the rise and fall of magnetic susceptibility with changing external magnetic field? To clarify this issue, we turn to the concept of separation of magnetic fluxes (or an aggregate group of magnetic field lines) of each of the magnetic domains into fluxes that bind into a single linear chain that goes outward of a ferromagnet, and fluxes that are closed in domains along internal circuits that do not go out of the body of a ferromagnet and locked inside it.

.The author proposes a model of this process that explains the behavior of a ferromagnet in a magnetic field, in particular, the effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization. Figure 3 shows the chains of the magnetic domains A, B, V, ... for three different values of the magnetic field strength H = 0, H * and H _NAS , the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnet at which has respectively $${\chi }_{N\mathrm{BUT}H,}{\chi }_{\text{MAX}}\text{and}\chi {\text{(H}}_{N\mathrm{BUT}\mathrm{FROM}})=J_{N\mathrm{BUT}\mathrm{FROM}}/{\mu }_O{\text{H}}_{\text{US}}$$

.

In the ascending branch of the Stoletov curve at 0≤H≤H *, the action on the ferromagnet of an external magnetic field increases its ability to magnetize, and in the descending branch of the Stoletov curve, on the contrary, it decreases. This can be explained by the redistribution of the magnetic flux density of each of the magnetic domains of the ferromagnet, oriented along the vector of the external magnetic field, one part of which closes inside the ferromagnet near each of the domains, and the other part forms the magnetic circuit of the group of series-connected domains, creating an external magnetic flux of the magnetized ferromagnet. In this case, each domain is considered as a direct micromagnet with its own magnetic moment, the magnetic lines of force of which are partially closed in the internal circuit, and partially form magnetic bonds with other domains in sequentially arranged chains. In this case, an external magnetic field controls the process of the indicated redistribution of the magnetic fields of domains in ferromagnets.

. Отношение $$\epsilon ={\sigma }_1/{\sigma }_2$$

определяет степень указанной перегруппировки магнитного потока домена. В магнитном поле с напряженностью H* все магнитные силовые линии домена образуют внешние магнитные цепи и значение ε=1, а при иных напряженностях магнитных полей значение ε<1.We denote the total magnetic flux of the domain as σ _O , the part of it that binds into the external magnetic circuit, we will designate as σ ₁ , and its other part forming the internal circuit, we will designate as σ ₂ . Then $${\sigma }_O={\sigma }_{\mathrm{one}}+{\sigma }_2$$

. Attitude $$\epsilon ={\sigma }_{\mathrm{one}}/{\sigma }_2$$

determines the degree of said rearrangement of the magnetic flux of the domain. In a magnetic field with intensity H *, all magnetic field lines of the domain form external magnetic circuits and the value ε = 1, and for other magnetic field strengths, the value ε <1.

, которая достигается при помещении ферромагнетика в магнитное поле H* до приложения к нему квазискачка магнитного поля до величины $$H_{MAX}>>H*$$

. В этом случае приращение $$\Delta J_{MAX}={\mu }_O{H}_{MAX}[{\chi }_{MAX}-\chi (H_{MAX})]$$

. При этом важно соблюдать необходимое условие Δt_ск<<τ.The effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization is most pronounced in the case when, before the onset of a quasi-jump, the intensity of an external magnetic field acting on a ferromagnet, the latter has the maximum possible magnetic susceptibility $${\chi }_{MAX}$$

, which is achieved by placing a ferromagnet in a magnetic field H * before applying a quasi-magnetic field to it to a value $$H_{MAX}>>H*$$

. In this case, the increment $$\Delta J_{MAX}={\mu }_O{H}_{MAX}[{\chi }_{MAX}-\chi (H_{MAX})]$$

. It is important to comply with the necessary condition Δt _ck << τ.

The considered model, which explains the effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization (or more specifically, super magnetization) and the reason for the change in the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet in accordance with the Stoletov curve under the control action of an external magnetic field, is associated with the magnetic viscosity of ferromagnets, which is mediated by the effect of a temporary delay in the rearrangement of magnetic fluxes of domains to internal and external.

Based on the effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization, it is possible to create environmentally friendly thermomagnetically viscous motors [4, 14], which convert the heat of the environment, for example, concentrated in water basins, into mechanical work.

From a consideration of the model of a physical explanation of the change in the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet under the control of an external magnetic field (Fig. 3), it can be argued that magnetic field lines that virtually describe the corresponding partial magnetic fluxes of domains are really “frozen” into these domains, that is, they are isolated from magnetic fluxes other domains, and therefore, the magnetic interaction of the domains of the rotor-stator system is represented by the interaction of individual pairs of magnetically coupled domains located respectively on the rotor and on the stator with the shortest distances between these pairs of domains. Then it becomes clear the effect of magnetic adhesion (braking), preventing the mutual movement of the rotor relative to the stator without changing the distance between them (without changing the magnitude of the magnetic gap s). It is also clear that such magnetic coupling, which is disrupted by spasmodic transitions of magnetic bonds between nearby pairs of rotor and stator domains, is associated with the need for additional energy to be consumed when the rotor moves from the stator, that is, when the rotor rotates — ferromagnetic ring 3 in the magnetic gap of electromagnet 1 (fig. 1).

в достаточно широком диапазоне от ω=0 до ω>>ω*, то в случае отсутствия намагничивающего тока в обмотке электромагнита 3, то есть при H=0, зависимость мощности $$P_{ТР}=\omega M_{ТР}$$

, потребляемой синхронным двигателем 4, от частоты вращения ферромагнитного кольца 3 будет строго линейной, как это видно из наклонной прямой 10 на рис.4.If we assume the friction moment M _{TP of the} rotor relative to the stator, determined by the quality of the bearings, unchanged from the angular velocity ω of rotation (ferromagnetic ring 3, i.e. $$M_{TR}=const(\omega )$$

in a fairly wide range from ω = 0 to ω >> ω *, then in the absence of a magnetizing current in the winding of electromagnet 3, that is, at H = 0, the power dependence $$P_{TR}=\omega M_{TR}$$

consumed by the synchronous motor 4, the frequency of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring 3 will be strictly linear, as can be seen from the inclined line 10 in Fig. 4.

кривая мощности P(ω) пересекает прямую 10 (см. рис.4), снижается относительно прямой 10, а затем с ростом частоты ω вновь растет и пересекает вторично прямую 10. Такой эффект немонотонной зависимости P(ω) для кривой 11 при действии на вращающееся ферромагнитное кольцо 3 насыщающего магнитного поля ω связан с возникновением в этом кольце втягивающей силы f, как об этом было указано выше. то есть с работой такой системы в режиме магнитовязкого ферромагнитного двигателя, компенсирующего частично потери на трение в подшипниках. Регистрация такой кривой 11 по сравнению с наклонной прямой 10, как это видно на рис.4, явно свидетельствует о правомерности принятой концепции об управлении внешним магнитным полем перераспределения магнитных силовых линий доменов на внешне выходящие и внутренне замыкающиеся в теле ферромагнетика, а также о «вмороженности» магнитных силовых линий, виртуально описывающих парциальные магнитные потоки доменов, в эти самые домены, функционирующие как совокупность микромагнитов. С учетом свойства магнитной вязкости ферромагнетиков становится также понятным эффект динамического аномального намагничивания ферромагнетиков, на основании которого и при участи магнитокалорического эффекта становится возможным построение тепловых ферромагнитовязких двигателей, превращающих теплоту внешней среды в механическую работу в квазиадиабатическом процессе.In the case when the electromagnet 1 creates in its magnetic gap a magnetic field with intensity H _O , at which the field is saturating, the effect of magnetic coupling (additional friction, as in the presence of an attached load) occurs, and the power from the generator consumed by the synchronous motor 4 alternating current 6 and recorded by power meter 5, first grows faster than in the absence of a magnetic field, and at a frequency of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring $$\omega =\omega *$$

the power curve P (ω) intersects line 10 (see Fig. 4), decreases relative to line 10, and then again increases with frequency ω and intersects line 10 again. This effect of the nonmonotonic dependence P (ω) for curve 11 when acting on a rotating ferromagnetic ring 3 of a saturating magnetic field ω is associated with the occurrence of a pulling force f in this ring, as indicated above. that is, with the operation of such a system in the mode of a magnetically viscous ferromagnetic engine, partially compensating for the friction loss in the bearings. The registration of such a curve 11 in comparison with the inclined straight line 10, as can be seen in Fig. 4, clearly indicates the validity of the accepted concept of controlling the external magnetic field of the redistribution of the magnetic lines of force of domains to externally exiting and internally closed ferromagnets in the body, as well as of “freezing »Magnetic field lines that virtually describe the partial magnetic fluxes of domains into these same domains, functioning as a collection of micromagnets. Taking into account the magnetic viscosity property of ferromagnets, the effect of dynamic anomalous magnetization of ferromagnets also becomes clear, on the basis of which, with the participation of the magnetocaloric effect, it becomes possible to build thermal ferromagnetically viscous motors that convert the heat of the environment into mechanical work in a quasi-adiabatic process.

The use of the inventive device expands the boundaries of our knowledge of the phenomena occurring in ferromagnets and creates the prerequisites for the development of thermal energy, concentrated in unlimited quantities in the waters of world pools.

Literature

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Patent Search Data

RU 2467342 C1, 11.20.2012 RU 2451945 C1, 05.27.2012 RU 2357240 C1, 05.27.2009 RU 2357241 C1, 27.05.2009 RU 2338216 C1, 10.11.2008 US 2009009157 A1, 01.01.2009 RU 2309527 C1, 10.27.2007. RU 2291546 C1, 01/10/2007. JP 20011255305 A, 09.21.2001. JP 63180851 A, 07.25.1988.

Claims (1)

A device for checking magnetic friction, containing an electromagnet with plane-parallel ends of the magnetic poles, connected to an adjustable DC source, in the magnetic gap of which is placed the edge of the ferromagnetic ring from the studied ferromaterial, driven into rotational motion from a synchronous alternating current motor connected to an alternating current generator with adjustable frequency, as well as a control and information processing unit, for example, based on a personal computer with peripheral devices water-output of data on the magnetic field in the magnetic gap of the electromagnet by setting and measuring the magnetizing current from an adjustable constant current source, as well as setting and measuring the circular frequency of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring according to data from an alternating current generator with an adjustable frequency, characterized in that introduced between the alternating current generator with adjustable frequency and the synchronous AC motor a power meter of electrical vibrations, information from which about the consumption My power is supplied by the synchronous AC motor to the additional input of the control and information processing unit, in addition, the plane-parallel ends of the electromagnet are equipped with flat nozzles from the studied ferromaterial, for example, by gluing them.

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