RU2521381C2 - Anti-glaze composition - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to means applied in processing road, asphalt, concrete and other coverings to eliminate ice glace formations. An anti-glaze composition includes sodium and calcium chlorides, an inhibitor of metal corrosion, which is represented by ammonium chloride, paraform and oxide or hydroxide of an alkali earth or alkali metal.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase melting ability of the composition.

5 cl, 3 tbl, 1 dwg, 2 ex

Description

The present invention relates to compositions intended for surface treatment, mainly hard road asphalt, concrete and other coatings during the formation on them of icy and snow-rolling layers for their destruction and removal.

The composition is based on a mixture of salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals and mineral acids of natural or artificial origin, causing a depression of the melting temperature of the ice when they are mixed. To increase the melting ability of the reagent, the composition additionally contains oxides of the same metals, which have the property of releasing heat during hydration or neutralization. The composition also includes components for the formation in the solution of a corrosion inhibitor of ferrous metals - ammonium salts and paraforms.

The use of salts as anti-icing reagents is based, as is well known, on the ability to form solutions that freeze at lower temperatures than water. The thermodynamics of these processes includes two types of thermal effects - the integral heat of dissolution of salts (MD) and the heat of melting of ice. The first component of the total thermal effect can have both positive and negative values depending on the type of salt. The second component of the thermal effect for any salt will be the same and is determined by the value of the heat of fusion of ice, which is 332.4 kJ / kg (79.44 kcal / kg). For this reason, the temperature of the solution formed from mixtures of ice with salt decreases significantly relative to the ambient temperature. In the eutectic ratio, the temperature reaches the cryohydrate point for sodium chloride - minus 21.2 ° С, for magnesium chloride - minus 33.6 ° С, for calcium chloride - 55 ° С [I.T. Garanovsky, Yu.P. Nazarenko, E .F. Nekryach. A quick reference to chemistry. Pages 603, 756. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1987 [1]]. A similar effect occurs when using other salts. This effect leads to freezing of the underlying layers of ice, snow or a solid surface, slowing down the melting process, including due to dilution of the solution. In practice, this effect is used to freeze ski slopes during thaws during competitions by treating snow with nitrate.

It is possible to increase the melting ability of a composition by using solid, dry components with their optimal ratio, with a maximum heat of hydration - with dissolution and chemical redistribution reactions that occur with the release of heat, partially compensating the heat consumed for melting ice.

A sufficiently large number of anti-icing compositions for treating road surfaces based on salt formulations have been proposed. The compositions are divided into two main groups according to the method of application - liquid, mainly aqueous solutions, and solid, granular or powder compositions.

Known liquid compositions based on alkali metal acetates (patent RU 2017785 C1, 11/01/1991), based on sodium formate with the addition of corrosion inhibitors (patents RU 2135540 C1, 20.10.1997, RU 2221002 C1, 09/10/2002, RU 2283335 C1, 08.06 .2005). A significant drawback of such compositions is the allocation of the irritating smell of acetic and formic acids when they are used.

Known anti-icing compositions based on nitrate salts (patents RU 2123022, RU 2130958). Patents RU 2173329 C2, 09/11/1999, RU 9911739 A, 08/11/1999 proposed compositions containing calcium, magnesium, urea nitrates, characterized in that they additionally contain a corrosion inhibitor urotropin, a mixture of fatty and aliphatic acids, a mixture of alkyl substituted talic acids.

The main disadvantage of nitrate compositions is the insufficiently low cryohydrate point in the eutectic mixture, which is practically within minus 20 ° C.

Closest to the technical result - the cryohydrate point, the use of the main component, is patent RU 2318853 C2, IPC C09K 3/18 dated 04/06/2006 on the anti-icing composition based on calcium chloride salts: 25-32%, magnesium: 10-12%, potassium : 0.01-0.03% with the addition of urea: 0.02-0.03% and corrosion inhibitor: cationic polymer VPK-402 0.1-0.3%, the rest is water. In another patent for anti-icing composition RU 2285028 C1, IPC С09К 03/18 dated 04/27/2005 based on potassium acetates 45-60% and sodium 5.0-12.5%, potassium hydroxide 3.7-4.2%, glycol 0.1-0.2% as an inhibitor added urotropin 0.01-1.0%, water - the rest. With certain advantages of liquid compositions in terms of the use of watering equipment, the absence of caking, the use of pumping equipment, they have reduced efficiency compared to solid compositions due to the reduced salt concentration in contact with ice and subsequent dilution during ice melting. In addition, when processing complex sections of roads: steep climbs, descents, viaducts, bridge junctions - there is a need for repeated treatments due to runoff of solutions from the road profile and incomplete testing of the melting ability of the liquid composition. In this regard, dry powder or granular compositions have certain advantages over liquid compositions. A method for producing a dry anti-ice composition containing calcium chloride or a mixture thereof with sodium chloride, prepared by evaporation of a mixed solution and co-crystallization of a mixture of salts, is proposed. As a metal inhibitor, sodium and calcium nitrites are introduced into the composition in an amount of 2 to 40% (USSR AS 272462, 1970). The dispersion of the composition is not indicated. The method requires large energy costs for the evaporation of water and, therefore, has a high cost. The presence of nitrites in the composition adversely affects plants.

The task of the invention is to increase the melting ability of a composition having anticorrosive properties. The problem is solved in that the anti-icing composition, including solid components - calcium chloride and sodium chloride, additionally contains ammonium chloride, sodium hydroxide, or calcium oxide, or magnesium oxide and paraforms in the following ratio of components, in mass parts:

Calcium chloride 20-70 Sodium chloride 70-20 Paraform 0.1-0.3 Ammonium chloride 3-5 Sodium hydroxide 3-5 or calcium oxide 1,5-3 or magnesium oxide 1-2

Distinctive features of the proposed anti-icing composition are:

- the presence in its composition of components of different particle sizes, 0.1-1.2 mm, mainly 0.3-1.0 mm for sodium chloride, 3-7 mm for calcium chloride, providing melting ice formation as on top of the ice cover, with the formation of sodium chloride, and from below, with the formation of a solution of calcium chloride under an ice layer.

- the use of solid, bulk components with a cryohydrate point of the mixture to minus 43 ° C;

- the introduction of components that react in the resulting solution with the release of heat, partially offsetting the cost of heat for melting ice;

- reducing the corrosion properties of the composition by using an inhibitor formed at the time of application of the composition;

- to enhance the adhesion of tires to the road surface in the initial period of application of the composition, before application to the roadway, the composition is mixed with an abrasive with a particle size of 5-15 mm in a ratio of 1: 1-1: 3;

- to reduce the negative impact of the salt composition on the nature and reuse of the abrasive filler after softening the ice formation, the composition is mechanically cleaned from the roadway and transported to a snow melting station.

An important factor in the development of the composition is also an economic factor. The cheapest component used is sodium chloride. Increasing the melting ability of the composition by adding a highly effective component - calcium chloride in the end allows you to reduce the cost of the material, increasing its effectiveness.

The proposed technical solution is illustrated by the following examples.

To determine the thermal effects during the interaction of the compositions with water and ice, the temperatures were determined by mixing samples of the compositions in a mass ratio of 1 part of the composition to 3 parts of ice. Mixing was carried out at an external temperature of plus 20 °, 0 °, minus 10 ° and minus 25 ° C. When mixing, the temperature of the solutions and the completeness of melting of the ice after exposure for 2 hours were controlled. As analogues, liquid samples based on calcium, magnesium and potassium chlorides with VPK-402 inhibitor were tested simultaneously - sample 1 according to patent RU 2318853 and sample 2 based on potassium and sodium acetates with urotropine as a corrosion inhibitor according to patent RU 2285028.

The proposed composition: the samples were prepared by mechanical mixing of the weighed amount of components and sprinkled with the measured amount of water or snow with stirring.

Sample 1

Composition: 65% sodium chloride, 25% calcium chloride, 0.2% paraforma, 4.9% ammonium chloride, 4.9% sodium hydroxide.

Sample 2

Composition: 65% calcium chloride, 25% sodium chloride, 0.2% paraforma, 4.9% ammonium chloride, 4.9% calcium oxide.

Sample 3

Composition: 45% calcium chloride, 45% sodium chloride, 0.2% paraforma, 4.9% ammonium chloride, 4.9% magnesium oxide (base).

Sample 4

Composition: 50% calcium chloride, 50% sodium chloride (control).

Table 1 Change in temperature of solutions in relation to the initial temperature after mixing anti-ice compositions in a ratio of 1: 3 by weight with water and snow Sample No. The initial temperature of the components before mixing, ° C +20 0 (water) 0 (snow) -10 -25 one 0 0 -23 -twenty - 2 0 0 -24 -25 - 3 +32 +4 -21 -10 -5 four +55 +15 -17 -eighteen -22 5 +45 +9.5 -eighteen -16 -fifteen 6 +43 +13 -fifteen -fifteen -16 Pure CaCl ₂ +58 +20 -38 -26 -23 Pure NaCl -1.5 -four -19 -eighteen -

According to the measurement of the temperature of the solutions after mixing with ice and water the anti-ice compositions shown in Table 1, it follows that dry compositions based on calcium and sodium chlorides have a higher melting ability due to the heat of hydration of the salt, which is used up in liquid compositions during their manufacture . This heat partially compensates for the consumed heat of melting of the ice. The temperature of the solutions when mixing the compositions with ice at lower temperatures is higher on dry salts than when using solutions having an ambient temperature.

The thermal effect of hydration (AN) due to the dissolution of calcium chloride is about - 21.75 kcal / mol [www.ugebooks.com/book.81809.chapter.49Kalcjjhtml]. According to the “Chemist's Handbook”, t.3, p.613, 628, Chemistry, M.-L., 1964 [2] the integral heat of hydration of calcium chloride (AN) from CaCl ₂ to CaCl ₂ · 6Н ₂ О is - 35.5 kcal / mol. The integral heat of dissolution of sodium chloride has a positive value of +4.27 kJ / mol (+1.02 - kcal / mol) [1, p. 734] and, therefore, will come with a small heat consumption.

Table 1 in the last two lines shows the temperature of the solutions obtained by dissolving pure salts of sodium chloride and calcium chloride, reflecting this fact. The use of each of these components in anti-icing compositions (AGR) is well known. However, from the patents reviewed, their joint use is given only in A.S. USSR No. 272462, 1970, the aforementioned and two patents US 5599475 (A) dated 02.02.1995 "Melting ice composition and method for its manufacture" and US 4094805 (A) dated 06/13/1978 "Method and composition to prevent damage and destruction paving materials based on cement and asphalt concrete. " In the abstracts of these patents, the ratio of chloride salts is not indicated, but additives of urea, potassium chloride, absorbent, abrasive, such as sand, gravel, slag, respectively, in the first patent and polyglycols in the second, are listed. Compositions are offered both in dry form and diluted with water. It should be noted here that liquid compositions based on a mixture of chloride salts of calcium and sodium cannot be homogeneous at a maximum concentration, especially at temperatures of their use below 0 ° C. This is indicated by the solubility of sodium chloride in a saturated solution of calcium chloride, which is 0.62% at ° C [www.bibliofond.ru/view.]. This will lead to stratification of the composition during storage, problems when filling the composition on the roadway.

From the practical experience of operating vehicles in winter, the most dangerous period for the formation of ice is thaws for roads covered with snow or ice and the formation of snow coasts and ice crusts at temperatures from zero to minus 15-20 ° С. At temperatures below minus 20 ° C, the slip is significantly lower. Based on this, and also taking into account the economic factor in the "Instructions for the protection of the environment in the construction, repair and maintenance of roads, VSN 8-89", Moscow, Minavtodor, 1989, the use of sodium chloride as an anti-icing agent for processing road surfaces is provided . When using liquid reagents, the pour point should not be higher than minus 30 ° C. This requirement ensures readiness for use of the reagent at any time in the middle and European zones of Russia.

In this regard, sodium chloride seems convenient for use up to minus 20 ° С, and to enhance the melting ability and the possibility of using it at lower temperatures up to minus 42 ° С, the composition is supplemented with calcium chloride, the most effective melting component of AHR. However, given the above data on the compatibility of calcium and sodium chloride salts, their effective operation can be ensured if they interact with ice separately. The solution to this problem in the manufacture of the composition was found in that components of different dispersion were used. The dispersion of calcium chloride is 3-7 mm, mainly 5 ± 1.0 mm, and the dispersion of sodium chloride 0.3-1.0 mm, mainly 0.5 ± 0.1 mm. The starting components were mixed mechanically. When applied to the surface of the ice formation of the composition, the following process is observed: large particles of calcium chloride melt the ice crust, forming well-visible holes in the ice crust to a hard surface. Fine sodium chloride remains on the surface of the ice crust, gradually softening it.

Figure 1 schematically depicts the process of melting an ice or knurled crust when applied to its surface in bulk in time: after 1 minute, after 10 minutes, after 30 minutes.

Designation of positions on the figure:

1 - snow roll

2 - sodium chloride powder

3 - granules of calcium chloride

4 - holes fused with granules in the crust

5 - a solution of calcium chloride under the crust

A solution of calcium chloride is formed under a layer of ice or ice on a solid surface of asphalt, which reduces the adhesion of the ice formation to a solid surface. With mechanical action on the ice crust, it is easily destroyed and can be removed with snow removal equipment.

The selected ratios of the main components are determined by the temperature at which the composition will be applied. It is well known that sodium chloride as the most affordable and cheapest product is used up to minus 20 ° C in a eutectic ratio. However, the temperature decreasing upon melting ice freezes the lower layers even more. Large granules of calcium chloride, penetrating under the ice crust, form a solution that separates the ice crust from a solid surface. In this regard, depending on the external temperature, the ratio of the main components is regulated. Table 2 shows the compositions of the proposed composition depending on the ambient temperature at which they are effectively used.

table 2 Recommended AGR formulations for processing depending on ambient temperature Ambient temperature The content of the main components,% mass NaCl CaCl ₂ From 0 to -16 ° C 70 twenty From -13 to -25 ° С 45 45 Below -25 ° C twenty 70

Under production conditions, a basic composition is prepared and stored with a content of basic salts of 45 by 45%, the composition of which is adjusted depending on the external temperature before use. Additionally, the composition contains components for the formation of a corrosion inhibitor in the form of ammonium chloride, calcium or magnesium oxide or sodium hydroxide and paraform in an amount of mainly 4.9, 4.9 and 0.2%, respectively.

When processing ice formations with compositions and mechanically acting on a loosened ice or rolling crust, a loose mixture of salt solution and ice crystals is formed, which are easily removed mechanically. The temperature of onset of ice crystallization at a ratio of composition and water of 1: 2 in the order shown in table 2 are respectively minus 16-18 ° C, minus 26-28 ° C and minus 41-43 ° C.

Most of the anti-icing compositions proposed in the patents include corrosion inhibitors. In particular, in the above patents, a VPK-401 polymeric inhibitor in AGR based on calcium and magnesium chlorides and urotropin in AGR based on potassium and sodium acetates are proposed.

The use of urotropine as an inhibitor of metal corrosion, both individually and in compositions with other substances, is well known [A.V. Altsibaeva, S.Z. Levin. Metal corrosion inhibitors. Pages 30-31, from the "Chemistry", Leningrad branch, 1968]. The best results on the inhibition of metal corrosion using urotropine are noted in acidic environments.

In the proposed composition, urotropin in its pure form is not used, however, components are added from which it can be obtained from the target synthesis from ammonium and formaldehyde [L. Fizer, M. Fizer. Reagents for organic synthesis. Volume 1, p. 189, from Mir, Moscow, 1970].

The question is whether the substances that are the source of the formation of urotropin can exhibit inhibitory properties, or is urotropin itself the inhibitor.

To verify this possibility, tests were carried out on the corrosion effect of the compositions according to GOST 28084-89.

The test results are shown in table 3.

Table 3 The corrosion rate of steel St 20 in solutions of chlorides with the addition of inhibitors. Test duration 130 hours Inhibitor concentration, g / l Temperature, ° С The corrosion rate (mm / year) in the solution of the composition of the following compositions,% (mass.) urotropin

NaCl - 23 CaCl ₂ - 22 NaCl - 11, CaCl ₂ - 12 0 0 twenty 0.0081 0.0030 0.0045 0 0 -10 0.0044 0.0011 0.0028 10 0 twenty 0.0027 0.0027 0.0037 0 3 twenty 0.0031 0.0028 0.0040 0 3 -10 0.0028 0.0027 0.0030 0 5 twenty 0.0025 0.0020 0.0023 0 5 -10 0.0020 0.0018 0.0019 0 10 twenty 0.0018 0.0015 0.0016 0 10 -10 0.0015 0.0012 0.0011 0 fifteen twenty 0.0017 0.0014 0.0014

According to the results shown in table 3, it follows that the use in the composition of the components for the formation of the inhibitor acts in the same way as it would with the introduction of urotropine. Previously, this approach to protecting metals from corrosion was not known. The concentration of inhibitory components of less than 0.3% is ineffective. The content of inhibitors of more than 1.5% does not significantly enhance inhibition. The predominant content of inhibitory components in the range of 1.0 ± 0.1%.

) [H.Hellman, G.Opitz «α - Aminoalkylirung» Verlag Chemie, GMBH, Wenheim/Bergstr, 1960]. Такие частицы способны к адсорбции как на положительно, так и отрицательно заряженной поверхности при поляризации металла. Пассивация происходит промежуточными продуктами в «момент их образования».It is known that the process of inhibiting corrosion is due to the adsorption of active particles on the surface of the metal, preventing its oxidation. The intermediate active products of the formation of urotropin are bipolar carbonium-ammonium ions (

) [H. Hellman, G. Opitz “α - Aminoalkylirung” Verlag Chemie, GMBH, Wenheim / Bergstr, 1960]. Such particles are capable of adsorption on both a positive and negatively charged surface during polarization of the metal. Passivation occurs by intermediate products at the “moment of their formation”.

Ammonium ion is used as a source of ammonium chloride, and calcium or magnesium oxides or sodium alkali are added to bind chlorine. The amount of oxides and alkali is equivalent to the amount of chlorine bound. This process is also accompanied by heat generation, enhancing the melting ability of the compositions ([1], p. 725 and so on). In principle, any base stronger than ammonia is suitable for separating an ammonium ion from a salt of ammonium chloride. The choice of substances used to bind the chlorine ion in the composition is due to purely pragmatic considerations - their availability and economic feasibility. In addition, the selected substances, when binding the chlorine ion, form respectively sodium chloride, calcium chloride or magnesium chloride, which, as the main components, cause a decrease in temperature and freezing of the aqueous solution. Table 1 shows the test results of samples of the composition using the selected neutralizing substances, samples 3, 4, 5. A noticeable effect on the decrease in temperature of the solution from the type of neutralizing component in the concentration used was not detected. In this regard, they are equivalent. The main factor determining the thermal effect is due to the amount of calcium chloride. The substances used also fulfill the function of neutralizing the acid (hydrogen chloride) components.

When processing a pavement with a dispersed composition, the distribution of the composition is not always perfectly uniform. In some areas, excess reagent may be distributed, in others, depleted. In order to ensure sufficient adhesion of the wheels to the road, an abrasive in the form of crushed gravel with a dispersion of 5-15 mm in a ratio of 1: 1-1: 3 is additionally added to the composition. Mixing the composition with the abrasive is carried out in the hopper of a combined road machine (KDM). The use of an abrasive can not only increase adhesion to the road, but also when accelerating the abrasive through an ice crust to accelerate its melting.

The traditional composition of the sand-salt mixture and other compositions with a finely divided abrasive filler such as slag, rubble chips and others with a particle size of up to 1-1.5 mm are not very suitable for reuse. In urban conditions, fine sand accumulates at the curb and is washed off into storm sewers. On long-distance routes, sand accumulates on the sidelines. In both cases, the collection and reuse of fine filler is an impossible task for existing technology.

From experience with the use of abrasive filler, it was found that the optimal particle size should be commensurate with the thickness of the ice or rolling formation, which requires processing with reagents. Optimally, the thickness of the treated layer should not exceed 3 cm. With a larger thickness of the run, snow removal equipment is initially used, and, first of all, this circumstance determines the amount of reagent consumed.

The selected ratio of salt and abrasive components ranging from 1: 1 to 1: 3, mainly 1: 2, was determined by the basis of sufficiency and optimality for use at a temperature of minus 20 ° C with an average thickness of 2 cm. The results of using the proposed composition are given in the examples presented below showed that after processing the roadway with the composition under these conditions, cleaning along the trail of vehicles occurs after 25-30 minutes, along the width of processing - after 2 hours. The use of a relatively coarse abrasive component makes it possible to collect softened snow-crushed stone mass from a road dense for removal and reuse of crushed stone.

Examples of use of the composition

Example 1: 200 kg of sodium chloride (GOST 4233-77), 200 kg of two-water calcium chloride (GOST 450-78), 16 kg of ammonium chloride (GOST 2210-76) are sequentially loaded into a dry mixer with a volume of 0.5 m ³ (type of concrete mixer) ), 6 kg of magnesium oxide (GOST 4525-77) and 0.8 kg of paraform (TU 6-09-3208-78) (basic composition). The components are mixed for 15 minutes and the mixture is loaded in bulk into the front of the KDM hopper. In the back of the hopper load 500 kg of classified crushed crushed stone with a grain size of 10-12 mm (GOST 25137-82).

The composition is scattered on the roadway at the rate of 100 g per 1 m ² and treated with 900 m of roadway.

Working conditions: temperature minus 19 ° С, wind 3-5 m / s, clear, snowy run from 2 to 4 cm thick.

After 30 minutes, the treated area was completely cleared of snow on the track of the movement of cars. After 2 hours, the plot was cleaned to the width of the treatment. Then the site was cleaned with a harvesting machine with the collection of snow mass and gravel. The collected mass is transported to a snow melting station for reuse of crushed stone.

Example 2. Processing bridge. Prepare the basic composition of the composition according to example 1 without adding abrasive in an amount of 200 kg at the rate of 40 g / m ² composition.

Test conditions: it is clear, the temperature is minus 25 ° С, the wind is 5-7 m / s, the section of the bridge over the Kama River near the village of Sorochi Gory of the Kazan-Orenburg highway and the long descent from the mountain. The date of testing is 02.26.2012, time is 11 hours of the day.

Coating condition: snow roll 1-3 cm thick.

The observation period is 2 hours. Test Results:

The treated area along the track of the movement of vehicles was completely cleared of rolling after 25-27 minutes. Outside the trace, the crust became porous with a sublayer of solution.

The crust is easily mechanically crushed.

Note: at the same time two compositions of other manufacturers were tested. It is noted that the tested composition has a shorter response period than others tested in parallel. One of the factors that are considered when developing new AGR compositions is the environmental impact of reagents on nature. Considering the reduction of harmful effects on the environment, compositions based on formates, acetates, sodium glycolates, potassium, with the addition of urea, phosphates, nitrates and other substances are proposed. However, by and large, the long-term impact of any less or more aggressive component on nature will definitely harm the environment. In this regard, one of the main methods to reduce any damage in the proposed method of application provides for mandatory cleaning of the reagent together with the snow mass from the carriageway after softening the snowfall. This condition must also be observed because when using an abrasive filler, it must be returned for reuse.

It is well known that intense destruction of the roadway occurs during the off-season, when the temperature changes during the day from positive to negative and vice versa. At the same time, the roadway is covered with water or melting snow, which, under the influence of a moving vehicle, is intensively washed away by hydroblows in places of local damage to the roadway. The use of AGR objectively lengthens in time the periods of liquid moisture on the roadway, thereby increasing the destructive loads on the road. Places with an appropriate climate are known in the world, where the road surface has been used for decades without repair. This factor, in addition to the environmental one, necessitates cleaning the anti-icing composition from the roadway after use.

Claims (5)

1. An anti-icing composition comprising calcium chloride, sodium chloride, a corrosion inhibitor, characterized in that the composition contains paraform, ammonium salts and an alkaline earth or alkali metal oxide or hydroxide in the following ratio, wt%:
Calcium chloride 20-70 Sodium chloride 70-20 Paraform 0.1-0.3 Ammonium chloride 3-5 Sodium hydroxide 3-5 or calcium oxide 1,5-3 or magnesium oxide 1-2 2. The anti-icing composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains chloride salts of calcium and sodium of different particle sizes. 3. The anti-icing composition according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the granule size of the salt with a lower cryohydrate point (calcium chloride) is in the range of 3-7 mm, and the particle size with a higher cryohydrate point (sodium chloride) is in the range of 0 , 3-1.0 mm. 4. The anti-icing composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises an abrasive material in the form of crushed rocks or crushed stone with a dispersion of 5-15 mm. 5. Anti-icing composition according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the ratio of the mixture of salts and abrasive filler is 1: 1-1: 3.

Images