RU2499661C2 - Cutting hydroabrasive device - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: process engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to abrasive-jet machining. Proposed device comprises cutting tool, fluid flow channel and that for suspension flow including suspended abrasive particles, first fluid flow energizer and second suspension flow energiser. Said energisers can be selectively activated. Said cutting tool can mix aforesaid fluid and suspension flows. Portion of power supplied from said energisers is transformed in cutting tool into kinetic power to create high-rate mix of fluid and suspension.

EFFECT: alternated cutting start/stop at high degree of accuracy without notable delays and fast wear of equipment.

10 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the cutting (for example, metals) of jets of liquid containing involved abrasive particles.

State of the art

The use of high-speed water jets with involved abrasive particles for cutting materials has been known since 1980. Two types of water-jet cutting systems are known: GAR waterjet cutting systems (AWJ) and ACP abrasive slurry cutting systems (ASJ). In systems GAR (AWJ), water is usually fed into the nozzle under very high pressure (about 150-600 MPa). Figure 1 shows a typical nozzle 10 system GAR (AWJ). The nozzle 10 comprises an opening 12 of small diameter (0.2-0.4 mm) in communication with the mixing chamber 14. Thus, water flows through the mixing chamber 14 at a high speed.

Small grains of abrasive material, usually garnet, are fed into the chamber, usually by gravity, through the feed hopper 16. The high flow rate 18 of the water causes the Venturi effect, as a result of which the abrasive material is drawn into the stream of water.

Then a stream of water flows through a segment of the tube, referred to as the focusing tube 20. As water and abrasive pass through the focusing tube, the abrasive particles are accelerated in the direction of the water flow. Then, the focused water jet 22 exits through the outlet 24 of the focusing tube. A jet of water 22, or rather accelerated abrasive particles can be used to cut materials, such as metal.

Significant energy losses can occur between the hole 12 and the outlet 24 of the focusing tube 20 of the nozzle 10.

The kinetic energy of the water is lost when the abrasive material is accelerated, as well as when the air captured by the Venturi effect is accelerated. "Bouncing abrasive particles from the walls of the focusing tube 20 causes significant friction losses in the tube. This leads to energy losses due to heat generation and, in addition, to the wear of the focusing tube, which usually requires replacement after about 40 hours of operation.

Thus, the well-known GAR systems (AWJ) are extremely inefficient.

In ASR systems, two fluid streams are mixed, a fluid stream (usually water) and a slurry stream. A suspension is a suspension of abrasive particles. Both liquid streams are under pressure from about 50 to 100 MPa, and merge to form one stream. The combined stream is pushed with force through a hole with a diameter of, as a rule, of the order of 1.0-2.0 mm, forming a water stream with abrasive particles involved.

ASR systems (ASJ) do not have the drawbacks inherent in AWJ systems, since they do not cause energy loss as a result of mixing of two flows under pressure. However, known ACP systems (ASJs) have limited industrial value. Part of the reason for this is that ASJ systems operate at significantly lower pressures and speeds than AWG systems, which limits the amount of materials that can be cut using such systems.

The operation of ASR (ASJ) systems also raises significant problems, mainly due to the presence of an abrasive slurry under pressure in the system, and also due to the lack of effective means to ensure control of its flow characteristics. Elements of the system that carry out the injection, transportation and flow control of the abrasive slurry wear out very quickly. The degree of wear increases with increasing pressure, thus limiting the pressure at which normal operation of ASR (ASJ) systems is possible.

Even more significant problems are the practical difficulties that arise when starting and stopping an abrasive stream under pressure. When using a water cutting jet, for example, for machining, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of frequent starting and stopping on demand. In the ACP system (ASJ), this will require closing a valve that shuts off the flow of abrasive under pressure. Valves used in this way are very susceptible to wear. Obviously, when closing the valve, the cross-sectional area of the flow decreases to zero. As a result of this reduction in the flow cross-sectional area, the flow rate increases during valve closure, which leads to an increase in local valve wear.

When working with industry-standard numerical control (CNC) machines, it may be necessary to alternate between starting and stopping the cutting device. This means frequent opening and closing of valves that control the flow of abrasive flow under pressure and, as a result, rapid wear of these valves. Based on the foregoing, the use of ASR (ASJ) systems in the processing of materials on a CNC machine is considered impractical.

ACP systems (ASJ) are used in industry, for example, in oil and gas installations and underwater cutting, where long-time cutting is required. ACP systems (ASJ) are not used on an industrial scale for industrial processing on CNC machines.

2a and 2b schematically show known ACP systems (ASJs). In the basic single-jet system 30 shown in FIG. 2 a, the high pressure water pump 32 drives the floating piston 34. The piston 34 causes an increase in pressure in the abrasive slurry 36 and pumps it into the cutting nozzle 38.

Figure 2b illustrates a simple two-jet system 40. The water coming from the pump 32 is divided into two streams, one of which is used to increase pressure and pump the slurry stream 36 through the floating piston 34 in the same way as in the single-jet system 30. The other directional a stream 35 of water is mixed with a stream 37 of the suspension under pressure at the junction in front of the cutting nozzle 38.

Both of these systems have the disadvantages described above, which leads to very significant valve wear. Another problem is the uneven cutting speed due to significant wear on the tubes and nozzle.

In US patent No. 4707952 (author - Krasnov (Krasnoff)) another design is proposed. Schematically, the design of the system 50 proposed by Krasnov is shown in Fig. 3a.

The Krasnov system is similar to the two-jet system 40, differing in that the mixing of the water jet 35 and the suspension stream 37 takes place in the mixing chamber 52 in the cutting nozzle 38.

In more detail, the mixing chamber 52 Krasnova shown in fig.3b. Nozzle 38 allows two-stage acceleration. First, the water stream 35 and the suspension stream 37 are accelerated through independent nozzles leading to the mixing chamber 52. Then, the mixed water and abrasive stream is accelerated through the terminal outlet 54.

The Krasnov system is designed to operate at a pressure of about 16 MPa, which is significantly lower than in other ASR (ASJ) systems. Due to this, the flow of slurry 37 has a damaging effect on the valves, but still does not lead to such significant wear as in systems of higher pressure. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the output power of the Krasnov system is even lower than that of other ASR systems, and therefore the possibilities for its industrial application are small. The applicant is not aware of any commercial use of the Krasnov system.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a system for creating a high pressure water jet with abrasive particles involved, in which at least partially some of the aforementioned disadvantages of the GAP (AWJ) and ACP (ASJ) systems are eliminated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method that combines many of the advantages of GAR systems (AWJ) and ACP systems (ASJ), while eliminating some of the disadvantages of each system.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a high pressure cutting device comprising a channel for a fluid stream and a channel for a stream of slurry containing abrasive particles suspended in a liquid, and there is a first energy means supplying energy to the liquid stream and a second energy means supplying energy to the stream suspension, and both of these energy means are configured to be selectively actuated, the fluid flow and the suspension flow are mixed in a cutting tool, at least a portion of the supplied energy is converted into kinetic energy in the cutting tool to create a high-speed flow of a mixture of liquid and suspension. The use of individual energy means allows you to control the flow of flows in the system.

Preferably, the energy supplied by the first energy means is supplied by a pump, and even more preferably a constant-pressure pump, which pressurizes the fluid flow. Similarly, the energy supplied by the second energy means is preferably also supplied by a pump, and even more preferably by a constant flow pump. In such a design, the speed and volume of the mixed flow are controlled by controlling the pressure of the constant pressure pump, while the flow rate of the abrasive material is set independently by controlling the flow rate of the pump with a constant flow rate. Thus, a simple regulation of the energy of the system or the ratio of liquid / abrasive is provided. In an alternative design, one pump may supply energy to the first and second energy means.

In a preferred embodiment, the constant-pressure pump drives a floating piston, which in turn pressurizes the suspension stream. In this embodiment, a valve may be arranged between the pump and the floating piston, capable of instantly stopping the fluid flow and, therefore, stopping the energy supply from the constant pressure pump to the floating piston.

This valve prevents fluid from flowing back from the floating piston. Thus, the pressure and flow of the suspension stream can vary, while maintaining a constant pressure in the liquid stream.

The valve can simply divert a constant flow of fluid from the floating piston, for example by returning fluid to the pump reservoir.

The cutting tool is preferably made in such a way that it allows for combining the flows with the ability to control the pressure of the suspension stream mainly through the pressure of the liquid stream. The cutting tool contains a mixing chamber, in which, in the presence of energy, a constant pressure fluid flow is supplied, and a suspension flow with a constant flow rate. Thus, the pressure of the fluid flow sets the pressure in the inlet zone of the mixing chamber. The pressure acts on the inlet of the suspension flow into the mixing chamber, so that the flow of the suspension into the mixing chamber is prevented until the pressure in the suspension flow rises slightly above the pressure at the inlet into the mixing chamber. A constant flow pump pressurizes the suspension stream until it reaches this point. The first equilibrium condition is fulfilled when the suspension flow of the required pressure is supplied with a constant flow rate into the mixing chamber. Under these conditions, a constant flow pump effectively acts as a constant flow discharge pump.

When the second energetic means stops the energy supply to the flow of the suspension, for example, when the valve is closed between the pump and the piston in the preferred embodiment, the pressure of the fluid flow in the mixing chamber continues to act on the flow of the suspension. Suspension from the suspension stream continues to flow into the mixing chamber until the pressure in the suspension stream drops slightly below the pressure in the mixing chamber. At this point, the flow of the suspension ceases, however, the pressure in the flow of the suspension remains unchanged. This ensures that the valve closes in the slurry flow passage, shutting off the static, pressurized abrasive slurry flow. The valve undergoes significantly less wear compared to its wear when closing at the moment of flow of the abrasive slurry. Closing the valve ensures that the only flow to the cutting head is water flow. Subsequent closing of the valve in the water stream prevents the flow of fluid through the cutting head.

The working pressure of the liquid stream, and therefore the suspension stream, is preferably about 300 MPa.

It is obvious that the suspension of the energy supply from the second energy means leads to an almost instantaneous suspension of the suspension flow due to the small pressure difference in the current suspension and in the suspension in a static state.

Similarly, upon activation of the second energy tool, the desired flow of the suspension stream into the mixing chamber is obtained almost instantly.

The cutting tool preferably includes a mixing chamber with an inlet zone configured to receive a liquid stream and a suspension stream, the pressure in the inlet zone being determined by the pressure in the liquid stream and controlling the pressure in the suspension stream.

Preferably, it is possible for the suspension stream and the liquid stream to enter the nozzle, the nozzle being elongated, and the suspension stream and the liquid stream oriented in the direction of extension of the nozzle. This reduces the energy loss that occurs when changing the direction of flow, namely, the flow of the suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the nozzle has a central axis along which the suspension stream is directed, and a liquid stream is supplied to the annular element around the suspension stream. This design provides an effective means of influencing the pressure of the liquid on the pressure of the suspension, and also increases the wear resistance of the walls of the nozzle.

The nozzle is preferably made in the form of an accelerating nozzle with an outlet diameter less than the inlet zone. This ensures that the pressure in the flows is converted to a high output flow rate.

This effect is further enhanced by making the outlet aperture of a smaller diameter than the diameter of the suspension stream at the inlet to the nozzle. The nozzle is preferably made with a focusing zone of constant diameter at its outer end, and a conical accelerating zone of decreasing diameter between the inlet zone and the focusing zone. This allows the output stream to reach the desired speed and direction.

The taper angle of the accelerator section should not exceed 27 °. Preferably, the taper angle is about 13.5 °. Thus, a good balance is achieved between efficient acceleration and maintaining a non-turbulent flow.

The focusing zone of the nozzle is preferably made with a length / diameter ratio of 5: 1, preferably about 10: 1. In addition, the length / diameter ratio is preferably approximately less than 30: 1.

The nozzle can be made in the form of a composite nozzle with an accelerating zone made of a harder material than the material of the focusing zone.

The diameter of the focusing zone may be equal to or slightly smaller than the minimum diameter of the accelerator zone to prevent turbulence.

The outlet may include an exit chamfer with a taper angle of about 45 °. This angle is sufficient to separate the flow at the outlet.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The invention is described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of a high pressure cutting device in accordance with the present invention are illustrated. It should be noted that other embodiments of the invention are possible and, therefore, it should be understood that the particular examples illustrated in the accompanying drawings do not limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the foregoing description. In the drawings:

Figure 1 schematically in section shows a cutting tool system GAR (AWJ) known from the prior art.

2 a schematically shows a prior art ACP system (ASJ) with a single fluid flow.

2b schematically shows a prior art ACP system (ASJ) with two fluid streams.

Figure 3 in section shows a prior art cutting nozzle.

Figure 4 schematically shows a high pressure cutting device according to the present invention.

Figure 5 shows the cutting tool of the cutting device shown in figure 4.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing a portion of the cutting tool shown in FIG. 5, including a nozzle;

Figure 7 shows a sectional view of the focusing nozzle of the cutting tool shown in figure 5;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a focusing nozzle according to another embodiment of the focusing nozzle of the cutting tool shown in FIG. 5; as well as

FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of a cutting tool for use in the cutting device shown in FIG. 4.

Preferred Embodiment

4 schematically shows a high pressure cutting system 100. The cutting system 100 is equipped with a cutting tool 110, to which two inlet channels are connected: one flows a stream 112 of liquid medium or water, and the other a stream 114 of a suspension.

And the stream 112 of water and stream 114 of the suspension is supplied to the cutting tool 110 under pressure.

The pressure in the stream 112 of water is pumped through the first energy means, which is used as a pump 116 with a constant pressure. In this embodiment, the constant pressure pump 116 is a pressure boosting pump. A constant pressure pump 116 maintains the pressure in the water stream 112 at a constant predetermined level. The set pressure can be changed by adjusting the constant pressure pump 116. Typically, the pressure range can be from 150 MPa to 600 MPa. Under normal operating conditions, a useful result is provided at a water pressure of about 300 MPa.

The pressure in the stream 114 of the suspension is pumped through a second energy tool. The second energy means comprises a floating piston 118 activated by a constant flow pump 120. In this embodiment, the constant flow pump 120 is a multi-cylinder pump. Floating piston 118 pushes a suspension of abrasive particles suspended in water in the direction of flow of the suspension 114 at high density and low flow rate. The flow rate 114 of the suspension is regulated by the flow rate 122 of the water pumped by the pump 120 at a constant flow rate. The desired flow rate of the suspension can be changed by adjusting the pump 120 at a constant flow rate. Normal consumption is approximately one liter per minute.

The second power means comprises a valve 124 located downstream of the water 122 between the constant flow pump 120 and the floating piston 118. When the valve 124 is closed, the water flow 122 is redirected from the floating piston 118 and back to the constant flow pump 120. When valve 124 is closed, pressure build-up in slurry stream 114 is stopped. The valve 124 also prevents the backflow of water from the floating piston 118 to the constant flow pump 120, and thus hydraulically shuts off the floating piston 118, preventing the backflow 114 of the slurry.

The cutting tool 110 includes a substantially cylindrical portion 126 of the housing having a substantially cylindrical nozzle 128 extending from its end. On the inside, the end of the housing section 126 is connected to two nozzles: an axial suspension nozzle 130 and an annular water nozzle 132. The nozzles are arranged so that the water and suspension flows can enter the housing section 126 in the axial direction with an annular arrangement of the water flow around the suspension stream. The water nozzle 132 includes flow rectifiers in order to substantially eliminate turbulence in the water flow before entering the housing portion 126. In this embodiment, the flow of water enters the water nozzle 132 in the radial direction, and then redirects in the axial direction. Several small tubes, working as flow rectifiers, help prevent the turbulence created by such a redirect.

The cutting tool 110 comprises a suspension valve 131 located in front of the suspension nozzle 130, and a water valve 133 located in front of the water nozzle 132. The suspension valve 131 and the water valve 133 are independently controlled and can also be opened or closed to start or stop flow. .

The axial connection 135 between the valve 131 of the suspension and the nozzle 130 of the suspension is made in such a way that its length can be adjusted.

6 shows a nozzle 128. The nozzle comprises a mixing chamber 134 and a focusing zone 136. The mixing chamber contains an inlet region 138. The mixing chamber 134 is also a conical accelerating chamber with a taper angle of approximately 13.5 °.

The focusing zone 136 is a part of the nozzle having a constant diameter and immediately adjacent to the nozzle exit 140. The ratio length: diameter of the focusing zone of the nozzle is 5: 1, preferably about 10: 1.

The inlet region 138 is configured to receive a suspension stream through an axial inlet tube 142 having a substantially constant diameter. The inlet zone is also adapted to receive water through a coaxial annular element 144 located around the inlet tube 142. The outer diameter of the annular element 144 is three to four times the diameter of the inlet tube 142. The annular element 144 is connected to the inside wall of the mixing chamber 134, thus reducing the likelihood of turbulence in the water flow.

It is envisaged that the position of the inlet tube 142, and therefore the inlet zone 138, can be changed. This can be done by adjusting the axial joint 135. The axial arrangement of the inlet zone 138 allows the flow of water passing through the ring-shaped element 144 to accelerate to the desired speed before entering the inlet zone 138. Thus, the calibration of the flow of water and suspension and the possibility for the operator to adjust wear or energy loss.

In the embodiment illustrated in the drawings, the focusing zone 136 is formed by a separate focusing nozzle 146 axially connected to the mixing chamber 134. The focusing nozzle 146 shown in FIG. 7 contains an accelerator zone 148 located immediately in front of the focusing zone 136. The accelerator region 148 has taper angle greater than or equal in size to the taper angle of the mixing chamber 134. The diameter at the inlet of the accelerator zone 148 is equal to the diameter at the outlet of the mixing chamber 134. It is necessary that the input diameter of the accelerator zone 148 be slightly larger than the output diameter of the mixing chamber 134 to prevent the possibility of turbulence.

The focusing nozzle 146 may be made of a harder and more wear-resistant material than the material of the mixing chamber 134. The corresponding sections of the nozzle 128 may be configured to accelerate the flow of liquid / suspension to a first speed, for example, 250 m / s in the mixing chamber, and then to the final speed in the accelerator zone 148. The corresponding speeds can be calculated and set taking into account the wear resistance of the materials used in two sections.

In another embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 8, the focusing nozzle 146 is a composite nozzle with an accelerator zone 148 made of a particularly hard, wear-resistant material, such as diamond, and a focusing portion 135 made of another suitable material, for example ceramic material. In this embodiment, the diameter of the focusing zone 136 is designed so that it is equal to or slightly less than the minimum (output) diameter of the accelerator zone 148.

In both embodiments, the nozzle 128 is made of sufficient length to provide the required speed of the water / suspension mixture, typically up to 600 m / s. It should be noted that in the embodiment illustrated in the drawings, the diameter of the focusing zone 136 is less than the diameter of the suspension inlet tube 142.

The nozzle comprises an exit 150 with a chamfer at the outlet 140. The taper angle of the chamfer is sufficient to allow flow separation at the exit 150. In the embodiment illustrated in the drawings, this angle is 45 °.

In an alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, a focusing nozzle 146 is contained within the outer holder 152. In this embodiment, the chamfer outlet 150 is formed in the outer holder 152.

In practice, the constant pressure pump 116 creates the necessary pressure in the water stream. Water is pumped under this pressure to the cutting tool 110, through the annular water nozzle 126 and then into the annular element 144. From the annular element, it enters the inlet zone 138 and sets the pressure in the inlet zone 138 close to the pressure at which it was pumped.

The suspension, driven by the floating piston 118, is pumped to the cutting tool 110 through the nozzle 130 of the suspension in the inlet tube 142.

It should be understood that the suspension enters the inlet 138 only when the pressure in the inlet pipe 142 exceeds the pressure in the inlet 138. During the suspension, the floating piston 118 (driven by the pump 120 at a constant flow rate) increases the pressure in the suspension flow until until it becomes high enough to enter the inlet zone 138 of the mixing chamber 134. It should be understood that it is slightly higher than the pressure created by the water stream in the inlet zone 138. When such pressure is established in the suspension stream, with 120 acts on the suspension, ensuring its continuous supply to the chamber 134 at a constant speed and at a constant pressure.

Water and slurry will quickly flow forward and mix in chamber 134. Due to the annular flow of water, the walls of chamber 134 are well protected from abrasion from the suspension, at least in the interior of the nozzle 128.

At the time of acceleration of the flow to the focusing nozzle 146, the water and suspension are well mixed. Therefore, at least the inlet portion of the focusing nozzle must be made of abrasion resistant material, such as diamond.

The stream exits the focusing nozzle 146 through the outlet 140 at an exceptionally high speed, suitable for cutting many metals and other materials.

When it is necessary to stop cutting, valve 124 is activated to instantly suspend the operation of the floating piston 118. It is obvious that valve 124 controls only the flow of water and not abrasive material and therefore does not undergo significant wear. Stopping the floating piston 118 causes the addition of energy to the suspension stream 114 to cease. This leads to a pressure drop in the stream 114 of the suspension and the inlet pipe 142.

With a small drop in pressure in the inlet pipe 142 below the water pressure in the inlet zone 138, the water pressure prevents the flow of the suspension into the inlet zone 138. Obviously, this happens almost instantly when the valve 124 is activated. The outlet stream from the stream of water / suspension turns into a stream, consisting only of water.

At this point, high pressure is maintained in slurry stream 114 and zero velocity. Under these conditions, the slurry valve 131 may be closed without being subjected to excessive wear.

When closing the suspension valve 131, the water valve 133 can be closed to stop the flow of water. The valve closing sequence is quickly controlled, providing a convenient way to start and stop cutting at the cutting head 110.

If it is necessary to restart cutting, the valve control can be implemented in the reverse order, so that the water valve 133 is opened first, after which the slurry valve 131 is opened. The successive opening of the valve 124 leads to an almost instantaneous restart of the flow of the suspension into the mixing chamber 134.

Control of the cutting properties of the output stream can be implemented in several ways, including changing the working pressure of the constant-pressure pump 116, changing the volume pumped by the pump 120 at a constant flow rate, and changing the density of the slurry supplied to the system.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and embodiments are possible within the spirit of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A high pressure cutting device comprising a channel for a fluid flow and a channel for a flow of slurry containing abrasive particles suspended in a fluid, the first energetic means supplying energy to the fluid flow and the second energetic means supplying energy to the suspension flow, both of which are energetic the means are configured to be selectively actuated, and it is possible to mix the fluid flow and the suspension flow in a cutting tool, p Moreover, at least a part of the supplied energy is converted into kinetic energy in the cutting tool to create a high-speed flow of a mixture of liquid and suspension. 2. The device according to claim 1, in which the energy supplied by the first energy means, delivers a pump with a constant pressure to maintain a constant level of pressure in the fluid stream. 3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, in which the energy supplied by the second energy means, delivers a pump with a constant flow. 4. The device according to claim 3, in which a pump with a constant flow rate drives a piston, which, in turn, pumps pressure in the suspension stream. 5. The device according to claim 4, in which between the pump with a constant flow rate and the specified piston is a valve made with the possibility of stopping the supply of energy from the pump to the piston. 6. The device according to claim 1, in which the energy supply to the first and second energy means is carried out by means of a single pump. 7. The device according to claim 1, in which the cutting tool comprises a mixing chamber, wherein the mixing chamber has an inlet zone adapted to receive a liquid stream and a suspension stream, wherein the pressure in the inlet zone is determined by the pressure of the liquid stream and affects the pressure in the suspension stream, thus controlling the pressure in the suspension stream. 8. The device according to claim 7, in which the pressure in the fluid stream and, therefore, in the flow of the suspension is about 300 MPa. 9. The device according to claim 7 or 8, in which it is possible to exit the suspension stream and the liquid stream into the nozzle, wherein the nozzle is elongated and the suspension stream and liquid stream are oriented in the extension direction. 10. The device according to claim 9, in which the nozzle has a Central axis along which the flow of the suspension is directed, and the fluid flow is supplied to the annular element around the flow of the suspension.

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