RU2524159C2 - Operation methods of hydrogen reversible thermochemical cycles and devices for their implementation based on metal hydride technologies - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mechanical engineering. Processes of heat regeneration in a cycle on the basis of heat regenerators with a heat storage packing are introduced in the proposed direct and inverse thermochemical cycles between the main sorption processes. Two or more layers of metal hydrides with different sorption properties, enclosed in separate sections in one generator-absorber are applied in thermal sorption cycles. The generator-absorber is configured as a block unit. Different types of systems with the use of computers are applied for monitoring and control.

EFFECT: invention allows equally efficient heat converting of renewable energy sources: geothermal, solar, wind and heat energy of heated gas or fluid flows into the other forms of energy, namely, into mechanical energy, heat energy for heating the buildings, as well as in getting cold.

41 cl, 28 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a power system for heat and power supply of residential and technical purposes and is intended to convert available thermal energy for this purpose, for example, a heated gas stream of an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine (ICE), a gas jet of a gas turbine engine (GTE), a vapor-liquid jet of a geothermal source as well as other renewable sources of thermal energy.

The main disadvantage of thermal power plants is their low efficiency in generating electricity due to the implementation of such cycles as the Rankine cycle, gas turbine cycle and other cycles based on internal combustion engines.

Measures aimed at improving the efficiency of power plants by utilizing the discharged heat of the heated gas stream from the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine (ICE) or the gas jet of a gas turbine engine (GTE) for heating residential and technical facilities do not bring the desired result, since the potential of the discharge heats of heated streams. This becomes obvious, for example, for the needs of heating residential and technical facilities, heat with a temperature of (100-110) ° C is needed, and heat of a gas stream with a temperature of (700-800) ° C is used to obtain it.

Furnace devices for heating residential buildings and industrial premises are even less effective, since the heat of organic and hydrocarbon fuels with a combustion temperature of (1000-1500) ° C is used to heat water in the heating circuit to temperatures of (100-110) ° C.

Known economical thermal power plant (RU 2182246 C1, F02C 6/18, F25B 29/00, 10.26.2000), consisting of a boiler installation, an air-turbine engine, a heat pump, a water pump, a gas-air heat exchanger installed in a boiler installation. The output turbine confuser of the air turbine is connected by a pipeline to the blowing of the boiler installation, and the amount of heat absorbed by the gas-air heat exchanger is equal to the heat entering with the hot air into the blowing of the boiler installation. The gas outlet from the boiler installation through a pipeline is connected to the diffuser of the gas compressor of the heat pump. The air-turbine engine compressor and its turbine, the gas compressor of the heat pump and its turbine, the electric current generator and the water pump are all mounted on the same shaft. The exhaust carbon monoxide gases after the gas turbine of the heat pump are released into the atmosphere with a negative temperature.

The disadvantage of this device is the incomplete use of the potential of heat both in the boiler plant and in the heat of the gases of combustion products removed from it. In addition, the heat of the environment (earth or atmosphere) is not used by the heat pump. And the emission of gases of combustion products into the atmosphere with a negative temperature is a direct loss of the proposed device, since the production of cold is associated with additional energy costs.

Known methods for converting heat into energy of compressed hydrogen and then into mechanical work on one type of metal hydride using a thermochemical cycle (A.S. USSR 694748, A.S. USSR 832270).

Thermochemical compression of hydrogen is carried out using two stationary states of the metal hydride-hydrogen system with different values of the pressure and temperature parameters of the system.

The final value of the hydrogen capacity of the metal hydride does not allow the process to run continuously, therefore, as the metal hydride is saturated with hydrogen at low temperature and low pressure, it is necessary to transfer the system to a new state in order to extract hydrogen at a higher temperature, i.e. to extract hydrogen at a higher pressure. Further, upon completion of the extraction of all the accumulated hydrogen from the metal hydride, the metal hydride-hydrogen system must be restored to its original state in order to accumulate a new portion of hydrogen.

A disadvantage of the known method of converting thermal energy into compressed hydrogen energy using one type of metal hydride is the low thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle of converting thermal energy into compressed hydrogen energy, which can take on high values only when using a narrow temperature range of the thermochemical compression cycle. In addition, if the heat source is the accumulated heat of the gas stream from the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine (ICE), a gas jet of a gas turbine engine (GTE), a vapor-liquid jet of a geothermal source, and other sources of thermal energy, the heat potential is not fully used.

Known adopted for the prototype installation (RU 2282040, F01K 25/06 2006.01), containing at least two thermosorption hydrogen batteries filled with powdered metal hydride, a gas pipe system, a coolant supply system, while the hydrogen thermosorption battery contains a heat exchanger located inside the gas collector in the form of a tube with output connected by a gas pipeline system with a gas collector of another thermosorption hydrogen accumulator, and contains at least two thermosorption hydrogen accumulators, a pneumatic motor a heater or hydraulic motor, a cooling and / or heating coolant supply system, a cooling and / or heating coolant drainage system, while the gas collectors are connected to each other by a gas pipeline system with an air motor in the forward and reverse directions, the heat exchanger is connected to the supply system and to the cooling and / or drainage system or heating fluid.

The described installation has a low efficiency, since the thermochemical cycle of hydrogen compression incorporated in it does not allow to fully realize the potential of the supplied heat accumulated in the gas or liquid stream, and is also ineffective when the temperature of the heating source is above 100 ° C.

In the proposed method, it is possible to fully utilize the potential of heat accumulated in the gas or liquid stream using a reversible cycle of thermochemical compression of hydrogen and maintaining high thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle when utilizing the heat of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine (gas jet of a gas turbine engine (GTE) with a temperature of about ( 700-800) ° C, a steam-liquid jet of a geothermal source and other sources of thermal energy with a lower temperature. a reversible thermosorption cycle, which allows the energy of compressed hydrogen to be converted into heat for heating homes and industrial premises, as well as cold up to cryogenic temperatures.

Below are the devices of a thermosorption compressor, with the help of which a method is carried out for conducting a direct reversible cycle of thermochemical compression of hydrogen using the heat of a heated stream of gas or liquid into mechanical energy and / or heat of heating of residential and technical facilities, devices are presented that help to carry out a method processes of the reverse reversible thermochemical cycle to obtain heat for heating homes and industrial premises, and receive the same cooling down to cryogenic temperatures.

Special cases of the operation of a highly efficient power plant, a refrigeration unit and a heat pump based on a metal hydride thermosorption hydrogen compressor with an isothermal heating source with a temperature of up to (700-800) ° C are also presented.

The names of the images of the proposed devices, design solutions of their main elements, cyclograms and other supporting graphic materials are presented below in the form of a list of figures:

- Figure 1 - The device of the metal hydride block module of a thermosorption compressor for compressing hydrogen, the heating source for which is, for example, a stream of hot exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine of a gas turbine power plant.

- Figure 2 - Dependence of the logarithm of pressure P (IgP) on the inverse absolute temperature T ( ¹ / _T ) for metal hydrides located in sections of the metal hydride element.

- Figure 3 - Image of temperature gradients in the form of heat waves in sorbing generators and adjacent heat regenerators during startup.

- Figure 4 - Image of temperature gradients in the form of heat waves in sorbing generators and adjacent heat regenerators during the movement of the coolant in the circulation loop counterclockwise.

- Fig. 5 - Image of temperature gradients in the form of heat waves in sorbing generators and adjacent heat regenerators during clockwise movement of the coolant in the circulation circuit.

- 6 - Cyclograms of inclusions of the left and right generators-sorbers.

- Fig.7 is a diagram of the device of the generator-sorber.

- Fig - Constructive solution of the generator-sorber.

- Fig.9 - The design of the generator-sorbent compression metal hydride block module with one inlet / outlet hydrogen pipe located on the cold end of the generator-sorbent.

- Figure 10 - The design of the heat regenerator with heat-accumulating packing.

- 11 - Compression block module, in which ambient air is used as a heat carrier.

- Fig - Compression metal hydride block module, in which the products of combustion of power plants are directly used as a heat carrier.

- Fig - Compression metal hydride block module with an isothermal heating unit.

- Fig. 14 is a diagram of a power plant based on a compression block module and an energy converter.

- Fig - Metal hydride device for producing cold when using an isothermal heat source.

- Fig - Device refrigeration metal hydride block.

- Fig - Graphs of the dependence of the logarithm of pressure (logP) from

return temperature ( ¹ / _T ) for metal hydrides in refrigeration sections.

- Fig. 18 - The position of the heat waves in the left and right refrigeration producers at the end of the first half-cycle.

- Fig.19 - The position of the heat waves in the left and right refrigeration at the end of the second half-cycle.

- Fig. 20 - Cyclograms of the operation of the left and right metal hydride refrigeration units of the metal hydride refrigerator unit.

- Fig.21 - The device hydride heat pump when using an isothermal heat source.

- Fig. 22 is a graph of the logarithm of pressure (logP) versus reciprocal temperature ( ¹ / _T ) for metal hydrides in sections of a metal hydride heat producer.

- Fig - The device hydride refrigerator with a mechanical compressor for compressing hydrogen.

- Fig. - The device of the combined module of the metal hydride refrigerator, consisting of a metal hydride compression unit and a refrigeration unit.

- Fig - Cyclogram of the work of refrigeration units of the refrigeration unit.

- Fig. 26 - The device of the combined block module of a metal hydride refrigerator controlled by reversible heat transfer pumps.

- Fig. 27 - The device of the combined module of a metal hydride heat pump, consisting of a metal hydride compression unit and a heat producing unit.

- Fig - The device of the combined block module of a metal hydride heat pump controlled by reversible heat transfer pumps.

Figure 1 shows the device of a metal hydride block module of a thermosorption compressor for compressing hydrogen, the heating source for which, for example, is a stream of hot exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine of a gas turbine power plant.

The device is arranged in such a way that it is a compression metal hydride block module that allows increasing hydrogen productivity by simple summation of the same type of modules.

The compression metal hydride block module 48 includes two identical metal hydride generators-hydrogen sorbers 1 and 4, equipped with heat-exchange surfaces 46 and 47, respectively, connected by a reversible circulation internal circuit of the coolant 19, on the line of which on both sides of the hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4, respectively Heat regenerators 2, 3 and 5, 6 with heat-accumulating packing were installed. In the coolant circuit, a cooler 24 with a heat exchange surface 41 and a reversible drive of the coolant 20 are also installed (a reversible pump is presented as an option).

Metal hydride generators-sorbers of hydrogen 1 and 4 consist of two or more sections (in this case, five are shown - 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), which are filled with powder metal hydride with various sorption properties. The sections are located along the coolant flow, and the metal hydride contained in them changes its properties from unstable from the side of the cooler 24 to more stable from the side of the heater 25.

Such a series of hydride-forming materials can be, for example, a lanthanum-nickel alloy doped with aluminum according to the formula L _a N _{i (5-y)} Al _y , where y can vary from 0 to 1.

The selection of metal hydrides according to the pressure-temperature parameters for each section of the generator-sorbent in an idealized form is presented in figure 2. in the form of the dependence of the logarithm of pressure P (logP) on the inverse absolute temperature T ( ¹ / _T ) for metal hydrides 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, located respectively in sections 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Such dependences are most convenient, since they can be used to represent two stationary states of the same hydrogen pressure sorption p ₁ and hydrogen desorption P ₂ , different metal hydrides used at different temperatures.

So, if we move in sections from the cooler to the heater, then we will have the following.

In section 7, the metal hydride absorbs hydrogen at a temperature of T ₀ with the removal of heat Q ₀ (T ₀ ) in the cooler 24 and desorbes at a temperature of T ₇ . The metal hydride of the next section 8 absorbs hydrogen at a temperature of T ₇ with the removal of heat Q ₈ for desorption of hydrogen into a section 7 and desorbes at a temperature of T ₈ and so on, that is, the heats Q ₉ , Q ₁₀ and Q ₁₁ during hydrogen sorption of subsequent metal hydrides go to desorption hydrogen of previous metal hydrides.

The metal hydride of the last section 11 consumes heat Q _H (T _H ) for the desorption of hydrogen from the heater 25.

The reversibility of the thermochemical cycle of a thermosorption compressor with several or more metal hydride sections is ensured in an idealized setting by the equality of the hydrogen sorption temperatures in the subsequent metal hydride with the hydrogen desorption temperature of the previous metal hydride, as well as in the limit of the complete regeneration of the accumulated heat of metal hydride sections during the transition from the desorption process to the sorption process due to high heat transfer surface of the coolant of all metal hydride sections, and that also by installing heat regenerators with heat storage packing along the coolant line from the side of the cooler and heater for each generator-sorbent.

The device also contains an external coolant circuit 18, including a heat exchange surface 26 of the heater 25 in the form of a counterflow heat exchanger. To connect the compression metal hydride block module to the heat source, there is a connecting unit G, from which the coolant of the external circuit at point A is connected to the reverse internal circuit 19 and, further, branching includes two alternative branches, the left one with generator-sorber 1 and the right one with generator -sorber 4, and is connected at point B by means of controlled valves 22 and 23, respectively. To induce the circulation of the coolant in the external circuit, a circulation pump 21 is installed.

The heat of the gas stream of the internal combustion engine or gas turbine is transferred to the external coolant circuit through the heat transfer surface 27 of the counterflow heat exchanger 25.

The low pressure hydrogen P ₁ has the ability to enter the sorbing generators 1 and 4 through the receiving node K, the shutoff valve 42 through the low pressure line 12 through the node F and then through the check valves 13 and 14, respectively. High pressure hydrogen P ₂ has the ability to exit the sorbing generators 1 and 4 through the check valves 16 and 17, respectively, then through the node E, through the high pressure line 15, through the shut-off valve 43 and the returning node H to the consumer.

Hydrogen pressure on the low and high pressure lines are measured and monitored by sensors 28 and 30, respectively.

The thermal operating mode of the block of sorbing generators is measured and monitored using temperature sensors 44, 31, 33, 35, 37, 36, 34, 32, 45 installed on the coolant line of the reversing circuit 19 and temperature sensors 29, 38, 39 installed on the external coolant circuit 18.

Monitoring of the operating modes of the device and its control is carried out by the control unit 40.

The device, according to one of the adopted control programs, works immediately in startup mode and then in operating mode.

We assume that before starting metal hydrides of all sections 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the left generator-sorbent 1 are extremely saturated with hydrogen, and metal hydrides of all sections 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the right generator-sorber 4 are extremely hydrogen-deficient. All sorbing generators and heat regenerators are cold and are at a cooler temperature of Ò ₀ .

In start-up mode, cold heat regenerators 2, 5 and sorbing generators 1 and 4 are heated with the coolant of the external circuit 18, for which the pump 21 is turned on, adjustable valves 22 and 23 are opened. The hot coolant from the heater 25 enters the connecting unit G, then at point A divided into two streams and through regenerators 2, 5 and further to the left 1 and right 4 sorbing generators, respectively.

Warming up is carried out until the temperature gradient in the form of heat waves on heat regenerators 2 and 5, and accordingly, sorbing generators 1 and 4, occupy a position as shown in Fig. 3.

Here, the incoming coolant G _{T (H)} forms the temperature lines a ₁ in ₁ and a ₂ in _2, respectively, of the left and right sorbing generators with their heat regenerators in such a way that the start temperatures of regenerators 2 and 5 (points in ₁ and ₂ ) acquire maximum values corresponding to the temperature of the heater T _H , and the ends of the temperature lines (points a ₁ and a ₂ ) with the values of the temperature of the cooler T ₀ can be located on the sorbing generators 1 and 2 near the regenerators on the cooler side 24. The coordinate system is shown on the right: temperature T - length L.

The operating modes of the block of sorbing generators are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 using heat waves of hydrogen sorption and desorption processes by sorbing generators and are presented in the form of cyclograms in FIG. 6.

After the left and right sorbing generators are partially heated in the start-up mode and heat waves are established on them, the adjustable valve 22 closes, the reversible pump 20 with the capacity G _{T is} turned on, and the heat carrier circulates in the inner circuit 19 counterclockwise according to the drawing of FIG. 1 in a closed ring, including: a regenerator 6, a right generator-sorbent 4, a regenerator 5, a regenerator 2, a left generator-sorber 1, a regenerator 3, a heat exchanger 41 of a cooler 24 and then to a reversible compass the pump 20. In this case, the pump 21 with the capacity G _{T (H) of the} external coolant circuit 18 remains on, and the adjustable valve 23 is also open.

Thus, in the left generator-sorber 1 along with the injection of coolant from the external circuit 18 through the regenerator 2, the heat of the heater 25 enters through the coolant with a capacity of G _{T (H)} , which is spent on the desorption of hydrogen of the left generator-sorber 1. In addition, in the left generator sorber 1 receives a coolant with a capacity of G _T from the internal coolant circuit 19.

The heat wave a ₁ in ₁ , moving down the left sorbing generator 1, according to Fig. 4, gives heat to all its sections (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), which operate simultaneously and desorb high pressure hydrogen P ₂ . In this case, the temperature of the accumulated heat when the coolant moves from section to section decreases. At the exit of the sorbing generator 1, part of the heat is delayed and accumulated while maintaining its potential in the heat regenerator 3, and the other part is dumped into the cooler 24.

The connection of the external circuit 18 for the injection of hot coolant can be carried out according to the command of the control unit 40, either according to a rigid program with predetermined response times of circuit elements, or according to a predetermined program with an assessment of the thermal regime of sorbing generators and heat regenerators. The necessary information for this program may be the temperature of the coolant and the pressure of hydrogen.

In the sequence diagram, Figure 6, the warm heat wave generator left sorber 1-mentioned length of time on the real time axis τ as a first half cycle _^(1/2 τ _u) and represents the desorption process, and the injection of the hot coolant from the external circuit 18 as the τ _n Moreover, the injection time τ _n may be less than or equal to _^1/2 τ _q.

Desorbed high pressure hydrogen P ₂ from the left generator-sorbent 1 enters through the check valve 16 to the node E from where, through the high pressure line 15 through the shut-off valve 43 and the node H is sent to the consumer.

Simultaneously with the desorption of high pressure hydrogen from the left sorbing generator 1, a process of sorption of low pressure hydrogen in the right sorbing generator 4 occurs. Figure 4 shows the position of the heat wave in the right sorbing generator in steady state.

Cold coolant from the heat exchange surface 41 of the cooler 24 is supplied to the right generator-sorber 4 through the regenerator 6 and advances the heat wave a ₂ to ₂ upwards according to Fig. 4, receives heat from all its sections (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), which work simultaneously on the sorption of low pressure hydrogen P ₁ . In this case, the temperature of the accumulated heat of each section when the coolant moves from section to section decreases. Part of the heat is delayed and accumulated while maintaining its potential in the heat regenerator 5, and the other part enters the internal circuit 19 to replenish its potential.

Time sorption process right sorber-generator 4 may be equal to the time of the desorption process of the left-sorber generator 1 and is equal to _^1/2 τ _q.

Figure 5 presents the operation diagram of the sorbent generators in the second half of the cycle, in which the left sorbent generator 1 is switched from the sorption process to the sorption process, and the right sorbent generator 4 is switched from the sorption process to the desorption process.

To carry out the operation of the block of generators-sorbers in the second half of the cycle, the reversible pump 20 is turned on in the opposite direction, so that the coolant in the inner circuit 19 moves clockwise. This closes the adjustable valve, for example, 23, opens the adjustable valve, for example, 22 and turns on the pump 21 of the external coolant circuit 18.

Since the left and right sorbing generators with their adjacent regenerators are identical in both their structural and technical characteristics, the processes of hydrogen absorption and evolution in them will be identical to a first approximation and similar to those discussed above in the first half of the cycle.

Figure 7 presents one of the devices of the generator-sorbent compression metal hydride block module.

The sorber generator consists of an inner shell 53 with sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 placed in it along the axis and filled with powdered metal hydride with various sorption properties. The outer shell 54 forms with the inner shell 53 an annular channel 55 for the coolant, in which, to improve the heat transfer coefficient, heat conductivity fins, other thermal bridges, flow turbulators, etc. can be installed. Pipes 52 and 58 are used for supply / removal and removal / supply of coolant, depending on the direction of the sorption processes in the sorbing generator.

The inner surface of the sheath 53 is in thermal contact with the metal hydride in the sections by means of heat-conducting materials arranged, for example, in the form of thermal conductivity fins, copper or nickel foams, or free particles of a highly heat-conducting material. Along the sorbing generator, penetrating all sections filled with metal hydrides with different properties, hydrogen collector filters 56, the number of which can be 1, 2 or more, and filled with porous heat-accumulating material 57, for example, copper powder, are installed. To prevent the entrainment of the finely dispersed fraction of metal hydride into the hydrogen lines and the transfer of heat-accumulating material, filters 60 and 51 are installed in the hydrogen collectors 59 and 61.

Sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 filled with powdered metal hydride, for example, a lanthanum-nickel alloy doped with aluminum according to the formula L _a N _{i (5-y)} Al _y , where y can vary from 0 to 1 or more. Moreover, the higher the y value, the more stable will be its metal hydride. For example, layers can be stacked as follows: in section 7 metal hydride is placed - L _a N _i5 H _X , in section 8 - L _a N _{i (5-0.1)} Al _0.1 H _X , in section 9 - L _a N _{i (5-0.2)} Al _0.2 H _X , in section 10 - L _a N _{i (5-0.4)} Al _0.4 H _X and in section 11 - L _a N _{i (5-1 )} Al ₁ H _X.

The amount of hydrogen that can be accumulated by metal hydride in each section should be the same for all sections.

Therefore, the amount of metal hydride in each section is determined taking into account its sorption capacity. So, in a first approximation, the amount of metal hydride in the section should be inversely related to its hydrogen capacity.

For supply and removal of hydrogen, depending on the functional orientation of the generator-sorbent, it can be installed in it as two hydrogen pipes for supplying hydrogen at the cold and on the hot end of the generator-sorbent, and one pipe on the cold end of the generator-sorber for supply / removal hydrogen.

For example, if a compression metal hydride unit is used for a power plant, low-pressure hydrogen must be supplied from the cold side of the sorbing generator, and high-pressure hydrogen can be removed from the hot end of the sorbing generator.

In a compression unit intended for a refrigeration unit or heat pump, the supply and removal of hydrogen must be carried out only from the cold side of the generator-sorbent.

On Fig presents one of the structural solutions of the generator-sorbent compression metal hydride block module.

The sorber generator consists of a cylindrical shell 71, at the ends of which there is a front bottom 77, a rear bottom 89 and in which hydrogen fittings 78 and 88 are installed, respectively. On the inner surface of the cylindrical shell 71, heat conductivity fins 72 of copper or aluminum are installed, which have thermal contact with the cylindrical shell 71.

A perforated cylindrical hydrogen collector 75 is installed in the center of the sorbing generator, inside of which is placed a porous heat-accumulating packing 83 in the form of a metal fraction or granite chips. A grid 76 is mounted on the cylindrical surface of the hydrogen collector.

Metal hydride of various compositions in sections is located in the intercostal space 73 and is limited by the inner surface of the cylindrical shell 71 and the grid of a hydrogen collector 76 to prevent the entrainment of a large fraction of metal hydride powder 73. As a first approximation, the amount of metal hydride located in one section in such a sorbing generator is calculated taking into account the inner diameter D of the shell 71 and the outer diameter d of the hydrogen collector 75. The length of the sorbing generator L _gs is determined from the number of sections n and taking into account the length l of each section.

At the ends of the hydrogen collector 75, restriction grids 80 and 87 are installed to prevent the heat-accumulating packing 83 from moving and to prevent entrainment of a small fraction of the metal hydride into the hydrogen line.

To clean the free space of the heat-accumulating packing 83 from the accumulated finely dispersed fraction of metal hydride during the long-term operation of the sorbing generators, a drainage tube 79 was installed to drain the finely dispersed fraction of the metal hydride into the collection.

The collection of the finely dispersed fraction of metal hydride is a separate volume at the temperature of the cooler.

The thermal effect of the coolant (heating or cooling) on the metal hydride sections is carried out using an annular channel formed by the outer surface of the cylindrical shell 71 and the outer shell 74. To organize the coolant flow at the ends of the generator-sorbent, nozzles 81 and 86 are installed for supplying or discharging the coolant and collector 82 and 85. Thermal conductivity fins 84 are installed in the annular channel, having thermal contact with the outer surface of the shell 71 and the inner surface of the shell 74.

Figure 9 shows the constructive solution of the sorbent generator of the compression metal hydride block module with one inlet / outlet hydrogen pipe located at the cold end of the sorbent generator.

The difference between the design shown in Fig. 9 and the design in Fig. 8 is that instead of the hydrogen pipe 88 and the grid of the limiter 87 located on the hot end of the generator-sorber, a plug 90 is installed. All other positions in Fig. 9, correspond to the positions of Fig. 8.

Figure 10 presents a constructive solution of heat regenerators 2 and 3 with heat-accumulating packing. The regenerator is a cylindrical body 102, on both sides of which there is a left bottom 104 with a nozzle 105 and a right bottom 101 with a nozzle 100. A heat-accumulating packing 103, for example, in the form of granite chips or metal fractions, and limiters are installed inside the regenerator case 106 and 107 on both sides of the heat storage pack. The volume and mass of the heat-accumulating packing enclosed in a heat regenerator of length L _p and diameter Dp is determined from the conditions of operation of the sorbing generators: their efficiency, degree of hydrogen compression, productivity, mass and sorption characteristics of sections of the generator-sorber adjacent directly to the heat regenerator.

11 shows a compression block module in which ambient air is used as a heat carrier.

The compression metal hydride block module 110 includes two metal hydride hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4 equipped with heat-exchange surfaces 46 and 47, respectively, combined into an open to air atmosphere reversible circulation internal coolant circuit 19, on the line of which on both sides of the hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4, respectively, heat regenerators 2, 3 and 5, 6 with heat-accumulating packing are installed. The heat carrier (air) is reversed using the fan 111 and the corresponding positions of the adjustable shut-off valves 22, 23 and shut-off valves 112, 113. The coolant (air) is supplied through the heat exchange surface 26 of the heater 25 to heat the left 1 or right 3 sorbing generators using external fan 114.

Communication with the atmosphere of the compression unit 110 is carried out in three nodes. At node B, cold air is taken by fan 111 to cool the sorbing generators in the process of hydrogen sorption. In nodes B ₁ and B ₂ , heat is discharged by removing heat carrier (air) from the sorption processes of the left 1 and right 3 sorbing generators, respectively.

All further position numbering shown in FIG. 11 corresponds to the numbering shown in FIG. 1. Items related to temperature and pressure sensors are not shown.

The devices of the sorbing generators 1 and 3, the metal hydrides used in the sections, as well as the heat regenerators attached to them 2, 3 and 5, 6, respectively, are also similar to the devices of the corresponding positions shown in Fig. 1.

The operation of the compression metal hydride block module 110 is as follows.

The air pumped by the fan 114 is heated in the heat exchange surface 26 of the counterflow heat exchanger 25 and is supplied to the inlet node G, from where to the distribution point A and then to one of the sorbing generators 1 or 4.

We assume for the first half of the cycle that hot air from the heater 25 is supplied to the heat exchange surface 46 of the left generator-sorbent 1 and the process of hydrogen desorption with high pressure P _{2 is} carried out in it, and cold air from the node B is supplied to the right generator-sorber 4 by fan 111 and in the sorbing generator 4, a hydrogen sorption process is carried out at a low pressure P ₁ .

To implement the adopted processes, the shut-off valve 113 for supplying cold air from the fan 111 must be open, the shut-off valve 112 is closed, the adjustable shut-off valve 23 is closed, the adjustable-shut-off valve 22 to discharge the accumulated sorption heat of the generator-sorbent 1 is open.

At the end of the first half of the cycle, the left sorbent generator 1 switches from the desorption process to the sorption process, and the right sorbent generator 4 switches from the sorption process to the desorption process. Therefore, in the second half of the cycle, the shut-off valve 112 and the adjustable shut-off valve 23 are open, and the shut-off valve 113 and the adjustable shut-off valve 22 are closed.

Next, the cycle repeats.

The operating modes of the block of generators-sorbers, displayed using heat waves of the processes of sorption and desorption of hydrogen by generators-sorbers 1 and 4 and their cyclograms are similar to those presented in figure 4, figure 5 and figure 6 for the device of figure 1.

On Fig presents a compression metal hydride block module, in which the products of combustion of power plants, for example, based on an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine using hydrogen as fuel, are directly used as a heat carrier.

The combustion products in this case are a mixture of nitrogen and water vapor.

The compression metal hydride block module 120 as well as the compression metal hydride block module, Fig. 11, includes two metal hydride hydrogen sorbers 1 and 4, equipped with heat exchange surfaces 46 and 47, respectively, combined into a reversible internal circulation circuit open to the air heat carrier 19, on the line of which, on both sides of the hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4, respectively, heat regenerators 2, 3 and 5, 6 with heat storage packing are installed. The heat carrier (air and combustion products) is reversed using a fan 121 and the corresponding positions of the adjustable shut-off valves 22, 23 and shut-off valves 122, 123. The heat carrier (combustion products) is supplied to heat the left 1 or right 3 sorbing generators directly from the exhaust pipe or gas turbine.

Communication with the atmosphere of the compression metal hydride block 120 is carried out in three nodes. At node B, cold air is drawn in by a fan 121 to cool the sorbing generators in hydrogen sorption processes. In nodes B ₁ and B ₂ , heat is discharged by removing heat carrier (air and combustion products) from the sorption processes of the left 1 and right 3 sorbing generators, respectively.

All further position numbering shown in FIG. 12 corresponds to the numbering shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 11. Items related to temperature and pressure sensors are not shown.

The devices of the sorbing generators 1 and 3, the metal hydrides used in the sections, as well as the heat regenerators attached to them 2, 3 and 5, 6, respectively, are also similar to the devices of the corresponding positions shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 11.

The operation of the compression metal hydride block module 120 is as follows.

The combustion products of the power plant are fed to the input node G, from where to the distribution point A and then to one of the sorbing generators 1 or 4.

We assume for the first half of the cycle that hot air from the heater 25 is supplied to the heat transfer surface 46 of the left generator-sorbent 1 and the process of hydrogen desorption with high pressure P _{2 is} carried out in it, and cold air from the node B is supplied to the right generator-sorber 4 by the fan 121 and in the sorbing generator 4, a hydrogen sorption process is carried out at a low pressure P ₁ .

To carry out the adopted processes, the shut-off valve 123 for supplying cold air from the fan 121 must be open, the shut-off valve 122 is closed, the adjustable shut-off valve 23 is closed, the adjustable-shut-off valve 22 to discharge the accumulated sorption heat of the generator-sorbent 1 is open.

At the end of the first half of the cycle, the left sorbent generator 1 switches from the desorption process to the sorption process, and the right sorbent generator 4 switches from the sorption process to the desorption process. Therefore, in the second half of the cycle, the shut-off valve 122 and the adjustable shut-off valve 23 are open, and the shut-off valve 123 and the adjustable shut-off valve 22 are closed.

At the end of the sorption process in the left sorbing generator 1 and the desorption process in the right sorbing generator 4, the cycle repeats.

The operating modes of the sorbing generators displayed by heat waves of the sorption and desorption of hydrogen by the sorbing generators 1 and 4 and their cyclograms are also similar to those shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 for the device of Fig. 1 and Fig. 11 .

On Fig presents a compression metal hydride block module with an isothermal heating unit, in which the heat source can be, for example, direct solar radiation, as well as solar radiation using concentrators. With the use of solar concentrators, the potential of the resulting heat can be significantly increased.

The compression block module 130 includes two metal hydride hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4 equipped with heat exchange surfaces 46 and 47, respectively, combined into a reversible circulation internal coolant circuit 19, on the lines of which regenerators are respectively installed on both sides of the hydrogen sorbing generators 1 and 4 heats 2, 3 and 5, 6 with heat-accumulating packing. A heater 132 with a heat exchange surface 131, a cooler 24 with a heat exchange surface 41, and a reversible drive of the coolant 20 (alternatively a reversible pump) are also installed in the coolant circuit.

Devices of sorbing generators 1 and 3, metal hydrides used in sections 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, as well as heat regenerators, respectively, 2, 3 and 5, 6 are also similar to devices of the corresponding positions shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 11 and Fig.12.

The operation of the compression metal hydride block module 130 is as follows.

Assume for the first half cycle of said heat transfer fluid heated heat Q _H (T _H) in the heat exchange surface 131 of the heater 13 February fed to the heat exchange surface 46 of the left generator-sorber 1 and it is carried out the process of desorption of hydrogen from a high pressure Ð ₂ and the right generator the absorber 4 is supplied with cold coolant from the heat exchange surface 41 of the cooler 24 and in the generator-sorber 4 the process of hydrogen sorption is carried out at low pressure Р ₁ .

Cold coolant is formed due to the extraction of heat Q ₀ (T ₀ ) from the cooler 24. In this case, the reversible pump 20 delivers the coolant in the circuit 19 according to the drawing counterclockwise.

At the end of the first half of the cycle, the left sorbent generator 1 switches from the desorption process to the sorption process, and the right sorbent generator 4 switches from the sorption process to the desorption process. To do this, the reversible pump 20 switches to reverse and in this case supplies the coolant in the circuit 19 according to the drawing clockwise. At the end of the second half of the cycle, the pump switches back to reverse.

Next, the cycle repeats.

The operating modes of the block of generators-sorbers, displayed using heat waves of the processes of sorption and desorption of hydrogen by generators-sorbers 1 and 4 and their cyclograms, are also similar to those presented in figure 4, figure 5 and figure 6 for the device of figure 1.

On Fig presents a diagram of a power plant based on a compression unit 140 and an energy converter 143.

A power plant refers to environmentally friendly power machines using renewable energy sources.

The compression metal hydride block module 140 has a heater with isothermal heat input (as an example), and, for example, a turbine or a piston-cylinder pair for obtaining mechanical work l can be used as an energy converter 143 of compressed hydrogen.

The numbering of positions and the operation of the compression block module 140 fully corresponds to the numbering of the compression metal hydride block module shown in FIG. 13, and its operation also corresponds to the operation of the compression metal hydride block module shown in FIG. 13.

On Fig presents a metal hydride device for producing cold when using, for example, an isothermal heat source.

The metal hydride device for producing cold consists of a compression metal hydride block 150 and a refrigerated metal hydride block 160.

The connection between the two blocks is carried out by two hydrogen lines. Lines HH ₁ high pressure P ₂ hydrogen and line KK ₁ low pressure P ₁ hydrogen.

Node C H unit 150 compression-metal hydride hydrogen high pressure P ₂ into the node ₁ H reception metal hydride refrigeration unit 160. Returning low pressure hydrogen Ð ₁ MH compression block assembly is made of a metal hydride K ₁ refrigerating unit 160 through a node K.

The positions of the elements of the metal hydride compression unit 150 and its operation correspond to the considered device of the metal hydride compression unit shown in Fig. 13.

The metal hydride refrigeration unit 160 (Fig. 15) includes two metal hydride refrigerators 161 and 164, provided with heat exchange surfaces 184 and 185, respectively, combined into a reversible circulation internal circuit of the coolant 169, on the lines of which regenerators are respectively installed on both sides of the metal hydride refrigerators 161 and 164 heats 162, 163 and 165, 166 with heat-accumulating packing. A cooler 168 with a heat exchange surface 170, an evaporator 180 with a heat exchange surface 181 and a reversible drive of the coolant 167 (alternatively a reversible pump) are also installed in the coolant circuit.

A separate figure in Fig. 16 shows a device of a refrigerated metal hydride block 160 with marked points for measuring the temperature of the coolant and the pressure of hydrogen.

The devices of metal hydride refrigeration producers 161 and 164 are similar to the devices of sorbing generators of the compression metal hydride block 150 with one exception. The metal hydrides used in sections 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175 are less stable than the metal hydrides used in sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 of the sorbing generators of the compression unit 150.

Sections 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175 are also located along the coolant flow, and the metal hydride contained in them changes its properties from the unstable from the side of the evaporator 180 to more stable from the side of the cooler 168. Such metal hydrides can be, for example, the composition MmN _{(5- y)} Fe _y H _x , where y can vary from 0 to 1.5.

Moreover, the higher the y value, the more stable will be its metal hydride. So, for example, in sections 171 on the side of the evaporator 180 there may be MmNi ₅ H _x metal hydride, and in sections 175 on the cooler side 168 there may be MmNi _3,5 Fe _1,5 H _x metal hydride.

The selection of metal hydrides in the intermediate sections according to the pressure-temperature parameters for each section of the refrigeration manufacturer in an idealized form is presented in Fig. 17 as graphs of the logarithm of pressure (logP) versus the inverse temperature ( ¹ / _T ) for metal hydrides of sections 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175.

The graphs represent two stationary states of the same pressure S ₂ and S ₁ hydrogen desorption, used metal hydrides at different temperatures.

Due to the fact that the cycle realized in the refrigerated metal hydride block is reverse, hydrogen is sorbed by metal hydrides at high pressure P ₂ , and desorption at low Р ₁ .

Thus, the metal hydride of each section operates in its own temperature range at a constant low pressure p _{1 of} desorption and high pressure P _{2 of} hydrogen sorption for all those located in different sections of metal hydrides.

So in section 171, metal hydride strips hydrogen at a temperature of Ò _ð with heat supply Q _ð (Ò _ð ) from evaporator 180, and sorption is carried out at a temperature of Ò ₁₇₁ with heat removal Q ₁₇₁ to desorb hydrogen from metal hydride in section 172, and so on, i.e. the heat of sorption of hydrogen metal hydride in the previous section goes to the desorption of hydrogen from the metal hydride of the next section.

The metal hydride of the last section 175 (FIG. 17) gives off the sorption heat Q ₀ (T ₀ ) _X in the cooler 168 at a temperature T ₀ .

The reversibility of the reverse thermochemical refrigeration cycle with several or more metal hydride sections is ensured in an idealized setting by the equality of the hydrogen sorption temperatures in a less stable metal hydride with the temperature of hydrogen desorption of a more stable metal hydride, as well as in the limit of the complete regeneration of the accumulated heat (cold) of metal hydride sections during the transition from the desorption process to sorption process due to the highly developed heat transfer surface of the metal hydride section coolant d, as well as the installation of heat regenerators with heat storage packing for coolant lines from the cooler and the evaporator for each metal hydride holodoproizvoditelya.

The supply of high pressure hydrogen P ₂ to the metal hydride refrigeration unit 160 (Fig. 16) is via the receiving unit H ₁ , a shut-off valve 183 and then through controlled shut-off valves 178 and 179 to the metal hydride refrigeration makers 161 and 164, respectively.

Low pressure hydrogen P _{2 is} removed from metal hydride refrigerators 161 and 164 through controlled shut-off valves 176 and 177, respectively, then through a shut-off valve 182 and a discharge unit K _{1 of the} refrigerated metal hydride block 160.

Temperature sensors 186, 187, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, as well as temperature sensors 192 of evaporator 180 and 198 of cooler 168 were installed in the coolant circuit 169 to measure and record the thermal regime of metal hydride refrigeration producers.

To measure and record hydrogen pressure in metal hydride refrigeration producers 161 and 164, pressure sensors 199 and 195, respectively, are installed. A pressure sensor 189 is also installed on the hydrogen high pressure line 202 and a sensor 188 on the hydrogen low pressure line 203.

Metal hydride device for producing cold works as follows.

The compression metal hydride block 150 (Fig. 15), the operation of which was considered when presenting the device in Fig. 13 (the compression metal hydride block with an isothermal supply of heat), supplies hydrogen from the high pressure unit P ₂ to the receiving unit H _{1 of the} refrigeration metal hydride unit 160 and then through the shut-off valve 183 and one of the controlled shut-off valves, for example 178, to the left metal hydride refrigeration producer 161, in which the metal hydrides of all sections 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175 are saturated (metal sulphide) about the refrigerant 161. At this time, the reversing pump is turned on so that the coolant in the circuit 169 moves clockwise according to FIG. 16 and the heat generated Q ₀ (T ₀ ) _{X of} hydrogen sorption by the refrigerant sections 161 is carried out through the regenerator 162 through the regenerator 162 to the heat exchange cooler surface 170 is 168.

Simultaneously with the sorption of hydrogen with high pressure P ₂ in the left refrigeration 161, there is a process of desorption of hydrogen with low pressure P ₁ in all sections 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175 of the right refrigeration 164. Hydrogen with low pressure Р ₁ leaves the refrigeration 164 through hydrogen lines through a controlled shut-off valve 177, shut-off valve 182, node K ₁ and then to the entrance to the compression block, node K. The cold accumulated in the cooled coolant through the regenerator 166 enters the heat exchange surface 181 of the evaporator 180.

Scheme promote thermal wave a ₁ to ₁ in the left holodoproizvoditele 161 and the thermal wave and _{2 2} in the right holodoproizvoditele 164 after the first half cycle of _^1/2 τ _n in idealized form shown in Figure 18, and Figure 19 shows the position of the thermal waves in the left and right refrigerators at the end of the second half-cycle.

On Fig presents a sequence diagram of the left and right metal hydride refrigeration unit of the metal hydride refrigerator 160.

Due to the structural identity of the left and right MH holodoproizvoditeley and adjacent regenerators heat while the coolant circulating in the loop 169 in one direction, e.g., clockwise and in the opposite, counterclockwise, in a first approximation, equal to _^1/2 τ _u, and is half cycle.

The supply of high pressure hydrogen P ₂ , for example, to the left refrigeration unit 161 through the controlled valve 178 occurs immediately at the beginning of the cycle, when the coolant in the circuit 169 began to move clockwise, and the supply of hydrogen ceased for a time Δτ before the end of the first half of the cycle ¹ / ₂ τ _c . This is necessary so that the high pressure P ₂ in the refrigeration unit after cutting off the hydrogen drops to pressure P ₁ , thereby making a smooth reversible transition from the sorption process in the first half of the cycle to the desorption process in the second half of the cycle.

Then, at the end of the first half of the cycle, the coolant moves in the opposite direction, the controlled shut-off valve 176 opens, and hydrogen at low pressure P ₁ desorbes from the sections of the metal hydride refrigerant 161, passes through the shut-off valve 182, which gives out the K ₁ unit and then to the receiving unit K of the compression unit 150. Closing the controlled valve 176 for a period of time Δτ before the end of the cycle time is also due to the fact that the pressure in the metal hydride refrigeration producer during this time rises to the pressure P ₂ and a smooth transition will be ensured for the next sorption process at high pressure P ₂ .

On Fig presents the device hydride heat pump when using, for example, an isothermal heat source.

The metal hydride heat pump device, as well as the metal hydride refrigerator device, consists of two blocks, a compression metal hydride block 150 and a metal hydride block of heat producers 210.

The positions of the elements of the compression metal hydride block 150 and its operation correspond to the considered device of the compression metal hydride block of the device for producing cold, FIG.

The device of the metal hydride heat-producing unit 210 differs from the device of the cold-producing unit 160 (Fig. 15) in that the supply of high-pressure hydrogen P ₂ to the heat-producing unit and the removal of low-pressure hydrogen P ₁ from it from the evaporator 224, and the set of metal hydrides in sections 217, 218, 219, 220 and 221 is selected in such a way that provides at ambient temperature evaporator 224 work environment T _0, a cooler work 223 (heater residential and industrial premises for the customer) supported on evap prefecture level _P T = (100-120) ° C.

The selection of metal hydrides in sections according to the pressure-temperature parameters for each section of metal hydride elements of the heat-generating unit is shown in an idealized form in Fig. 22 as a function of pressure versus reciprocal temperature for metal hydrides of sections 217, 218, 219, 220 and 221.

So, for example, sections 217, 218, 219, 220 and 221 can be filled with powdered metal hydride, for example, a lanthanum-nickel alloy doped with aluminum according to the formula L _a N _{i (5-y)} Al _y , where y can vary from 0 to 0.5. Moreover, the higher the y value, the more stable the metal hydride will be. For example, layers can be stacked as follows: in section 317 - L _a N _{i (5-0.1)} Al _0.1 H _X in section 218 - L _a N _{i (5-0.2)} Al _0.2 H _X , in section 219 - L _a N _{i (5-0.3)} Al _0.3 H _X in section 220 - L _a N _{i (5-0.4)} Al _0.4 H _X , in section 221 - L _a N _{i (5-0.5)} Al _0.5 H _X.

The heat source of the heater 224 is the heat of the environment Q ₀ (T ₀ ) _H , and the selected heat Q _N (T _P ) from the cooler 223 is the heat of the consumer for heating residential and industrial premises at a temperature of T _P.

The principle of operation of the metal hydride, heat producing unit 210 is similar to the principle of operation of the cooling producing unit 160.

On Fig presents the device hydride refrigerator, which uses a mechanical compressor to compress hydrogen.

The device consists of a mechanical compressor 228 and a metal hydride refrigerator unit 160. All elements of the metal hydride refrigerator unit and its operation are described above.

Such a device allows the use of both electric energy by means of an electric motor for compressing hydrogen and directly wind energy by means of a wind turbine. And the use of metal hydride heat producing block 210 of Fig.21 allows you to use the device for heating residential and industrial premises.

On Fig presents the device of the combined module of the metal hydride refrigerator 230.

The device consists of two metal hydride sorbing generators 1 and 4 and metal hydride chillers 161 and 164.

Sorbent generators 1 and 4 consist of the same elements as in the module of the compression metal hydride block shown in Fig. 13. Similarly, metal hydride chillers 161 and 164 are made up of the same elements as in the metal hydride chiller module shown in FIG.

A feature of the metal hydride refrigerator module is that each metal hydride sorbing generator is connected by a hydrogen line to only one metal hydride refrigeration producer. Thus, according to FIG. 24, the metal hydride generator sorbent 1 is connected to the metal hydride refrigerant 161 by a hydrogen line 243. In a similar manner, the metal hydride generator sorber 4 is connected to a metal hydride refrigerant 164 by a hydrogen line 244.

Temperature sensors installed in the coolant line circuit 169 are similar to the installation locations shown in FIG. 16, not shown in FIG. 24.

The device integrated module of the metal hydride refrigerator 230 operates as follows.

Refrigeration producers 161 and 164, respectively connected by hydrogen lines 243 and 244 with sorbing generators 1 and 4, form individual pairs for the production of cold and work in antiphase.

Thus, in the first half cycle _^(1/2 τ _n) in the coolant loop 19, a metal hydride compressor unit 231 moves according to the drawing counterclockwise. At this time, hydrogen desorption occurs in the sorbing generator 1 at a high pressure of P ₂ , and hydrogen sorption occurs in the sorbing generator 4 at a low pressure of P ₁ .

Simultaneously, in the first half cycle _^(1/2 τ _n) the coolant in the circuit block 169 metal hydride refrigerator 240 according to the drawing moves clockwise. At that time, in the refrigerating machine 161, hydrogen sorption by the left metal hydride refrigerating machine 161 occurs at a high pressure P ₂ with the transfer of the heated coolant by sorption heat to the heat exchange surface 170 of the cooler 168, and in the refrigerating machine 164, the hydrogen desorption process takes place by the right metal hydride refrigerating machine 164 at a low pressure P ₁ with the removal cooled coolant into the heat exchange surface 181 of the evaporator 180.

At the end of the first half of the cycle, the reverse movement of the coolant in the circuit 19 of the compression unit 231 and in the circuit 169 of the refrigerating unit 240 is turned on.

As a result, the metal hydride generator-sorber 1 switches from the desorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₂ to the sorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₁ , and the generator-sorber 4 switches from a sorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₁ to a desorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₂ .

Similarly, in the refrigeration unit, the refrigeration unit 161 switches from a sorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₂ to a desorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₁ , and the refrigeration unit 164 switches from a desorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₁ to a sorption mode with a hydrogen pressure P ₂ .

25 is a sequence diagram of operation holodoproizvoditeley holodoproizvodyaschego unit working in antiphase during _^1/2 τ _q.

The up and down arrows according to the drawing show the movement of the coolant in refrigeration producers. When moving up in the refrigeration unit, hydrogen is _sorbed for a time _{Δτ sorb} at high pressure P ₂ , and when moving down for a time Δτ _des , desorption is carried out at low pressure P ₁ .

On the example of the left refrigeration producer, the moments of hydrogen supply are shown. Feeding of hydrogen at a pressure P ₂ does not begin immediately with the beginning of the cycle, but with some delay in time by Δτ ₁ and hydrogen supply is stopped when the point in time of the first half cycle of _^1/2 τ _q. The time interval Δτ ₁ reflects transient sorption processes, as a result of which shockless hydrogen flow is provided during the transition from sorption processes to desorption and vice versa.

Similarly, there is a delay Δτ ₂ of hydrogen removal at low pressure P ₁ at the beginning of the desorption process and the termination of the removal at the end of the cycle.

On Fig presents the device of the combined block module of the metal hydride refrigerator 249, controlled by reversible heat transfer pumps.

A distinctive feature of the device of the combined block module of the metal hydride refrigerator 249 from the combined module of the metal hydride refrigerator 230 is that the entire device is designed as a single unit with the exception of controlled valves on hydrogen lines connecting sorbing generators and metal hydride refrigeration producers.

Transient sorption processes occurring in time periods τ ₁ and Δτ ₂ are set in this case with the new law of turning on and off the reversible pumps 20 and 167 in circuits 19 and 169, respectively.

On Fig presents the device of the combined module of a metal hydride heat pump 250, consisting of a metal hydride compression unit 231 and a heat producing unit 251.

The device consists of two metal hydride sorbing generators 1 and 4 and two metal hydride heat producers 211 and 214.

Sorbent generators consist of the same elements as the metal hydride sorbent generators shown in FIG. Metal hydride heat producers consist of the same elements as metal hydride heat producers shown in Fig. 21.

The heat source of the heater 224 is the heat of the environment Q ₀ (T ₀ ) _H , and the extracted heat Q _N (T _P ) from the cooler 223 is the heat of the consumer for heating residential and industrial premises at a temperature of T _P.

The principle of operation of the device of the combined module of the metal hydride heat pump 250 is similar to the principle of operation of the device of the combined module of the metal hydride refrigerator 230 shown in Fig. 24.

On Fig presents the device of the combined block module of the metal hydride heat pump 260.

A distinctive feature of the device of the combined block module of the metal hydride heat pump 260 from the combined module of the metal hydride heat pump 250 is that the entire device is designed as a single unit with the exception of controlled valves on the hydrogen lines connecting the sorbing generators and metal hydride heat producers.

Transient sorption processes occurring in time periods τ ₁ and Δτ ₂ are set in this case with the new law of turning on and off the reversible pumps 20 and 167 in circuits 19 and 169, respectively.

Claims (41)

1. A method of converting the heat of a heated gas or liquid stream, the heat of isothermal sources into mechanical energy, characterized in that the heat is converted into compressed hydrogen energy in a direct reversible (thermodynamically effective) thermosorption cycle using two or more layers of metal hydrides with different sorption characteristics, concluded into separate sections in one sorbing generator, and with the implementation of internal regeneration in a cycle of heat accumulated by metal hydride layers and a mass of struktsionnogo generator-sorber material. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in order to obtain the highest efficiency of the direct thermosorption cycle for compressing hydrogen, the sorbing generators of the compression block module, composed of metal hydride layers (sections) with different sorption properties, have thermal contact with the heat exchange surface of the reversible circulation coolant circuit, including sorbing generators, on both sides of which there are heat regenerators with heat-accumulating packing (cold on the cooler side, hot on the sides s of the heater), a cooler, a device for reversing the coolant (a reversible pump as an option), a hot coolant supply unit and adjustable shut-off valves. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating of the supplied hot coolant is carried out in a countercurrent heat exchanger, the heating stream of which is, for example, the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine installed in the external coolant circuit with a coolant supply pump, while supplying a hot coolant in the reversible circulation circuit is carried out in the node connecting the two hot heat regenerators, and the outlet from it is carried out from the cooler through two adjustable shut-off valves. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal hydride hydrogen sorbing generators consist of two or more layers (sections) that are filled with powdered metal hydride with various sorption properties, for example, a hydride-forming material based on a lanthanum-nickel alloy doped with aluminum according to the formula L _a N _{i (5-y)} Al _y, wherein y can range from 0 to 1, and providing equality of the temperature at the hydrogen sorption process in a subsequent metal hydride at a temperature of hydrogen desorption process of the previous metallogidri and the implementation of the sorption and desorption processes of all sections simultaneously hydrogen. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal hydride sections (layers of metal hydrides) are located along the coolant flow, and the metal hydride contained in them changes its properties from unstable on the cooler side to more stable on the supply side of the hot coolant so that when moving in the direction of the heat wave cooler (temperature gradient) in the sorbing generator, desorption of hydrogen is ensured at high hydrogen pressure in all sections simultaneously, and when the heat wave moves in the opposite direction board (towards the heater) provides hydrogen sorption at low hydrogen pressure also in all sections simultaneously. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the reversibility of the thermochemical cycle of a thermosorption compressor with several or more metal hydride sections is ensured in an idealized setting by the complete regeneration of the accumulated heat of metal hydride sections during the transition from the desorption process to the sorption process by installing heat regenerators with heat-accumulating packing according to coolant lines from the side of the cooler and heater with each generator-sorbent, as well as using a highly developed heat transfer along erhnosti coolant circuit in Metal sections. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection of the external coolant circuit for the injection of hot coolant can be carried out by a command from the control unit, either according to a rigid program with predetermined response times of circuit elements, or according to a predetermined program with an assessment of the thermal regime of sorbing generators and heat regenerators, and the necessary information for this program may be the temperature and flow rate of the coolant, as well as the pressure of hydrogen. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the compression of the metal hydride block is controlled by a block based on, for example, a personal or on-board computer according to a program that analyzes the thermal state of metal hydride elements and heat regenerators, determines the heat and exergy fluxes entering into the compression metal hydride block and emerging from it, and, as one of the options for the control program, optimizes parameters such as long cycle life, coolant flow rate in the circulation and external coolant circuits, duration of supply of hot coolant from the external circuit to the circulation loop with determination of the isothermal work of hydrogen compression at the cooler temperature, determination of the absolute efficiency of the compression unit as the ratio of the isothermal work of hydrogen compression at the cooler temperature to the supplied heat from the heater and determine the relative efficiency as the ratio of the isothermal work of compression at temperature cool I exergy to heat input from the heater. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the intensification of heat transfer in the sorbing generators from the coolant in the processes of hydrogen sorption and desorption, flow turbulators or heat conductivity fins having thermal contact with the inner shell of the generator are installed in the annular channel -sorbers, and the inlet and outlet of the coolant is carried out by means of collectors installed at the ends of the inner and outer shell of the generator-sorber. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that to intensify the heat transfer in the sorbing generators from the coolant side in the processes of hydrogen sorption and desorption, the wall of the inner shell is made of thin material, and the heat conductivity fins installed on the inner shell of the sorbing generator have reliable mechanical contact with the outer shell, which receives the pressure of hydrogen in the sorbing generator through the ribs. 11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the intensification of heat transfer in the sorbing generators from the metal hydride in the processes of hydrogen sorption and desorption in the finely dispersed layer of metal hydride, thermal bridges are installed in the form of porous foamed materials, for example, from copper or nickel, or fins are installed thermal conductivity, for example of copper or aluminum, having reliable thermal contact with the inner surface of the housing of the generator-sorber. 12. The method according to claims 1, 11, characterized in that in the heat conduction fins located in the metal hydride environment, cylindrical sections are formed having reliable thermal contact due to soldering with the inner surface of the generator-sorber shell. 13. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fluid flow turbulators on the outer surface of the inner shell are made in the form of a mesh of material with high thermal conductivity and have reliable mechanical and thermal contact with the outer surface of the inner shell and the inner surface of the outer shell of the sorbing generator. 14. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a hydrogen collector from a perforated pipe is installed in the center of the sorbing generator, on the outer surface of which there is a coarse filter, for example a grid, inside which a hydrogen heat regenerator is installed in the form of a fine fraction, for example copper, as well as at the ends of the hydrogen heat regenerator installed fine hydrogen filters, which are connected to the hydrogen inlet pipe from one end and the hydrogen outlet pipe from the other end of the sorbing generator. 15. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the space of the hydrogen collector, limited on one side by a coarse filter (from the fine metal hydride) and fine filters (from the hydrogen nozzles), is in communication with the particle drive of the fine metal hydride fraction located at the temperature of the cooler, and the connecting tube is discharged from the side of the hydrogen inlet pipe. 16. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sorbent generator has one hydrogen inlet / outlet pipe and is located on the side of the metal hydride section with the least hydride metal hydride, where a tube for collecting fine metal hydride particles is also installed. 17. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat regenerators have a cylindrical tubular body, inside of which between the two grid-limiters placed heat-accumulating packing, for example, in the form of granite chips, metal fractions and inlet / outlet pipes of the coolant. 18. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compression metal hydride block module, the reversible and external circuits of the coolants are open and open to the atmosphere for use as a coolant of atmospheric air, the reversible movement of which in the heat exchange surfaces of the sorbing generators and heat regenerators is carried out with using a fan and the corresponding inclusion of two pairs of shut-off and shut-off and adjustable valves, and another fan is used to supply hot air to the sorbing generators. 19. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the case of using the accumulated heat of the flow of non-aggressive media, which, for example, is the exhaust of an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine operating on hydrogen, directly exhaust gases consisting of nitrogen and water vapor are used as a heat carrier . 20. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for converting the heat of an isothermal source, only one reversible heat carrier circulation circuit is used, including two sorbing generators, each of which consists of two or more metal hydride sections filled with metal hydrides with different sorption characteristics of heat regenerators with heat-accumulating packing in the form of granite chips or metal fractions and located in the coolant line on both sides of the isoter-sorbing generators thermal source of heat, for example, a solar panel with a concentrator, a cooler located at ambient temperature, a device for creating reverse movement of the heat carrier in the heat carrier circuit, for example, a reversible pump. 21. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the compression metal hydride block used in the power plant, low-pressure cold hydrogen is supplied to the sorbing generator from the cold end (from the section with the least stable metal hydride), and hot hydrogen is removed high pressure - from the hot end (from the side of the section with the most stable metal hydride), and the converter of high pressure hot hydrogen can be an active or reactive turbine or expansion device oystvo, e.g., the cylinder-piston pair. 22. A method of converting the energy of compressed hydrogen into cold, including cryogenic temperatures, characterized in that the required temperature level is achieved in a reversible reversible thermosorption cycle using two or more layers of metal hydrides with different sorption characteristics, enclosed in separate sections in one refrigeration producer, and the implementation of internal regeneration in the cycle of heat (cold) accumulated by metal hydride layers and the mass of the structural material of the refrigeration producer. 23. The method according to p. 22, characterized in that in order to obtain the highest efficiency of the reverse thermosorption cycle for producing cold, metal hydride refrigerators of the refrigeration block module, assembled from metal hydride layers (sections) with different sorption properties, have thermal contact with the heat exchange surface of the reverse circulation circuit coolant, which includes metal hydride refrigeration producers, on both sides of which there are heat (cold) regenerators with heat storage packing (t warm from the cooler side and cold from the evaporator side), a cooler, a device for reversing the coolant (reversible pump as an option) and an evaporator. 24. The method according to p. 22, characterized in that for the compression metal hydride block used in refrigeration, the supply and removal of cold hydrogen of low and high pressure in the sorbing generator is carried out from the cold end (from the section with the least stable metal hydride). 25. The method according to item 22, wherein the metal hydride refrigeration producers consist of two or more metal hydride layers (sections), which are filled with a powder metal hydride with various sorption properties, for example, hydride-forming material based on the composition MmN _(5-y) Fe _y H _x , where y can vary from 0 to 1.5, and the higher the y value, the more stable will be its metal hydride, which, provided that the temperature of the hydrogen sorption process in the less stable metal hydride is equal to the temperature of the desorption process more stable metal hydride hydrogen implementation processes of sorption and desorption of hydrogen in all sections simultaneously. 26. The method according to p. 22, characterized in that the metal hydride sections are located along the coolant flow, and the metal hydride contained in them changes its properties from the least stable on the evaporator side to the most stable on the cooler side so that by advancing the heat wave (temperature gradient) in the direction of the cooler in the metal hydride cooler, hydrogen is sorbed at high hydrogen pressure in all sections simultaneously, and when the heat wave moves in the opposite direction (in the direction in the evaporator) is provided by hydrogen desorption at low pressure of hydrogen and in all sections simultaneously. 27. The method according to item 22, wherein the cycle implemented in the refrigeration metal hydride block is reverse, therefore, hydrogen is sorbed by metal hydrides at high pressure, and desorption is low, while the metal hydride of each section operates in its own temperature range at constant temperatures for all metal hydrides low pressure desorption and high pressure sorption of hydrogen. 28. The method according to p. 22, characterized in that to obtain a high pressure of hydrogen for a metal hydride refrigerator, a mechanical compressor is used, for example, with an electric drive or a drive from a wind turbine. 29. The method according to item 22, wherein the reversibility (thermodynamic efficiency) of the refrigeration cycle based on several or more metal hydride sections is provided in an idealized setting by the complete regeneration of the accumulated heat of metal hydride sections during the transition from the desorption process to the sorption process by installing heat regenerators with heat-accumulating packing along the coolant line from the side of the cooler and evaporator for each refrigerating machine, as well as a highly developed heat transfer surface Tew for the coolant in the Metal sections. 30. The method according to item 22, wherein the supply of high pressure hydrogen to the refrigeration through controlled valves occurs immediately at the beginning of the cycle, when the coolant in the circuit began to move, and the supply of hydrogen ceases with some lead up to the end of the first half of the cycle, and when when the coolant moves in the opposite direction, hydrogen at low pressure from the sections of the metal hydride refrigerant is discharged into the compression unit and is cut off by a controlled valve with a certain lead up to about Onceanu second half of the cycle, which provides bumpless transition of hydrogen in its reciprocating motion. 31. The method according to item 22, wherein the direct reversible thermosorption cycle for compressing hydrogen and the reverse reversible cycle for producing cold are implemented in a device that is a module in which there are two metal hydride generators-sorbers and two metal hydride generators with their reverse circuits heat carriers operating in antiphase, and each metal hydride sorbing generator is associated with a metal hydride refrigeration producer with only one hydrogen line, and the control is reversed percolation hydrogen therebetween is performed only through the inclusion in one or the other side in the reversible coolant circulation circuits. 32. A method of converting compressed hydrogen energy into heat for heating residential and industrial premises, characterized in that the potential (temperature) of the ambient heat up to the required level is increased in a reverse reversible thermosorption cycle using two or more layers of metal hydrides with different sorption characteristics, concluded into separate sections in one metal hydride heat producer, with the implementation of internal regeneration in the heat cycle accumulated by metal hydride layers and mass of structural material of a metal hydride heat producer. 33. The method according to p. 32, characterized in that to obtain the highest efficiency of the reverse thermosorption cycle to obtain heat for heating residential and industrial premises, metal hydride heat producers of the heat pump block module, assembled from metal hydride layers (sections) with various sorption properties, have a thermal contact with the heat exchange surface of the reversible circulation medium, which includes metal hydride heat producers, on both sides of which there are regenerators heat with heat-accumulating packing (warm on the cooler side and cold on the evaporator side), a cooler, a device for reversing the coolant (reversible pump as an option) and an evaporator. 34. The method according to p, characterized in that for the compression metal hydride block used for the metal hydride heat pump, the supply and removal of cold hydrogen of low and high pressure in the metal hydride heat producer is carried out from the cold end (from the metal hydride section with the least stable metal hydride) . 35. The method according to p, characterized in that the metal hydride heat producers consist of two or more layers (sections) that are filled with powdered metal hydride with various sorption properties, for example, from the series L _a N _{i (5-y)} Al _y , where γ can vary from 0 to 0.5, and the higher the value of γ, the more stable will be its metal hydride, which, if the temperature of hydrogen sorption in a less stable metal hydride is equal to the temperature of hydrogen desorption of a more stable metal hydride, can carry out sorption processes and hydrogen desorption in all sections simultaneously. 36. The method according to p, characterized in that the sections are located along the coolant flow, and the metal hydride contained in them changes its properties from the least stable from the side of the evaporator to the most stable from the side of the cooler so that by advancing the heat wave (temperature gradient) in direction of the cooler in the metal hydride heat producer provides hydrogen sorption at a high hydrogen pressure in all sections simultaneously, and when the heat wave moves in the opposite direction (towards the evaporator), echivaetsya hydrogen desorption at low pressure of hydrogen and in all sections simultaneously. 37. The method according to p, characterized in that the cycle implemented in the metal hydride block of the heat pump is reverse, therefore, hydrogen is sorbed by metal hydrides at high pressure, and desorption is low, and the metal hydride of each section operates in its own temperature range at constant for all metal hydrides low pressure desorption and high pressure sorption of hydrogen. 38. The method according to p. 32, characterized in that the reversibility (thermodynamic efficiency) of the heat pump cycle based on several or more metal hydride sections is ensured in an idealized setting by complete regeneration of the accumulated heat of metal hydride sections during the transition from the desorption process to the sorption process due to heat regenerators with heat-accumulating packing along the coolant line from the side of the cooler and heater for each metal hydride heat producer, as well as using a highly developed eploperedayuschey surface of the coolant in the Metal sections. 39. The method according to p. 32, characterized in that the supply of high pressure hydrogen to the metal hydride heat producer through controlled valves occurs immediately at the beginning of the cycle, when the coolant in the circuit began to move, and the supply of hydrogen stops somewhat ahead of the end of the first half of the cycle, and when switching the coolant in the opposite direction, hydrogen at low pressure strips from sections of the metal hydride heat producer and is diverted to the compression unit and cut off by a controlled valve with some advance before the end of the cycle that hydrogen provides bumpless transition at its reciprocating motion. 40. The method according to p, characterized in that to obtain a high pressure of hydrogen for a metal hydride heat pump, a mechanical compressor is used, for example, with an electric drive or a drive from a wind turbine. 41. The method according to p, characterized in that the direct reversible thermosorption cycle for compressing hydrogen and the reversible reversible cycle for generating heat are implemented in a device that is a module in which there are two metal hydride generators-sorbers and two metal hydride heat producers with their own reversing circuits heat carriers operating in antiphase, and each metal hydride sorbing generator is associated with a metal hydride heat producer with only one hydrogen line, and the control is reversed yōkan hydrogen therebetween is performed only through the inclusion in one or the other side in the reversible coolant circulation circuits.

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