RU2505512C1 - Method of production of humus-containing component of organo-mineral fertilisers and soil substrates - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of production of humus-containing component of organo-mineral fertilisers and soil substrates comprises the use of humus-containing substance and crushed serpentinite, and humus-containing substance is used as liquid from the group: natural water of peat lakes; surface water flowing out of bogs; surface water flowing out of peat deposits, the specified liquid is passed through a filter column containing a layer of crushed serpentinite in the form of granules with size of 0.15-5-2 mm, carrying out the humus sorbing on the surface of the granules, then the said serpentinite with humus adsorbed by it is discharged from the filter column, and after drying, the resulting product is directed to the output of the process.

EFFECT: invention enables to simplify the technology, to reduce the labour intensity and power consumption of the technological process.

9 cl, 2 dwg, 1 tbl, 3 ex

Description

The invention relates to the production of means intended for use in agriculture, and more particularly to the production of fertilizers, ameliorants and artificial soil, and in particular to a method for producing a humus-containing component for use in organic fertilizers or soil substrates.

Organomineral fertilizers are becoming increasingly involved in agrochemical practice, mainly humic fertilizers consisting of organic matter and chemically or adsorption-mineral compounds associated with it. Organomineral fertilizers are obtained by treating humic acids or materials containing them (peat, brown coals, silts, shales, humus) with ammonia, ammonia solutions of phosphates, phosphoric acid, potassium salts. Organomineral fertilizers have different composition and names: humophos, humophoska, peat-ammonia fertilizers (TAU), peat-mineral-ammonia fertilizers (TMAU), humates of sodium, ammonium and others (L.F. Melnikova. Organomineral fertilizers. Theory and practice of them production and application / St. Petersburg: publishing house SPbSPU, 2007. - 306 p. [1]). Humic substances participate in soil structure formation, the accumulation of nutrients and trace elements in a form accessible to plants, the regulation of geochemical metal flows in water and soil ecosystems (see I.V. Perminova. Analysis, classification and prediction of the properties of humic acids. Dissertation for the degree doctors of chemical sciences. M., Moscow State University, 2000, 359 pp. [2]).

Common sources of humic substances are brown coal, sapropel, but peat is the main most affordable and cheapest source. Known, for example, is a method for producing complex organomineral fertilizer (RF patent No. 2184103, publ. 06/27/2002 [3]), which includes the manufacture of granules from mineral fertilizers and alkali metal humate, which is released by alkaline extraction with sodium or potassium carbonates at elevated temperature from a humus-containing substance. In this method, the mineral fertilizer is preheated to a melting point, after which an alkali metal humate is introduced into it in the form of an aqueous solution, and then the melt is subjected to granulation; lowland milled peat or brown coal is used as a humus-containing substance, and urea, or ammonium nitrate, or ammophos, or diammonium phosphate, or ammonium sulfate, or nitrophosphate is used as a mineral fertilizer.

The main disadvantage of the method [3], as well as other similar methods that make it possible to obtain liquid and solid compositions listed in [1], is their high cost associated with the extraction of humic substances and their chemical redistributions associated with the chemical activation of humus.

To reduce the cost of obtaining organic fertilizers through the use of various natural materials, agricultural and industrial wastes, as well as to give the obtained fertilizers the properties of ameliorants that improve soil structure, technologies are often used to produce organic mineral composite fertilizers that contain non-activated humus-containing materials and additionally include natural minerals. Such composites can also be used as soil substrates, they contain components that together or separately provide moisture retention, good drainage properties in water and high porosity for air access, ion-exchange capacity for holding and transporting nutrient ions to plant roots. In many cases, they also ensure that certain pH ranges are maintained that are optimal for growing different crops, in particular for the best absorption of nutrients (see, for example, Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production, EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin, University of Maryland Extension, 2011, pp253-263, 277-290 [4]).

The technologies of the above group include, in particular, the method of producing a mineral-organic complex fertilizer containing quartz-glauconite sands, sapropelic mass and chalk (RF patent No. 2189959 (publ. September 27, 2002) [5]). There is also known a method according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2151757 (publ. 27.06.2000) [6], in accordance with which receive fertilizer, including brown coal, peat, calcium-containing component and mineral fertilizers. Out-of-furnace dust is used as a calcium-containing component - waste from cement production, and phosphate rock, potash and urea are used as mineral fertilizers.

In addition, there are a large number of methods for producing compositions based on peat and mineral fertilizers, which can be used as ready-made soil substrates.

So, in: Beckett K. Plants under glass. - M .: Mir, 1992, p. 88 [7] describes a method by which a soil substrate is prepared for growing tomatoes, consisting of a mixture of 3 parts of peat, 1 part of sand, 30 g of lime per 10 liters of this mixture and the same amount mixtures - 30 g of weakly basic fertilizer "John Innes" (2 parts of superphosphate, 2 parts of bone meal and 1 part of potassium sulfate). According to the method according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2179798 (publ. February 27, 2002) [8] a peat substrate for tomatoes is prepared, which contains up to 11% by weight of dolomite flour, up to 6% chalk, 0.2-0.4% sulfate magnesium, as well as up to 2% of Kemira-Super fertilizer (N - 11; P ₂ O ₅ - 24; K ₂ O - 24; S - 6.2 %% and a set of trace elements with a high Fe content of 0.5 %, B - 0.08%, Cu - 1%, Mn - 0.4%, Zn - 0.2%, Mo - 0.1%). In accordance with the method according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 20133942 (publ. June 15, 1994) [9] a substrate is prepared by mixing peat with lime, mineral fertilizers and micronutrient fertilizers, while additionally 4 to 20 kg of natural zeolite per 100 kg are added to it substrate.

The use of peat in accordance with methods [6] - [9] can significantly reduce costs and makes it more affordable to obtain organic fertilizers - ameliorants, as well as soil substrates. However, the disadvantages of fertilizers and soil substrates obtained by these methods are also associated with this: together with peat, weed plants and their seeds, as well as pathogenic bacteria, can enter organic fertilizers and soil substrates; peat has significant buffering acidity, which imposes restrictions on the properties of fertilizers and natural minerals used in terms of maintaining favorable pH values for growing various crops.

Widely known methods for producing fertilizers using a natural mineral - serpentinite, and in most cases, serpentinite is used as a magnesium-containing component of the fertilizer produced, to which other useful components are added (such as potassium, phosphorus, trace elements, in particular, contained in drilling water, etc. ), see, for example: USSR author's certificate No. 245144 (publ. 06/04/1969) [10]; RF patent No. 2046785 (publ. 27.10.1995) [11]; RF patent No. 21511132 (publ. 07.05.1999) [12]. Moreover, in all of the mentioned inventions, serpentinite is fired at a temperature of about 600-800 ° C, which, as explained in the documents [11], [12], aims to activate its surface, in contrast to methods in which serpentinite is not exposed to high temperature (for example, RF patent No. 2289559, publ. 10.10.2005 [13]). In contrast to the methods [10] - [13], in the fertilizer obtained according to the method according to Taiwan patent No. 574176 (publ. 2004.02.01) [14], serpentinite is used as such, without additives, but after processing, including grinding, adding water, ball forming and sintering at high temperature. This method, as well as methods [10] - [13] is characterized by high costs of heat treatment. In the method for producing magnesium-containing fertilizer according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2411223 (publ. 01.10.2009) [15] the heat treatment is replaced by the treatment with sulfuric acid with a mass of approximately equal to the mass of serpentinite, as a result of which the latter decomposes. However, the presence of acid treatment makes the production of fertilizers environmentally hazardous.

The specific use of serpentinite in fertilizer production is also known, when it is used not as their component, but as a catalyst during the technological process (Japanese patent No. 2508413, publ. 06/19/1996 [16]). In the method [16], a humus-containing fertilizer is obtained as a result of the humification of mature compost with the propagation of soil microorganisms in the presence of serpentinite or minerals related to it in an extremely small amount - of the order of hundredths of a percent. At the output of the process, a liquid product is obtained enriched with said microorganisms and freed from the solid phase, which contains, among other things, said serpentinite or other minerals.

There are a number of methods for producing products that can be used both as fertilizers and as soil substrates containing humic substances. These methods are based on the conversion of biomass (manure, bird droppings, sawdust, wood bark, sewage solids, separated household waste, etc.). The specified conversion is carried out either through natural processes, improved by creating more favorable conditions for them (European patent No. 0356816, publ. 05/20/1992 [17]; RF patent No. 2051136, publ. 12/25/1995 [18]), or by applying crops microorganisms for the intensification of these processes (RF patent No. 2186753, publ. 08/10/2002 [19]), or using chemical means of influence (French patent No. 2705191, publ. 08.11.1995 [20]; German patent application No. 3419048, publ. 11.28.1985 [21]; copyright certificate of Czechoslovakia No. 220601, publ. 15.12.1985 [22]; p Polish patent No. 156587, published on March 31, 1992 [23]).

A common feature of the methods of this group is that they are all associated with the need to collect and deliver to the place of production of one or another suitable waste and reagents, by mass significantly exceeding the product to be obtained, or with the need to organize production directly at the places of generation of such waste. This feature creates obvious difficulties for the implementation of economically feasible large-scale production. The products obtained through these methods are usually characterized by an insufficient content of certain mineral components, which, however, can easily be compensated by directly adding them to the products obtained or by applying directly to the soil during the life cycle of the crops grown.

The closest to the proposed method according to the author's certificate of the USSR No. 1409167 (publ. 15.07.1988) [24]. Upon receipt of the product by this method, both a humus-containing substance and serpentinite are used (in [24] it is called serpentine taken from a quarry). At the same time, pig manure is used as a humus-containing substance. The method also uses potassium-substituted zeolite, which is obtained by treatment with a solution of potassium chloride tuff containing natural zeolite - clinoptilolite, with vigorous stirring. Then the mixture of potassium-substituted zeolite and pork manure is heated to 100-105 ° C and further stirred at this temperature, after which crushed serpentinite and sludge from the electrolytic production of manganese dioxide are added. In the finished dry product, the share of serpentinite is 5-20%, the share of manure is 39-47%, approximately the same proportion of potassium substituted zeolite and 1-1.5% are sludge from the electrolytic production of manganese dioxide.

This method relates to the above with respect to the methods according to patent documents [17] - [23] that the resulting product can be considered both as a component of fertilizer or soil substrate, to which other useful components can be added, and as finished fertilizer or soil substrate used in agricultural production with the subsequent addition of such components directly to the soil. However, the above applies to the difficulties of organizing production and other features inherent in the methods [17] - [23]. It should also be noted the indicated need for heating to 100-105 ° C and multi-stage mixing, which complicates the process and increases its energy intensity. However, this method allows to obtain a product with good nutritional properties. It is favorably distinguished by the presence of serpentinite, which, as is known, contributes to a decrease in soil acidity, an improvement in its structure and drainage properties. However, serpentinite is contained in the product obtained according to this method, in the above-mentioned insignificant amount, which prevents them from showing such an effect. At the same time, the use of serpentinite together with manure that has acidic properties additionally eliminates the ability of serpentinite to influence the decrease in soil acidity.

The present invention is aimed at obtaining a technical result, which consists in simplifying the technology, reducing the complexity and energy intensity of the technological process, as well as in reducing the cost of the resulting product both due to the above factors and through the use of a natural humus-containing substance, for which no process is required Any processing and which does not need either accumulation or storage. Below, when disclosing the essence of the invention and considering examples of its implementation and use of the resulting product, other types of achieved technical result will be named.

In the proposed method for producing a humus-containing component of organomineral fertilizers and soil substrates, as in the method closest to it [24], a humus-containing substance and ground serpentinite are used.

In contrast to the closest known method [24], in the method according to the invention, in order to achieve the technical result mentioned above, a liquid from the group is used as a humus-containing substance: natural waters of peat lakes; surface water flowing out of swamps; surface waters flowing out of peat deposits (hereinafter, for the sake of brevity, the designation "natural peat water" is used for any of these waters). The specified liquid is passed through a column with a filter loading layer formed by crushed serpentinite in the form of granules with a size of 0.15 ÷ 2 mm, while sorbing humus on the surface of the granules. Then the filter column is unloaded, and after drying the unloaded serpentinite load with humus sorbed by it, the resulting product is transferred to the output of the process.

In combination with the use of the abundant natural mineral serpentinite, the use of natural peat water as a humus-containing substance, as well as the completely passive nature of the filtration process, determines the low cost of the resulting product. Serpentinite raw materials are completely transferred to the resulting product and constitute its basis. The method requires neither mixing, nor other mechanical effects on the components used, nor the use of elevated temperature. Drying the filter media with adsorbed humus can be done outdoors. The production carried out in accordance with this method is perfect for its staff and absolutely harmless to the environment.

The resulting product is convenient for storage, packaging and transportation, as well as for practical use in agriculture with the addition, if necessary, of other mineral components or for use directly as a fertilizer or soil substrate. As a component of a fertilizer or soil substrate, the product not only contains humic and mineral nutrients in a form assimilated by plants, but also helps to neutralize excess soil acidity. In addition, serpentinite, which is part of the resulting product, has bactericidal properties. The product is at the same time a good reclamant due to the properties of ground serpentinite, which forms its basis, which helps to improve the soil structure and its drainage properties, increase water retention (due to the high content of micro and nanopores in serpentinite) and create a favorable water-air regime for plants. The product can be used independently as a fertilizer or soil substrate. The effectiveness of the product obtained by the proposed method in this quality, as well as in the composition of fertilizers and soil substrates with the addition of other ingredients described below, is confirmed by the results of experimental verification of its use below.

This efficiency is due to the high sorption activity of serpentinite in relation to humic substances dissolved or suspended in water, established by the authors, which eliminates the need to activate its surface by high-temperature heat treatment or treatment with strong acid, which is inherent in the methods of patents [10] - [12], [15] .

Natural peat waters may contain up to 200 mg / l or more of humus, including sparingly soluble and insoluble humic acids and their derivatives, forming suspensions, and dissolved fulvic acids and their derivatives (see [2], as well as G.M. . Varshal, TK Veluhanova, I. Ya. Koshcheeva. The geochemical role of humic acids in the migration of elements. In the collection "Humic substances in the biosphere". M.: Nauka, 1993 [25]). In this case, the humus located in such waters, as a rule, is already activated and is substantially in the form of salts, for example, ammonium salts, which simultaneously ensures the presence of nitrogen in the resulting product. As established by the authors, serpentinite is capable of extraction from natural peat waters and the binding of large quantities of humic substances: up to 10 mass percent in relation to serpentinite. That is what allows the proposed method to use such a cheap and affordable source material as natural peat water. It is most advisable to use liquids of crushed serpentinite in the form of granules with sizes of at least 0.15 mm and no more than 2 mm for filtering natural peat water. Filtration is carried out in columns containing a layer formed by such serpentinite.

The use of granular serpentinite with granules of more than 2 mm is impractical due to a decrease in its surface and a decrease in the rate of sorption of humic substances, which leads to a decrease in their accumulation in the resulting product and a decrease in the efficiency of the latter when growing crops. The use of serpentinite with granule sizes less than 0.15 mm in columns is impractical due to a sharp increase in hydraulic resistance and a decrease in the filtration rate.

To improve the properties of the obtained product, additional components can be introduced into it, in particular materials containing calcium and phosphorus. It is advisable to use bone meal, phosphorite or apatite flour as such materials, up to 20 weight percent of which are mixed with the dried filtration charge (calculated on dry components). Adding more than 20% of materials containing calcium and phosphorus to the product is impractical, since a further increase in their share does not lead to an improvement in the properties of the resulting fertilizer or substrate.

Further improvement of the properties of the obtained product can also be achieved by introducing into it up to 25% by weight of the natural zeolite - clinoptilolite, previously converted to K-form. Adding more than 25% clinoptilolite in the K-form to the product is impractical, since an excess potassium content does not lead to an improvement in the properties of the fertilizer or substrate.

Up to 0.5% nitrates and up to 1% soluble phosphates can also be added to the resulting product.

In addition, up to 2% of complex fertilizers containing macro - and microcomponents can be added to the resulting product.

The addition of nitrates, soluble phosphates and complex fertilizers to the product is aimed at accelerating the development of plants in the initial stage. The main amount of nitrate nitrogen in the steady-state stationary mode of operation of the product will be provided by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Therefore, the introduction of nitrates, soluble phosphates or complex fertilizers in the specified amount into the product is sufficient.

An additional introduction to the resulting product of the above components in the implementation of the proposed method can be carried out either individually or in various combinations, depending on the conditions of the intended use.

The proposed method is illustrated by the following drawings and examples of its implementation, as well as experimental data, including those obtained using the product produced in accordance with the method in experimental agricultural production.

Figure 1 shows the output curve of the sorption of humic substances on granular serpentinite, namely the relative concentration of C / Co of humic substances in the outgoing liquid, depending on its volume V. Column loading 5 g of a granulated sorbent with granule sizes 0.8 ÷ 1.2 mm . The capacity of serpentinite corresponds to the hatched area and is 0.08 g / g, or 8% by weight. The initial humus-containing liquid is the natural peat water of the Moscow region.

Figure 2 shows the installation diagram for implementing the proposed method.

The installation includes two open-type filtering column apparatuses 7 and 8, equipped with devices for mechanical tipping and unloading of granular serpentinite, a piping system 2, 4, 11 with valves 5, 6, 9, 10 and pump 3. In addition, the installation includes a device not shown drawing auxiliary equipment: a trolley for unloading of serpentinite saturated with humus and its delivery to the drying platform and a conveyor for feeding a new portion of granular serpentinite to the filtering apparatus.

The proposed method is as follows. Liquid is continuously taken from a natural humus-containing water source 1 by means of a pipe 2 by a pump 3 and, through a pipe 4, through valves 5 or 6, it is supplied to the filtering apparatus 7 or 8, respectively. The waste liquid is discharged through valves 9 or 10 through a pipe 11 to a remote site point. Devices 7 and 8 are used to saturate serpentinite with humus in turn. While an initial humus-containing liquid is passed through one of the filtering apparatuses, operations are carried out to unload the serpentinite saturated with humic substances and loading a fresh portion of granular serpentinite into another apparatus.

The method can be implemented using a simpler installation, containing only one device from those shown in Fig.2. However, the performance in this case is lower due to interruptions in filtration during unloading and loading of the apparatus. When implementing the method according to examples 1 and 2 below, such a simpler installation was used.

Example 1

A. After 1 ton of granular serpentinite with a grain size of 0.8 ÷ 1.5 mm in the filter column at a speed of 5 m ³ / h for 10 days, the drainage water of the peat deposit was continuously passed. The purified water was returned to the relief at a distance of not less than 200 m from the sampling point for repeated seasonal saturation with humic substances.

B. Serpentinite was discharged from the column, the latter was filled with fresh loading of serpentinite and the process of humus accumulation was continued.

B. The discharged serpentinite was dried in air (under a blown canopy) to obtain Product 1 in an amount of 1.2 tons (taking into account the associated residual moisture). As a result of the determination of organic substances in it, the content of the last 11% by weight was established.

G. Product 1 was mixed with 250 kg of bone meal and received Product 2, a total of 1.45 tons, with a content of 17.2% of bone meal.

D. Product 2 was mixed with 250 kg of air-dried granular zeolite - clinoptilolite, previously converted to K-form in a column by passing a solution of potassium chloride. Received 1700 kg of Product 3 of the following composition:

 serpentinite - 58.8%;

 organic matter - humus (mainly in ammonium form) - 7.6%;

 bone meal - 14.7%;

 zeolite in potassium form -14.7%.

E. Product 3 was injected with 30 kg nitroammophoski. Received 1730 kg of Product 4 with a content of 1.75% soluble fertilizer.

Example 2

The process was carried out as described in example 1, paragraphs A-D, except that when performing the operation according to item D, the same amount of phosphate rock was used instead of bone meal. Received respectively Products 2A and 3A.

Example 3

We checked the effectiveness of the obtained Products: 1, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 as fertilizer and ameliorant in the same experimental plots with acidic peat soil (floodplain of the Neznayka River in the Moscow Region) allocated for the cultivation of the Sport lawn grass, and as soil substrates in a greenhouse for growing cucumbers in identical trays. The effectiveness of the products was determined by the number of shoots of grass per unit area and the average total yield per season from one bush, ceteris paribus. The test results presented in the table below indicate the high efficiency of the products, due to the features of the proposed method for their preparation.

The product of the method according to the invention can be used in agriculture for intensive crop production, including the production of fertilizers and nutritious soils for growing vegetable crops, as well as seedlings of these crops in greenhouses and greenhouses. In addition, it can be used to enrich poor soils, especially acidic soils, as well as for the restoration of degraded soils in closed and open soils. An important feature of the proposed method, in contrast to existing technologies involving the use of peat and its derivatives, is that the collection of peat water, its purification and return for subsequent saturation with humic compounds does not violate the natural ecosystem.

Information sources

1. L.F. Melnikova. Organomineral fertilizers. Theory and practice of their preparation and application / St. Petersburg: publishing house SPbSPU, 2007. - 306 p.

2. I.V. Perminova. Analysis, classification and prediction of the properties of humic acids. The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Chemical Sciences. M., Moscow State University, 2000, 359 pp.

3. RF patent No. 2184103, publ. 06/27/2002.

4. Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production, EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin, University of Maryland Extension, 2011, p. P. 253-263, 277-290.

5. RF patent No. 2189959, publ. 09/27/2002.

6. RF patent 2151757, publ. 06/27/2000.

7. K. Beckett. Plants under the glass. - M .: Mir, 1992, p. 88.

8. RF patent No. 2179798, publ. 02/27/2002.

9. RF patent 2013942, publ. 06/15/1994.

10. USSR Copyright Certificate No. 245144, publ. 06/04/1969.

11. RF patent No. 2046785, publ. 10/27/1995.

12. RF patent No. 21511132, publ. 05/07/1999.

13. RF patent No. 2289559, publ. 10/10/2005.

14. Taiwan Patent No. 574176, publ. 2004.02.01.

15. RF patent No. 2411223, publ. 01.10.2009.

16. Japanese Patent No. 2508413, publ. 06/19/1996.

17. European patent No. 0356816, publ. 05/20/1992.

18. RF patent No. 2051136, publ. 12/25/1995.

19. RF patent No. 2186753, publ. 08/10/2002.

20. French patent No. 2709519, publ. 11/08/1995.

21. Patent application of Germany No. 3419048, publ. 28.11.1985.

22. Copyright certificate of Czechoslovakia No. 220601, publ. 12/15/1985.

23. Patent of Poland No. 156587, publ. 03/31/1992.

24. Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 1409167, publ. 07/15/1988.

25. G.M. Varshal, T.K. Veliukhanova, I.Ya. Koshcheeva. The geochemical role of humic acids in the migration of elements. On Sat "Humic substances in the biosphere." M .: Nauka, 1993.

Claims (9)

1. A method of obtaining a humus-containing component of organomineral fertilizers and soil substrates, including the use of a humus-containing substance and ground serpentinite, characterized in that the liquid from the group: natural waters of peat lakes is used as a humus-containing substance; surface water flowing out of swamps; surface water flowing out of peat deposits, the specified liquid is passed through a filter column containing a layer of crushed serpentinite in the form of granules with a size of 0.15 ÷ 2 mm, sorbing humus on the surface of the granules, then the specified serpentinite is unloaded from the filter column with humus sorbed by it and after drying it directs the resulting product to the output of the process. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that up to 20% by weight of bone meal, phosphorite or apatite flour is additionally added to the resulting product. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that up to 25% by weight of the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, previously converted to K-form, is additionally added to the resulting product. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that up to 0.5% nitrates and up to 1% soluble phosphates are added to the resulting product by weight. 5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that up to 2% by weight of complex fertilizers containing macro- and microcomponents are additionally added to the resulting product. 6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that up to 0.5% nitrates and up to 1% soluble phosphates by weight are further added to the resulting product. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that up to 2% by weight of complex fertilizers containing macro- and microcomponents are additionally added to the resulting product. 8. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that up to 2% by weight of complex fertilizers containing macro- and microcomponents are additionally added to the resulting product. 9. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that up to 2% by weight of complex fertilizers containing macro- and microcomponents are additionally added to the resulting product.

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