RU2545017C2 - Thermonuclear synthesis method orphans - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics, atomic power.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method of conducting thermonuclear synthesis. The method includes periodic explosion of a thermonuclear explosive device within a reactor in the form of a pressure casing (1), in which there is water (2) which is converted to steam used for consumer needs, and is characterised by that the pressure casing is filled with water which, in any aggregate state, remains for the right time within the inner space of the pressure casing, through which recycled heat accumulating within said casing is collected. The method is carried out in m reactors, explosion of the thermonuclear explosive device (3) of which is carried out in the required sequence and in which there can be a different type of thermonuclear synthesis reaction. Water in the reactors is periodically fully or partially replaced with new water, and the water removed from the reactors, where neutron radiation has occurred during the explosion process of the thermonuclear explosive device or where water has been saturated with tritium, is used to extract therefrom components that are suitable for the thermonuclear synthesis reaction.

EFFECT: high efficiency of converting the obtained energy and enabling renewal of fuel resources by obtaining tritium.

3 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to energy.

Literally these days, the Internet reports: TECHNOLOGY FOR USING THE ENERGY OF THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER. Category: Energy / Date: 05/06/2013 Author: kirya.

A unique explosive deuterium thermonuclear technology has been developed at the Russian Physical Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Region), which allows the generation of electrical and thermal energy that is unparalleled in technical, economic and environmental indicators.

Thanks to this, Russia has the opportunity in 5-6 years to solve the energy problem. And not only within its territory, but also in the world. This is the opinion of Andrei Lumpov, deputy director of the State Center for Marketing Research of the Republican Research Scientific and Consulting Center for Expertise.

According to him, the calculations show that a pilot plant worth $ 800 million is capable of generating 7 gigawatts / hour. An industrial plant worth $ 3 billion, according to scientists, is capable of working for at least 50 years, generating 30 gigawatts / hour, which is equivalent to the work of the 20-30 most powerful nuclear power plants currently operating, RIA-Novosti reports.

According to Lumpov, in the coming years, Russia can provide 2/3 of the world with electricity at a rate of one cent per kW. The first installation, working on the new technology, is planned to be built in the Chelyabinsk region at PA Mayak.

You need to know this topic has been studied in Snezhinsk since the 70s of the last century. Enough publications and discussions in this area, the so-called explosive deuterium energy (VDE). To clarify the essence of the matter, we provide information in one of the articles. Gennady Alekseevich Ivanov, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences from the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (Snezhinsk, former Chelyabinsk-70), a participant in the creation of domestic thermonuclear weapons, proposed a witty version of the sharp acceleration of work on thermonuclear energy. Let us not be able to maintain slow thermonuclear burning or receive thermonuclear flares with energy release in grams or kilograms of TNT equivalent. But we are able to produce thermonuclear explosions with energy release in kilotons and tens of kilotons of TNT equivalent, and we are good at it - so, let's use them for energy purposes! To do this, they must be produced in indestructible containers-boilers for explosive combustion (FAC).

PIC - a huge barrel of reinforced concrete, lined with steel inside. The PIC, capable of withstanding an explosion of 10 kt of TNT equivalent, has a diameter of about 150 m, a height of 200-300 and a reinforced concrete wall thickness of 25 m.The thickness of the steel lining is 20 cm.A few seconds before the explosion, a coolant - liquid sodium is pumped into the working chamber. Its overlapping fountains form a protective curtain that softens and spreads in time the action of the shock wave on the walls of the boiler. In this case, the sodium heats up and partially evaporates (and then evaporated - it condenses when, after the explosion, the inside of the boiler is irrigated with a rain of cold sodium). The huge pressure of the shock wave acts for negligible fractions of a second. If it is ″ smudged ″ in time on the way from the place of the explosion to the walls of the explosive chamber, then no more than 40 atm will act on them. Heated sodium is stored in a heat accumulator, and it is enough (with some excess) for several tens of minutes of operation of the power unit - until the next explosion. If 10-kiloton charges are blown up approximately once every 25 minutes, the thermal power of the power unit will be 25 GW (and the electric power will be about 10 GW).

The problems of creating high temperatures and pressures are removed by the fact that the thermonuclear reaction is initiated by the explosion of a uranium or plutonium charge. Therefore, non-deficient deuterium can serve as fuel. The ratio of power released by uranium (plutonium) and deuterium is from 1:10 to 1: 500 (1 conventional unit of power is from a nuclear explosion, 9-499 from a thermonuclear).

A nuclear detonator, deuterium, and reproducing material — uranium-238 or thorium — are placed in the energy charge, which, when irradiated with neutrons, will turn into fissile material for new detonators or for reactor fuel. Due to the fact that neutron fluxes in an explosion are much denser than in any reactor, the efficiency of such a transformation is much higher. All that remains of the energy charge - unburned fuel, combustion products, sprayed structural materials and accumulated fissile material - is dissolved in liquid sodium, and all of this will have to be extracted and returned to the appropriate use cycles.

Why is the idea of FAC attractive? In its implementation there are no fundamental problems whose term of resolution cannot be determined in advance. Most of what is needed for the FAC power plant has already been done somewhere by someone; for the technologies that are yet to be developed, there is a good reserve. Further, low material consumption, and in comparison with both nuclear reactors and coal-fired power plants. Finally, low fuel costs (fissile materials require much less than at nuclear power plants, their efficiency and reproduction rate are higher, and deuterium is taught by distillation of plain water). What about security? The energy charge will be collected by the manipulators directly in the explosive chamber of two parts, each of which is individually harmless. The maximum that bad things can happen is their explosion in the absence of a sodium protective wall in the chamber. According to calculations, in this case, the inner steel shell will be severely damaged, which will make the boiler unsuitable for further operation, but no radioactive materials will leak out.

Paradoxically, it is the explosive release of energy in itself that is a guarantee of safety. If a slow release of energy is used, conditions may arise under which it will accelerate sharply - and the installation will be delivered to the point, up to an explosion; disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is a good example. But if the explosive mode is normal, and the energy is already released at normal speed during normal operation, there is nowhere to accelerate it, and deviations from the calculated mode are possible only in the direction of decreasing power. Which, of course, poses no threat.

According to the calculations of G.A. Ivanova, the cost of energy of the FAC, even at today's prices for fossil fuels, will be the smallest. The expected payback period is from a year to two (and this is not the most optimistic estimate). Electricity from PIC can become a profitable export product, and with a large scale of its production - and the basis for the well-being of the country's economy.

The low-cost energy of the FAC provides another advantage. Many industries become unprofitable in the implementation of all necessary environmental measures, therefore, they are abandoned. With cheap energy, environmental measures will be non-destructive, which will allow them to be carried out in a sufficient (or at least larger than now) volume.

According to VNIITF employees, the PWC 10/25 MAY BECOME THE BASIC FOR THE ENERGY OF THE FUTURE (the first figure indicates the power of one energy charge in kilotons of TNT, the second - the removed heat capacity in gigawatts). The draft design of the FAC 50/100 was also being worked out.

The criticism of the PIC developed in Snezhinsk is so numerous and so harsh that there is no need to speak out on this subject, having bothered to start this phrase. But one of the publications must be indicated. For it contains the most capacious and meaningful critical analysis of these FACs - Herman Lukashin. NON-PROFESSIONALISM as qualifying SYSTEMIC SIGN OF SUITABILITY, the article was published in the April 2005 issue of the Atomic Strategy-XXI magazine, which can also be found on the website:.

The answer to the critical analysis of German Lukashin followed in the article (Internet) - Explosive deuterium energy - science fiction or reality? L.I. Shibarshov, Head of Department, RFNC VNIITF, Snezhinsk.

Reply to the article by G.M. Lukashina (“AS” No. 16, April 2005).

Without analyzing this answer, we can argue that the developers and initiators of the FAC not only do not abandon the idea of VDE, but, judging by the information presented at the beginning of our description, this idea takes on an increasingly real shape if these days, 2013 it is reported: the first installation , working on the new technology, it is planned to build in the Chelyabinsk region at PA Mayak. Without denying some positives of the VDE (the FAC developers nevertheless made certain changes to these devices, under the influence of Lukashin’s criticism), we consider it necessary to note one of the changes described in this article by L. I. Shibarsheva. In particular, it is indicated that the role of protection and coolant will be played by water, and without pumps, directly due to the released energy. The explosion will evaporate the protective fountains of water. Under the influence of a large pressure drop, water in the form of steam will rise through the pipes to the heat exchangers above the chamber, condense onto them and accumulate by gravity in the tanks, from where it will again be directed into the chamber in the form of fountains at the time of the next explosion (by this time the pressure will get atmospheric) . It is estimated that the optimum temperature of the water after the explosion is 200 ° C (steam), before the explosion 30 ° C in the fountains and 110 ° C for the remaining steam in the chamber. The vapor stage eliminates the need to purify the circulating water, simplifies the periodic removal of nuclear materials formed in explosions or unreacted from the bottom of the PIC in order to return energy charges to the fuel cycle.

This is the version of FAC that we accept as a prototype of the present invention, the purpose of which is to increase the efficiency of FAC to a level that has no analogue in the power system as a whole, and in the thermonuclear one, in particular.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method for carrying out controlled thermonuclear fusion, comprising periodically blasting a thermonuclear explosive device inside the reactor in the form of a solid body, into which water is supplied, which performs the function of thermal protection of the body and heat carrier, at least one reactor is used according to the invention and for a series of explosions they fill the solid reactor vessel with water, through which the heat accumulated by the water heated by the thermonuclear explosion is taken, and the conditions for leakage are created I the reaction of the thermal decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen due to an increase in temperature as a result of a thermonuclear explosion in a strong reactor vessel, then they use the energy of the reverse reaction as a means of further converting the stored energy of the explosion, while periodically - in accordance with the completion of a series of explosions - partially or completely replace the water in the reactor, where they carry out the saturation of water with deuterium and tritium as a result of neutron radiation, which is obtained by thermonuclear Black explosive device. The method is carried out in the nth number of reactors in which different types of fusion reactions are used. The removed water from the reactors is used to isolate components suitable for the fusion reaction from it.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. The figure 1 shows a strong case 1, the inner space of which is filled with water 2. The figure 2 is the same, but an explosive device 3 is placed inside the internal space. The figure 3 shows the state of water after the explosion of the explosive device 3, as a result of which it is an aggregate state water 2 can remain liquid or vaporous and even partially gaseous, which will be discussed in more detail below. In figure 4 - the state after cooling water 2 to the desired level. Figure 5 is a state similar to the state in figure 2, i.e. returned to the initial state of the next technological cycle as a result of placement of an explosive device 3 inside the internal space of the housing 1. The presented illustrations are the most simplified, schematic representation of the proposed solution. Therefore, we consider in more detail what is happening in this method. To do this, we operate on more specific factors that take part and are formed in this decision. In particular, we have the following conditions.

It is clear that the heating of water 2 can be carried out over a wide range, also understanding that an increase in this level is most desirable, but with reliable control while ensuring proper safety of the reactor presented. It is also clear that the explosive device 3 should be as compact as possible while ensuring maximum energy release during the explosion, in relation to a specific structural and technological situation. We focus on a thermonuclear explosion in different versions of its implementation, both in relation to explosive material - deuterium or deuterium and tritium, and the technology of the explosion itself, which will be discussed in more detail below. As for the durable case 1, which provides reliable safety of the proposed method, there is no need to specifically state this factor, based on the Snezhinsky studies of VDE. Assuming that in our case these studies can be fully used, the more so since our solution significantly improves the working conditions of a strong corps in comparison with the approaches of the Snezhinsky Nuclear Center. This will also be discussed in more detail below.

Well, in our summary of the invention, we have a durable case 1 filled with water, inside which a charge 3 is blown. Returning to the above question about the level of water heating, the answer depends on the purpose of this heating. If we are talking about obtaining a heat source for heating buildings and structures, we can limit ourselves to a level within the critical point of 374.2 ° C and a pressure of 21.4 MPa. Although it should be noted especially, this will be further clarified in the analysis of options for increasing the temperature of the heated water. So, only a theoretical analysis of this factor is unlikely to be appropriate, bearing in mind that it will be impossible to do without proper experimental research. It is impossible, since neither the theory nor the practice of heat engineering knows the cases of heating water that completely fills the vessel, whose strength is sufficient to withstand any pressure in this vessel that will arise when the water is heated. Therefore, in the future, when analyzing the properties of such water at different temperature conditions, we will be content with an estimated estimate using the extrapolation method. Not forgetting every time that only an experimental study will provide an objective answer. The justification of the validity of this statement gives the following example.

Earth's core is much hotter than imagined

04/26/201315: 59 Dmitry Shevlyakov, UA Reporter

VK0OK! 0 0

Inside the Earth, it’s almost 1000 degrees hotter than previously thought. The temperature near the center of the earth reaches about 6,000 degrees Celsius, according to French physicists.

The core of the Earth consists mainly of a thick layer of iron, which is liquid, like water in the oceans, but has a temperature of more than 4000 degrees. Inside the core, the temperature and pressure are even higher, so that the iron becomes solid.

Layer thickness and pressure can be determined using older seismic wave analysis due to earthquakes. However, the temperature cannot be determined this way.

This is a very time-consuming process - to determine the melting point of iron at different pressures in laboratories, since the material at such high temperatures, among other things, must be well insulated.

With older technologies, it was difficult to determine the state of iron in a short analysis time. X-rays are currently being used. Thanks to them, in less than a second it is possible to determine at what pressure the iron will be liquid, solid or in a transition state.

From a new experiment, it became clear that iron melts at a temperature of about 4800 degrees and a pressure of 2.2 million atmospheres.

Using such measurements, the researchers calculated the temperature at a pressure of 3.3 million atmospheres, which exists at the boundary of the solid inner and liquid outer nuclei. It is approximately 6000 degrees. The accuracy of the analysis is plus or minus 500 degrees, reports Berliner Morgenpost.

As we see, a theory (even of the highest level) is far from omnipotent - especially in cases that have not undergone experimental research, either before the development of the theory or after its development. Our case falls precisely into this situation. Therefore, appropriate experimental studies are absolutely necessary.

But let us return to the above described use case of our solution for providing hot water supply, where the water is heated within the critical point level, when it still remains liquid. The mentioned extrapolation method allows with some degree of legitimacy (which will have to be verified experimentally) to show that, for example, to heat 100 m ^{3 of} water to a critical point, it will be necessary to expend thermal energy equivalent to the energy released when burning more than 20 tons of oil. The same energy is provided by the thermonuclear reaction of the synthesis of deuterium weighing 3.4 grams. The heat of a thermonuclear explosion of charge 3 accumulated by a body of water 2 inside the housing 1 should be selected for the required need, in our case, for the heat supply of buildings and any other purposes determined by a specific situation. This problem is solved by a well-established technology used in a variety of options, including water-cooled power reactors (VVER), where heated water closed within the internal space through the walls of the enclosure that limits this space transfers heat to the water passing in the corresponding channels inside of these walls and outgoing along heating networks and heating mains to heat consumers.

It is clear that the cyclic operation of the proposed method, determined by the frequency of explosions of explosive devices 3, carried out as the water 2 cools in the housing 1, causes uneven transfer of heat accumulated from the explosion to consumers of this heat. Therefore, in order for the proposed method to be acceptable to the consumer, it is necessary to eliminate the indicated unevenness in the selection of heat. This can be done by having the required number of such thermal battery reactors, when, with the nth number of them, there is a time-consistent process of implementing the proposed method, distributed across all these n battery reactors. That is, each reactor-battery in this sequence lags behind or ahead of the adjacent reactor-battery by the required time in the implementation of the proposed method of explosive reaction. As a result, the consumer evenly receives thermal energy at the pace that is required in each particular case, bearing in mind the needs of heat supply for heating buildings or something else, including the needs of thermal power plants (thermal power plants), which we will say in more detail. It should be added that modern means of using thermal energy, in combination with the indicated method of carrying out an explosive reaction, make it possible to fully use it, despite a decrease in the temperature of water 2 inside the housing 1. This refers to the technology of using heat pumps that has been thoroughly and comprehensively worked out for practical use , which, being built into the heating system, just provides the full use of thermal energy of the proposed explosive reaction method, after which the temperature in ode is reduced to the required level. What is this level, this is the task of specific design, which takes on the character of a study, called a feasibility study (TEO), the purpose of which is to find and develop an optimal solution. Problems of this kind in our formulation have not yet been solved (although the current level of knowledge is quite sufficient for such a solution), therefore, the feasibility study should involve the study and study of several options - the more, the better, to ensure maximum optimization.

The presented technological scheme is a special case of its implementation, giving in our approach, in general, the minimum positive results of the power system, the purpose of which is to provide consumers with thermal energy. Minimum in the sense that in the proposed method, water 2 can be heated to a temperature well above a critical point. Considerations in this regard will still be presented. In the meantime, we will evaluate the proposed solution in comparing it with the prototype and additional explanation of a number of factors that have never been fixed anywhere in all known variants of the development and research of controlled thermonuclear fusion.

First of all, it should be noted - the proposed method eliminates the terrifying concentration of the implementation of the explosive process of thermonuclear fusion, which in the prototype involves the power of explosive devices from 10 to 100 or more kilotons in TNT equivalent. We solve this problem by distributing the required fusion power to many small explosions that turn the entire technology into a uniform process of extracting thermal energy. In this sense, there is some analogy with the principle of thermonuclear fusion, developed and implemented in the USA (see the Internet, A Powerful Dash of the West into the Future. - Saturday, 10.16.2010), where these peas are transformed by pea-tritium capsules with a diameter of 2 millimeters into mini thermonuclear bombs. The only difference is that the American venture with thermonuclear capsules is completely inapplicable for practical implementation (and there is not the slightest hope for this applicability in the future), which is a fruitless super-expensive experiment worth tens of billions of dollars. We solve this problem as efficiently and reliably as possible, based not on fantasies and dreams about future scientific and engineering capabilities, but on the basis of an existing scientific and engineering level, which we will discuss in more detail below. But now we note that in the prototype the heat storage level when using water as a coolant is extremely low, we repeat - it is estimated that the optimum water temperature after the explosion is 200 ° C (steam), before the explosion 30 ° C in fountains and 110 ° C the remaining steam in the chamber. We start from the critical point of water at 374.2 ° C, having the ability to increase this potential many times over. At the same time, the gigantomania of the prototype does not allow to go beyond 200 ° C, because, in essence, it is not water that is heated, but all this cyclopean engine, uselessly dissipating the heat received from the explosion in the space surrounding it.

But we continue the analysis for a more complete use of heat storage in our solution with increasing water temperature after the implementation of a thermonuclear explosion.

Those. consider figure 3, where the water, after overcoming the level of the critical point, goes into a different state of aggregation, becoming steam. An increase in temperature maintains this state up to 1000 ° C, after which the water vapor begins to decompose into hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, in the process of this temperature increase, the heat capacity of the steam increases, which becomes more than three times higher than at the critical point to the level of 1000 ° C. From which it follows (we will use the numerical parameter of the previous analysis) heating 100 m ^{3 of} water to this thousand-degree level requires burning more than 70 tons of oil or thermal energy from the fusion reaction of about 11 grams of deuterium. These data were obtained by extrapolation, which was already mentioned above, and which requires the implementation of appropriate experimental studies to more accurately determine them. As you can see, increasing the temperature of water 2 inside the solid housing 1, we further increase the advantage of the proposed solution in comparison with the prototype relative to the storage capacity of thermal energy generated by thermonuclear fusion, which is equivalent to a corresponding increase in the overall production efficiency of this energy. However, this level of effectiveness of the proposed solution does not exhaust its superiority over the prototype. The following is meant.

As noted, water dissociation begins at a level of 1000 degrees Celsius. However, with a further increase in temperature, the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen proceeds very slowly. Even at 2000 ° C, the degree of thermal dissociation of water does not exceed 2%, i.e. the equilibrium between gaseous water and the products of its dissociation - hydrogen and oxygen - still remains shifted towards the water. When cooled below 1000 ° C, the equilibrium almost completely shifts in this direction. From this it follows that, in comparison with the thousand-degree level presented above, further heating of the water provides an even greater potential for the accumulation of heat generated by thermonuclear fusion. Hydrogen and oxygen, which are formed at the time of explosion of device 3, do not create any negative consequences for the proposed method, returning to its original state as a part of a water molecule when it is cooled below 1000 ° C. Even if we assume that this return of hydrogen and oxygen to the initial state will not occur, the amount of these gases is so scanty in the total mass of water that it does not create any particular inconvenience in the proposed technology. Considering that this scanty amount of hydrogen and oxygen can be periodically removed from housing 1. So we can heat water within the required limits not only up to 2000 ° C, but also further, if necessary. If we stop at the temperature level of two thousand and evaluate it using the above 100 m ^{3 of} water 2, we get to heat it to this temperature level we need to spend thermal energy equivalent to burning more than 150 tons of oil (extrapolation data), which is identical to the energy released in the reaction fusion of 24 grams of deuterium. These results, as has already been noted twice, require appropriate experimental studies, which are likely to further increase the ability of water to accumulate thermal energy. Because the heating of water (like any other liquid) with increasing pressure (our method contributes to this) is the main factor in increasing its heat capacity.

Having considered the main options for heating water 2 in the reactor 1, one cannot but say about its cooling during the selection of heat accumulated in the water mass through the body of this reactor. Although this is a topic for upcoming development and research, which also provides for feasibility studies, it can already be argued that, given the above-mentioned possibility of using heat pumps, temperature reduction can be controlled in almost any required range - for example, in this prototype we adopted the lowest water temperature is 30 ° C. In our solution, we can also focus on this level, assuming that in this case, in addition to maximizing the accumulated heat in reactor 1, the most acceptable conditions are created for reloading the explosive device 3. However, as already noted, the final answer to this question will be received in the process of upcoming development and research of our solution, which should cover all the many emerging issues.

It should be emphasized that our method of controlled thermonuclear fusion is focused on a pure reaction of this kind. Purely in the sense that, unlike the prototype, the implementation of this reaction occurs without using the initiation of an explosion, the function of which in the PIC is performed by the corresponding nuclear explosive devices. A natural question arises - is this possible? Those. can we rely on pure thermonuclear fusion today? And why, on this score (in relation to the FAC), physicists do not have information from the leading nuclear center in Russia?

Let's start with the second question. Physicists from the nuclear center in Snezhinsk, the idea of explosive deuterium energy is based on the use of thermonuclear explosions with power measured in tens or even hundreds of kilotons of TNT. The initiation of such explosions also requires explosive devices with a capacity measured in kilotons of TNT. Therefore, even if pure thermonuclear explosions appear, the power of which is measured in tons, tens of tons or hundreds of tons of TNT, this "minuscule" is completely not interesting to the developers of the Snezhinsky PIC. Not even interested in the function of initiating the explosion of the main explosive device in the pic. Although the lack of information on this score does not prove that the Snezhinsky Nuclear Center does not conduct appropriate development and research on this problem. Moreover, there is a lot of evidence, direct and indirect, informing that the development and research of clean thermonuclear explosive devices, and especially mini-charges, are carried out by leading laboratories in the world - primarily in relation to military subjects. To realize how serious all this is, it is necessary to note that the search is conducted primarily with regard to the possibility of thermonuclear fusion without the use of an initiating nuclear explosive device. The main preference is given to the development of compact heavy-duty pulsed sources of electromagnetic energy, or to the development of electric energy storage devices sufficient to “set fire” to explosive thermonuclear fusion. Moreover, searches in this direction have been going on for quite some time. To illustrate and clarify the point, it is sufficient to refer to the following information. Here, for example, data from an article on the Internet ELECTRIC EXPLOSION ″ CONVERSE ″, V. Fefelov, RED Banner, February 13, 1981.

A little about the essence of the phenomenon studied in the department of high energy densities. If a powerful electric current is passed through the thin cylindrical shell that Luchinsky showed me at the beginning of the conversation, then it will instantly explode. But it will explode, as it were, the other way around: the huge magnetic field generated by passing the current will compress the shell that has turned into a plasma so much that it will rush to the axis of the cylinder at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per second. With a sufficiently large current strength, the pressure inside the “collapsed” shell can reach billions of atmospheres, and the temperature can reach tens of millions of degrees. Under these conditions, a thermonuclear reaction will begin in a mixture of heavy hydrogen isotopes and a microscopic thermonuclear explosion will occur. Scientists, of course, are interested in the case when the energy released during the explosion exceeds the energy expended on ″ burning ″ of the reaction. Only under such a condition can we talk about the practical use of this process in the energy sector.

More than 30 years have passed. Whether this study ended with the proper result, we do not know, due to the lack of information. But we dare to assume that this topic is not closed in Russia, because, as already noted, searches and research in the main research centers of the world are carried out intensively, and especially in the military sphere. As a result, messages of this kind appear on the Internet. In general, billions of dollars spent by the most technologically advanced country on the activities of nuclear weapons laboratories are not excluded; sooner or later they will lead to the appearance of the fourth generation of nuclear weapons - a purely thermonuclear one. Many experts believe that there is a certain degree of probability of the appearance of pure thermonuclear weapons before the commercial use of thermonuclear energy is mastered at an economically acceptable level. The story can be repeated, as it was with atomic weapons - first a bomb, and then energy.

But not only military research must be borne in mind.

Here is a very recent piece of information “An important step has been taken towards controlled thermonuclear fusion” 09/19/2012, 10:22 p.m., informing Scientists from the Sandia National Laboratories in the United States took one of three important steps towards energy production using controlled thermonuclear fusion. This study, in essence, is carried out in the same basic formulation as described above about the Soviet electric explosion "vice versa." The Americans report that the work done is not only encouraging, but allows with certainty to complete the solution to this problem by the end of 2013. If this happens, the result is assumed to be unique - the energy output can be a thousand times higher than the one that was originally spent. And this speaks not only of achieving a positive energy balance, but also of the commercial use of technology.

So, we get the answer to the above question - Can we rely on pure thermonuclear fusion today?

To hope, this means not just hoping, but in essence, and guaranteeing the ability to carry out pure thermonuclear fusion in our method of producing thermal energy. And we affirm that it is possible to guarantee the required clean thermonuclear explosive device, because the most powerful and serious scientific and engineering forces are involved in solving this problem, which has been devoted to several decades, and the relevance of the required results is constantly growing.

Moreover, in solving this problem, not only the electromagnetic pulse intensification technology is involved, but also various types of accelerators, where compact, small-sized ones are especially relevant. Here is an example of what the journal SCIENCE AND LIFE No. 1, 2000 reports. ENERGY FROM ACCELERATORS, Ph.D. L. Zhilyakov, Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, describing the setup of a fusion facility in a collider.

The collider is a pair of accelerators that accelerate ion beams towards each other. When the beams collide, a reaction occurs with the appearance of new particles and the release of energy. If accelerators accelerate deuterium (D) and tritium (T) ions, then during their interaction a synthesis reaction will take place with the formation of α particles - helium-4 nuclei (4He), neutrons (n) and energy: D + Т®4Не + n +17.6 MeV per act of interaction. The heat released in the collider chamber can be used in the traditional way - to evaporate the working fluid (for example, water) to produce high pressure steam.

The most important difference between the counterpropagating beam method and magnetic confinement is that the size of the accelerator does not play a fundamental role in achieving synthesis conditions. The minimum size of the experimental setup will be determined only by the size of the ion source with the required energy. But they are small: an ion source of several hundred kiloelectron-volts used in industry (for example, for ion implantation of semiconductors) occupies an area of not more than 10 m2 and costs several thousand dollars. In the “zero” experiment on nuclear fusion, the sizes of the collider (the volume where the beams collide) can be very small. For example, with its length of 2 cm and a diameter of 0.4 cm, it is expected that 25 W of heat will be released, that is, the specific power of the installation is 108 W / m3 (approximately like an internal combustion engine). The achievement of such parameters will mean a physical solution to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Obtaining the required capacities is already a purely technical issue. The working volume of the reactor, for example, may contain the necessary number of colliders - “thermonuclear fuel elements”, fuel elements. Similar proposals have been repeatedly expressed in the scientific literature, but, unfortunately, this did not come to the research. Meanwhile, they suggest a simple experimental test, and at a small and inexpensive laboratory bench. Many physical and technical problems of such an experiment have already been solved. Estimates show that the cost of the work will be 10-20 thousand times less than any other research in this area. And in case of success, the opportunity opens up for an incomparably simpler solution to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion than all those areas that are currently being developed promise.

Thirteen years have passed. Are the results of these theoretical studies used in a practical setting - the creation of compact small-sized accelerators?

Nothing is known on this score either from domestic or from foreign sources of information. Although the topic itself does not lose its relevance. For, again these days, the Internet reports.

2012-06-15 Russian physicists present the “desktop” particle accelerator

Moscow, February 17 (New Region, Roman Sirkhovsky) - Scientists from the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN) have pleased the world scientific community with a new discovery. They managed to develop a method of accelerating ions and electrons to high energies using ultrashort laser pulses. Thanks to the new method of particle acceleration, in some cases, you can do without giant electromagnetic accelerators, the press service of the FIAN Institute reports. The possibility of using a laser to produce accelerated beams of charged particles, a group of scientists led by Valery Bychenkov began to study in the early 21st century. Then the LPI staff was able to find out that an ultrashort laser pulse directed into a solid target "knocks out" ions and electrons from it, dispersed to near-light speeds. With this acceleration, the particle energy reaches tens of megaelectron-volts per nucleon. The obtained particle beams can be used as initiators of a thermonuclear reaction in inertial controlled thermonuclear fusion plants. The experiments of Russian scientists showed that electrons can accelerate to energies of 1.5 gigaelectron-volts at a distance of only about a centimeter. At the same time, modern femtosecond laser systems are quite compact. They can easily be mounted on a laboratory bench.

All of the above about the research of nuclear physicists suggests that the proposed invention, which provides for the implementation of pure thermonuclear fusion in the presented formulation, is fully provided with sufficient scientific and engineering capabilities, which, as you know, is one of the necessary attributes of the recognition of a solution by the invention. Moreover, our invention opens up the most feasible opportunity and the way of introducing into the energy sector the indicated scientific and engineering developments of nuclear physicists. For, as already noted, the gigantomania of the Snezhinsky FAC is in no way consistent with these developments. And if it is consistent (although we do not know the attitude of the physicists of the Snezhinsky Nuclear Center to such developments), then the natural question immediately arises - what is the need for these FAC in general? And the answer to this question is confined to the need to use our invention, which eliminates all conceivable negatives of the known PICs (quite adequately covered in various sources of information), and finally turns, over sixty years of searching (theoretically fabulously effective) for controlled thermonuclear fusion, into a real possibility elimination of existing barriers to the implementation of this scientific and engineering plan in industrial energy.

In order to make clear the meaning and significance of this statement, it is necessary to expand the range of issues and problems on this topic.

When we talk about the real elimination of existing barriers (for the implementation of controlled thermonuclear fusion in industrial energy), we are not only talking about well-known factors. For example, if it was possible to realize the idea of a tokamak, a lot of problems with radiation inherent in current nuclear power plants would be solved. One cannot be silent about the fact that the Snezhinsky PICs did not particularly leave the nuclear power plants in this regard, due to the use of nuclear fuses when initiating thermonuclear fusion. But tokamaks, if it comes to them, are by no means pure production. So not clean that today you have to think about a lot. And although promising thermonuclear energy (using the most easily feasible deuterium-tritium reaction) is much safer than nuclear fission, it still has a number of significant drawbacks. The main one is a large number of high-energy neutrons (the number of neutrons per unit of power is an order of magnitude greater than that of fission reactors, the neutron energy is about 7 times higher). None of the known materials can withstand such a neutron flux for more than 6 years - despite the fact that the life of the reactor must be at least 30 years. This means that the first wall of the tritium thermonuclear reactor must be replaced regularly - and this is a very complicated and expensive procedure, which is also associated with shutting down the reactor for a long time. In addition, it is necessary to shield the magnetic system of the reactor from powerful neutron radiation - this complicates the design and increases its cost. Many structural elements of the tritium reactor after the end of operation will be highly active and require long-term disposal. That is, objectively, one has to admit - after a tokamak has worked out its resource, for at least thirty years the tokamak itself and the equipment around it will be inaccessible to the personnel who could create a new energy facility in exchange for the spent equipment (after dismantling it). Thirty years, of course, is not thousands of years, as in spent nuclear power plants, but in our dynamic life, such a loss of time is far from a trifle, and even great luxury is hardly acceptable. But so far, no one has found a solution more favorable than these thirty-year losses of future tokamaks, if they are nevertheless brought to industrial implementation. And given that this kind of thermonuclear energy is conceived as mass production, it is not difficult to conclude what kind of waste of time potential in this production can be discussed. Those who are supposed to do not really extend to this score, and it is obvious only because the attitude towards the prospect of tokamaks is constantly becoming more and more skeptical, despite the grandiose expensive experiment of ITER, which not only does not reduce this skepticism, but, perhaps, is becoming its main reason. For there was nothing like that in scientific engineering history regarding uncertainty, like the theory itself, on the basis of which all this was conceived and carried out, all the more, with regard to the confidence in the success of the completion of this unprecedentedly expensive and lengthy scientific action, the end of which few seems positive in the foreseeable future.

These troubles and negatives of deuterium-tritium synthesis forced us to search and develop projects for a “neutron-free” thermonuclear reaction, the fuel for which is helium-3 - a light helium isotope. The advantage of reactions on helium-3 over the deuterium-tritium reaction is that, firstly, it does not require radioactive isotopes as a fuel, and secondly, the energy received is carried away not with neutrons, but with protons, from which will be easier to extract energy. The only problem is the practical absence of helium-3 on Earth. But helium-3 is in the lunar soil. Therefore, in order to have energy sources after fossil fuels come to an end, space agencies of different countries are developing plans to build a base on the moon that will process lunar soil (called regolith), extract helium-3 from it and deliver it in liquefied form to thermonuclear power plants on Earth. One ton of helium-3 is enough to provide the energy needs of all mankind for several years, which will pay off all the costs of creating a lunar base. We will not cite and develop critical considerations for this completely exotic area of thermonuclear energy. However, recognizing that the idea of using helium-3 deserves attention if it were possible to eliminate the already considerable problems of thermonuclear energy, which with moon helium-3 go beyond the limits of the Earth's space.

However, the given critical assessment of tokamaks and explosive thermonuclear energy, designed in the form of FAC, and the idea of using helium-3, so this assessment was not given in order to join a small community of critics of these areas. Critics who are convinced and convincing everyone and everyone of the absolute impasse of these scientific and engineering approaches. We use the presented critical background as a unique opportunity to additionally illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed invention, which solves (in addition to the above) tasks that scientific and engineering thought in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion did not even try to touch upon. It is about the following.

The table below shows the main reactions of thermonuclear fusion (their total number is 21), some of which have already been discussed, where the reaction of deuterium and tritium is most preferable in the future. So we’ll start with it an analysis of factors that have never been fixed anywhere, but which in our solution become unprecedentedly effective.

We return to figure 2, which shows the state of our reactor before the explosion of the charger 3, which is the required amount of deuterium and tritium, which provides the thermonuclear fusion reaction. As a result of this reaction, helium-4 and neutron radiation are formed. So, in our decision, this most negative factor (neutron radiation), not only disappears, but also becomes very useful. It disappears because the mass of water inside which this neutron radiation occurred, it is the mass of water that absorbs neutrons, protecting the inner surface of the walls of the solid casing 1 from the destructive effect of the neutron flux. That is, a problem is solved that is inaccessible to tokamaks, with all the ensuing positive consequences. As for the additional utility of neutron radiation in our invention, it consists in the formation of 2 deuterium in water. As a result of the fact that neutrons, bombarding hydrogen nuclei, are captured by these nuclei. It is clear that with each cycle of the proposed method in our reactor, the amount of deuterium in water 2 will increase. Therefore, it is assumed the periodic release of water 2 from the reactor 1, and filling it with new water. The removed water is used to isolate deuterium from it by known technologies. Thus, for the first time we have an example of the most effective solution, where the fusion reactor produces deuterium for its own work. To feel the significance of this circumstance, we recall that deuterium is obtained from heavy water, which is a very expensive product (approximately 19 dollars per gram in 2012 ^[3] ). We can not say that with the periodic replacement of water in the reactor 1, the remnants of the explosive device 3 are removed from it, which accumulate, settling to the bottom of the reactor. The determination of the frequency of the indicated technological procedure, and the implementation of the procedure itself, do not cause any difficulties or special complications of the proposed method of controlled thermonuclear fusion.

The foregoing allows us to argue that our invention provides a completely unique and unprecedented positive, which consists in ensuring the achievement of a theoretically impossible limit - the creation of a perpetual motion machine. Moreover, this is not even a perpetual motion machine, but something more. For the technology is formed many times more effective than any other project of controlled thermonuclear fusion. That is, when it becomes possible to create an energy system that not only provides itself with energy, generating energy for external needs, but also is able to self-intensify this process, increasing energy production. To justify this statement, let us return to the above table of four variants of the thermonuclear fusion reaction, with the first of which “D + Τ = He4 + n” we began the analysis of the proposed technology. So, in our complex of the nth number of reactors, you can use all the other reactions, distributing them as required in these reactors. As a result of this, after the launch of this complex of reactors, in the process of its functioning, self-healing of all components necessary for the implementation of these four reactions will be carried out. Namely, the reaction "D + D = He3 + n" gives helium-3, the reaction "D + D = Τ + p" gives tritium. We obtain deuterium from water 2 irradiated by neutrons, in the process of its periodic release from the reactor and the corresponding treatment. Those. there is self-sufficiency in fuel for the process of energy generation with its excess going to external goals and needs outside the generating energy system. These are the most general considerations based on modern knowledge. But these considerations must be theoretically and experimentally investigated and worked out taking into account all the circumstances, both technological and constructive, that arise in the proposed solution during its specific design. This is already a task (in the volume and complexity of the questions that arise) for science and engineering of the highest level in the field of nuclear physics. Not to mention the above noted features of the reactor according to the proposed method, where water 2 is subjected to temperature and power effects, never studied before. As for the reactor itself, then, as was noted, research at the Snezhinskiy nuclear center suggests that in our case the situation will be (at most) no more complicated than in the PIC, and most likely even simplified. For completely incomparable power levels of thermonuclear explosions, and most importantly, the protection of the housing 1 from the effects of neutron irradiation can be absolute with the corresponding amount of water 2 absorbing neutron radiation. It should also be noted that in relation to the temperature regime and force effects on the reactor vessel there are no unexpected and unresolved issues. For the modern level of material science, bearing in mind primarily high-strength and heat-resistant metals, significantly exceeds the temperature and power parameters that will affect the internal surfaces of the walls of the reactor. As for the external structural design of the reactor, it is clear that here the possibilities are generally unlimited, bearing in mind the imparting to the entire structural system those dimensions which, with the required reliability, will ensure the absolute safety of the reactor, which perceives the effects of the explosive fusion reaction. Regarding the shape of the reactor, especially the structure of its internal cavity, where the thermonuclear fusion reaction takes place, it should be noted that this shape may have a different configuration. That is, not only the shape of the cube shown in the drawing, but also the ball, which may well be the most effective, or cylinder, and various other configurations. A clearer and more justified answer to this question will be obtained in the process of relevant developments and studies, which are repeatedly mentioned in this description. It cannot be ruled out that, in the process of carrying out the above theoretical and experimental studies, our claims on the idea of “perpetual motion” will be adjusted in the opposite direction from this “eternity”. However, this fact will not change the positive thermonuclear fusion, which is now declared by science, as a source of practically unlimited energy on Earth, and not only on Earth. The source, the creation of which in our statement and in our way, has no competitors in the now-known solutions of controlled thermonuclear fusion.

As already noted, the above considerations will be refined and adjusted as a result of upcoming theoretical and experimental studies. But fundamentally, these conclusions and recommendations cannot be refuted, because they are based on the experimental-theoretical foundation of nuclear physics created by science. Moreover, the presented use of four types of fusion reactions does not exclude the possibility of using other reactions of this type, for example, “He3 + He3 = 4He + 2p + 12.8 MeV” or “T + T = 4He + 2n + 11.332 MeV”. As a result, the total number of reactions involved can be increased from four (shown in the above table) to six, and even more if we analyze all the possibilities in this regard. But there may be an opposite approach, when the number of such reactions, on the contrary, decreases. In particular, instead of four, only two reactions will remain in this table, shown below.

However, despite this, the ideology of fuel co-provision in the proposed technology is preserved. That is, self-sufficiency in helium-3 and deuterium is maintained, but tritium is eliminated from the energy process, which possesses radioactivity, which creates some problems that will have to be dealt with one way or another and take appropriate measures. In the case of the indicated variant of the abbreviated table, we obtain an ideal thermonuclear technological scheme completely free from radioactivity. Although, it is clear that this radioactive purity is associated with a decrease in the energy yield of the proposed solution, in comparison with previous versions of the combination of types of fusion reactions. Therefore, naturally, in the process of upcoming research and development, including the appropriate feasibility studies, it should be clarified - what, when and how preferences should be given. But the very fact that our technology, in terrestrial conditions (without a lunar design for the extraction of helium-3), ensures the creation of thermonuclear energy is absolutely radioactive, so this result is not only new, but not even expected in any of well-known developments on this topic. The American decision of 2 mm thermonuclear capsules is not taken into account as completely unrealistic for industrial energy (at least in the 21st century), as evidenced by the main conclusions of specialists in nuclear physics. As for the self-production of fuel in our method, this thesis is also found in other sources of information devoted to this topic. However, no one achieves such a combination of circumstances (favorable for this thesis) for us (for us), because this is connected with everything that has been said above, and which is additionally fixed in the next paragraph.

But the presented scheme, in the process of theoretical and especially experimental studies, can be adjusted. In the sense that the reaction D + D is equally probabilistic both with respect to the result D + D = He3 + n and D + D = T + p. And this means that in the same reactor both of these results will be obtained, excluding the release of the process from radioactive tritium. Will it be possible to get rid of this, it is difficult to imagine today. But, even if it does not succeed, this will mean that with regard to the tritium problem, our method will still be more effective than any known approach in solving the problem of thermonuclear fusion. Because, in our solution, the most effective protection of the reactor vessel against radioactive exposure, primarily perceived by the water filling this vessel, is provided.

However, all of the above not only does not exclude, but also aims at a conclusion that maximally provides neutron-free fusion, although with some remnants of traditional problems. This is the next version of our technology.

Let us look at the problem from the perspective of a non-separate energy facility that works according to our technology, we will call such an object (s) of the TNPP, i.e., a thermonuclear power station. As shown above, there may be other options for the destination - such as heat and power production to provide heat to buildings and other structures. So, we have (in some region) several nuclear power plants, for example five. One of these power plants operates according to the technological scheme, which provides for all four types of fusion reactions presented in Table 1, which, however, does not exclude a greater number of such reactions, which was also mentioned. Well, we have a TNPP that produces electricity, and produces fuel for its own functioning. Moreover, it produces fuel not only for itself, but also for external needs, i.e., for other TNPPs, which in our example (except for the designated power plant) are four more. The first designated power station (as we will call it the first) produces all types of thermonuclear fuel - deuterium, tritium, helium-3. And this very first TNPP itself consumes these types of fuel for its functioning. But there must be more total fuel than is required for the first TNPP. That is, there must be surplus fuel such that it would be enough for the other four TPPs to operate. Moreover, from these surpluses, for four TNPs we select only helium-3 and deuterium. As a result, each of the four power plants operates only on two types of fusion reactions, namely, “He3 + He3 = 4He + 2p + 12.8 MeV” and “D + He3 = He4 + p + 18.4 MeV” . And this means the technological ideal that nuclear physics is striving for in order to receive thermonuclear energy and free itself from the problem of radioactive contamination. In four out of five of our TNPPs this ideal is fully ensured. And we have one TNPP, the first where the factor of radioactive contamination remains. But one TNPP is not all five power plants. And this one first power plant, having a negative of radioactive contamination due to tritium, is still much safer than all other options for known solutions of thermonuclear fusion objects, as discussed above. But, in the end, we showed the ability to create thermonuclear energy not for all 100, but still for 75% of the desired neutron-free ideal. At the same time, not forgetting that the future development and research of our approaches do not exclude the possibility of even closer to the complete neutron-free ideal.

In conclusion, a general conclusion and thoughts on the future.

We dare to assert that approaches have been found to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, which has not yielded to world science and engineering for more than 60 years. The continuation, on the basis of this invention and its improvement, should be appropriate developments and studies that will solve the most important scientific and engineering problem of our time, translating the fundamental solution to this problem into its actual embodiment in industrial energy. Therefore, we will take all measures we can to ensure that the authorities and business realize the meaning of what has been said, and take the necessary steps to implement this invention. It is clear that in the course of this implementation new and completely unexpected decisions and discoveries will arise that will not only strengthen and improve our approaches, but will also create a fundamentally different sector of global energy, covering the entire world economy in all its forms and manifestations, and not only in the limits of Earth space. The situation for the implementation of the above is developing (it seems, both on purpose and by order) is extremely favorable. Literally on the same days, an agreement was reached between Russia and Ukraine on joint scientific activities.

On May 24, 2013, a meeting of the delegation of the Skolkovo Foundation, headed by the co-chairman of the Advisory Scientific Council of the Skolkovo Foundation Zhores Alferov, and the Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov

The main outcome of the meeting was an agreement between the parties on the inclusion of representatives of Ukraine in the scientific and industrial councils of the Russian innovation center.

“The scientific council has enough qualifications to choose projects that are most effective for the economy of Ukraine and Russia. In this regard, we invite representatives of Ukraine to join the scientific and industrial council, ”said Zhores Alferov, co-chairman of the Advisory Scientific Council of the Skolkovo Foundation.

He emphasized that Skolkovo has good experience in commercializing projects. Zhores Alferov also recalled that today it is extremely important to develop domestic production at the expense of our own technologies and actually win domestic markets, thus ahead of developed countries.

Skolkovo is not a territory, but an ideology. It is extremely important for us how to implement this ideology in Ukraine. And so we need to work together. Science has no boundaries. And most importantly, Ukrainian and Russian sciences are very closely connected, ”said Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov. The prime minister noted that new technologies are able to increase GDP not at interest, but at times.

″ Skolkovo ″ - a scientific and technological innovation complex ″ in Moscow for the development and commercialization of new technologies, the first in the post-Soviet time in Russia built ″ from scratch ″ science city. The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in priority sectors of modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, biomedical technologies, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology.

The entry of Ukrainian representatives into the scientific and industrial councils of the Russian Skolkovo Innovation Center is extremely important for further cooperation. “The scientific council has enough qualifications to choose projects that are most effective for the economies of Ukraine and Russia,” said Zhores Alferov, vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

However, the matter should not be guided and all the more limited to only the above. In Russia and Ukraine there are enough opportunities to attract other scientific forces to this topic - there will be enough work for everyone. First of all, we have in mind the Snezhinsky Center for Nuclear Research, which was the ancestor of explosive deuterium energy, which, as shown at the very beginning, Snezhinsky brings to the stage of actual implementation. Without mentioning the above, we still note that our approaches raise the ideology of the VDE to a level that allows us to argue about the unprecedented advantage and superiority of these approaches over everything that has been accumulated in the world in the field of solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Therefore, the combination of this factor with the developments of the Snezhinsky nuclear center would give the maximum effect in all senses of positivity provided by the invention. Moreover, the foregoing does not exclude and even suggests the advisability of the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Region) to participate in research activities on the proposed topics, which would be organizational, financial, and for all other essential factors (bearing in mind primarily the scientific and engineering side of the matter ), was directly related and coordinated with the activities of the scientific and technological innovation complex - ″ Skolkovo ″.

And at the very end, we can not say the following.

Particular attention should be paid to the following.

Recent decades have been marked by a scientific and engineering breakthrough in the implementation of thermonuclear processes. In particular, we are talking about the construction and commissioning of powerful hadron colliders, including, above all, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. At this gigantic construction of physics, continuing and improving research at previous colliders, they create bundles of matter with a hard-to-imagine temperature of 10 trillion degrees Celsius. To do this, lead nuclei are accelerated to almost light speed and collide, obtaining a fundamentally new state of matter called quark-gluon plasma. In a fundamental scientific sense, this is literally a revolution in all of modern quantum physics, requiring a fresh look at the very foundations of our material world. At the same time, this is practical confirmation of the possibility of creating new types of thermonuclear reactors in which energy can be obtained more efficiently than in thermonuclear fusion reactors. In fact, we are talking about creating a Quark-Gluon (Chromo) Plasma Reactor (for convenience, KGPR or KhPR). Exactly what V.S.Okunev claims - One of the main tasks in the design of nuclear reactors and plants is the development of energy plants of the future that requires the study of physical processes and objects that are the subject of study of nuclear physics, mainly low-energy nuclear physics. However, understanding these processes and ways of generating energy in the future is impossible without studying more fundamental issues related to the structure of matter, the main types of interactions, especially strong, weak and electromagnetic. Moreover, one of the tasks of modern physics is to search for fundamentally new ways of generating energy and new types of energy sources not at the nuclear, but at the quark-gluon and hadron levels (see Fundamentals of Applied Nuclear Physics and Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics: Textbook / V. S. Okunev; under the editorship of V. I. Solonin. - M.: Publishing House of MSTU named after N. E. Bauman, 2010.).

But, understanding this perspective, scientists and specialists are aware of the complexity of the upcoming problems in creating reactors of this kind. For, the results of (both theoretical and experimental) studies of tokamak-type fusion reactors so far indicate the practical impossibility of ensuring reliable and safe transfer of thermal energy from matter in the form of a high-temperature plasma to the structural elements of the device that absorb this energy. There are neither the proper materials, nor the required technologies for transferring energy from the plasma to the indicated structural elements of the tokamak, which are obliged to receive this energy for utilization in the traditional way at the next technological stages of generating electricity at thermal power plants. We are talking about the temperature level of the plasma in the reactor of the order of hundreds of millions of degrees, and the problem remains unresolved. Not to mention the impact on the design of the reactor neutron and other types of radiation. ITER initiators cherish the hope of a positive solution to this problem. We will not discuss the legitimacy of this expectation, although there are enough skeptical statements on this subject, people very knowledgeable about this subject.

But what we are obliged to do is to state that the current design and technological difficulties in tokamaks are a big trifle, compared to what you have to deal with when developing a quark-gluon plasma reactor, the temperature of which exceeds the plasma temperature in tokamaks 70,000 times !!!

Here we come to the most important factor of our invention, partially above the already affected. Although, in essence, this partiality puts an end to tokamaks, as an absolutely dead-end direction in the development of thermonuclear fusion. But this cross becomes even more powerful if one evaluates the prospect of creating quark-gluon plasma reactors. Moreover, we dare to assert that, forgetting about tokamaks, thermonuclear energy gets an absolutely uncompetitive opportunity to develop quark-gluon plasma not in an obscure cloudy perspective, but already today. TODAY should be understood as the necessary and sufficient development and research for this. Moreover, the expected unprecedented positivity of all these developments and studies is based not on some artificial inventions and attempts to outstrip Nature, but on the genius of Nature itself. Nature, which (as they sometimes recall) behaves honestly with researchers, hiding nothing and only assuming that the researchers themselves will correctly perceive reality in Nature. And the reality is this, science says - in vivo quark-gluon plasma, apparently, existed only in the first 10 ^-5 s after cosmological. the explosion. It is possible that it exists in the center of the naib. massive neutron stars. There are theoretical assumptions that, with an even greater increase in density, neutron stars can degenerate into quark stars (see Wikipedia. Neutron star). Therefore, in relation to our task, there is every reason to state the following.

In the proposed method for carrying out a thermonuclear reaction, the explosive charge 3 is colliding lead nuclei, converted into a quark-gluon plasma with a temperature of several trillion degrees. The energy contained in this plasma is transferred to water 2 with the implementation of all the above processes of the proposed method. In this case, one can state or (at least) suggest some features of the operation of the quark-gluon reactor.

The science of properly formulating a problem of this kind, and even more so its solution, has not yet existed, except for general statements like the one mentioned from the book of V.S.Okunev. But this is enough to (even taking into account the research carried out at CERN) to be sure that through a quark-gluon plasma, mankind approaches a qualitatively and quantitatively many times more powerful source of energy than nuclear and traditional thermonuclear energy. Moreover, if, again, studies at CERN and other research centers are taken into account, the quark-gluon plasma is completely free from all types of radiation, which is unlikely to be overestimated. However, it is clear that (in the desired absolute) the use of quark-gluon plasma is a somewhat delayed task than the simpler and more affordable options for using this energy source as an effective fuse for thermonuclear fuel - deuterium. It is understood that a high-temperature impulse of trillions of degrees will make it possible to create charges 3 that are optimal for a specific need and are completely made of deuterium, which is properly designed into an independent explosive device initiated by a quark-gluon plasma. It is also obvious, based on the temperature and energy characteristics of this fuse, it will be extremely compact and efficient. It is also clear that working with deuterium will provide a radioactivity factor in the reactor (as already noted), which is completely miserable not only in comparison with nuclear reactors, but also with traditional tokamak solutions. As for tritium, which is formed during thermonuclear fusion of deuterium, in this respect we do not, in essence, go beyond the framework of the reasoning given above.

In conclusion, a few words about the collider type accelerator, which provide the formation of a quark-gluon plasma.

It is quite obvious that such a construction is unlikely to be created in miniature, although only real work in this direction will give a final answer. But, if we proceed from the current realities and the nearest foreseeable future, we should focus on the grandeur of such accelerators. Therefore, the task of finding solutions that make it possible to construct them less material-intensive or significantly increase their efficiency while maintaining geometric and material characteristics is extremely urgent. We are working on this in order to completely eliminate or minimize the factors that may impede the emergence of a fundamentally new thermonuclear energy.

Claims (3)

1. A method for implementing controlled thermonuclear fusion, comprising periodically blasting a thermonuclear explosive device inside the reactor in the form of a solid body, into which water is supplied, which performs the function of heat protection of the body and coolant, characterized in that at least one reactor is used and durable the reactor vessel, through which the heat accumulated by the water heated by the thermonuclear explosion is taken, and the conditions for the reaction of thermal decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen due to an increase in temperature as a result of a thermonuclear explosion in a solid reactor vessel, then they use the energy of the reverse reaction as a means of further converting the stored energy of the explosion, and periodically - in accordance with the completion of a series of explosions - partially or completely replace the water in the reactor where water is saturated with deuterium and tritium as a result of neutron radiation, which is obtained by a thermonuclear explosive device. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method is carried out in the nth number of reactors that use different types of fusion reactions. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the removed water from the reactors is used to isolate components from it that are suitable for the fusion reaction.

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