RU2525088C1 - Sirota's method of nuclear or thermonuclear blast reaction - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering.

SUBSTANCE: nuclear or thermonuclear reaction is initiated by charge blasting inside solid metal body arranged in solid enclosure. Note here that blast energy is higher that metal body fusion heat energy while heat generated by blast in said body is exploited via solid enclosure. Note here that as said body cools down blasts therein reiterate while every next blast occurs after body conversion into solid state. Charge blast energy should be sufficient for body melt conversion into vapour.

EFFECT: optimised overall dimensions.

2 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to energy.

There is a known solution to obtaining energy according to Ukrainian patent 72022 Orphans due to the creation of a vibuhovo reaction, including nuclear or thermonuclear. The essence of this solution lies in the fact that the method of carrying out an explosive reaction, including nuclear or thermonuclear, by periodically blowing up a charge inside a massive metal body placed inside a solid sealed enclosure that takes on and into itself the energy generated from the explosion of the charge, which is removed from enclosures for its proper use. As a result of undermining the charge, the massive metal body is melted. The resulting molten metal in the middle of the sealed enclosure is periodically released from this enclosure, freeing it for the next explosive reaction cycle.

The disadvantage of this method is the rather complicated procedure for releasing the melt from the solid body and the corresponding replacement of a massive metal body.

This drawback is eliminated by the solution set forth in Ukrainian patent 79846. Orphan of a vibuhovo reaction, including nuclear thermonuclear repeating patent of Ukraine 72022 with the difference that the molten massive metal body is not discharged from the solid body where it resides, but, as it cools of this melt in the process of utilizing the heat enclosed in it; in this melt, explosions of regular explosive charges are periodically produced.

This decision is taken as a prototype of the invention.

However, in the prototype there are very serious negatives, determined by the fact that to carry out all the necessary procedures for placing the next charge inside the metal melt is very difficult and unsafe work, which also does not exclude the possibility of failure of the explosive device, further exacerbating the entire technology of this method.

The elimination of this disadvantage has determined the purpose of the present invention. In addition, the intention arose to increase the energy intensity of the proposed method, while maintaining or, in any case, minimally changing the volume and material consumption of the reactor in which this method is carried out.

The technical result is achieved in that in a method for carrying out a nuclear or thermonuclear reaction by detonating a charge inside a massive metal body placed in a durable case, the explosion energy exceeds the heat energy to melt the metal body, and the heat generated in the body from the explosion is utilized through a durable case, and as the body cools down, explosions in it periodically repeat, according to the invention, each subsequent explosion is carried out in this body after its transition to a solid state. To increase the specified energy intensity, the energy of the explosion of the charge is taken sufficient to convert the molten metal into steam.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, represented by eight figures. The first four figures show the sequence of the state of the reactor when heating a massive metal body to its molten state. In the second four figures, the same thing, but with the condition that a massive metal body is heated to its state in the form of steam. The positions of all elements of the proposed method are kept the same. In particular, we have a strong case 1, inside of which there is a massive metal body 2, in the middle of which there is a charge 3. Consider the first version of the proposed method, represented by the first four figures. The figure 1 shows the initial position, where everything is ready for the explosion of charge 3. After the explosion of this charge, the massive body 2 is melted, turning into a metal melt, as shown in figure 2. From the housing 1, the heat accumulated in the melt 2 is taken as long as this melt does not turn into a solid body of the required temperature - see figure 3. Required in the sense that it is possible to most conveniently and efficiently prepare another charge 3 inside the metal body - see figure 4. That is, we completed the technological cycle, which began with the situation shown in figure 1, and this cycle will be repeated in the future in the same sequence.

The second option of the proposed solution is presented in figures 5, 6, 7 and 8. Although this is generally the same sequence of technological procedures as in figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. But still they should be called to more clearly identify the difference. So, figure 5 shows the initial position of the proposed method, completely identical to the position in figure 1. But here in figure 6, in contrast to figure 2, the body 2 after the explosion of charge 3 is not in a liquid state, but in vapor. After the selection of the corresponding heat from the body 1, the body 2 returns to the solid state shown in figure 7, which is completely identical to the state in figure 3. The same identity between figure 8 and figure 4, when another explosive charge 3 is placed inside the body 2.

Let us consider in more detail what happens in our method. To do this, we operate on more specific factors that take part and are formed in this decision. In particular, we have the following conditions.

The body 2 is made of lead in the form of a cube with a volume of one meter cubic, although it can have any other shape, for example, a cylinder, etc. We have a lead body 2 with a mass of 11300 kilograms. Melting point 327, boiling point 1750 degrees Celsius. We take the temperature of the lead melt after the explosion of an explosive device 3 of 1500 degrees Celsius. To obtain such a melt temperature, it is necessary to spend 510300000 calories of heat. This provides a thermonuclear fusion reaction of deuterium weighing 2.87 grams, which corresponds to a calorific value of 17860 kilograms of oil. Thus, we obtain a lead melt with a temperature of 1500 degrees Celsius, which in turn transfers thermal energy to the housing 1, from which heat is taken by any known technological method, with the further use of this thermal energy for the desired benefit. For example, to obtain water vapor that turns turbines of a thermal power plant (TPP), or to obtain hot water used for heating and hot water supply of buildings for any purpose. It is clear that as heat is taken through the housing 1, the temperature of this housing and the lead melt therein will decrease. If this temperature is lowered to the required level after the solidification of lead, it is clear that the intensity of the temperature selection will be uneven, up to the termination of this selection. Therefore, in order for the proposed method to be acceptable to the consumer of this heat, it is necessary to eliminate the indicated unevenness in the selection of heat. And this can be done, having the required number of such thermal battery reactors, when with nth of them there is a sequential process of implementing the proposed method distributed to all these n battery reactors. Those. each reactor-accumulator in this sequence lags behind or ahead of the adjacent reactor-accumulator by the required time in the implementation of the proposed method for carrying out an explosive reaction. As a result, we obtain a uniform receipt of thermal energy at the pace that is required in each specific case, bearing in mind the needs of thermal power plants or the needs of heat supply for heating buildings or something else. It should be added that modern means of using thermal energy in combination with the indicated method of carrying out an explosive reaction make it possible to fully utilize this energy, despite the decrease in the temperature of lead to the required temperature, for example room temperature (20 ° C). This refers to the technology of using heat pumps that has been thoroughly and comprehensively worked out for practical use, which ensures the full use of the thermal energy of the proposed explosive reaction method, after which the lead melt decreases to the indicated level.

It is necessary to explain why the temperature of 20 ° C is acceptable in our method.

Because at this temperature it is most convenient and safe to carry out all the necessary procedures for recharging body 2 by installing another explosive device 3 in it. At this temperature, the personnel performing all the necessary technological operations are as comfortable as possible. It is clear that in this case the process should be as mechanized and automated as possible, but the presence of a person directly in the area where these works are performed can hardly be excluded. Even if we go to this extreme case, when all operations will be fully mechanized, automated and properly robotic, the work of this most complex technique, saturated with the finest and most sensitive electronic devices, can provide the required reliability of these devices with respect to their perception of external conditions (temperature first of all) when creating such a temperature regime. Which does not exclude a change in this mode in the direction of increasing temperature within a reasonable and acceptable range. But if we return to the fact that (practically) the possibility of the presence of personnel in this zone still cannot be eliminated, given the level of responsibility of the entire technological complex that recharges body 2 with a new explosive device 3, it is clear that the temperature regime is 20 ° C from all points view, and physiological above all, is the most acceptable. It should be added that, working with lead body 2, we create the most favorable conditions for ensuring and maintaining the required regime in the area of work. For lead is a soft metal that allows you to carry out all the necessary channels and cavities in the body 2 without increased energy costs. Therefore, it is much simpler to provide and maintain the indicated temperature regime than if it were a harder metal. Although in principle the use of another metal instead of lead is not excluded, however, all this requires appropriate study and research, taking into account the whole variety of circumstances and conditions that must be taken into account in solving the problem.

So, what do we get in the proposed solution in comparison with its analogue and prototype, which determined the formulation of this problem, do we mean patents of Ukraine 72022 and 79846? And what are the possibilities for implementing this solution at the modern scientific and engineering level of development?

It is clear that the technological advantages of the solutions of these patents are preserved, and their negatives noted are completely eliminated. Regarding the advantages, it is necessary to inform (it is indicated in the description of the patents themselves) that the solutions of both patents were the development and improvement of explosive deuterium energy (VDE) developed by nuclear scientists from the city of Snezhinok, Chelyabinsk region (see Prince G.A. Ivanov et al. EXPLOSIVE DEuterium Energy, Snezhinsk: RFNC-VNIITF Publishing House, 2004). The main essence of this development and excellence is that, unlike Snezhinsky technology, which involves the installation of so-called explosive boilers (FAC - a structure more than two hundred meters high and more than 100 meters in diameter, with walls more than 25 meters thick, inside of which with a frequency of about half an hour thermonuclear explosions with a capacity of 10 to 200 kilotons of TNT are produced), and so patents 72022 and 79846 reduce this terrifying gigantomania to a safe level identical to the parameters of these factors in ordinary heat ovyh power. Not to mention the fact that many negatives inherent in nuclear power plants are being eliminated in terms of radiation safety. As for the positives of the proposed solution in comparison with the indicated patents, they emerge from the above when setting the purpose of this invention. In particular, the need to periodically release lead from the solid melt housing is eliminated, which is inherent to the solution of patent 72022. At the same time, the need to work at elevated temperatures during the reloading of explosive devices, which must be implemented in the solution of patent 79846, is eliminated.

Thus, this set of positives of the present invention allows us to state that a solution has been created that allows us to achieve goals over which the leading physical scientific and engineering teams of the whole world have been struggling for more than sixty years, unsuccessfully trying to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Once again, we solve this problem by developing and improving the technology of explosive deuterium energy developed and studied by the leading nuclear center of the USSR (now Russia). Therefore, almost all the problems and tasks that need to be mastered in our invention when carrying out its development and research in the process of implementation, so the necessary scientific and engineering base for this has already been created in essence. Although, as in any new business, new tasks and problems naturally arise, which we will discuss below and which require additional special development and research. The aforesaid allows us to assert that in the present invention, ensuring the proper reliability and durability of the durable building 1 (at least) is not inferior to the Snezhinsky PIC, envisaged for 50 years of operation. We also do not touch upon the issue of materials used for the manufacture of building 1, because this is a topic of detailed design, but in any case we can say that all the necessary tasks of this design have been solved not only in the nuclear center in Snezhinsk, but also much earlier in the many metallurgical projects implemented, where the temperature and all other technological parameters are not inferior to the invention. Although naturally, there is a certain specificity in our solution, which requires special development and research, as was noted above.

At the same time, we are obliged to note especially that, not inferior to Snezhinsky PIC in reliability and durability, our solution has a major advantage. In the sense that the Snezhinsky PIC, after working out its life, is buried forever, with all the ensuing consequences, which, in one way or another, materialize with a multitude of both environmental and socio-material losses, which no one even tried to estimate, but which (quite obvious, and said enough about this) will be very significant. Therefore, it was no accident that they touched on the social side of the matter, for the Snezhinsky project in this sense remains at the level of existing nuclear power plants, the closure of which, when the lifetime has expired (and this time is inexorably approaching all over the world), is a heavy blow to this industry, where highly qualified scientists and specialists work. Not to mention that the objects of this kind themselves become numerous gigantic monuments of human unreasonableness.

Our invention eliminates this (in every sense destructive and even destructive) factor, bearing in mind that the buried Snezhinskaya power plant, like the buried nuclear power plant, is a forbidden territory of the Earth, crossed out for many millennia. So, in our solution, none of this happens, because of the above nth number of the proposed heat storage reactors at thermal power plants, each such heat storage reactor (in the corresponding sequence), after its life has expired, is dismantled and replaced with a new reactor of this type. It does not happen, because, similarly to the Snezhinsky project, we focus on thermonuclear fusion, on the principle of which explosive device 3 works. But in the Snezhinsky solution, thermonuclear fusion is carried out with the initiation of its nuclear explosive device, as a result of which the Snezhinsky power station, like a nuclear power plant, becomes a buried eternal monument. In our decision, the maximum negative remains at the level of the supposed tokamaks, the developers of which prove that the time, so to speak, to “weather” the effects of radiation caused by neutron irradiation is quite acceptable so as not to bury the production site on which the tokamak is located. So we repeat, of course, some negative remains associated with the time of “weathering” of the radiation residues, but this is nothing compared with the consequences of the removal of the forever sites of the nuclear power plant or Snezhinskaya TPP.

Can we rely on pure thermonuclear fusion today? And why is there no information available to physicists from the physicists of the leading Russian nuclear center in Snezhinsk?

Let's start with the second question. Physicists from the nuclear center in Snezhinsk, the idea of explosive deuterium energy is based on the use of thermonuclear explosions with power measured in tens or even hundreds of kilotons of TNT. The initiation of such explosions also requires explosive devices with a capacity measured in kilotons of TNT. Therefore, even if pure thermonuclear explosions appear, the power of which is measured in tons, tens of tons or hundreds of tons of TNT, this "minuscule" is completely not of interest to the developers of the Snezhinsky PIC. Not even interested in the function of initiating the explosion of the main explosive device in the pic. Although the lack of information on this score does not prove that the Snezhinsky Nuclear Center does not conduct appropriate development and research on this problem. Moreover, there is a lot of evidence, direct and indirect, informing that the development of clean thermonuclear explosive devices, and above all mini-charges, so such developments and studies are carried out by all the leading laboratories in the world - primarily in relation to military topics. To realize how serious all this is, it is necessary to note that the search is conducted primarily with regard to the possibility of fusion without the use of an initiating nuclear explosive device. The main preference is given to the development of compact ultra-high-power pulsed sources of electromagnetic energy or to the development of electric energy storage devices sufficient for the “arson” of explosive thermonuclear fusion. Moreover, searches in this direction have been ongoing for quite some time. As an illustration and explanation of the essence, we refer to the following information. Here is the data from an article on the Internet ELECTRIC EXPLOSION "NOBOROT", V. Fefelov, RED Banner February 13, 1981.

A little about the essence of the phenomenon studied in the department of high energy densities. If a powerful electric current is passed through the thin cylindrical shell that Luchinsky showed me at the beginning of the conversation, then it will instantly explode. But it will explode, as it were, the other way around: the huge magnetic field generated by passing the current will compress the shell that has turned into a plasma so much that it will rush to the axis of the cylinder at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per second. With a sufficiently large current strength, the pressure inside the “collapsed” shell can reach billions of atmospheres, and the temperature can reach tens of millions of degrees. Under these conditions, a thermonuclear reaction will begin in a mixture of heavy hydrogen isotopes and a microscopic thermonuclear explosion will occur. Scientists, of course, are interested in the case when the energy released during the explosion exceeds the energy expended on "igniting" the reaction. Only under such a condition can we talk about the practical use of this process in the energy sector.

More than 30 years have passed. Whether these studies ended with the proper result, we do not know due to the lack of information. But we dare to assume that this topic is not closed in Russia, because, as already noted, searches and research in the main research centers of the world are carried out intensively, and especially in the military sphere. As a result, messages of this kind appear on the Internet. In general, billions of dollars spent by the most technologically advanced country on the activities of nuclear weapons laboratories are not excluded; sooner or later they will lead to the appearance of the fourth generation of nuclear weapons - a purely thermonuclear one. Many experts believe that there is a certain degree of probability of the appearance of pure thermonuclear weapons before the commercial use of thermonuclear energy is mastered at an economically acceptable level. The story can be repeated, as it was with atomic weapons - first a bomb, and then energy.

But not only military research should be borne in mind.

Here is the information of literally our days “An important step has been taken towards controlled thermonuclear fusion” 09/19/2012, 11:22 p.m., reporting: Scientists from the Sandia National Laboratories in the USA took one of three important steps on the way generating energy using controlled thermonuclear fusion. In essence, this study is carried out in the principle setting that has been described above about the Soviet electric explosion "vice versa." The Americans report that the work done is not only encouraging, but allows with certainty to complete the solution to this problem by the end of 2013. If this happens, the result is assumed to be unique - the energy output can be a thousand times higher than the one that was originally spent. And this speaks not only of achieving a positive energy balance, but also of the commercial use of technology.

So we get the answer to the above question - can we rely on pure thermonuclear fusion today?

To hope, this means not just hoping, but in essence and guaranteeing the ability to carry out pure thermonuclear fusion in our method of generating thermal energy. The described situation allows us to guarantee the required possibility of a clean thermonuclear explosive device, because the most powerful and serious scientific and engineering forces are involved in solving this problem, which has been devoted to several decades and the relevance of the required results is constantly growing.

And in solving this problem, not only the electromagnetic pulse intensification technology is involved, but also various types of accelerators, where compact, small-sized ones are especially relevant. Here is an example of what the journal SCIENCE AND LIFE No. 1, 2000 reports. ENERGY FROM ACCELERATORS, Ph.D. L. Zhilyakov, Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, describing the setup of a fusion facility in a collider.

The collider is a pair of accelerators that accelerate ion beams towards each other. When the beams collide, a reaction occurs with the appearance of new particles and the release of energy. If accelerators accelerate deuterium (D) and tritium (T) ions, then during their interaction a synthesis reaction will occur with the formation of a-particles - helium-4 nuclei (4He), neutrons (n) and energy: D + Т®4Не + n +17.6 MeV per act of interaction. The heat released in the collider chamber can be used in the traditional way - to evaporate the working fluid (for example, water) to produce high pressure steam.

The most important difference between the counterpropagating beam method and magnetic confinement is that the size of the accelerator does not play a fundamental role in achieving synthesis conditions. The minimum size of the experimental setup will be determined only by the size of the ion source with the required energy. But they are small: an ion source for several hundred kiloelectron volts, used in industry (for example, for ion implantation of semiconductors), occupies an area of not more than 10 m ² and costs several thousand dollars. In the “zero” experiment on nuclear fusion, the sizes of the collider (the volume where the beams collide) can be very small. For example, with its length of 2 cm and a diameter of 0.4 cm, it is expected that 25 W of heat will be released, that is, the specific power of the installation is 108 W / m ³ (approximately like an internal combustion engine). The achievement of such parameters will mean a physical solution to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Obtaining the required capacities is already a purely technical issue. The working volume of the reactor, for example, may contain the necessary number of colliders - “thermonuclear fuel elements”, fuel elements.

Similar proposals have been repeatedly expressed in the scientific literature, but, unfortunately, this did not come to the research. Meanwhile, they suggest a simple experimental test, and at a small and inexpensive laboratory bench. Many physical and technical problems of such an experiment have already been solved. Estimates show that the cost of the work will be 10-20 thousand times less than any other research in this area. And in case of success, the opportunity opens up for an incomparably simpler solution to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion than all those areas that are currently being developed promise.

Thirteen years have passed. Are the results of these theoretical studies used in a practical setting - the creation of compact small-sized accelerators?

Nothing is known on this score either from domestic sources of information or from foreign ones. Although the topic does not lose its relevance. For literally these days the Internet reports:

2012-06-15 Russian physicists presented the “desktop” particle accelerator Moscow, February 17 (New Region, Roman Sirkhovsky) - Scientists from the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN) have pleased the world scientific community with a new discovery. They managed to develop a method of accelerating ions and electrons to high energies using ultrashort laser pulses. Thanks to the new method of particle acceleration, in some cases, giant electromagnetic accelerators can be dispensed with, the press service of the FIAN Institute reports. The possibility of using a laser to obtain accelerated beams of charged particles, a group of scientists led by Valery Bychenkov began to study in the early 21st century. Then the LPI staff was able to find out that an ultrashort laser pulse directed into a solid target "knocks out" ions and electrons from it, dispersed to near-light speeds. With this acceleration, the particle energy reaches tens of megaelectron-volts per nucleon. The obtained particle beams can be used as initiators of a thermonuclear reaction in inertial controlled thermonuclear fusion plants. The experiments of Russian scientists showed that electrons can accelerate to energies of 1.5 gigaelectron-volts at a distance of only about a centimeter. At the same time, modern femtosecond laser systems are quite compact. They can easily be mounted on a laboratory bench.

All of the above about the studies of nuclear physicists suggests that the proposed invention, which primarily provides for the implementation of pure thermonuclear fusion in the proposed formulation, is fully provided with sufficient scientific and engineering capabilities, which, as you know, is one of the necessary attributes of the recognition of a solution by the invention. Moreover, our invention opens up the most feasible opportunity and the way of introducing into the energy sector the indicated scientific and engineering developments of nuclear physicists. For, as already noted, the gigantomania of the Snezhinsky FAC is in no way consistent with these developments. And if it is consistent (although we don’t know the attitude of the physicists of the Snezhinsky Nuclear Center towards such developments), the natural question immediately arises - what is the need for these picts in general? And the answer to this question is limited to the need to use our invention, which eliminates all conceivable negatives of the known PICs (sufficiently fully covered in various sources of information) and finally turns more than sixty years of searches for controlled thermonuclear fusion into a real possibility of realizing this theoretical idea in the energy sector. Therefore, the analogue and prototype adopted by us (Ukrainian patents 72022 and 79846) were the basis for achieving this longed-for goal, and this invention brings it to perfection, with which (in all senses of positivity), none of the other methods for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion can compete with.

To this it is necessary to add the following.

The accumulated scientific and engineering base of compact devices for fusion is not of real importance in the energy sector (we don’t touch the military sphere) for one very important reason. The transition from temperature to tens, or even more than hundreds of millions of degrees, is (among the rest of the many problems of the known methods of controlled thermonuclear fusion) one of the most difficult and most important problems that still does not have a reliable and effective solution. In our technological approach, this stumbling block is eliminated in the most expedient way, which essentially eliminates the problem itself, as Nature does. The sun is the closest illustration of this natural solution, where a thermonuclear object remains intact for billions of years, although its core has a temperature of one and a half dozen million degrees and a surface of less than six thousand degrees Celsius. And, as we see, our invention is another proof that artificial attempts to surpass Nature is a very dubious and unreliable business. Our method, without violating this fundamental principle of Nature, allows us to implement it as efficiently as possible in Earthly conditions, ensuring the most appropriate use of the scientific and engineering base developed by nuclear physicists.

However, we continue to consider the proposed solution, the development and increase of the effectiveness of which is fixed by figures 5, 6, 7 and 8. Figure 5 repeats figure 1 in the previous analysis of the invention, i.e., the same initial situation is shown here, where in a strong case 1 placed a massive metal body 2 with an explosive device 2 inside it. The technology is preserved except that the power of the explosive device 3 is such that it allows not only to melt the body 2 and heat it, but also to turn it into steam. What does it give?

It is clear that, while maintaining the volume of the metal body 2, we must increase the strength of the housing 1. All these requirements lend themselves to proper calculation and constructive implementation, so there is no need to pay special attention to this. But what we are obliged to show is what all of this needs to be done for. To answer this question, we report that the heat of fusion of lead is 4.77 kJ / mol, and the heat of evaporation of 177.8 kJ / mol. And this means that in the same lead meter cubic, which was presented in figure 1 and the same adopted in figure 5, so when evaporating this metal body 2, it is possible to pump thermal energy in a very rough approximation almost 30 times more. Naturally, for this it is necessary to ensure the required reliability of the housing 1 both in terms of strength and temperature. But again, ensuring this requirement with a modern scientific and engineering level of knowledge and technology is guaranteed. As a result, we get the opportunity to create a heat accumulator with a capacity of thirty times more on a slightly increased production area. Everything else in the technological sense remains the same as the previous version. Those. as the heat accumulated in it is taken through the housing 1, the lead vapor passes into the melt state and then becomes a solid, which is recorded in figure 7, completely similar to figure 3. Then, by appropriate procedures, the reactor acquires the initial state shown in figure 8, completely similar to figure 1 then the next cycle of the proposed method is carried out.

There is no need to prove the level of positivity of this factor, which also creates an even greater contrast between the concentration of gigantomania Snezhinsky FAC and our invention. And in comparison with all other solutions of controlled thermonuclear fusion, this factor is many times more effective in every sense. For always in the energy sector as a whole, and thermal in particular, progress was characterized primarily by the compactness of the device used. In this sense, our solution with respect to thermonuclear fusion has no competitors. Moreover, it should be noted that the above rough approximation of the estimate of the increase in the volume of heat accumulation stems from the assumption of a constant pressure when taking the level of heat capacity, both the heat capacity of melting lead and the heat capacity of its evaporation. But in reality (in the implementation of the proposed method) a completely different situation is observed, where with increasing temperature the pressure of lead vapor increases, and its heat capacity also increases. This is a well-known factor in heat engineering. But can the current level of knowledge carry out a numerical analysis of this factor, i.e. calculate what interests us, namely, what will be the temperature and pressure of lead vapor during the evaporation of the lead melt. There was no precedent of this kind either in theory or in practice. But we argue that without an appropriate experiment these questions cannot be answered. The only thing that we can argue is that the well-known principle of increasing the heat capacity of lead vapor (when vaporization in a closed volume) will be significantly higher than shown in a rough estimate. But what is this excess, we repeat, it is impossible to answer without an appropriate experiment. To substantiate this statement, it is necessary to give the following example.

Earth's core is much hotter than imagined

04/26/2013 15:59 Dmitry Shevlyakov, Reporter UA

VK0OK! 0 0

Inside the Earth, it’s almost 1000 degrees hotter than previously thought. The temperature near the center of the earth reaches about 6,000 degrees Celsius, according to French physicists. The core of the Earth consists mainly of a thick layer of iron, which is liquid, like water in the oceans, but has a temperature of more than 4000 degrees. Inside the core, the temperature and pressure are even higher, so that the iron becomes solid. Layer thickness and pressure can be determined using older seismic wave analysis due to earthquakes. However, the temperature cannot be determined this way.

This is a very time-consuming process - to determine the melting point of iron at different pressures in laboratories, since the material at such high temperatures, among other things, must be well insulated.

With older technologies, it was difficult to determine the state of iron in a short analysis time.

X-rays are currently being used. Thanks to them, in less than a second it is possible to determine at what pressure the iron will be liquid, solid or in a transition state.

From a new experiment, it became clear that iron melts at a temperature of about 4800 degrees and a pressure of 2.2 million atmospheres.

Using such measurements, the researchers calculated the temperature at a pressure of 3.3 million atmospheres, which exists at the boundary of the solid inner and liquid outer nuclei. It is approximately 6000 degrees. The accuracy of the analysis is plus or minus 500 degrees, reports Berliner Morgenpost.

As we see, the theory of even the highest level is far from omnipotent - especially in cases that did not pass experimental verification either before the development of the theory or after its development. It is our case that falls under this situation. Therefore, appropriate experimental studies are absolutely necessary.

In this case, we especially note the following.

As was said, the maximum positivity of our solution is determined by the appropriateness of using pure thermonuclear fusion. In this sense, TOKAMAK can create some semblance if, in the end, this direction reaches the level of practical expediency in the energy sector. But even with pure thermonuclear fusion, the problem of radiation hazard is not completely eliminated, because neutron irradiation of the reactor creates induced radiation, which requires certain losses of time to “weather” it from the equipment. So, in our decision, this negative can be reduced very significantly. For the main object of neutron irradiation becomes a lead metal body 2, as a result of which the case 1 is irradiated to a lesser extent than if this body 2 were not in the path of the neutron flux. It is precisely this unfavorable situation that occurs in tokamaks and other thermonuclear fusion devices. And in our decision, in order to further strengthen this favorable factor, it is possible to periodically lead body 2, saturated with the action of neutrons, to release from the housing 1, replacing it with pure lead. And the released lead with neutron-induced radiation should be sent to appropriate sites for routine natural release from this radiation.

In general, the present invention solves the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, which for more than 60 years is not amenable to solution in any other known approaches. And if it seems to be solved in explosive deuterium energy (VDE), represented by the Snezhinsky FAC, then this solution is unacceptable due to many factors. We, while maintaining a healthy grain of Snezhinskaya VDE, eliminate all its frightening negatives, turning VDE into what the advanced and most knowledgeable, prepared and equipped in every sense of the scientific and engineering potential science has been striving for since the late forties of the last century. All that is required for the implementation of the invention is available in the necessary and sufficient form. Which, however, does not exclude, but rather requires special studies, the purpose of which is not to verify or confirm the legitimacy of the scientific and engineering basis of the invention, but within the framework of a comprehensive feasibility study, obliged to implement this invention in the most efficient way, understanding this optimal solution to the task. How many options for developing the proposed invention in these studies can be determined only in the process of preparing, designing and implementing this process. But it is clear that the more options there are, the better for determining the desired optimum of the proposed technology, which will also depend on many specific conditions for the implementation of this technology.

In order to realize and feel the potential of the invention, the following should be noted.

It was said above that the proposed thermonuclear fusion technology is a combination of a certain periodicity of pulsed explosions, while ensuring the required constancy of the production of thermal energy by adopting the nth number of heat storage reactors. In this regard, it is clear that the compactness and heat capacity of such reactors are of paramount importance. We also already noted that the proposed solution allows this parameter to be provided out-of-competition with any known solution. To feel the meaning of this statement, it is enough to illustrate it by a numerical analysis of the body 2 presented in the above drawings, the size of which is assumed to be equal to a meter of cubic lead. So, if you evaporate this cubic meter of lead, a very preliminary extrapolation method reduces to the fact that in this cubic meter of lead you can accumulate the amount of thermal energy equivalent to the energy received (at least) when burning thousands of tons of oil. Experimental studies, the need for which is mentioned above, will show how much this parameter will be exceeded. But even if we stay at this preliminary minimum, it is not difficult to show how uniquely powerful and uniquely compact this energy source is, which accumulates the energy of thermonuclear fusion. Nothing of the sort exists in any of the known methods for implementing controlled thermonuclear fusion, which allows us to state that even if these known methods reached practical implementation, they would lose to the invention according to all factors determining the feasibility and effectiveness of energy. Not to mention the safety and environmental factor provided by the proposed method, since the known methods cannot even be provided to a small extent, because none of them have intermediate powerful protection of the reactor vessel from neutron radiation.

In conclusion, a few more considerations to precede possible questions.

In the proposed solution, which develops and improves the above analogue and prototype, fixed by patents of Ukraine 72022 and 79846, we preserve the conditions of the device both of housing 1 and body 2. This refers to the shape of the internal space of housing 1 and, respectively, of body 2 can have different options. Those. not only the shape of the box (as shown in the drawing), but also others: a cylinder, a ball, etc. All these are questions of the upcoming study.

It is impossible not to say about the problem of an explosive device and how to explode them. As noted above, we primarily focus on the option of pure thermonuclear fusion, which uses either deuterium, or a mixture of deuterium with tritium, or a collision of the nuclei of both in the corresponding collider. Other methods are not excluded, including the development of our own method of a clean thermonuclear explosive device, for which a separate application for an invention will be made. Technologies of this type are very intensively researched, developed and improved, which allows us to reasonably assume their speedy implementation in practice, which for our invention becomes the most acceptable and appropriate. At the same time, the very name of our solution says not only about fusion, but also a nuclear explosive reaction. We leave this option as possible, but with the condition that the nuclear reaction will perform in the extreme case an initiating function to start thermonuclear fusion. Research in this direction is also being conducted in the search and development of mini-nuclear and thermonuclear processes. Even if in our invention there remains a need in some cases to focus on nuclear explosive devices, we not only do not go beyond the framework of existing technologies from the point of view of radiation, but also reduce these negatives to a minimum - precisely because of the presence in our reactor of protecting its body from these dangers. Moreover, the melt of the body 2 can be periodically removed from the reactor, replacing it with pure lead. However, this topic should also be properly investigated, so that the effectiveness of the invention is maximum with a minimum of negatives associated with radiation.

But special attention should be paid to the following.

Recent decades have been marked by a scientific and engineering breakthrough in the implementation of thermonuclear processes. In particular, we are talking about the construction and commissioning of powerful hadron colliders, including, above all, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. At this gigantic construction of physics, continuing and improving research at previous colliders, they create bundles of matter with a hard-to-imagine temperature of 10 trillion degrees Celsius. To do this, lead nuclei are accelerated to almost light speed and collide, obtaining a fundamentally new state of matter called quark-gluon plasma. In a fundamental scientific sense, this is literally a revolution in all of modern quantum physics, requiring a fresh look at the very foundations of our material world. At the same time, this is practical confirmation of the possibility of creating new types of thermonuclear reactors in which energy can be obtained more efficiently than in thermonuclear fusion reactors. In fact, we are talking about creating a Quark-Gluon (Chromo) Plasma Reactor (for convenience, KGPR or KhPR). Exactly what V.S. claims Okunev - One of the main tasks in the design of nuclear reactors and plants - the development of energy plants of the future requires the study of physical processes and objects that are the subject of study of nuclear physics, mainly low-energy nuclear physics. However, understanding these processes and ways of generating energy in the future is impossible without studying more fundamental issues related to the structure of matter, the main types of interactions, especially strong, weak and electromagnetic. Moreover, one of the tasks of modern physics is to search for fundamentally new ways of generating energy and new types of energy sources not at the nuclear, but at the quark-gluon and hadron levels (see Fundamentals of Applied Nuclear Physics and Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics: Textbook / V.S. Okunev; under the editorship of V.I.Solonin. - M.: Publishing House of MSTU named after N.E.Bauman, 2010).

But understanding this perspective, scientists and specialists are aware of the complexity of the upcoming problems in creating reactors of this kind. For the results of (both theoretical and experimental) studies of tokamak-type fusion reactors so far indicate the practical impossibility of ensuring reliable and safe transfer of thermal energy from matter in the form of a high-temperature plasma to the structural elements of the device that absorb this energy. There are neither the proper materials, nor the required technologies for transferring energy from the plasma to the indicated structural elements of the tokamak, which are obliged to receive this energy for recycling it in the traditional way at the next technological stages of generating electricity at thermal power plants. We are talking about the temperature level of the plasma in the reactor of the order of hundreds of millions of degrees, and the problem remains unresolved. Not to mention the impact on the design of the reactor neutron and other types of radiation. ITER initiators cherish the hope of a positive solution to this problem. We will not discuss the legitimacy of this expectation, although there are enough skeptical statements in this regard by people who are very knowledgeable about this subject.

But what we are obliged to do is to state that the current design and technological difficulties in tokamaks are a big trifle compared to what you have to deal with when designing a quark-gluon plasma reactor, the temperature of which exceeds the plasma temperature in tokamaks 70,000 times !!!

Here we come to the most important factor of our invention, partially above the already affected. Although, in essence, this partiality puts an end to tokamaks, as an absolutely dead-end direction in the development of thermonuclear fusion. But this cross becomes even more powerful if one evaluates the prospect of creating quark-gluon plasma reactors. Moreover, we dare to assert that, forgetting about tokamaks, thermonuclear energy gets an absolutely uncompetitive opportunity to develop quark-gluon plasma not in an obscure cloudy perspective, but already today. TODAY should be understood as the necessary and sufficient development and research for this. Moreover, the expected unprecedented positivity of all these developments and studies is based not on some artificial inventions and attempts to outstrip Nature, but on the genius of Nature itself, which was also briefly noted. But this brevity absorbs all the power of Nature, which (as they sometimes recall) behaves honestly with researchers, not hiding anything and only assuming that the researchers themselves will correctly perceive reality in Nature. But the reality is, science says - In vivo, quark-gluon plasma apparently existed only in the first 10 ^-5 s after the explosion cosmology. It is possible that it exists in the center of the most massive neutron stars. There are theoretical assumptions that with an even greater increase in density, neutron stars can degenerate into quark stars (see Wikipedia Neutron star). Therefore, in relation to our task, there is every reason to state the following.

In the proposed method for carrying out a thermonuclear reaction, the explosive charge 3 is the colliding lead nucleus, converted into a quark-gluon plasma with a temperature of several trillion degrees. The energy contained in this plasma is transferred to the metal body 2 with the implementation of all the above processes of the proposed method. In this case, one can state or (at least) suggest some features of the operation of the quark-gluon reactor.

The science of properly formulating a problem of this kind, and even more so its solution, has not yet existed, except for general statements like the one mentioned from the book of V.S.Okunev. But this is enough to (even taking into account the research carried out at CERN) to be sure that through a quark-gluon plasma, humanity approaches a qualitatively and quantitatively many times more powerful source of energy than nuclear and traditional thermonuclear energy. Moreover, if, again, studies at CERN and other research centers are taken into account, the quark-gluon plasma is completely free of all types of radiation, which is unlikely to be overestimated. However, it is clear that (in the desired absolute) the use of quark-gluon plasma is a somewhat delayed task than the simpler and more affordable options for using this energy source as an effective fuse for thermonuclear fuel-deuterium. It is understood that a high-temperature impulse of trillions of degrees will make it possible to create charges 3 that are optimal for a particular need and are completely made of deuterium, which is properly designed into an independent explosive device initiated by a quark-gluon plasma. Obviously, based on the temperature and energy characteristics of this fuse, it will be extremely compact and efficient. It is also clear that working with deuterium will provide a radioactivity factor in the reactor (as already noted), which is completely miserable not only in comparison with nuclear reactors, but also with traditional tokamak solutions.

In conclusion, a few words about the collider type accelerator, which provide the formation of a quark-gluon plasma.

It is quite obvious that such a construction is unlikely to be created in miniature, although only real work in this direction will give a final answer. But, if we proceed from the current realities and the nearest foreseeable future, we should focus on the grandeur of such accelerators. Therefore, the task of finding solutions that make it possible to construct them less material-intensive, or significantly increase their efficiency while maintaining geometric and material characteristics, is extremely urgent. We are working on this in order to eliminate completely, or minimize the factors that may hamper the emergence of a fundamentally new thermonuclear energy.

Claims (2)

1. A method of carrying out a nuclear or thermonuclear reaction by undermining a charge inside a massive metal body placed in a strong body, the explosion energy exceeding the heat energy to melt the metal body, and the heat generated in the body from the explosion is utilized through the durable body, and as the cooling of the body, the explosions in it are periodically repeated, characterized in that each subsequent explosion is carried out in this body after its transition to a solid state. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy of the explosion of the charge is sufficient to convert the body melt into steam.

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