RU2525644C2 - Method of geochemical exploration - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of geochemical exploration of mineral resources and can be used in the search for oil and gas deposits mainly in marine conditions. The method of geochemical exploration includes sampling rocks and vegetation along water streams, separation of rock samples into fractions and their analysis for the content of chemical elements. The samples are divided into two fractions. The first one is analysed for Si, Al, Ti, Y, and the second one for Hg. The vegetation samples are analysed for Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, as well as Sr, Cd, Hg. Results of the analysis are calculated for respective additive indices of normalised concentrations, maps of distribution of the said additive indices are built and the objects, characterised by the distribution of abnormal values of the additive indices are matched to oil and gas promising sites. If background levels of the content of heavy metals in vegetation are above the norm, magnetometer survey with isolation of ferromagnetic objects at the background of the underwater objects of natural origin is carried out.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of exploration data.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of geochemical exploration of minerals, and more specifically to the search for oil and gas fields mainly in offshore conditions, and can be used in the search for oil and gas fields on continental shelves and in river water areas and marshy areas, in land conditions and can be used to detect leaks of the product of transportation by offshore pipelines, as well as for geoecological monitoring of marine areas.

A known method of geochemical exploration (copyright certificate SU No. 1786460 [1]), including sampling of rocks and vegetation along waterways, separation of rock samples into fractions and their analysis for the content of chemical elements, in which rock samples are divided into two fractions - more than 0 , 1 mm and less than 0.1 mm, the first is analyzed on Si, Al, Ti, Y, and the second on Hg, and vegetation samples are analyzed on Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, analysis results of fractions of more than 0.1 mm and vegetation samples are converted to the corresponding additive indicators of normalized centers, build maps of the distribution of the indicated additive indicators and Hg and identify objects characterized by the distribution of the anomalous values of the additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Hg-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas promising areas. Analogues of the known method [1] are the technical solutions described in the information sources (patents RU No. 2017138, RU No. 2040783, RU No. 2108597 [2, 3, 4]).

The separation of rock samples into two fractions followed by chemical analysis in this method improves the reliability of identifying oil and gas promising areas in land conditions.

However, this method, when used in marine conditions, is time-consuming and involves significant material costs, since its implementation requires the involvement of sophisticated equipment and means of providing prospecting and sampling of the soil through drilling operations, which requires the use of tools such as underwater devices equipped with a drilling rig and a sampler.

In the known method for detecting natural gas leaks from pipelines [2], which consists in irradiating a portion of the earth’s surface near the pipeline with laser radiation at two wavelengths, one of which λ ₁ falls into the gas absorption band, and the other λ ₂ lies outside it, recording the intensity of the scattered radiation surface at a wavelength λ ₁ and λ ₁ -P ₂ -P _2, the formation of the video signal, proportional to the ratio P ₂ / P _1, and comparison with video priori predetermined threshold, wherein in order to increase the accuracy of determining the leak and ochnosti estimation gas to leak cloud concentration additionally recorded temperature contrast of the subject area, which determine the coordinates of a possible leak and its dimensions L on the surface, and is irradiated directly with the likely location of the leak of laser radiation, wherein the average concentration of natural gas leak cloud is determined by the formula:

Λ = min {L / cosθ, H},

where σ ₁ is the gas absorption cross section at a wavelength of λ ₁ ;

σ ₂ - gas absorption cross section at a wavelength of λ ₂ ;

θ is the probing angle of the probable leak, counted from the vertical;

H is the height from which the survey is performed.

In this case, multiple irradiation is performed from different directions with respect to the leak cloud, in which the true leak location is established.

The use of this method is also limited only by coastal conditions and requires computational operations.

In the known method for determining the place of leakage of liquid or gas from the pipeline [3], located in the soil, consisting in the survey of the pipeline by a locator, while scanning the pipeline with a television sensor, by means of which the leakage is determined, in which the pipeline is inspected by a low-altitude aircraft using a meter locator as a trace detector, and to determine the leakage location, an additional thermal imaging sensor aligned with the thermal imaging date is additionally used ICOM, and digital filtering is performed joint locator signals, TV and IR sensor.

This method also has limited application, since its use is only possible for determining leaks in pipelines laid on the land surface or laid in the ground, and under favorable weather conditions for flying at low altitude and in the absence of navigational hazards.

In the known method of monitoring the main pipeline by detecting from a helicopter a methane cloud above the pipeline using a laser locator that scans the atmosphere along the gas pipeline with three difference beams [4]. An advantage of the known method is that a methane cloud is subjected to processing, which is profiling when assessing the detection of oil and gas fields, which provides the necessary reliability of obtaining the initial data for subsequent analysis.

This method also has limitations on use due to favorable weather conditions for flying.

There is also known a method of geochemical exploration (patent RU No. 2374667 [5]), the technical result of which is to increase the accuracy of estimating the concentration of gas in a gas formation, mainly in an aqueous medium.

In the known method of geochemical exploration [5], which includes analyzing the methane content by determining the gas concentration in the gas formation, determining the coordinates of the gas formation by placing buoy stations in the aquatic environment equipped with methane detection sensors, by which the methane concentration in the water column is measured by the change in resistance the active layer of the sensor, which is converted to the output (measured) voltage, the coordinates (geographical) of the gas formation is determined by the position of the gas image reference in the moving coordinate system of the buoy station, which is determined in accordance with the expression:

R (V _th , V _bs ) = R _th + (V _th + V _bs ) t,

where R (V _th , V _bs ) is the current position of the gas formation relative to the buoy station;

V _th , V _bs - velocity vectors of the buoy station and gas formation;

R _th - the initial position of the gas formation;

R is the radius vector defining the position of the buoy station in the satellite coordinate system;

t is the current value of time after determining the position of the gas formation, which significantly distinguishes this method from known analogues [1-4].

However, in most cases, for example, for environmental assessment of pollution, it is important to determine the degree of soil contamination due to oil leakage, which cannot be solved by known methods (analogues and prototype).

This problem is solved in the well-known technical solution, in which the technical result is to expand the functionality of the method of geochemical exploration mainly in the aquatic environment and to increase the reliability of identifying oil and gas prospective areas, as well as geoecological monitoring of offshore oil and gas areas (patent RU No. 2456644 C2, 20.07.2012 [6 ]).

This problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of geochemical exploration, including sampling of rocks and vegetation along waterways, separation of rock samples into fractions and their analysis for the content of chemical elements, rock samples are divided into two fractions - more than 0.1 mm and less than 0.1 mm, the first is analyzed for Si, Al, Ti, Y, and the second for Hg, and vegetation samples are analyzed for Ва, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, analysis results for fractions of more than 0.1 mm and vegetation samples are recounted on the corresponding additive indicators of normalized concentrations , build maps of the distribution of these additive indicators and Hg and identify objects characterized by the distribution of the anomalous values of the additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Hg-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn , Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas prospective sites, analysis for methane content by determining the coordinates of gas formation, determining the coordinates of gas formation, with the placement in the aquatic environment of stations equipped with methane detection sensors, by which the concentration of methane in water is measured thicker by changed resistance of the active layer of the sensor, which is converted to the output (measured) voltage, the coordinates (geographical) of the gas formation are determined by the position of the gas formation in the moving coordinate system of the buoy station, which, in contrast to the known methods of geochemical exploration [1-4], is preliminarily performed survey of the relief of the water area, according to the survey results, flooded river valleys crossing the continental shelf are identified, sounding of bottom sediments by acoustic pulses and measurement the time interval between separate signals, perform the reconstruction of the terrain, determine the correlation length of dynamic variables that describe the energy and / or impulse flows from the top of the bottom sediment to the sole and from the bottom of the bottom sediment to a depth of 2-4 km, perform structural analysis - denudation forms on the relief with the allocation of terrigenous deposits, when identifying the prerequisites for the existence of oil and gas sites, they perform sounding of the soil by detecting the mechanisms of in-phonon and spin-photon interactions and dynamic memory effects in sea water, when a coherent pulsed proton spin echo is exposed to the object under study, tomographic reconstruction of the image of the studied geological section of the soil is performed at the level of prismatic crystals, and resistance and friction coefficients of the bottom soil are additionally measured , which determine the strength characteristics, which establish the area and depth of contamination, drag and friction coefficients and measured using a penetrometer installed on the bottom seismic station, and at least two bottom seismic stations are installed, by which microseismic waves are recorded, longitudinal microseismic waves are extracted in the analysis of microseismic waves and transverse waves are excluded from the analysis by means of a phase amplitude filter, while analyzing longitudinal microseismic waves select all harmonic oscillations recorded by two seismic stations simultaneously and have almost equal amplitudes, while the angle between the directions of arrival of microseismic signals from two seismic stations simultaneously, one of which is normal, is from 1 to 10 degrees, when spills of a transported liquid product with the formation of an oil spot are detected, the processes of spreading and transfer of oil are calculated taking into account the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquatic environment [5].

The development of the resources of the oceans is an indispensable and necessary condition for maintaining and expanding the raw material base of the Russian Federation, ensuring its economic and food independence. In addition, it is known that the prospect of depletion of hydrocarbon reserves and other mineral resources on the continental part has predetermined the reorientation of exploration and mining of mineral resources on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, as well as on international areas of the seabed.

This circumstance led to the need for engineering surveys and inspection of the bottom of individual seas to detect objects of natural origin (stones, boulders, etc.), objects of technogenic origin (ships, ships, other objects that have sunk as a result of natural disasters or military operations, other property, explosive objects, including mines, fragments of trawls, etc.).

The need to inspect the bottom of individual seas in the interests of detecting and eliminating explosive ordnance (GP) is caused, on the one hand, by residual mine and other explosive hazards, and the restriction in sailing and production activities of ships established by regulatory documents of the Navy, on the other hand. And if the tasks of detecting objects of technogenic and natural origin are solved using well-known search tools, which include multi-beam echo sounders, side-scan sonars, and also remote-controlled underwater vehicles, then the task of timely detection of GPs to ensure the safety of laying underwater oil pipelines and gas pipelines in the waters that were dangerous from mines (for example, areas of the Gulf of Finland), as well as near areas of flooding of chemical weapons, is still relevant at present.

The objective of this technical proposal is to expand the functionality of the method of geochemical exploration mainly in the aquatic environment and increase the reliability of identifying oil and gas prospective areas, as well as geoecological monitoring of offshore oil and gas areas.

The problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of geochemical exploration, including sampling of rocks and vegetation along waterways, separation of rock samples into fractions and their analysis for the content of chemical elements, rock samples are divided into two fractions - more than 0.1 mm and less than 0.1 mm, the first is analyzed for Si, Al, Ti, Y, and the second for Hg, and vegetation samples are analyzed for Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, the analysis results of fractional analyzes of more 0.1 mm and vegetation samples are recalculated to the corresponding additive indicators normalized concentrations, build maps of the distribution of these additive indicators and Hg and identify objects characterized by the distribution of the anomalous values of the additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Hg-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas prospective areas, analysis for methane content by determining the coordinates of gas formation, determining the coordinates of gas formation, with the placement in the water environment of stations equipped with methane detection sensors, by which methane concentration is measured in water column by changing the resistance of the active layer of the sensor, which is converted to the output (measured) voltage, the coordinates (geographic) of the gas formation are determined by the position of the gas formation in the moving coordinate system of the buoy station, in which, unlike the known methods of geochemical reconnaissance, a water relief is preliminarily taken water areas, according to the results of the survey, flooded river valleys crossing the continental shelf are detected, sounding of bottom sediments by acoustic pulses and measuring the time interval between separate signals, performing the reconstruction of the terrain, determining the correlation length of dynamic variables that describe the energy and / or impulse flows from the top of the bottom sediment to the bottom and from the bottom of the bottom sediment to a depth of 2-4 km, perform an analysis structural-denudation forms on the relief with the release of terrigenous deposits, when identifying the prerequisites for the existence of oil and gas sites, they perform soil sensing by detecting fur of the principles of spin-phonon and spin-photon interactions and dynamic memory effects in sea water when a coherent pulsed proton spin echo is applied to the object under study, tomographic reconstruction of the image of the studied geological section of the soil at the level of prismatic crystals is performed, and the resistance and friction coefficients of the soil are additionally measured bottom, which determine the strength characteristics, which establish the area and depth of pollution, resistance coefficients and friction is measured by a penetrometer installed at the bottom seismic station, and at least two bottom seismic stations are installed, by which microseismic waves are recorded, longitudinal microseismic waves are extracted from the analysis of microseismic waves and transverse waves are excluded from the analysis by means of a phase amplitude filter, while analyzing longitudinal microseismic waves select all harmonic oscillations recorded by two seismic stations simultaneously but also having almost equal amplitudes, while the angle between the directions of arrival of microseismic signals from two seismic stations simultaneously, one of which is normal, is from 1 to 10 degrees, when spills of a transported liquid product with the formation of an oil spot are detected, the processes of spreading and transfer oil is calculated taking into account the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquatic environment, in which vegetation samples are additionally analyzed for Sr, Cd, Hg, when background levels of heavy metals are exceeded Tallov additionally perform magnetometric survey, with the allocation of ferromagnetic objects against the background of underwater objects of natural origin.

A set of new distinguishing features, namely that vegetation samples are additionally analyzed for Sr, Cd, Hg, when background levels of heavy metals are exceeded, magnetometric surveys are additionally performed, with the separation of ferromagnetic objects against the background of underwater objects of natural origin, from the prior art are not identified , which allows us to conclude that the claimed technical solution meets the condition of patentability "inventive step".

In contrast to the known method of geochemical exploration [5], in which vegetation samples are analyzed for Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, in the proposed method, vegetation samples are additionally analyzed for Sr, Cd, Hg, which allows you to ultimately increase the reliability of the analysis.

Since the mechanism of accumulation of heavy metals occurs directly from water through a leaf surface, from bottom sediments through their root system, free-floating hydrophytes (duckweed, water-red, tricolor, multi-root, etc.), which do not have a soil connection, accumulate heavy metals from water. Therefore, they are the most adequate indicators of pollution of the water column with heavy metals. Rooting hydrophytes with floating leaves (egg capsule, water lily, etc.), in addition to water mass, accumulate a significant part of heavy metals from bottom sediments (see, for example, Baloyan B.M., Khromov V.M. Use of higher aquatic vegetation for bioindication of heavy metals in Water, Applied Ecology, Experience, Results, Forecasts, Issue 1. M: 2007, p.171-186 .; Vlasov BP, Gigievich GS Use of higher aquatic plants to assess and control the state of the aquatic environment Methodological recommendations. Minsk, BSU, 2002, 84 pp.).

Bottom seismic stations, as in the prototype [5], are installed on the ground at a certain distance from each other. A buoy station is located on the water surface, which is connected by a hydroacoustic communication channel with bottom seismic stations and a satellite communication channel with a hydrographic vessel. The block diagram of a seismic bottom station includes a three-component digital seismograph with recording frequencies of 0.03–40 Hz, an acousto-optical spectrometer of the visible wave range (415–800 nm), a speed and direction meter, a water temperature meter, a hydrostatic pressure meter, and a sea water conductivity meter , permanent magnetic field magnetometer, gamma spectrometer, sound velocity sensor in water, hydrogen ion concentration sensor pH, sonar module for communication with the buoy station and positioning I am at the bottom, a device for collecting and processing information, including a control computer and a recording and control unit, a methane detection sensor, a hydrogen sulfide sensor connected to its outputs with a recording and control unit, a logical processing unit, which is connected by its input to the output of a three-component digital seismograph, block hydrochemical measurements, spatial orientation sensor, coordinate determination scheme, penetrometer, hydrogen sulfide sensor, acoustic seismic unit.

A seismograph is a three-component seismic-acoustic sensor with recording frequencies of 0.03–40 Hz and is designed to convert the third derivative of soil vibrations into an electrical signal in the corresponding dynamic and frequency range. The main technical characteristics of the sensor: the number of seismic-acoustic channels 3, the frequency range of 20-1000 Hz, the dynamic range in the 1/3 octave band and the central frequency of 30 Hz is not less than 60 dB, the amplitude of the output signal is not more than ± 10 V, the amplitude of the control signal at the load current 4 mA not more than ± 5 V.

Acoustic-optical spectrometer of the visible wavelength range (415-800 nm) is designed to measure Raman spectra of optical radiation. From the Raman spectra, information is obtained about the composition of sea water. The main technical characteristics of an acousto-optical spectrometer are: a spectral range of 0.52-0.78 μm, a passband of 0.54 nm by 0.783 μm, a positioning accuracy of 0.2 nm in the spectrum, and a number of spectral channels of 4096.

A speed and direction meter, a water temperature meter, a hydrostatic pressure meter, a water conductivity meter, a sound velocity sensor in water are combined into a hydrophysical module that is designed to measure the following parameters: water temperature, hydrostatic pressure, electrical conductivity, flow velocity vector (triaxial acoustic current meter), salinity, conditional density, potential density anomalies, sound velocity, depth, dynamic height, potential cial temperature, frequency Vyayselya Brenta, the gradient of the potential temperature, salinity gradient. A constant magnetic field magnetometer is designed to measure the absolute value of the magnetic induction of the earth's field in marine areas to depths of 6000 m. The main technical characteristics of the sensor are: the range of the measured magnetic induction is 20,000 ... 100,000 nT, the reading error is ± 10 nT. A gamma spectrometer is designed to determine in situ the content of gamma-emitting radionuclides (both technogenic and natural origin) in seawater.

The main technical characteristics of the gamma spectrometer: range of recorded energies 0.2-3.0 meV, energy resolution along the cesium line 137 13%, the number of quantization levels of the spectrum 256, the maximum number of samples in the channel 65000, the maximum recording speed of at least 1000 1 / s .

An analogue of the hydrogen ion concentration sensor pH is the device shown in the source (see, for example, Geoecological monitoring of offshore oil and gas areas / L.I. Lobkovsky, D.G. Levchenko, A.V. Leonov, A.K. Ambrosimov. M. : Science, 2005, pp. 97-99).

The hydro-acoustic module is intended for communication with a buoy station, through which a satellite communication channel communicates with a hydrographic vessel, and also for positioning a seismic bottom station at the bottom. The device for collecting and processing information includes a control computer and a registration and control unit.

The registration and control unit is designed to collect information from the measuring sensors of the seismic bottom station, to bind it to the exact time system, to compress and transmit it through the hydroacoustic communication line through the appropriate modem, and also to record information on a hard magnetic disk offline. The registration and control unit also contains a module for hydroacoustic telecontrol, which is designed to control operating modes and test the seismic bottom station.

The sonar remote control module consists of two parts and includes equipment that is part of the buoy station, which transmits control commands at a distance of up to 8 km, and is designed to control operating modes by transmitting hydroacoustic control commands, receiving receipts from the seismic bottom station, confirming that commands, measuring the distance to the seismic bottom station.

The underwater part of the hydroacoustic telecontrol module located on the seismic bottom station provides reception and decoding of hydroacoustic commands for controlling the operating modes of the seismic bottom station and the transmission of receipts confirming the execution of commands, as well as the issuance of commands for transmitting messages when exceeding certain measured parameters when working in offline mode. The range of the hydro-acoustic communication channel is not more than 8000 m. The number of commands transmitted via the hydro-acoustic channel is 256. The number of commands received at the seismic bottom station is 20. The number of simultaneously serviced seismic bottom stations is not more than 10. Command format is a nine-bit binary code . The modulation method used in transmitting commands is multi-frequency manipulation. The frequency range of the signal carriers of the teams 7-10 kHz. The probability of an undetected error when receiving a command, at the level of spectral density of noise pressure in the area of the underwater sonar antenna is 0.001 Pa / Hz, not more than 10 ^-7 . The type of communication with the registration and control unit is a serial port in the EIA / TIA-232E standard with a speed of 115200 bps. Type of communication with the computer of a hydrographic vessel 6-parallel interface EPP 1.7 in IEEE 1284 standard.

The methane detection sensor is designed to measure the concentration of methane in the water column. The sensor is a semiconductor device, the principle of which is that the diffusion of hydrocarbon molecules from water through a special silicone membrane is transmitted to the sensor chamber. Adsorption of carbohydrate molecules on the active layer of the sensor leads to electronic exchange with oxygen molecules, thus changing the resistance of the active layer, which is converted into output (measured) voltage.

An analog of a methane detection sensor is a METS type sensor (“CAPSUM”). A penetrometer is a probe mounted on a telescopic device and is designed to perform marine ground surveys. An analog of a penetrometer is a CPT Fugro penetrometer with a penetration depth of the probe into the ground of up to 20 m.

According to the results of marine soil surveys, based on the simulation, the spatiotemporal distribution of the suspension concentration average in depth and the thickness of the sediment layer on the seabed is determined, as well as the particle size distribution of the soil. The task of detecting gas leaks from the pipeline is solved in a similar way. To determine the area and depth of contamination from an oil leak, the bottom station is equipped with a penetrometer, which is a cone-shaped projectile equipped with sensors that are buried into the contaminated soil through gravity or using a drill through a telescopic device. The measured resistance and friction coefficients determine the strength characteristics of the soil.

Subsequently, according to the data obtained, the contamination area is mapped on a topographic and navigation map on which pollution boundaries are displayed. A hydrogen sulfide sensor is a device in which the semiconductor layer of a hydrogen sulfide sensor is made of partially halogenated non-metallic or transition metal containing phthalocyanine, while the phthalocyanine used is halogenated until 50-75% of the peripheral hydrogen atoms entering the halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I) into isoindole groups of the phthalocyanine macro ring. An analogue of the hydrogen sulfide sensor is a hydrogen sulfide sensor described in the description of (see, for example, patent RU No. 1789915). Drifters are used as buoy stations (analogues - patent RU No. 2047874, anchor buoy of coastal monitoring of model 4280 of AANDERAA Instruments firm, INFORMAR Company prospectus, website www.infomarcompany.com). The buoy station also has seismic signal sensors, a methane detection sensor, a hydrogen sulfide sensor, a hydrophysical module and a proton spin echo probe.

An analogue of a seismic bottom station is autonomous bottom stations listed in the information source (see, for example, Modern bottom stations for seismic exploration and seismological monitoring / Zubko Yu.N., Levchenko DG, Ledenev VV, Paramonov A.A. . // Scientific Instrumentation, 2003, volume 13, No. 4, p. 70-82). The presence of communication channels allows you to determine the coordinates of the gas formation on the trajectory of its movement. The determination of the coordinates of the gas formation is determined as follows.

The buoy station, through a satellite dish, receives signals from the satellite navigation system (directly from the satellite or through a hydrographic vessel), in which the drift velocity vector of the buoy station is accurately fixed. At the same time, information on its exact position and trajectory of movement in the hydrographic coordinate system is constantly accumulating at the buoy station. A gas formation also moves in the underwater space at a depth of H with a velocity vector V _th , which, like depth H, is also a purely variable quantity. The position of the gas formation in the moving coordinate system of the buoy station is determined, as in the prototype, by solving the geodetic problem. In this case, as the measured parameters, the simplest solution is to determine the direction (bearing) and the distance to the gas formation, which is carried out by means of hydroacoustic means installed at the buoy station. The position of the seismic bottom station is also determined relative to the buoy station from the depths, the slant distance of the buoy station from the bottom station, azimuth β, elevation angle α of the bottom station relative to the buoy station, which is realized due to the presence of a hydroacoustic communication channel between the buoy station and seismic bottom stations.

The presence of a hydroacoustic communication channel between the buoy station and the seismic bottom station provides not only the transfer of information from the seismic bottom station to the buoy station, but also the implementation of the hydroacoustic navigation system, by which the angles α and β are measured using data on the immersion depth of seismic bottom station 1, by known geometrical relationships calculate the coordinates of the seismic bottom station relative to the buoy station. The geographic coordinates of the seismic bottom station are calculated from the geographic coordinates of the buoy station. The problem of detecting gas leakage from a gas pipeline is solved in a similar way. To determine the area and depth of contamination from an oil leak, the seismic bottom station is equipped with a penetrometer, which is a cone-shaped projectile equipped with sensors that are buried into the contaminated soil under the influence of gravity or using a drill through a telescopic device. The measured resistance and friction coefficients determine the strength characteristics of the soil.

Subsequently, according to the data obtained, a mapping of the contaminated area, a topographic and navigation map, on which the boundaries of the pollution are displayed, are performed.

Mapping information, as in the prototype, is carried out by applying the geodetic coordinates of the location of the bottom station with a telescopic device at the bottom of the reservoir on the tablet, which is built by pairing topographic and navigation raster maps in the following sequence:

- the raster of the navigation map in the Mercator projection is subjected to vectorization of the coastline of the navigation map;

- a site is selected that corresponds to the marine area where the leak from the transport water supply system took place, taking into account the vectorization of the coastline of the navigation map;

- a record is made in the final raster of the navigation map;

- the raster of the topographic map in the Gauss-Kruger projection is reduced to the scale of the navigation map;

- the coordinates of the Gauss-Kruger projection are converted into geographical coordinates;

- the conversion of geographical coordinates to the coordinates of the Mercator projection is performed;

- a raster plot is selected that corresponds to the land (coastal) region;

- the topographic map is written to the final raster;

- based on the results of recordings in the final rasters of the navigation and topographic map, the final raster map of the combined navigation and topographic information in the Mercator projection is built;

- on the final raster map displayed on the display device, the path of the telescopic device with a penetrometer relative to the bottom station is also displayed.

The mapping results can subsequently be displayed for visualization on a monitor, on which the obtained information can be reflected in two-dimensional and three-dimensional projections.

The hydrographic vessel, in addition to the standard radio and satellite communications equipment, and the navigation complex for navigation support, is also equipped with a sounding echo sounder, which is a Bathy-1000 type two-frequency sounding sounder with a range of measured depths in the range of 0.5-6000 m, equipped with a soil classification unit of the type “ISAN-5” and an analyzer of the density of soil layers, an acoustic profilograph, which provides a determination of the physical and acoustic characteristics of the allowed layers of bottom sediments, such as reflection coefficient , acoustic susceptibility coefficient, roughness coefficient, absorption coefficient, density, and is also equipped with a Sea Spay marine magnetometer: nacelle, cable, interface, power supply, laptop computer with data acquisition system (dynamic range 18000 ... 120000 nT, resolution 0.001 nT, absolute accuracy 0.2 nT), and the Vallon flux-gate magnetometer. To analyze the physicomechanical properties of weak bottom sediments, the hydrographic vessel is also equipped with specialized samplers, DG-1.5 type scoops up to a sampling depth of 0.7 m and a KP-2.5 box-type sampler up to a sampling depth of 2.5 m, providing relatively more high safety of soil samples in comparison with other similar means, a complex of measuring the characteristics of the physico-mechanical properties of sediments after lifting soil samples on board the vessel to determine physical (density, wet aw), strength (resistance to rotational shear, specific penetration resistance), deformation (deformation modulus) and filtration (filtration coefficient) soil characteristics.

The logical processing unit consists of a coupling circuit, a phase amplitude filter, two threshold devices, a step pulse selector, an analysis time former and a pulse counter.

The logical processing unit is made in the form of two threshold devices, one of which is connected to the output of the amplifier of the acoustic channel of the seismograph and to the input of the step-pulse selector, connected to the D-input of the pulse counter, and the other threshold device is connected to the output of the amplifier of the acoustic seismic unit, the input of the time shaper analysis and to the input C of the pulse counter, the output of the analysis time generator is connected to the R-input of the pulse counter and to the second input of the step pulse selector, the output of the pulse counter is the first output of the logical processing unit.

This circuit solution allows in the logic processing unit to analyze the signals coming from the acoustic and seismic channels. At the same time, a signal is generated at the output, indicating the presence or absence of anthropogenic impact in the research area.

The phase amplitude filter is designed to isolate microseismic waves for analysis of emitted microseismic signals when searching for subsea hydrocarbon deposits.

The block of hydrochemical measurements is a device that is designed to classify pollution of sea water according to the spectral characteristics and molecular composition of sea water. An analogue of this unit are devices provided in various sources (see, for example, 1. The main processes and equipment of chemical technology. Edited by Yu. N. Dytnersky, Moscow: Chemistry, 1983. 2. Chemical-analytical complexes of Agilent Technologies (US), http://www.chem.agilent.com 3. Chemical and analytical complexes of SRI Instruments (US), http://www.perichrom.com 4. Chemical and analytical complexes of CJSC Chromatek ( RU), http://www.chronomatec.ru).

The spatial orientation sensor is designed to determine the exact position in the space of seismographs. As a sensor, the TCM-2 electric compass module of Precision Navigation company is used, which is a triaxial flux-gate magnetometer with an electronics unit, made on one board. The coordinate determination scheme is designed to convert coordinates (geographic) of the gas formation, which is determined by the position of the gas formation relative to the seismic bottom station.

Since the geographic coordinates of the installation site of the seismic bottom station are known, the geodetic problem is used to determine the coordinates of the gas formation in the geographic coordinate system relative to each seismic bottom station. Moreover, as the measured parameters, the simplest solution is to determine the direction (bearing) and the distance to the gas formation, which is carried out by means of hydroacoustic means (hydroacoustic control unit and hydroacoustic antenna) installed on the seismic bottom station.

The device for collecting and processing information is designed to work as part of the seismic bottom station and collects, digitizes and accumulates signals from sensors. The subsystem is a hardware-software complex for an Intel-compatible processor family and is equipped with debugging and testing tools. Three signal recording modes are provided: continuous, start-stop according to a given program, and start-stop with control by signal level. The parameters of the device for collecting and processing information are controlled by the results of express signal processing based on the analysis of the energy level and spectral composition using fast real-time algorithms.

On a hydrographic vessel, to ensure the operation of measuring and recording means of the seismic bottom station, the following are also installed:

- personal computer compatible with IBM PC;

- receiver of satellite navigation system GPS;

- equipment for sonar telecontrol.

The minimum configuration of a personal computer includes:

- processor - Pentium 166 MHz;

- RAM - 32 MB;

- SVGA card with 1 MB memory;

- An additional board with two serial ports with FIFO memory (UART16550-compatible).

They are used to process information received from each seismic bottom station and buoy station.

The software and software of the hydrographic vessel is designed to check all the measuring channels of the seismic bottom station, the buoy station and the registration and control unit via the RS-485 serial port, to bind the internal clock of the registration and control unit via the hydroacoustic telecontrol unit and the GPS receiver to the single-time system, installed on a buoy station and / or hydrographic vessel, and georeferencing through a hydroacoustic unit cally remote control, information on the results of the test after installation checks bottom seismic station and the bottom surface buoy station at the surveyed area.

An acoustic seismic unit includes an acoustic channel of a hydrophone and a geophonic type and a broadband seismograph with a frequency range from thousandths of a hertz to tens of hertz, the analogs of which are the broadband bottom seismographs given in the information source (see, for example, Design Features of Broadband Bottom Seismographs / D.G. .Levchenko / Oceanology, 2001, Volume 41, No. 4, pp. 621-623).

The method is implemented as follows.

In the water area (or a given land region with rivers and swamps), the bottom topography is recorded using hydroacoustic means installed on a hydrographic vessel. Relief survey can be carried out, using known methods and tools based on the principles of sonar (multi-beam echo sounders, sonar, profilers, etc.).

According to the results of surveying the bottom topography and its cartographic display, in relation to the sea, the direction of the flooded river valleys that cross the continental shelf is revealed.

In this case, the flooded river valleys are revealed by very elongated winding depressions that cross the continental shelf and are a direct continuation of the river valleys of coastal land (see, for example, Leontiev O.K. Marine Geology. M .: Higher School. 1982, p. 161).

Then, sounding of bottom sediments along the direction of the flooded river valleys with acoustic pulses is performed and the time interval between separate signals generated by hydroacoustic means is measured. According to the results of acoustic sounding, layers of bottom sediments and soil are formed at a depth of up to 4 km.

Restore bottom sediments and soil to the depth of propagation of acoustic signals. In this case, the correlation length of the dynamic variables describing the energy and / or impulse fluxes from the top of the bottom sediment to the bottom and from the bottom of the bottom sediment to the depth of the soil is determined to be up to 2-4 km.

By tomographic restoration of bottom sediments and soil, mechanical differentiation of sediments and suspended matter is performed, with the separation of fractions of mechanical composition (particle size fractions), in accordance with the classification of fractions adopted in the practice of marine geological research (see, for example, Leontyev OK Marine Geology. M. : High School. 1982, p. 80).

Next, an analysis is carried out for the content of chemical elements, with the separation of terrigenous deposits, maps of the distribution of additive indicators are constructed, and objects that are characterized by the distribution of anomalous values of additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag- Hg-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas promising areas.

By the presence of terrigenous deposits, the presence of oil and gas in the studied area is judged.

The judgment on the presence of oil and gas in terms of the presence of terrigenous sediments is based on the well-known fact that many shelves are characterized by a significant thickness of the platform cover, which decreases sharply on the outer edge of the shelf. This is due to the fact that in many shelves the outer edge is elevated and in most cases islands are confined to the shelf (see, for example, Leontyev O.K. Marine Geology. M: Higher School. 1982, p.176).

Since many shelves are a continuation of the lowlands confined to large platform deflections or syneclises, the sequences performing these deflections are tilted towards the shelf and reach maximum power within it. The high power of terrigenous sediments in oil and gas regions is a condition conducive to oil and gas. When identifying marine areas with the possible existence of oil and gas sites, a buoy station and at least two seismic bottom stations are installed in the water area.

Using measuring sensors installed at the buoy station and at seismic bottom stations, seismic, microseismic vibrations and hydrochemical parameters are recorded, as well as sounding the water column by detecting the mechanisms of spin-phonon and spin-photon interactions when a coherent pulse is exposed to the object of study proton spin echo, which is realized by a proton spin echo probe, which is equipped with a proton spin echo spectrometer and a block about processing of spin-relaxation parameters (see, for example, Zverev SB A new method for studying the dynamics of ocean waters. Vladivostok. Proceedings of the Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 160-172). According to the data obtained, using a proton spin echo probe, tomographic reconstruction of the investigated geological section of the soil is performed at the level of prismatic crystals, which allows mineralogical analysis. In this case, the quantitative ratios of minerals are determined by isolating them by density, optical properties, magnetic, electromagnetic, as well as physical and chemical characteristics using well-known methods of mineralogical analysis (see, for example, Leontyev OK Marine Geology. M .: Higher School. 1982 p.87).

When identifying potential oil and gas sites, as in the prototype, soil and vegetation samples are taken along the river bed, an analysis of additive indicators is performed, maps of the distribution of additive indicators are constructed, and objects characterized by the distribution of anomalous values of the additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ва, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Hg-Ва, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas promising areas, in terms of evaluating the feasibility of industrial use.

Vegetation samples are analyzed for Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Sr, Cd, Hg. If background levels of heavy metals are exceeded in the table (see, for example, Baloyan B.M., Khromov V.M. Use of higher aquatic vegetation for bioindication of heavy metals in water. Applied ecology, experience, results, forecasts. Issue. 1. M., 2007, p.171-186 .; Vlasov BP, Gigievich GS The use of higher aquatic plants to assess and monitor the state of the aquatic environment. Guidelines. Minsk, BSU, 2002, 84 pp. ), additionally perform magnetometric survey, with the allocation of ferromagnetic objects against the background of underwater objects projects of natural origin.

Levels of heavy metals in freshwater organisms conventionally taken as background Element Mn Fe Ni Zn Cr Cu Sr Cd Hg Pb Mg / kg dry weight 10.4-120 2000 1,5-24 80-23 2,3-5,4 2,5-60 5-10 0.1-0.5 0.04-0.3 0.3-1.8

If oil leaks from the subsea pipeline and the presence of an oil spill are detected, modeling of changes in the configuration of the oil slick is performed in accordance with the SPILLMOD hydrodynamic model (see, for example, Geoecological monitoring of offshore oil and gas areas / L.I. Lobkovsky, D.G. Levchenko, A.V. Leonov, A.K. Ambrosimov, Moscow: Nauka, 2005, p.142-143). The practical implementation of the proposed method is not of technical complexity, since its implementation uses means having industrial applicability.

Information sources

1. Copyright certificate SU No. 1786460.

2. Patent RU No. 2017138.

3. Patent RU No. 2040783.

4. Patent RU No. 2108597.

5. Patent RU No. 2374667.

6. Patent RU No. 2456644 C2, 07.20.07.2012.

Claims (1)

The method of complex geochemical and geophysical exploration, including sampling of rocks and vegetation along waterways, separating rock samples into fractions and analyzing them for the content of chemical elements, rock samples are divided into two fractions - more than 0.1 mm and less than 0.1 mm, the first is analyzed for Si, Al, Ti, Y, and the second for Hg, and vegetation samples are analyzed for Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, the results of analysis of analyzes of fractions of more than 0.1 mm and samples vegetation is counted on the corresponding additive indicators of normalized concentrations, building t the distribution maps of the indicated additive indicators and Hg and identify objects characterized by the distribution of the anomalous values of the additive indicators and Hg in the series Si, Al, Ti, Y-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Hg-Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag-Si, Al, Ti, Y, with oil and gas prospective sites, analysis for methane content by determining the coordinates of gas formation, determining the coordinates of gas formation, with the placement in the aquatic environment of stations equipped with methane detection sensors, by which methane concentration in the water column is measured to change soprot the phenomena of the active layer of the sensor, which is converted to the output (measured) voltage, the coordinates (geographic) of the gas formation are determined by the position of the gas formation in the moving coordinate system of the buoy station, the preliminary survey of the relief of the water area, the results of the survey reveal flooded river valleys crossing the continental shelf perform sounding of bottom sediments by acoustic pulses and measure the time interval between separate signals, perform restoration of the terrain, determine the correlation length of dynamic variables that describe the energy and / or impulse flows from the top of the bottom sediment to the bottom and from the bottom of the bottom sediment to a depth of 2-4 km, analyze structural denudation forms on the relief with the release of terrigenous deposits, when identifying the prerequisites for the existence of oil and gas sites, perform sounding of the soil, by exposing the object of study to a coherent pulsed proton spin echo, while performing t the graphic restoration of the image of the studied geological section of the soil at the level of prismatic crystals, additionally measure the coefficients of resistance and friction of the soil of the bottom, which determine the strength characteristics, which establish the area and depth of pollution, the coefficients of resistance and friction are measured using a penetrometer installed at the bottom seismic station, and at least two bottom seismic stations are installed by which microseismic records When analyzing microseismic waves, longitudinal microseismic waves are extracted and transverse microseismic waves are excluded from the analysis by means of a phase amplitude filter. In the analysis of longitudinal microseismic waves, all harmonic oscillations recorded by two seismic stations simultaneously and having practically equal amplitudes are selected, while the angle between directions of arrival of microseismic signals simultaneously from two seismic stations, one of which is located at of formaldehyde, is from 1 to 10 degrees, when spills of the transported liquid product with the formation of an oil spot are detected, the processes of spreading and transfer of oil are calculated taking into account the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquatic environment, characterized in that the vegetation samples are additionally analyzed for Sr, Cd, Hg, when exceeded background levels of heavy metals additionally perform magnetometric surveys, with the release of ferromagnetic objects against the background of underwater objects of natural origin.