RU2490875C2 - Method and device of automatisation and informatisation of economic pasturing animals at pastures with electric fences - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, to technology of pasturing and feeding the farm animals and poultry, and can be used in the fields of pasture and livestock industry. The signals of the distance from the pasture milking center to the area of cultivated pasture, and the route of transferring to it of the herd of animals corresponding to the location of the electrical fences are set. The signals of quantity and quality of the stand of grass in the area of cultivated pasture are measured and defined. The measured and set signals of quantity and quality are compared. The route of transferring the herd of animals from the pasture milking center to the area of cultivated pasture is selected in accordance with the comparison result. The total cost of area of cultivated pasture preparation and the corresponding route of transferring the herd of animals to it and costs of transferring the herd of animals to it. The cost of production of herd of animals is calculated depending on the type and age of the population, the quantity and quality of stand of grass in the area of cultivated pasture. The cost of the electricity consumed by electric fences is calculated depending on the route of movement of the herd of animals to the area of cultivated pasture. At that the signal of the distance from the pasture milking center to the area of cultivated pasture is generated. The generated signal of the distance in the range between the minimum and maximum specified values of the distance from the pasture milking center to, respectively, the nearest and the furthest area of cultivated pasture is periodically changed. Depending on the value of the variable generated signal of the distance and on the measured quantity and quality of stand of grass pastures at the area of cultivated pasture the cost of production of the herd of animals is calculated. Then the difference between the cost of production of herd of animals and the total value of the costs of preparation the area of cultivated pasture and cost of transferring the herd of animals to it is calculated. At that, this difference is calculated as a measure of profit indicator in the range between the minimum and maximum specified values of the distance from the pasture milking center, respectively, to the nearest and the furthest area of cultivated pasture. The maximum value of this difference is determined as the value of the highest income and the generated signal corresponding to it of economically best distance from the pasture milking center to the most economically advantageous area of cultivated pasture. The specific corresponding generated signal economically best distance is compared to the signal of the set distance. According to the comparison result the corresponding route of transferring the herd of animals is corrected by switching on and off the corresponding electric fences on the source of electricity. The device comprises a feed sensor unit, a unit of constants setting, a computing unit, a unit of selection of the largest estimated value of profit, a display unit, electric drives of electric fences. At that the outputs of the feed sensor unit and the unit of constants setting through the computing unit are connected to respective inputs of the unit of selection of the largest estimated value of profit. The corresponding outputs of the unit of estimated value of profit are connected to the corresponding control inputs of the display unit and electric drives of electric fences.

EFFECT: economically optimal, biologically and energetically reasonable mode of pasturing and feeding the animals on pasture is achieved.

2 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, to the technology of grazing and feeding farm animals and poultry and can be used in the fields of grazing and industrial animal husbandry.

A known method of cost-effective interconnected general heating of a livestock building and local heating of farm animals and a device for its implementation, designed to search for the economically least expensive mode of general heating of a room with local heating of agricultural young animals based on set prices for finished products of a livestock or poultry farm (see RF patent No. 2229155. Method and device for economical general heating of livestock buildings and local heating of farm animals / A.V. Dubrovin et al. // BI, 2004. No. 14). The disadvantage of this technical solution is the impossibility of its application for grazing.

A known method and device for growing poultry, allowing you to control the heating and feeding of poultry according to the adopted technical and economic indicator of profit growth (see RF patent 2340172. Method and device for growing poultry / AV Dubrovin et al. // BI, 2008 No. 34).

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the lack of real-time accounting for the qualitative and quantitative composition of vegetable feed in the pasture and the corresponding ability to economically rationally manage the route of the herd of animals to achieve the highest technical and economic efficiency of the process of grazing and feeding farm animals.

The objective of the invention is the economical grazing of animals, the automated search for the position of the economic balance between the sum of the costs of the costs of grazing animals and the estimated price of the sold livestock products, achieving an economically optimal, biologically and energy-efficient mode of grazing and feeding animals in the pasture. Another objective of the invention is to determine the economically best route for the movement of the herd of animals to the economically feasible at the given time section of the cultural pasture fenced with an electric fence, obtaining the highest estimated value of the profit of the technological process of grazing animals.

As a result of the use of the invention, the most economically advantageous areas of the cultural pasture are determined and, by automatically controlling the mode of operation of the electric hedges, such routes of movement of the herd of animals that ensure the highest calculated value of the profit from the processes of feeding animals on the cultural pasture.

A method of automation and informatization of economical grazing of animals on pastures with electric hedges, which includes setting the distance signal from the pasture milking center to the cultural pasture site and the location of the herd of animals corresponding to the location of the electric hedges, measuring and setting the signals for the quantity and quality of grass on the cultural plot pastures, comparison of the measured and given signals of quantity and quality, the choice of the route of the herd of animals from pasture milking the center to the site of the cultural pasture by comparing the results by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the source of electricity, calculating the total cost of preparing the site of the cultural pasture depending on the distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and the corresponding route for moving the herd of animals to it and the cost of driving herds of animals to it, calculating the cost of production of herds of animals depending on the type and age of the livestock , from the quantity and quality of the grass stand on the cultural pasture plot, calculating the cost of the energy consumed by electric hedges depending on the route of movement of the herd of animals to the cultural pasture plot, the distance signal from the milking center to the cultural pasture plot is generated, the generated distance signal is periodically changed in the range between the smallest and largest given values of the distance from the pasture milking center to the nearest and yes, respectively For each plot of the cultural pasture, depending on the value of the variable distance signal generated and on the measured quantity and quality of the grass stand on the cultural pasture plot, the cost of production of the herd of animals is calculated, then the difference between the cost of production of the herd of animals and the total cost of preparing the plot of the cultural pasture is calculated, depending on the distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and the corresponding route of the herd of animals and the cost of driving herds of animals to it, and this difference is calculated as an indicator of profit in the range between the smallest and largest given values of the distance from the pasture milking center, respectively, to the near and far sections of the cultural pasture, the largest value of this difference is determined as the value of the highest profit and the corresponding he formed a signal of the economically best distance from the pasture milking center to the most economically advantageous plot of cultural pasture, they take into account a certain corresponding generated signal of the economically best distance with a signal of a predetermined distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and, according to the comparison result, adjust the corresponding route of the herd of animals from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the electricity source.

The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the device for automation and informatization of economical grazing animals on pastures with electric hedges contains a feed sensor unit, a constant adjuster unit, a computational unit, a unit for selecting the highest estimated profit value, an indication unit, electric hedge drives, while the outputs of the sensor unit feed and constant adjuster unit through a computing unit are connected to the corresponding inputs of the unit for selecting the highest estimated profit value, respectively favoring the outputs of which are connected to respective control inputs of the indication unit and drives electric fences.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by example. It is known that the stall-pasture keeping system most closely corresponds to the physiological state of animals, as it allows maintaining a high level of the body's natural resistance, productivity and reproductive functions (see the book: Shevtsov V.V., Shevtsov V.V. Energy-saving technologies in pastoral livestock breeding. - M.: GNU VIESH, 2011. - 324 p.). During grazing, the animals are provided with an active exercise, and on cultural pastures they receive full-fledged proteins, vitamins and microelements with green grass. In the pasture period, the animals normalize metabolism, improve their general condition, increase productivity, and restore productive function. This content system is most rational for farms with a size of 200-400 heads. If the pastures are more than 2 km away from the farm, summer camps (camp-pasture maintenance) are equipped on them, equipped with feeders, automatic watering machines, canopies, corrals, mobile milking installations and storage rooms for milk dishes, concentrated feed, equipment and a place for recreation attendants. A maternity ward is also provided.

The area of paddocks pastures from perennial grasses should be 12-15 hectares in size, rectangular in shape with an aspect ratio of 1: 2 or 1: 3. In this case, the length of the hedge is reduced and the productivity of tractor units is increased. Such pens should be etched in batches using electric hedges (electric hedges, EI). In the case of organizing irrigated pastures with long-term use, the optimal pen area is set at 4-5 ha. The number of pens is calculated on the basis of data on the length of the pasture period, grazing time in one pen, the number of grass grazing cycles per season, and is determined by dividing the resting period between grass grazing by the duration of grazing animals in one pen (in days). For the free movement of animals along the corral with a developed front, the width of the corral should be such that at least 0.5-0.7 m for dairy cows per head. The same requirements for the front of feeding are imposed when driven by portions grazing animals. The optimal aspect ratio of the servings is 1: 4 and 1: 5. Livestock passes 10-12 m wide are located along the boundaries of field crop rotation and pasture and depend on the specific conditions of the relief. The gates are set in that part of the pen, which is closer to the direction of the main movement of the herd along the cattle drive. Gate width - 6-10 m. Livestock breeds are tinned with grass resistant to trampling. The milk productivity of cows is 70% determined by the level and usefulness of feeding and 30% by the animal genotype.

The main source of providing fodder and vegetable protein for cattle dairy herd in the summer-pasture period is cultural pastures. The organization of cultural pastures is the basis for increasing the summer productivity of animals, reducing labor costs and increasing the profitability of livestock production. It was established that from 1 ha of grass it is possible to obtain 75 centners of milk, from haylage, silage, hay prepared from these herbs — 63, 48, 35 centners respectively. Properly planted and rationally used grass stands of cultural pastures annually should give at least 4000-5000 feed. units, and with irrigation 8000-10000 feed. units from 1 ha. Cost of 1 centner feed. units pasture feed is minimal. It is desirable that the pasture be a single massif, which would include both floodplain irrigated and rainfed areas. In the case of the organization of cultural pastures from individual sites, the total length of runs and the length of the pasture fence increase.

The energy consumption for moving around pasture in dairy cows is usually equal to the consumption for production from 0.5 to 1.4 kg of milk. Each kilometer of haul is a loss of almost 1 kg of milk. In addition, the additional cost of movement is 1.5-2.0 feed. units per cow per day, and over 15% of cows have limb diseases. Therefore, milk production and feed consumption are reduced or increased in accordance with the distance that livestock are forced to travel to watering places, shading and milking places. One of the ways to reduce the driving of cows to the place of milking, which significantly reduces the negative effect of the indicated deficiencies, is the creation of pasture milking centers located in the center of the pasture massif. To build summer pasture centers, a dry elevated place with a slight slope is chosen so that surface water does not stagnate on it. Particular attention is drawn to the layout of pre-milking and post-milking sites, as well as their sanitary condition. In wet weather without a hard coating, their surface in most cases is a thick layer of mud and manure. Therefore, pre-milking and post-milking pens must be hard-coated, which creates good conditions in any weather. When equipping a pasture milking center, it is necessary to take into account the conditions for keeping cows in the winter-stall period. In the summer-pasture period, the observance of machine milking technology is of particular importance. Summer camps should have the same types of milking machines and devices as in winter rooms. Equally important is the fact that the green mass contains various biostimulants: antibiotics, hormones, estrogens, etc., which are rapidly destroyed after mowing or short storage. When grass is etched, these substances immediately enter the animal’s stomach and are completely absorbed. Perhaps this partially explains the high survival rate of animals with a pasture feeding method. The greatest effect of the use of green fodder is achieved when driven cattle herd with portioned grazing sites in optimal terms and with the required load. The farms of the country use driven and distant pasture use systems. Dummy system - when the pasture is located at a distance of 1.5-2.0 km from livestock farms; cattle for milking and overnight drive to the farmyard. With the distant system, pastures are removed from livestock farms for 2 km or more; cattle remain on the drive during the whole grazing period. In this case, it is advisable to create equipped summer camps, pasture centers or pasture plants. Work on the creation and use of cultural pastures is carried out on special projects. Designing is carried out in one stage - a technical work project, the latter is a document on the basis of which financing, construction and development of a cultural pasture are carried out. The project should solve the issues of pasture location, organization of its territory, development of measures to create a highly productive grass stand and its rational use.

The organization of the territory of a cultural pasture provides for the allocation of cattle drives, breakdown of pens, the installation of watering facilities and a summer pasture (pasture center). Livestock drives are arranged in the form of special roads from farms to pastures and inside the pasture plot to protect it from unsystematic trampling. Cattle races can serve as a place for day and night rest of animals. The width of cattle passes 20-30 m for sheep and 8-15 m for cattle. The number of pens depends on the size of pastures and zonal conditions: in the forest zone and in the forest-steppe 10-15, in the steppe zone 20. The sizes of pens are set depending on the state of the grass stand, type and number of animals on the farm. On average, in natural pastures per 100 heads of cattle, the size of pens is from 10 to 16 hectares, per 100 sheep - from 2 to 3 hectares. At each corral, cattle graze for 5-6 days, which depends on the size of the corral, the density of the grass stand, sanitary norms of grazing, and other reasons. Secondarily, livestock enters the same area after grass regrowth after 25-30 days, depending on the growing conditions.

The configuration of the pens should provide convenient grazing of animals and the use of equipment. The length and width of irrigated pens should be equal to or a multiple of the capture of sprinklers and other agricultural machinery. The optimal aspect ratio of the corral rectangle is 1: 2 and 1: 3. In mountainous areas, narrower pens are allowed. For unimpeded movement of animals along the corral with a wide front, the width of the corral should be such that at least 0.5-0.7 m for dairy cows per one head, about 1 m for meat cows with calves, -0.3- for sheep 0.4 m. The same requirements for the front of feeding are imposed when driven by portion grazing of animals. The optimal aspect ratio of the servings is 1: 4 and 1: 5. On cultural pastures with a pen grazing system, water is supplied to each pen using permanent or portable pipelines that are laid along cattle passes or other hedges. They are connected to mobile drinkers or portable troughs with floats. Camps - cattle parking areas organized in the pasture period with summer camp and transhumant pasture maintenance are arranged at a distance of at least 300-500 m from the watering hole.

When fencing cultural pastures, capital mechanical, permanent, portable and stationary electric, as well as combined hedges, such as electrified capital fences, are used. The hedge must have mechanical strength when exposed to animals. It is performed on wooden or reinforced concrete pillars with three rows for cattle and 7-8 rows for sheep with galvanized wire with a diameter of 4 mm, which must be well tensioned. Columns, as a rule, are 1.8–2.0 m high with a 0.7–0.9 m embedment in the ground. In the presence of a capital mechanical fence enclosing the perimeter, cattle passes and corrals of a cultural pasture, the allocation of portions can be carried out using portable electric fence connected to the main electric wire. Such hedges are electrified capital fences. In portable and stationary electric fences, mechanically lightweight fences are used, designed to keep animals in a given territory due to the conditioned reflex of fear of wires with current. All electric and electrified fences can perform their functions only after the development of a conditioned reflex in animals. In a combined hedge, the perimeter and cattle passes are fenced with a capital mechanical hedge, and corrals and portions are allocated using interchangeable electric hedges. The animals are kept behind the capital mechanical fence due to the mechanical strength of the fence, and behind the electric fence as a result of the fear of receiving an electric shock. The mechanical strength of the electric fence is needed only to ensure good electrical contact of the current-carrying wire with the body of the animal. The main advantages of using electric hedges on cultural pastures are as follows. Portion bleeding sites can be organized only with the help of electric hedges. The use of removable or portable electric hedges with the aim of organizing a corral-portion grazing allows you to maximize the use of pasture feed. Compared with cattle grazing, the fullness of the use of grass stands increases by 10-15%. and the yield is 20-25%.

Corral and grazing leads to an improvement in grassland pasture due to the organized movement of animals without trampling the root reserve and selective eating of the most valuable plant varieties. With portion grazing, selected pasture sections are etched faster, which leaves more time to grow grass for subsequent grazing cycles. Pastures are more evenly grazed since animals eat not only tasty herbs, but also plants of medium nutritional value. Due to the regulation of the duration of grass growth after grazing or the use of pasture-mowing (combined) method of using green fodder, the necessary botanical composition of the grass stand can be maintained. The regulation of grazing allows plants to be pushed to the optimum height with the bottom of the plants remaining at least 5-6 cm.The regulation for the use of fenced pastures can be selected in such a way as to provide a supply of green forage for the dry or cold periods of the grazing season. In the rainy season, the destruction of the soil cover by the hooves of animals is limited to small areas of portioned plots and, if necessary, they can be restored at a lower cost. When portioned, the distribution of animal excrement is more uniform, which favorably affects pastures. At the same time, animals walk less and, therefore, spend less energy, and short-term maintenance and timely transfer of cattle from pen to pen reduces the possibility of infection of animals with parasites. In addition, the amount of green food eaten can be controlled by portion grazing, releasing more food to highly productive animals. Trained animals are easier to control when they are sent to milking, livestock inspections and in case of emergency. With corral portion grazing. carried out using electric hedges, animals are less sick, behave more calmly and have higher productivity. The economic advantages of using stationary electric hedges compared to mechanical capital ones are as follows: 3-4 times less consumption of metal wire. 2-3 times less reinforced concrete supports or wooden poles. The cost of grazing is reduced, which requires 1.5-2.0 times fewer shepherds and shepherds. Due to the lower material consumption of fencing costs are reduced for repairs and depreciation. However, despite the lack of permanent enclosure fences, they must be maintained as an organizational unit in land plans, on the ground, and in plans for use and repair. To preserve the position of the corral on the terrain, its borders are marked with a special color of the corner posts with the number of the corral along the perimeter of the pasture and along cattle passes. Using portable and stationary electric fences, reserve insurance areas of pastures used in adverse weather conditions can be allocated.

The technology for grazing dairy cattle is as follows. The technical advantages of the combined use of stationary electric barriers for the perimeter and cattle drive of a cultural pasture and temporary portable electric barriers for the allocation of pens and portions is that there is no permanent barriers, which usually interferes with the movement of agricultural machines and, in particular, irrigation equipment. Cattle are animals of the day type. The tone of physiological functions in them is greatly reduced at night, and at this time they should not be grazed, as well as in the hot hours of the day. At night, animals usually sleep, and in the midday heat they seek shelter in the shade or rest. On high-yielding pastures, only daily grazing of cows is sufficient for 8 hours in two doses: from 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. and from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. Additional night grazing does not provide an increase in milk yield. The number of herds when grazing livestock using electric hedges is 200-400 and even 600 cows at a density of 200-500 conventional heads per 1 ha. Pasturing with large herds does not harm cultural pastures, does not lead to an increase in the cow's barrenness and sharply releases the number of workers employed in animal husbandry. Portion pasture with the help of electric fences provides pasture area savings of 10-15% compared to large-zagonny throughout the pen. At the same time, more complete eating of the grass is achieved - 75-95%. which, together with space saving, provides 15-20% more milk production per unit of used forage area. The correct establishment of the number and area of corrals is an important condition for organizing a rational system of using cultural pastures. The more productive the pasture and the more moisture it receives, the faster the grass grows and the less pens are needed per herd. With relatively low pasture productivity, 10-12 pens are required, with an average of 8-10 pens and with a high 7-8 pens. Example: for 200 cows a day, about 120 centners of grass is required. With a crop of 50 kg / ha of eaten mass, 2.4 ha are needed per day, therefore, the entire corral of 10 ha will be bled in 4 days, and the entire allotted area, for example 9 corrals, in 36 days. For regrowth (in 8 pens) remains 32 days. For medium-productive pastures on average per season, and such a period is required for regrowth. If on the irrigated pasture organized 8 pens on 8 hectares each, then when grazing the pen in 4 days, 28 days remain for re-grazing. This time, when watering the pasture, is quite enough for the grass to grow back and a corresponding new crop is formed. In the process of exploitation of the cultural pastures, the advantage of tapping short and wide sections (across corrals) was revealed in comparison with long and narrow ones (Fig. 3). At the same time, the time spent on the transfer and installation of EI across the corral is reduced by 1.5 times compared with the allocation of longitudinal sections, respectively 24 and 36 minutes. in a day. The length of the pen should not exceed the width of 2-3 times. Long and narrow corrals are irrational, as in this case the turf is strongly trampled and cattle trails are formed. When grazing dairy cows, the width of the pen per head should be at least 0.5-0.7 m. If, for organizational reasons, the pens are allocated with an area sufficient for grazing for eight to ten days, then at the opposite ends of the pen should be arranged two gates. The first 4-5 days the animals are driven through one gate and grazed in portions to the middle of the pen, and the second 4-5 days through the other gate and grazed in the direction towards the first portions (Fig. 3). On one pasture plot it is better to graze two herds of dairy cattle of 150-200 animals each. Having for each of them their own pens, located close to each other, one cattle mechanic manages to serve them simultaneously. Typically, 3-4 servings of feed per day should be diverted at the end of the first grazing cycle on the pens, where the grass has overgrown, or in the second cycle on the pens, which were first grazed in the first cycle and where the crop is also very high. In other cases, 1-2 servings are secreted per day. Since the highest productivity is manifested mainly in new-born cows, even with double milking it is difficult for them to make large transitions twice a day. Therefore, the pastures for them are as close as possible to the complex or farm, and driving to a distant corral should average no more than one kilometer. The size of the edge is not more than 200 goals. With a significant removal of the dry herd in the case of a cow, which often happens on pastures, it is difficult for one shepherd to deliver a cow with a calf to a summer camp or to a complex. Therefore, the herd section for dry cows should also be as close as possible to the pasture center-complex. The size of the edge is not more than 200 goals. With a larger number of livestock, there is a likelihood of injuries in animals of the precocious period. Cows of the maternity ward graze near the pasture center. The size of the edge should be no more than 100 goals, and injured animals graze with them. Cows after insemination (milk production workshop), during a decline in lactation (4-7 months after calving), and even more so when lactation decays, can be driven off to more distant pasture areas on average up to two kilometers. From such animals, herds can be formed up to 400 goals. The duration of the main pasture period in the forest zone is 140-150 days (from mid-May to mid-October), and in the presence of feed can be increased. In the forest zone, from west to east, in the European part of the country 150-165 days, in Western Siberia - 110-120 and in Transbaikalia - up to 90-110 days. In the steppe and dry steppe zones of the North Caucasus - 180-200 days, and in Tuva - 150-160 days. In our country and abroad, EI, based not on a physical barrier, on the frightening psychological effect of animal fear of an electrical impulse, has become widespread. The pulse has a high energy of 3-5 kV for cattle, but a short duration of 0.01-0.0001 s at a pulse frequency of 50-60 Hz. Currently, in the field of technology for the creation and rational use of EI, one can see their distinction according to the technological attribute - stationary, seasonal and portable. Stationary EI are long-term constructions (for 15-20 years), created on large areas (200-250 ha) to enclose the pasture along the perimeter and cattle drives. The total length of the electric fence is 30 km or more. Such installations operate mainly from industrial power lines. Seasonal AIs are installed in the spring and disassembled in the fall. They are used to divide pasture massifs into corrals of a smaller area - 15-20 ha. Due to the ease of installation, they do not interfere with the work of caring for the grass stand. Portable EIs are intended for enclosing small plots - up to 3-7 ha of pastures. The length of the fences is about 1 km. Portable EI works from autonomous energy sources, including renewable energy sources (sun, wind, etc.).

It is also known that the mathematical model of productivity biological object (for example, the climate model) is the dependence of productivity, for example, of birds (daily increase in broiler mass on their age and on microclimate factors, in grams of mass)_br on the age of birds t (in days) and the main parameters of the microclimate - air temperature T (in degrees Celsius), relative air humidity B (in percent) and gas contamination K_BUT (mass concentration of ammonia in air, mg / m³):

$$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{bR}={\mathrm{but}}_0+{\mathrm{but}}_{\mathrm{one}}t+a_{2}T+a_{3}B+a_{\mathrm{four}}{K}_A+a_5{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="t"\; filenames="00000006.png,00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">t</figure-callout>}}^2+a_6{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="T"\; filenames="00000006.png,00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">T</figure-callout>}}^2+a_7{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="00000006.png,00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2+a_8{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="K\; A"\; filenames="00000006.png,00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">K\; </figure-callout>}}_A{}^2+a_{9}tT+a_{10}tB+\\ a_{\mathrm{eleven}}t{K}_A+a_{12}TB+a_{12}TB+a_{13}T{K}_A+A_{\mathrm{fourteen}}B{K}_A,\left(\mathrm{one}\right)\end{array}$$

where a ₀ , a ₁ , ..., a ₁₄ are the coefficients of the regression equation, or constants: a ₀ = -715.1; a ₁ = 6.354; a ₂ = 27.076; a ₃ = 9.594; a ₄ = -0.870; a ₅ = -0.025; a ₆ = -0.343; a ₇ = -0.050; a ₈ = -0.009; a ₉ = -0.104; a ₁₀ = -0.024; a ₁₁ = 0.003; a ₁₂ = -0.102; a ₁₃ = 0.012; a ₁₄ = 0.008 / cm.: Grabaurov V.A., Savchenko E.I. Study of a mathematical model of a biological object of a biotechnological system. - The manuscript is presented by RISM (Rostov Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Dep. in VNIITEISCH. No. 59 BC - 87. - 6 p. /.

Graphically, this is a series of optimal almost parabolic curves, increasingly “high” and “wide” and shifting to the left along the abscissa of temperature with the age of the broiler depending on the temperature of the habitat (see figure 5). The animal productivity depends on the feed dose in a completely similar, but "mirror" form: there is an optimal feed dose for each age, and with a deviation of the dose from this best value, productivity decreases. If the dose of food is set aside on the abscissa, then the optimal almost parabolic curves of bird productivity, increasingly "higher" and "wide", shift to the right along the abscissa of the feed dose with broiler age at the standard habitat temperature (see Fig. 3, lines C _p ) However, a comprehensive technical and economic indicators of production efficiency in a market economy (profit) requires consideration of not only one of the animal production (prices of products sold in the future C _p), but also the cost of production (cost of feed, energy, labor, etc.).

The method is as follows. The set of operations, the algorithm, the set of rules of the method is as follows.

1. The task of the distance signal from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and the herd of animals corresponding to the location of the electric hedges of the route of the route to it.

2. Measurement and assignment of signals of the quantity and quality of the grass stand on the site of the cultural pasture. With the appropriate equipment, measurements on fenced areas can be carried out automatically by means of a precision farming system based on a global positioning system. Agronomists and agricultural technicians traditionally receive manual measurement data.

3. Comparison of the measured and given signals of quantity and quality.

4. The choice of the route of the herd of animals from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture according to the result of comparison by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the source of electricity.

5. Calculation of the total cost of the preparation of a cultural pasture plot depending on the distance from the pasture milking center to the cultural pasture plot and the corresponding route for moving the herd of animals to it and the costs of moving the herd of animals to it. An example of the cost in the form of loss of cow milk is given in the description of the herding technology by the method.

6. Calculation of the cost of production of a herd of animals depending on the type and age of the livestock, on the quantity and quality of grass on the site of the cultural pasture. Similar mathematical models of milk and other animal productivity are widely known. Unit prices for herd products are available in regional electronic network systems and other information sources.

7. Calculation of the cost of electricity consumed by electric hedges, depending on the route of movement of the herd of animals to the site of the cultural pasture. The regional unit price of electricity is taken from current standards or from information networks.

8. A distance signal is generated from the pasture milking center to the cultural pasture site.

9. Periodically change the generated distance signal in the range between the smallest and largest specified values of the distance from the pasture milking center to the near and far sections of the cultural pasture, respectively.

10. Depending on the value of the variable generated signal of the distance and on the measured quantity and quality of grass on the site of the cultural pasture, the cost of production of the herd of animals is calculated,

11. The difference between the cost of production of the herd of animals and the total cost of preparing the site of the cultural pasture is calculated depending on the distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and the corresponding route for moving the herd of animals to it and the costs of moving the herd of animals to it.

12. This difference is calculated as a measure of profit in the range between the smallest and largest given values of the distance from the pasture milking center, respectively, to the near and far sections of the cultural pasture.

13. The largest value of this difference is determined as the value of the highest profit and the corresponding generated signal of the economically best distance from the pasture milking center to the most economically advantageous section of the cultural pasture.

14. Compare the determined corresponding generated signal of the economically best distance with the signal of a given distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture.

15. According to the comparison result, the corresponding route of the herd of animals from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture is adjusted by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the source of electricity.

- усредненная по площади участка продуктивность, С^ср - усредненная по площади участка себестоимость перегона стада (перегона стада ровно до середины участка пастбища), +П и -П - положительное и отрицательное значение прибыли $$П={Ц}_{р}^{ср}-{С}^{ср}$$

в зависимости от сочетания значений $${Ц}_{р}^{ср}$$

и С^ср, П₂>П₃=П₆ - равноценные по значению расчетной прибыли и различающиеся по местоположению и по кормовым свойствам участки пастбища №2, №3 и №6, руб./ед. времени. На фиг.2 приведена функциональная схема устройства автоматизации и информатизации экономичной пастьбы животных на пастбищах с электрическими изгородями: 1 - блок датчиков корма, 2 - блок задатчиков констант, 3 - вычислительный блок, 4 - блок выбора наибольшего расчетного значения прибыли, 5 - блок индикации, 6, 7, …, 8 - электроприводы электроизгороди. На фиг.3 приведены иллюстрации функциональных зависимостей прибыли, продуктивности (цены реализованной продукции), себестоимости производства продукции от массы потребленного корма на участке пастбища качественного характера П(М_корм), Ц_р(М_корм), С_корм(М_корм). На фиг.4 дана иллюстрация порядка выделения на пастбище участов стравливния: а - правильное; б - неправильное (слева), и последовательности стравливания выделенных участков в загонах большой площади (справа). На фиг.5 приведена графическая интерпретация составляющих прироста живой массы бройлеров в зависимости от их возраста и температуры воздуха в помещении для цыплят / по В.А. Грабаурову /: 1 - суточные; 2-10 - суточные; 3-20 - суточные; 4-50 - суточные.The essence of the invention is illustrated in figure 1 ... 5. Figure 1 shows a graphical illustration of the implementation of the method of automation and informatization of economical grazing of animals on pastures with electric hedges: P - profit (in the form of the area of the shaded rectangle in the figure. C _p - the price of products sold (for example, milk production of cows), C - the cost of moving the herd (the cost of moving the herd to the site of the cultural pasture), $${\mathrm{Ts}}_R^{\mathrm{from}R}$$

- productivity averaged over the area of the plot, С ^Wed - cost of moving the herd averaged over the area of the plot (moving the herd exactly to the middle of the pasture plot), + P and -P - positive and negative profit margins $$P={\mathrm{Ts}}_R^{\mathrm{from}R}-{\mathrm{FROM}}^{\mathrm{from}R}$$

depending on the combination of values $${\mathrm{Ts}}_R^{\mathrm{from}R}$$

and C ^cf , P ₂ > P ₃ = P ₆ - areas of pasture No. 2, No. 3 and No. 6, equivalent in terms of estimated profit and differing in location and fodder properties, rubles / unit. time. Figure 2 shows a functional diagram of a device for automation and informatization of economical grazing animals on pastures with electric hedges: 1 - a block of feed sensors, 2 - a block of constant adjusters, 3 - a computational block, 4 - a block for choosing the highest estimated profit value, 5 - an indication block , 6, 7, ..., 8 - electric drives of the electric fence. Figure 3 shows illustrations of the functional dependencies of profit, productivity (prices of products sold), cost of production of products on the mass of feed consumed in a pasture plot of a qualitative nature P (M _feed ), C _r (M _feed ), C _feed (M _feed ). Figure 4 shows an illustration of the procedure for allocation of grazing sites to a pasture: a - correct; b - incorrect (left), and the sequence of etching of selected areas in the pens of a large area (right). Figure 5 shows a graphical interpretation of the components of the increase in live weight of broilers depending on their age and air temperature in the premises for chickens / by V.A. Grabaurovu /: 1 - daily allowance; 2-10 - per diem; 3-20 - per diem; 4-50 - per diem.

The device for automation and informatization of economical grazing of animals on pastures with electric hedges contains a feed sensor unit 1, a constant adjuster unit 2, a computing unit 3, a unit for selecting the highest estimated profit value 4, an indication unit 5, electric drives of electric hedges 6, 7, ..., 8, the outputs of the feed sensor unit 1 and the constant adjuster unit 2 through the computing unit 3 are connected to the corresponding inputs of the unit for selecting the highest calculated profit value 4, the corresponding outputs of which are connected assigned to the corresponding control inputs of the display unit 5 and electric drives of the electric hedges 6, 7, ..., 8.

The device (figure 2) works as follows. Computing unit 1 uses the measurement data of the feed sensor unit 1 and the constant adjuster unit 2 to calculate profit values for each of the pasture plots. Signals of values of distances to pasture plots are generated in the constant adjuster unit 2, the numbers of which feed properties are compared with them, the generated signal of the distance from the pasture milking center to the cultivated pasture section, the signal of the time period of change of this generated distance signal. In this block, signals of specified values of the smallest and greatest distances from the pasture milking center to the near and far sections of the cultural pasture are formed, various constants for mathematical models for calculating the daily productivity of the herd depending on the cost of feed. Weights are also generated for the mathematical model of the energy value of the feed depending on the composition of the feed ingredients and other required numerical values in the form of signals.

At the output of computing unit 1, a new set of profit values for all pasture areas is formed with each polling cycle of the device. At the end of a exhaustive search of calculation options, the unit for selecting the highest estimated value of profit 4 determines the highest value of the objective function of profit growth and the corresponding economically optimal plot for grazing herds. The signal from the corresponding output of the unit for selecting the highest estimated profit value 4 is supplied to the control input of one of the electric drives of electric hedges 6, 7, ..., 8 and ensures the inclusion and raising of the corresponding electric hedges to a technologically established height. At the moment when the selection unit determines the highest estimated profit value 4 of the economically optimal profit value, the personnel start displaying the number of the pasture plot by means of the display unit 5. The staff prepares the herd for moving to the selected pasture plot. Thus, the functionality of the method and device is also expanded, since it automatically provides cost-effective management and indication of the number of this section, and alerting personnel. This ensures accurate economic optimization of the selection of the pasture plot, since the mathematical ratios used and adaptable for control and the measured and generated signals and constants used in them carry accurate and complete information about the controlled process of grazing animals on pastures with electric hedges.

Claims (2)

1. A method of automation and informatization of economical grazing of animals on pastures with electric hedges, which includes setting the distance signal from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and corresponding to the location of the hedges of the herd of animals to measure the hedges, measuring and setting the signals for the quantity and quality of grass on section of the cultural pasture, comparison of the measured and given signals of quantity and quality, the choice of the route of the herd of animals from pasture to the center to the cultural pasture site based on the comparison by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the source of electricity, calculating the total cost of preparing the cultural pasture plot depending on the distance from the milking center pasture to the cultural pasture site and the corresponding route for moving the herd of animals to it and the cost of driving herds of animals to it, calculating the cost of production of herds of animals depending on the type and age of stocks I, from the quantity and quality of the grass stand on the cultural pasture site, the calculation of the cost of the energy consumed by electric hedges depending on the route of movement of the herd of animals to the cultural pasture site, characterized in that they form a distance signal from the pasture milking center to the cultural pasture site, periodically change the generated distance signal in the range between the smallest and largest specified values of the distance from the pasture milking center to, respectively about the near and far sections of the cultural pasture, depending on the value of the variable generated distance signal and on the measured quantity and quality of grass on the cultural pasture plot, the cost of production of the herd of animals is calculated, then the difference between the cost of production of the herd of animals and the total cost of preparing the plot of the cultural pasture is calculated depending on the distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and the corresponding route of moving the herd to it animals and the cost of driving herds of animals to it, and this difference is calculated as an indicator of profit in the range between the smallest and largest given values of the distance from the pasture milking center, respectively, to the near and far sections of the cultural pasture, the largest value of this difference is determined as the value of the highest profit and the corresponding generated signal of the economically best distance from the pasture milking center to the economically most profitable cultural about the pasture, compare the determined corresponding generated signal of the economically best distance with the signal of the specified distance from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture and, according to the comparison result, adjust the corresponding route of the herd of animals from the pasture milking center to the site of the cultural pasture by turning on and off the corresponding electric hedges from the source electricity. 2. Device for automation and informatization of economical grazing of animals on pastures with electric hedges, characterized in that it contains a block of feed sensors, a block of constant adjusters, a computational block, a block for selecting the highest estimated profit value, an indication block, electric drives of electric hedges, while the outputs of the block feed sensors and constant adjuster unit through a computing unit are connected to the corresponding inputs of the unit for selecting the highest estimated profit value, the corresponding cat outputs cerned are connected to respective control inputs of the indication unit and drives electric fences.

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