RU2487377C2 - Sighting device designed to operate with two open eyes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: sighting device has a unit which provides parallel displacement of the optical axis which is part of the sighting device of one of the following devices: Kepler telescopic system, a night vision device, a thermal imager or eyes of a user such that, in the aiming direction, at least part of the output optical surface of the unit lies outside the region of shielding at least part of the aiming object space with components of the sighting device. In the sighting device according to the first version, an eyepiece of said system or a component thereof is placed between optical components of said unit. The sighting device according to the second version includes an optical element with transmission and/or reflection which depends on distance from the optical axis, which provides, while approaching the periphery of field of view, gradual "extinction" on brightness of a magnified image and "increase" for an unmagnified image. The sighting device according to the third version includes an adjustment mechanism located at the input of the node and on which beams from a target fall, the adjustment mechanism being configured for angular displacement of the image constructed by beams bypassing the device, for matching the angular position of optical axes of the sighting device and the non-dominant eye of the user.

EFFECT: creating conditions that are closest to conditions of the user working with both eyes.

4 cl, 36 dwg

Description

Technical field

The presented sight is designed for quick and accurate guidance of geodetic and astronomical, including observational instruments, which it can be itself, optical communication systems and measuring equipment, game, shooting and so on. weapons.

The presented sight may or may not have a grid, including sighting.

Binocular observation devices can be built on the basis of the declared sight.

State of the art

A known sight (RF patent 2158405), designed to orient and / or change the angular position of objects in space, including the Galilean telescopic system and a collimator target indicator with a remote marker. Such a sight is adopted as the closest analogue.

A feature of the analogue is its extreme simplicity - it can include only two optical parts made by extrusion of polymers.

The analogue allows you to simultaneously perceive with the leading eye any composition of three images with an arbitrary ratio of their visually perceived brightness: naturally perceived image of the target; enlarged image of the target; image of the sighting mark. To select the desired composition and brightness ratio, it is enough to only slightly shift the head relative to the sight.

This allows for a natural perception of space to easily navigate and quickly aim the sight at the target, and then, going to its enlarged image, identify the object, track it and accurately point it. At the same time, in order to maintain control over the situation in the space of aiming objects, it is possible not to lose the naturally perceived image from the field of view of the leading eye.

The disadvantages of the analogue include the well-known disadvantages of the Galilean telescopic system.

So, at reasonable light sizes of the lens and the eyepiece (it is assumed that in the analogue the role of the lens is played by the input optical surface of a single prism lens, which acts as a telescopic system, and the eyepiece is the output lens), the Galilean system has a small field of view with a distant pupil of the user's eye (with an increase in 2.5 ^x and a pupil diameter of the eye of 2 mm, 50 mm from the sight, the field of view of such a prism lens is approximately 5 °, and with a magnification of 4 ^x - less than 3 °, which, of course, is sufficient for the perception of characteristic goals, having y The actual size is several tens of arc minutes, but still causes some discomfort, and in such a system the transmission of light decreases sharply as the field of view increases (in the given example, from the maximum for axial rays to 0% for the extreme field corresponding to the above 5 and 3 °).

The reason for such shortcomings lies in the inability to coordinate the position of the exit pupil of the Galileo telescopic system with the entrance pupil of the user's eye (the exit pupil of the Galileo telescopic system (if you take the lens barrel as the entrance pupil) is located inside such a system - along the rays - in front of the eyepiece, i.e. a distance of about 70 mm from the eye - using the Galilean telescopic system as a magnifying optics of the sight, the user seems to look through a small hole - about 5-10 mm (depending on size input and output surfaces of optical lenses, prisms) arranged at a distance of 70 mm therefrom, wherein the enlarged image spots purpose and limited - surrounding target space). For reference, in a 5 mm hole located 70 mm from the eye, you can see only an enlarged 4- ^x image of the chest figure, removed by 25 m.

In addition, the analogue, when perceiving an enlarged image, has a clearly asymmetric field of view - on the one hand from the aiming point (in the direction from which the marker is removed) it is about 1/7, and not half the maximum, which is necessary (to ensure guaranteed marker removal) overlap (in normal projection onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of aiming - hereinafter referred to as “in Projection”) by the output optical surface of the target indicator of the output optical surface of the body opicheskoy system.

In this regard, the use of the analogue is limited either by small distances (up to 800 m), or (at long distances) by working conditions, assuming a conditionally unlimited time for aiming. So, an analogue can be used on a Kalashnikov assault rifle, when pointing telescopes, and so on. Its use, for example, together with sniper weapons with an aiming range of about 2000 m is impractical.

The last of the noted drawbacks will also occur when combining a collimator target designator with a remote marker with a night vision device or thermal imager.

Technical result

Basically, the technical result from the implementation of the presented objects of the invention is to create for the user’s leading eye the possibility of transition in the process of aiming, without interrupting the latter, including without interrupting the exact guidance (on an enlarged, enhanced in brightness or spectrally transformed image of the target), to natural conditions observations, or at least as close to those as possible, providing the possibility of free orientation in space within the field of view of the ignorant eye ( for which there is only corrective optics), i.e. in creating the closest working conditions for both eyes of the user, including in terms of reducing their axes at the object of attention.

The problem of using traditional optical sights, both telescopic and night vision, is that they have a limited field of view. This significantly complicates their application, increases the aiming time, reduces the amount of visually perceived useful information (see Wikipedia, request: “optical sight”).

In addition, the great inconvenience when using traditional optical sights is due to the fact that completely different working conditions are created for the left and right eyes, including from the point of view of the mutual orientation of their axes. This greatly complicates the aiming with both eyes open, leads to a loss of orientation in space and disruption of the vestibular apparatus due to impaired natural convergence and a difference in the speed of images perceived by different eyes.

The invention is intended to solve the identified problems.

Additionally, with regard to the first and third of the claimed objects, it should be noted that traditional sights have limited light transmission, and their performance depends on the degree of contamination of their optical surfaces, in particular, when fogging, traditional sights become inoperative.

The technical result from the implementation of the distinguishing features of the first of the claimed objects also lies in the fact that it is possible to combine the advantages of the Kepler telescopic system and / or night vision device and / or thermal imager (relatively large field of view, the possibility of enhancing the brightness of the target, converting infrared radiation goals in the visible) with the advantages of a sight with a rendered marker (the ability without contact with the sight a) to switch from one composition of visually perceived images to another goy, b) adjust the brightness ratios of visually perceived images, the ability to work in conditions of pollution, including fogging, optical surfaces, an almost unlimited field of view for the leading eye, for example above and also to the left and right of the aiming point, when perceiving a natural image of the target , the possibility of a natural perception of the target at almost 100% transmission of light from it with the simultaneous perception of the aiming mark, the convenience of working with both eyes open - both eyes see the absolute but identical in brightness, color and so on. Images).

And in relation to the second and third of the declared objects, we can say that they allow without resorting to the control organs of the sight to switch from one combination of visually perceived images to another with an arbitrary change in the ratio of visually perceived brightness of the latter.

On the other hand, the use of the distinguishing features of the presented inventions will allow to optimize the optical characteristics (primarily to reduce the field of view) of these devices without compromising control during aiming over the situation in the space of the targeting objects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The main objective of the invention is the provision in the process of aiming the possibility of maximally approximating the working conditions of the user's eyes when considering the space of objects of aiming to the natural ones - ensuring the possibility of approximately the same orientation of the eyes in the direction of the same objects, as well as the same spatial perception of the objects surrounding the target (for the left and the right eye, the object of aiming or the objects surrounding it should be practically the same and be where they would be, if if the sight were not introduced into the course of physical rays from the target to the eye).

The claimed technical result is achieved by the fact that in the sight, designed to orientate the angular position of objects in space, providing during the aiming to perceive with the leading eye the natural image of the target or close to that, and also, possibly, and / or part of the surrounding space, the following features.

1) for the first of the declared objects:

- the sight includes a Kepler telescopic system, and / or a night vision device, and / or a thermal imager (it is assumed that the last two devices are based on an electron-optical image converter), despite the fact that at their output (for example, after the lens of the telescopic system or electronically the optical converter of the night-vision device or thermal imager) or directly at the output of the sight there is a mirror, prism or mirror-prism node or its output element (in the particular case the role of which t eyepiece perform any of these devices), thus that this node provides beams preferably parallel displacement by means of which the construction of larger and / or enhanced in brightness and / or converted by spectrum target image or also its surrounding area;

- at the same time, it ensures the displacement of the optical axis of one and / or the other of the indicated devices (telescopic system, and / or night vision device, and / or thermal imager) - its parallel shift to the side, so that at least part of the aiming direction (perimeter) of the output optical surface or of the output optical surfaces of the said assembly or eyepieces of said devices was located outside the screening area of at least part of the space of the targeting objects (mainly outside the screening area nirovaniya purpose) parts of such devices (telescopic system, and / or night vision device and / or thermal);

- the frame (s) of the output (their) optical (s) element (s) of the aforementioned node and / or the element itself or the elements or eyepiece (eyepieces) are made in such a way that they can work on the principle of a remote marker and / or the ability to work on the principle a staged image constructed using these devices;

- also the sight includes located to the output optical element of the said node or sight (hereinafter it is assumed that the output optical element of the said node is the output optical element of the sight itself - see also below in relation to optical filters, etc.) the adjustment mechanism configured to the angular displacement of the image constructed by one and / or the other of these devices, in order to coordinate the angular position of the optical axes of these devices and the offset or offset optical axes by the output of the mentioned node (providing coordination of the angular position of the optical axes at the input and output of the sight).

2) for the second of the declared objects:

- the sight includes a Kepler telescopic system, or a night vision device, or a thermal imager, while at their output or directly at the output of the sight there is a mirror, prism or mirror-prism node or its output element (in the particular case, the eyepiece of any of these devices), while such a node provides a parallel displacement of the rays coming from the target and / or from the surrounding space, with the aim of mixing them with the rays coming from one or another of these devices;

- at the same time, it is configured to provide displacement of the optical axis of the user's leading eye according to the principle of the periscope (if we consider the imaginary return path of the rays — from the eye to the target) with at least one eye position relative to the sight, in which the user sees images of the aiming mark and the target — its parallel shift to the side, so that in the direction of aiming at least part of the input optical surface of the said node, into which the rays from the space of objects of aiming, Laga least outside the region of the shielding at least a portion thereof (again, mainly outside the region shielding purposes) parts of said devices (telescopic system or instrument Night vision / or thermal);

- the sight includes an adjustment mechanism made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by one or another of these devices in order to coordinate the angular position of the optical axes at the output of one of these devices (hereinafter - on the basis of which it is built) and at the output of the said node (in another embodiment, which means the same thing - ensuring coordination of the angular position of the optical axes of the lenses of these devices and the offset optical axis at the input of the said node) - this mechanism is advisable position these devices after the lens;

- the sight includes an optical element (plate, mirror, lens, etc.) with transmittance and / or reflection variable in its cross section (transverse to the axial rays), for example, with a coating deposited on a working optical surface having a variable transmittance and / or reflection;

- in addition, the sight includes an adjustment mechanism made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by the rays passing one or another of the indicated devices in order to coordinate the angular position of the optical axis at the exit of the sight and the eventual (assumed) angular position of the optical axis of the non-sighted user of the eye (here in view of such a position of the optical axis of the non-leading eye, which would have been the case when the sight was oriented by means of the leading eye to the object of aiming and orientation to what is the object of the ignorant eye with correct convergence) - the axial beam of rays at the entrance of the sight should correspond approximately (for example, when neglecting aberrations) parallel to the axial beam of rays at the exit of the sight - this mechanism should be placed in front of the input optical surface of the said node into which the rays from the target , or between the elements of the said node, for example, in front of its output element.

3) for the third of the declared objects:

- the sight includes a night vision device or a thermal imager;

- at the output of these devices or directly at the output of the sight, a node or its output element is located, despite the fact that such a node provides a parallel shift of the rays, through which the brightness-enhanced and / or spectrum-converted image of the target or its surrounding space is constructed;

- while the said node provides the displacement of the optical axis of one or another of these devices, so that in the direction of aiming at least part of the output optical surface of the said node or sight is located outside the shielding region of at least part of the space of objects of aiming by the details of such devices;

- the sight also includes an alignment mechanism located in front of (not necessarily directly - maybe somewhere in front of other optical elements of the sight along the beam) by the output optical element of the said assembly or sight, made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by one or another of these devices, in order to coordinate the angular position of the optical axes of one of these devices and the offset optical axis at the output of the said node (the axes should be approximately parallel);

- while the output optical element of the said node is configured to transmit in the direction of the leading eye (the one that works with these devices - through which the aiming is carried out) of light from the space of objects of aiming, bypassing these devices;

- additionally, the frame of the output optical element of the said node and / or the element itself is made such that it provides 1) the ability to work on the principle of a remote marker and / or 2) the ability to work on the principle of a remote image constructed using one of these devices;

- in this case, the additional sight can include located at the entrance of the said node, which receives the rays from the target, past these devices, an adjustment mechanism made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by the rays past one or another of these devices, in order to coordinate the angular position the optical axis of the sight and the eventual (estimated) angular position of the optical axis of the non-sighted eye of the user (see above for the second object) —the axial beam of rays at the entrance of the sight should correspond approximately (also see above) to a parallel axial beam of rays at the exit of the sight.

First of all, the first object differs from the analogue in that the indicated devices themselves perform the function of the target, in addition, the work on the principle of a remote image involves a special geometry (see below) of the output optical element of the sight, different from the geometry of such a target with a remote marker.

The second object is primarily distinguished from known systems with image combining by the presence of an element with a variable cross section (transverse to the optical axis or axial rays) by transmission and / or reflection.

The third object is primarily distinguished from known systems with image combining by the presence of an adjustment mechanism that eliminates even a slight mismatch of the optical axes of the eyes during operation of the sight.

More functions of the named adjustment mechanisms are described below. Here, on this occasion, it seems necessary to clarify the following.

In the case of working according to the principle of a remote marker, the optical axis of the sight as a target indicator (by which, as a rule, in the application materials is understood the axis passing in parallel (again when neglecting aberrations) to the rays coming out of the sight that carry information about the aiming point of the aiming network into the user's eye - about the point of the reticle, which must be combined with the control point on the target to ensure proper guidance - this can be the real center of the crosshair or the imaginary center of the crosshair of the other g other segments may be acute or obtuse vertex angle, dot, etc.), in the direction coincides with the direction of sight determined by the direction of visual attention, for which one can take the direction from the center of the user's eye pupil to the control point on a target.

The optical axis of the sight as an observing device (by which, as a rule, in the application materials we mean the axis passing through the center of the entrance pupil of the lens of one of the indicated devices and the imaginary image of the aiming point of the aiming network constructed by such a lens in the assumed return path of the rays) should also direction coincide with the direction of aiming. Otherwise, for the leading eye there will be a ghosting of images, for the exclusion of which it is supposed to use the first of the mentioned adjustment mechanism.

Those. the first of the mentioned adjustment mechanisms can be defined as the adjustment mechanism, made with the possibility of eliminating the angular mismatch of the location of those images of the object of attention, which at a certain position (following from the considerations of working on the principle of a marker and / or a rendered image) the position of the leading eye relative to the sight can be perceived as eye at the same time, as, for example, enlarged (hereinafter: or enhanced in brightness, converted in spectrum) and is naturally perceived the purpose of the image. When aiming according to the principle of a remote marker, the control points on such images should coincide with a high degree of accuracy. So, for example, in the case of a sight designed to aim small arms, the angular mismatch of the locations of the images indicated here (the difference in the angular position of the images of the control points) should not significantly exceed the accuracy of the battle, expressed in angular measure (in radians, the accuracy of the battle is approximately equal to the ratio of the diameter of the circle , describing a series of consecutive defeats on the target, to the distance to the goal), although it is better to reduce this mismatch by means of adjustment to almost zero. In sights designed to orient observational instruments, such a mismatch should not exceed half the field of view of the instruments, although in this case it is better to reduce it practically to zero by means of adjustment.

Following the same reasoning, the second of the mentioned adjustment mechanisms can also be defined as an adjustment mechanism made with the possibility of eliminating the angular mismatch of the location of the enlarged and un magnified images of the target, which is also better to reduce to zero.

The third of the mentioned adjustment mechanisms is designed to at least eliminate the double vision of images perceived by different eyes, although in the best execution such a mechanism should exclude angular mismatch in the eye position during the sighting process when perceiving the same objects - the axis of the eyes should be either parallel up to tens of angular minutes, or they must converge on the object of attention. This mechanism allows you to compensate for errors in the manufacture and installation of optical elements, in particular additional (see below) of the mentioned node.

Description of figures

The invention is illustrated by 36 figures, which depict embodiments of the presented sights, alignment mechanisms, possible visually perceptible images, etc.

Figure 1-21, basically correspond to the first declared object;

22-28 - mainly to the second;

29-36 - mostly to the third.

Various technical solutions used in a particular object can be borrowed when creating others.

The difference between the objects is reduced to the one whose axis is shifting - of one of the indicated devices or (conditionally - see below) the eyes (or a beam of axial rays from the target that passed the indicated devices, which is the same).

Also, in the case of a night vision device and a thermal imager, it is not obvious the feasibility of providing an indispensable opportunity to work on the principle of a remote image, in which the user's face is illuminated by the screen.

Figure 1 presents a top view of the sight, in which through the said node made a horizontal displacement of the axis of the telescopic system.

Figure 2 presents a view in the direction of aiming on the sight, similar to that shown in figure 1 (with a horizontal axis offset) with a rectangular outlet of said node (with a rectangular perimeter of the output optical surface of said node).

Figure 3 presents a view in the direction of aiming at the sight with a vertical axis offset.

Figure 4 presents a possible embodiment of the adjustment mechanism of the sight with the said node.

Figure 5 presents the course of the aperture and field, including extreme field, rays in the telescopic system and in the said node.

Figures 6, 7, 8, 9 show variants of the relative arrangement of normal projections of the output optical element of the said assembly and the pupil of the user's eye on a plane perpendicular to the direction of aiming.

Figure 10, 11, 12, 13 depict options for visually perceived images corresponding to the positions of the pupil relative to the sight shown in Fig.6, 7, 8, 9.

On Fig, 15, 16, 17 presents the options for applying reflective coatings to the reflective face of the output optical element of the said node in the Projection.

On Fig depicts a sight for pointing a telescope with high magnification.

On Fig presents a possible layout of the combined sight - the relative position of the telescopic system and night vision device (device for reconciling the sight on the weapon and making amendments, the device for attaching the sight to the weapon, combining these devices, as well as the adjustment mechanism that allows you to align their axis in Fig. not shown).

On Fig presents the optimal, according to the author, the layout of the sight for small arms.

On Fig presents the layout of the device, which can be used both for pointing small arms, involving recoil, and for observation with a relatively large field of view.

On Fig presents a side view of the sight, corresponding to the second of the claimed objects - with a shift (when splitting the axis - as a result of the user's eye can simultaneously observe various images coming through different channels) of the optical axis of the user's eye in the vertical direction.

On Fig presents the "hypotenous" face of the additional element of the node in the Projection indicating a) traces of the extreme axial (aperture) and field rays, as well as b) the possible location of the pupil of the user's eye relative to such a face in the Projection.

On Fig presents a possible dependence of the reflection coefficient of the coating deposited on the "hypotenous" face of the additional element of the said node (or on the reflecting face of the node itself), from the distance from the optical axis in a diagonal section.

On Fig, 26 depicts exemplary options visually perceived images corresponding to the positions of the pupil I and III (Fig.23) relative to the sight.

On Fig, 28 presents a section on a top view of the alignment mechanism, including two rotary wedges located one after another, the axis of rotation of which are perpendicular to each other - the first is horizontal, the second is vertical.

On Fig.29, 30, 31, 34 presents embodiments of the ocular part of the night vision device or thermal imager (an additional element (see below) is not specified).

On Fig, 33 presents options for possible mutual orientation of the output optical surface of the sight and light tubes in which the rays propagate from the axial point of the target and the direction of aiming.

On Fig presents an embodiment of the ocular part of the night vision device or thermal imager with an additional element.

On Fig presents the geometry of the output optical element in that area, which is designed to work on the principle of the remote image.

Figure 1 is given to explain the essence of the displacement of the optical axis at the output of the telescopic system.

Figures 2 and 3 are presented to explain the essence of the exception for at least a portion of the output optical surface of the said shielding assembly in the direction of aiming of the space of the target objects by the details of the telescopic system.

Figure 4 is given to illustrate the possible principle of the adjustment mechanism.

Figure 5 is given to illustrate the features of a telescopic system designed to build the presented sight (the optical elements of the said node are mirrors).

6, 7, 8, 9 are shown to illustrate possible options for the mutual orientation of the sight and the user's eye, corresponding to various visually perceived images.

FIGS. 10, 11, 12, 13 are shown for representing images visually perceived by the leading eye corresponding to the positions of its pupil with respect to the sight shown in FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9 (when implementing a reflective coating of the face 5 of the output optical element of the said assembly in accordance with Fig.14).

Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17 are shown to explain the possibility of obtaining additional combinations of visually perceived images when creating a reflective coating assembly with a variable reflectance on the reflecting edge of the optical element (for the same purpose, it is possible to create a coating sight on one of the refractive optical surfaces with a variable, including adjustable by applying voltage, light transmission coefficient).

Fig. 18 is shown to illustrate the possibility of integrating said assembly into the sight.

Fig. 19 is shown to represent the mutual orientation of the output optical elements of the various blocks of the said combined sight assembly: a block corresponding to a telescopic system and a block corresponding to a night vision device.

Fig. 20 is shown to illustrate the possibility of constructing a sight corresponding to the first of the claimed objects with the pupil removed.

Fig.21 is given to explain the possible layout of the sight, oriented to different positions of the eye relative to it along the optical axis (the optical elements of the said node are made in the form of mirrors).

Fig. 22 is given to explain the essence of the displacement of the optical axis of the user's eye (presumably located in the area of the exit pupil of the telescopic system; in general, the leading eye can also be located in the range of the rays carrying the information about the direction of aiming and about the un magnified image of the target), and explanations of the essence of exclusion for at least a part of the input optical surface of the aforementioned node (into which rays come from the space of objects of aiming) shielding in the direction of aiming is simple anstva objects aiming telescope system components (or night vision device / Imager).

23 is shown for representing various options for the relative positioning of the user's eye and sight, which correspond to various combinations of visually perceived images.

Fig.24 is provided to explain the reasons for reducing the brightness of the objects of the enlarged and un enlarged images when considering Fig.26.

Figs. 25, 26 are shown for representing images visually perceived by the leading eye corresponding to the positions of its pupil with respect to the sight shown in Figs. 23 poses I, III (when realizing a “hypotenuse” facet of an additional element in accordance with Fig. 24).

Fig.27, 28 are given to explain the principle of operation of the adjustment mechanism, built on the basis of two rotary wedges located one after another, the axis of rotation of which are perpendicular to each other.

Fig. 29 is shown to illustrate the possibility of performing the said assembly in the form of a nozzle for a night vision device or a thermal imager.

30, 31, 34, 35 are shown to illustrate the possibility of integrating said assembly into the ocular portion of a night vision device or thermal imager.

Figs. 32, 33 are provided for explaining the possibility of simultaneous operation on the principle of a remote marker and on the principle of a remote image (figures reflect the features of all declared objects).

Fig. 36 is provided for explaining the geometry of the output optical element of the sight in that region which is designed to operate on the principle of a remote image.

The following notation is used in the figures:

1 - Kepler's telescopic system with an aiming reticle, as well as with a weapon alignment and corrections mechanism (traditional optical sight with some features - see below);

2 - mirror, prism or mirror-prism node, providing the mentioned offset of the optical axis;

3 - a horizontally located guide, in which rotation of the axis (shaft) of the said assembly or one or part of its components (together with those) is possible;

4 - additional elements of the said node;

5 - one of the reflecting faces of the optical part of the said node;

6 - the position of the user's eye, in which it is possible to work on the principle of an extended marker (in Fig. The image of the eye is traditionally presented in profile, while in fact it should be rotated 90 °);

7 - the output optical surface of the said node, for which in the direction of aiming the space of objects of aiming is not shielded by the details of the telescopic system;

8 is a part of the output optical surface of said assembly for which, in the direction of aiming, the space of objects of aiming is not shielded by the details of the telescopic system;

9 - shaft of the foot-holder of the upper rotary prism with a hole for a triangular socket wrench of the adjustment device;

10 - lower rotary prism;

11 - foot holder of the lower rotary prism;

12 - shaft of the foot-holder of the lower rotary prism;

13 - the body of the said node;

14 - a light tube in which field rays propagate;

15 - extreme field rays (determining the maximum possible field of view at a given distance from the pupil of the eye relative to the sight along the optical axis);

16 - light tube in which the rays propagate, carrying information about the direction of aiming (for example, about the axial point of the aiming mark);

17 - exit pupil of the telescopic system;

18 - the frame of the lens of the telescopic system;

19 is the output optical surface of the output element of the aforementioned assembly (performed by the sight corresponding to FIG. 6, it is assumed that behind such a surface there is a facet of the output optical element with a reflective coating shown in FIG. 14 inclined to the optical axis at an angle of 45 ° (exclusion of the complete internal reflection is achieved by applying to the face over the reflective coating a light-absorbing coating having good adhesion to glass);

20 - one of the possible positions of the pupil of the user's eye relative to the sight;

21 is a visually perceived image of an object surrounding the target space;

22 is a visually perceptible image of the target;

23 is a visually perceptible image of the sighting mark;

24 - lens telescopic system;

25 is an output optical element of said node (in the embodiment of the sight shown in Fig. 18, such an element additionally, together with an element of said node 30, functions as a wrapping system of a telescopic system);

26 - eyepiece of the telescopic system;

27 - the second wedge of the adjustment mechanism along the beam (the role of the wedge in the adjustment mechanism can be performed by a lens with a large focal length);

28 - the first wedge of the alignment mechanism along the beam;

29 - the first (input) element of the said assembly (in the embodiment of the sight shown in Fig. 18, a wedge can be additionally glued to one of the faces of such an element, on the "hypotenuse" face of which a selective reflective coating is applied that transmits radiation at the working wavelength of the light-emitting diode Pos. 31);

30 - lens projecting into the focal plane of the eyepiece (coincides with the output optical surface of the prism, on which an additional grid can be applied) image of the aiming grid;

31 - reticle — a light emitting diode, the luminous surface of which has a given spatial configuration;

32 - entrance pupil of the telescopic system;

33 - sniper rifle;

34 is an output optical element of said block assembly corresponding to a telescopic system;

35 is an output optical element of said block assembly corresponding to a night vision device;

36 - night vision device;

37 - a lens that determines the exit pupil of the exit pupil of the sight, on which the reticle can be applied, involving illumination - it can be a flat-concave lens, the flat side of which is facing the eyepiece (in general, this is not necessarily a negative lens, it can also be a collecting lens);

38 - axial rays from the target, not passing through the telescopic system, but which can get into the user's eye at the same time as the rays carrying information about the direction of aiming and about the enlarged image of the target;

39 - adjustment mechanism;

40 - field rays from the target, not passing through the telescopic system, but which can get into the user's eye at the same time as the rays that carry information about the direction of aiming;

41 - rays carrying information about the direction of aiming (for example, coming from the central fragment of the aiming reticle);

42 - wrapping system of a telescopic system;

43 - axial (lower aperture) beam of the telescopic system;

44 - field beam of a telescopic system;

45 - “hypotenous” facet of an additional element in the Projection;

46 - traces of the extreme field rays of the telescopic system (imaginary) —the place where such rays intersect with the “hypotenuse” face of the additional element;

47 - traces of the extreme axial rays of the telescopic system;

48 — dependence of the reflection coefficient of the coating of fragments of the “hypotenuse” facet of an additional element on their removal from the optical axis;

49 is a screen of an electron-optical image converter;

50 - eyepiece of a night vision device or thermal imager;

51 - exit pupil of a night vision device or thermal imager (the preferred location of the pupil of the user's eye);

52 — a rectangular prism, on the “hypotenous” face of which a selective reflective coating is applied, transmitting radiation at the working wavelength of the LED;

53 - target designator lens;

54 - positive - collecting - component of the eyepiece (with positive optical power) located between the screen and the first optical element of the said node;

55 is a positive component of the eyepiece located between the optical elements of the said node (between the prisms);

56 — negative — scattering — component of the eyepiece (with negative optical power) located between the optical elements of the said assembly;

57 - traces of the extreme (most remote from the optical axis) rays carrying information about the direction of aiming;

58 is a negative component of the eyepiece located between the screen and its positive component;

59 - the position of the user's eye, in which the working field of view of the night vision device or thermal imager is used to the maximum;

60 - "hypotenuse" face of the output optical element of the sight;

61 - the face of the output optical element of the sight, located in that area in which it is supposed to work on the principle of a remote image, such a face with an accuracy of no more than 3 ° (i.e. no error should exceed the specified 3 °) should be parallel to the optical axis at the exit of the sight;

62 - the extreme beam coming from the space of objects of aiming, determining the maximum possible field of view, for example, under the aiming point (which corresponds to Fig.) When considering a naturally perceived image of the target;

63 - light tube of finite dimensions, in which field rays of a naturally perceived image propagate;

64 is a light tube of finite dimensions, in which the field rays of an image constructed by one of these devices propagate;

65 - the extreme beam coming from the space of objects of aiming, determining the maximum possible field of view, for example, above the aiming point (which corresponds to Fig.) When viewing an image constructed by one of these devices;

66 - pupil of the user's eye (in Fig. It is assumed that the pupil of the user's eye has a minimum diameter of 2 mm - M1: 1);

I - the position of the pupil of the user's eye in the Projection with respect to the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, in which the user sees with the leading eye the image of the aiming mark and the un magnified image of the target and the space surrounding the target (Fig.25);

II - the position of the pupil of the user's eye in the Projection relative to the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, in which the user sees with the leading eye the image of the aiming mark, as well as the enlarged and unexpanded images of the target and the space surrounding the target, while it can change the ratio of the visually perceived brightness of the latter, changing the degree of overlapping by the pupil of the eye of the exit pupil of the telescopic system (a light tube in which axial rays propagate from the target);

III - the main position of the pupil of the user's eye in the Projection relative to the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, in which the user sees with the leading eye the image of the aiming mark and the enlarged image of the target, as well as the enlarged and un magnified images of the space surrounding the target, while the brightness of the first to the periphery of the field of view decreases, and the second - increases (Fig.26), while the user can change the degree of reduction and increase indicated here by shifting the eye relative to the exit pupil of the telescope optical system in both transverse and longitudinal directions;

IV - the position of the pupil of the user's eye in the Projection relative to the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, in which the user sees the image of the aiming mark with the leading eye and the underexplained image of the target and the space surrounding the target (compared to what he saw when his eye was located in position I), while the user, shifting the eye in the transverse direction, can change the degree of weakening indicated here;

V - the position of the pupil of the user's eye in the Projection relative to the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, in which the user sees with his leading eye an unexagined image of the target and the space surrounding the target;

A - direction of aiming (usually parallel to the optical axis at the entrance of the sight);

In - the direction of rotation in the vertical plane of the said node or one or part of its components, carried out when adjusting the sight;

With - the direction of rotation in the horizontal plane of the said node or one or part of its components, carried out when adjusting the sight;

E is the direction of rotation of the first wedge of the adjustment mechanism;

F - direction of rotation of the second wedge of the adjustment mechanism;

G is the direction of rotation of the first wedge of the adjustment mechanism around the axis O ₁ , leading to a shift of the optical axis in the horizontal plane by an angle α;

H is the distance from the optical axis of the eyepiece of the telescopic system to the edge of the output optical surface of the node (or sight) farthest from it;

h is the magnitude of said axis displacement;

L is the length of the sight;

O ₁ - the vertical axis of rotation of the first wedge of the adjustment mechanism (passes through the center of the crosshair);

O ₂ - the horizontal axis of rotation of the second wedge of the adjustment mechanism;

P is the distance from the optical axis of the lens of the telescopic system to its most protruding part in the direction of the said displacement of the optical axis of the sight;

h _in - the height of the part of the pupil of the user's eye, in the projection projecting above the output optical surface of the sight,

h _n - the height of the part of the pupil, in the projection blocked by the output optical surface of the sight,

α is the angle of displacement of the optical axis in a horizontal plane parallel to the direction of aiming caused by the rotation of the first wedge (located on the left);

- the hatching in Fig. 1 indicates the area that is shielded in the direction of aiming by the details of the telescopic system - which in the Projection is overlapped by the details of the telescopic system;

- the numbers 4.0 and 9.3 indicate the removal from the optical axis in mm of fragments of the “hypotenuse” face of the additional element, on which a reflective coating is applied with a reflection coefficient of ~ 0% and ~ 100%, respectively;

- ~ 0% and 100% are the reflection coefficients of the coating deposited on the “hypotenuse” face of the additional element of the said assembly (note: ~ 0% means that the reflection coefficient does not exceed, for example, 4%, corresponding to the reflection coefficient of the air-glass interface; 100% - the maximum possible reflection of the corresponding coating, for example 90%).

Concepts used

Perception of the natural image of the target (and the space surrounding the target) - the perception of the image of the target, built by the lens of the eye on the retina with rays, to the eye or corrective optics (glasses for distance) that passed exclusively through the space surrounding the target (usually through air, but also through the window glass, smoke, fog, etc.), bypassing the optical elements of the sight (optical parts of the sight made of optical materials - glasses, plastics, etc.).

The perception of the image of the target, close to natural - the perception of the image of the target with a single increase, without noticeable spatial distortions, mainly in that part of the space in which the target would be if the sight were not inserted between the eyes and the target. Such an image can be constructed by the lens of the leading eye on the retina with rays, up to the eye or corrective optics (glasses for distance), passing through the optical parts of the sight the scan along the beam which is close to a plane-parallel plate or wedge (which are not intended for focusing the rays).

Work on the principle of a remote marker - work with an optical device that includes optical elements (in particular, collecting lenses) projecting the image of the information carrier on the aiming mark (reticle) into the space of objects of aiming or to infinity, suggesting that the device is designed such that when the pupil is located eyes in the Projection in the region of the edge of its output optical surface, due to the small size of the chamfer and / or frame of the corresponding optical part (output optical part of the sight), and e, due to the finite size of the pupil itself, the rays can simultaneously be incident to rays traveling parallel to each other that carry information both about the direction of aiming (for example, from the axial point of the aiming mark) and about the object of aiming (from the surrounding space from the axial point of the aiming object), as a result, visually the image of the sighting mark will be perceived taken out of the scope, as if hanging in the air.

Work according to the principle of the image taken out (the position of the leading eye is similar to that described above) - work with an optical device projecting into the user's eye an enlarged and / or brightness-enhanced (spectrum-converted) image of the target, while an imaginary mark left on its output optical surface a light tube in which axial rays propagate from the target is in close proximity (preferably less than those mentioned below 1-2, but not more than below 8 mm) from the edge of such overhnosti, resulting in a visual image of the target will be perceived rendered beyond sight, as if hanging in the air.

Notes:

1) the work on the principle of a remote marker or a remote image is possible in systems in which an imaginary trace of extreme axial beams (respectively from the reticle and image) on the output optical surface is close to the edge of the latter;

2) in the application materials sights are described in which the aiming point of the aiming grid is located near the front main focus, for example, the eyepiece, i.e. on its optical axis, which seems to be the most rational, however, the author does not exclude that the reticle can be shifted in the focal plane, for example, when making corrections or during the alignment of the sight, or for other reasons, in connection with which axial rays carrying information about the direction of aiming, in the application materials you should understand the rays that carry information about the aiming point of the aiming net (as a rule, such rays are aligned with the direction of aiming).

Information about the possibility of implementing the invention

In accordance with the claimed invention on the first object, you can make three fundamentally different versions of the sight:

- a sight with a telescopic system, at the output of which the aforementioned assembly is located, consisting of one unit with one output optical element (here and below, the eyepiece can also play a role), while the said adjustment mechanism is designed to ensure coordination of the mutual angular position of the optical axis, for example , the lens of the telescopic system and the optical elements of the said assembly by changing the direction of the rays in the sight without violating their homocentricity or parallelism (for example, by changing the position of the target image in the focal plane of the lens or on the reticle or by angular displacement of the rays after the telescopic system to the output optical element of the sight) - the alignment mechanism should be able to combine when working according to the principle of the image marker, which is naturally perceived and enlarged, also possibly handed down;

- a sight with a night-vision device (with a night sight) or a thermal imager, at the output of which the said node is located, also consisting of one unit also with one output optical element with a similar adjustment mechanism for the purpose;

- an sight with a telescopic system and a night vision device or a thermal imager, at the output of which is located the said unit, consisting of two units (one for each device) with two output optical elements (one for each unit), while the said adjustment mechanism is also should consist of two independent blocks of similar purpose.

It is possible to manufacture a sight with a night vision device and a thermal imager or with all of these devices, but this seems to be impractical.

In accordance with the claimed invention, according to the second object, three variants of the sight can be made - with a telescopic system, with a night vision device or with a thermal imager. In addition to the aforementioned, it may include an additional adjustment mechanism, which is designed to compensate for errors in the manufacture of optical elements of the said assembly by changing the direction of incidence of rays from the target or the surrounding space at its entrance.

In accordance with the claimed invention, for the third object, two variants of the sight can be made - with a night vision device or with a thermal imager. It, like the previous object, may include adjustment mechanisms for both assignments.

The possibility of implementing the invention is mainly considered on the examples of sights with a telescopic system. Such a review for the most part is also true for sights with night vision devices or thermal imagers (you can replace the words “telescopic system” with the words “night vision device” or “thermal imager”, and the words “enlarged image” with the words “image enhanced in brightness” or “electronically converted image”).

The construction of a sight with a telescopic system and a night vision device is considered in the conclusion. Similarly, a sight with a telescopic system and a thermal imager can be built.

In relation to the first of the declared objects (many of the design solutions of which can be applied in sights made in accordance with the second and third objects).

The sight should include a Kepler telescopic system 1 (figure 1).

Preferably, such a system should be constructed in such a way that the light tube 16 (FIG. 5), in which rays propagate from the output optical surface of the eyepiece carrying information about the direction of aiming A (FIG. 1) (for example, about the axial point of the aiming mark), surpassed in its cross-sectional area those of light tubes, for example 14, in which field rays propagate, and also the cross-sectional area of a light tube in which rays propagate from the axial point of the target (not shown in FIG. only the lower aperture beam, but its position is obvious, if we take into account that the exit pupil 17 of the telescopic system is shown).

This is necessary so that, while maintaining the field of view (when considering an enlarged image), the area of the output optical surface of the aforementioned assembly (hereinafter, or the sight) is slightly smaller than the cross-sectional area of the axial beam of the telescopic eyepiece beams carrying information about the aiming direction (eyepiece in this case, it plays the role of a lens projecting an image of the aiming mark), so that the entire output optical surface of the said assembly is “covered” with axial rays of the eyepiece and In this case, field rays from the target would not be lost. In this case, it will be guaranteed that it will be possible to work on the basis of a marker.

Preferably, the telescopic system used should have an exit pupil with an area of at least 1.2 times (preferably 1.5) that exceeds the maximum possible pupil area of the human eye. This will significantly expand the possible combinations of the above image compositions. On the other hand, this will make it possible to obtain a large field of view of the telescopic system, which is determined, as can be seen from FIG. 5, by the path of the beams 15 (see explanations to FIG. 34 below).

In addition, the telescopic system used in sights for small arms, as a rule (in cases where the eyepiece is not the output optical element of the said node), should have a non-traditionally remote exit pupil (not 40-50, but 60-90 mm and more), which is associated with a significant length of the rays in the said node or in its output element.

At the output of the telescopic system, the sight must include a mirror, prism or mirror-prism node 2 (Fig. 1), provides parallel displacement of the rays, by means of which an enlarged and / or amplified in brightness and / or transformed by the spectrum of the image of the target or and the space surrounding it.

In fact, such a node provides a shift of the optical axis of the sight in such a way that at least part 8 (Fig. 3) of the output optical surface of the said node or its entire output optical surface 7 (Fig. 2) are located outside the area of screening of the space of objects of aiming by the details of the telescopic system ( see shaded area in figure 1).

Note: such a node can include the ocular part of the telescopic system (optical nodes located after the lens) (Fig. 18, 20, 21), and maybe the components of the wrapping system, the grid, etc.

So, for example, at the exit of the telescopic system, a prism 2 (Fig. 1) can be installed with two reflecting faces (in Fig. 1, dashed lines inclined at an angle of 45 ° to the optical axis show such faces, one of which is the lower one is indicated item 5).

As a result, there will be a parallel shift of the optical axis by h.

The value of h is preferably selected from a range from approximately P / 2-D / (2 · γ) to D, where P is the distance from the optical axis of the telescopic system lens to its most protruding part in the direction of the said displacement of the optical axis of the sight (Fig. 1 - this is the distance from the optical axis of the lens of the telescopic system to the outer part of its frame), D is the diameter of the entrance pupil of the telescopic systems, and γ is its angular increase.

In general, one should strive to ensure that, with the mentioned axis displacement, the following relation holds:

$${10}^{-2}<\frac{H-P}{L}<0.2\left(\mathrm{one}\right)$$

where H is the distance from the optical axis of the eyepiece of the telescopic system to the most distant edge of the output surface of the node,

a L — sight length — distance from the front end of the lens barrel to the output optical surface of the assembly.

This will make it possible, having positioned the eye in position 6 (Fig. 1) so that in the Projection only a part of its pupil is closed by the exit optical surface of the said node, with a natural perception of the target, provide, for example, to the right of the aiming point (for the sight shown in Fig. .2) or under the aiming point (for the sight shown in figure 3) the field of view is from 0.5 to 12 °, respectively, which corresponds to about 1 m (when aiming at the chest, the entire growth figure is visible) and 20 m (when aiming at 5 rooftop property at home, the whole house is visible) in height at a distance of 100 m.

In this regard, it is preferable to perform such a node (Fig. 36), in which behind its output surface there is only one optical surface that is inclined to the output at an angle of 45 ° and is reflective (on which reflective and protective coatings are applied), while theoretically, the angle of the field of view under the aiming point or to the right of it can be 45 ° - with the full approximation of the eye to the sight.

For reference. The sight shown in figure 2 when working on the principle of a remote marker, has a field of view to the left of the aiming point 5 °, and in figure 3 - under the aiming point - 1 °.

However, it should be borne in mind that the ignorant eye is not shielded by the sight and its field of view is unlimited, while the work according to the principle of the extended marker should be performed without closing the second eye - it is better to observe the target with two eyes, which is convenient, since both eyes work in same conditions. Violation of convergence will not happen, even if for the right eye a large-sized target (with an angular size of 1 to 4 ° - which depends on the characteristics of the user's vision) generally disappears behind the gun.

To minimize the shielding by the details of the sight of the left eye of the user, it is preferable to shift the optical axis to the left when looking at the sight in the direction of aiming (as shown in Fig. 2, the output optical surface of the said assembly should be located to the left of the telescopic system).

It is also preferable to shift the optical axis upward (this design corresponds to the sight shown in figure 3).

Left shift is convenient when using telescopic systems with high magnification and / or high aperture (for example, 24 ^x with an entrance pupil diameter of 200 mm) mounted on objects that have additional locking mechanisms - legs, brackets, tripods, etc., and up - accordingly, with a small increase (for example, 4 ^x with an entrance pupil diameter of 40 mm), mounted on objects that are supposed to be held in hands. In any case, such a configuration of the mechanism for mounting the sight on the weapon is preferable, in which the optical axis at the exit of the said node within 40 mm will be located in the center of the oriented object, for example, above the axis of the barrel of the weapon.

In general, the displacement of the optical axis can be performed in any direction (in order to maximize the eye closer to the barrel of the weapon, displacement can also be performed downward), although it is preferable to displace it in the upper left quarter relative to the axis of the telescopic system, i.e. somewhat to the left and / or somewhat up.

So, for example, a telescopic system can be located above the shutter of a sniper rifle, while the output element of the said assembly is directly in the center of the receiver.

The said node can provide the perception of a direct or inverted (from left to right and / or top to bottom) image.

In particular, said assembly can function as a wrapping system for a telescopic system. The latter is convenient if the said assembly includes an eyepiece of the telescopic system (Fig. 18) or a component of the latter (Fig. 20).

The frame of the output optical element of the said node and / or the element itself must be made such that it is possible to work according to the principle of a remote marker - in the Projection the thickness of the frame and / or the size of the chamfer of the output optical surface of the said node should be less than the pupil of the human eye, in extreme cases less than 1-2 mm (the minimum diameter of the pupil of the human eye), but not more than 8-10 mm (the maximum diameter of the pupil of the human eye).

The best result will be achieved when at least on one side (preferably from the side of the upper edge of the output optical surface of the aforementioned node) nothing will protrude beyond its output optical surface in the direction of aiming, and there will be no chamfer on it (Fig. 36).

In other words, in the Projection, nothing should appear behind the working area (behind the light diameter, for example) of the output optical surface of the sight.

If ultrahigh (practically unattainable) requirements for the accuracy of manufacturing the optical and mechanical parts of the sight were not presented, then it should include an adjustment mechanism that provides the possibility of matching the angular position of the optical axis, for example, the lens of the telescopic system (or the telescopic system itself, or its other optical components ) and the optical axis at the terminal of the aforementioned node, the angular position of which coincides (i.e., is determined) with the angular position of the optical axis of the leading eye When perceiving a natural image of a target, to which a rendered marker is pointed.

Such a mechanism may include the said assembly itself (Fig. 18), although it is preferable (from the point of view of adjustments - beams of beams of predictable geometry to fall on the output optical element of the sight) to place it in front of or immediately behind the focal plane of the lens (Fig. 20).

A good result can be achieved if the alignment mechanism involves the rotation of the said node or one or part of its components around two mutually perpendicular axes.

So, for example, the assembly can include rotational motion guides located horizontally 3 (Fig. 1) and vertically (Fig. 2), in which shafts can be located, rigidly connected to at least one optical element of the assembly, rotation of which in directions B and C will result to a change in the angular position of the optical axis at the output of the latter.

The adjustment of the sight under discussion, which is essentially called upon to coordinate the mutual angular positions of the telescopic system and the optical elements of the said assembly, should be reduced to the following.

Ensure that the control point on the target coincides (the point indicated, for example, by the central fragment of the image of the aiming mark, for example, the aiming point, if the aiming mark is made in the form of a point) when considering its enlarged and naturally perceived images (when working on the principle of a marker).

For alignment, a collimator with a large exit pupil diameter can be used, in the main focus of which an illuminated spot iris is installed. The sight is mounted coaxially with the collimator so that the axial rays of the latter are projected onto it. Positioning the eye in the region of the edge of the output optical surface of the sight, which assumes the work according to the principle of an extended marker, one observes a naturally perceived image of the diaphragm and sighting mark, as well as an image of the diaphragm constructed by a telescopic system. Turning to the controls of the adjustment mechanism (by turning the corresponding elements thereof), they achieve a combination of both images and, for example, the central fragment of the aiming mark.

For alignment, a device can be used designed to rotate the vertical and horizontal shafts respectively in guides, for example, made in the body of the said assembly, in which they are preferably fitted with an interference fit. Such a device must have a gear ratio of at least 50 - one revolution of the shaft must correspond to 50 revolutions of the working body of the device. To this end, the device may include differential or planetary mechanisms or a gear, such as a worm gear, while the body of the said assembly consists of elements (for example, holes for pins) that fix the device relative to it.

Preferably, the adjustment should be carried out at the manufacturer.

A possible embodiment of the said assembly is to make it from a pair of triangular prisms (Fig. 4, pos. 10 indicates the lower prism) with angles of 45, 45, and 90 °, each of which is placed in its holder (pos. 11, the holder of the lower prism is indicated) with shafts 9, 12, with an interference fit in the hole of the housing unit 13, designed to be attached to the frame of the eyepiece, or which is part of the body of the sight.

The optical elements of the said assembly, for example, prisms, are preferably made of optical materials with a high refractive index, which will optimize their dimensions and the dimensions of the optical parts of the telescopic system.

The shafts of the different holders should be located at an angle of 90 ° to each other, although this is not necessary - just with a different arrangement, the alignment will take place in several iterations.

The axis of the shafts can be parallel to the reflective faces of the prism and pass at a small distance from them (from 0 to 5 mm).

In one of the possible embodiments of the sight between the prisms, an eyepiece of the telescopic system or its component can be located (the latter is preferred). This design will allow, while maintaining the operational characteristics of the sight (large field of view, a slight change in aperture ratio as the field angle grows), reduce the dimensions of its optical elements.

So, the first prism of the said node can be located near the focal plane of the lens of the telescopic system, and due to the additional optical element, it can also provide for the introduction of rays from the target rays coming from the sighting net, while the eyepiece of the telescopic system can be located directly in front of the second prism of the aforementioned node, while the prisms indicated here can play the role of a telescopic system wrapping system (for example, they can be performed like a prismatic revolution binocular system).

On Fig shows a sight for pointing the telescope, including a lens 24 with an entrance pupil 32, the first wedge 28 of the alignment mechanism, the first prism 29 of the said node, integrated into the sight, providing together with the second prism 25 (which is the output optical element of the said node and, in fact , of the sight itself), in addition to shifting the optical axis, also wrapping the image (prism 29 can be made in the form of a prism B _К П90 °, and 25 - modified AP90 °), the second wedge of the alignment mechanism 27, an interference mirror applied to a wedge, which provides, together with the target indicator lens 30, the introduction of rays from the target rays from the aiming mark - the light emitting diode 31, eyepiece 26. This sight is designed to work with objects that do not imply a recoil during operation. Therefore, it does not include a lens specifying the removal of the exit pupil 17, and has a slight removal of the latter from the output optical surface of the sight.

With a shift of the optical axis of 30 mm, such a sight, having a length and height of 70 mm (it is possible to increase the length in favor of reducing the height) with a width (with controls of the alignment mechanism) of 60 mm, allows to obtain: an increase of 1 (when perceiving a natural image of the target) and 4 ^x (user selectable); field of view (when perceiving an enlarged image) - 10 ° (2ω '= 40 °; at 50% vignetting; diameter of the entrance pupil - 40 mm; field of view under the aiming point (when perceiving a natural image of the target) for the leading eye from 3.6 to 15 ° depending on illumination (depending on the diameter of the pupil of the user's eye).

When decreasing the height of the sight in the case of working on the principle of a remote marker, the field of view under the aiming point for the leading eye will decrease (without limiting it in other directions).

With increasing diameter of the exit pupil, the field of view of the sight can be increased.

At the exit of the sight (at the exit of the said assembly) for small arms such as a Kalashnikov assault rifle, an eyepiece of the telescopic system can be placed, while it is advisable to include the said assembly in the system itself (placed between the lens and the eyepiece). The field diaphragm of such a system, if the diameter of the exit pupil is not enlarged, should be selected so that the main rays that determine the field of view fall on the eyepiece at about the same height or lower as the aperture.

In this case, the eyepiece itself must provide the ability to work on the principle of a remote marker, i.e. his frame and so on. must be designed so that in the Projection, at least on one side (at least one part of the perimeter of the output optical surface of the eyepiece), their fragments (any details of the design of the eyepiece) do not protrude significantly (by the aforementioned 1-2 and 8-10 mm) above the output the optical surface of the eyepiece, or better, they did not protrude at all.

So, for example, the output lens of the eyepiece (the output optical surface of which should have a larger light diameter than the input) can have a conical lateral surface, while the imaginary vertex of the corresponding cone will be located in front of the output optical surface of such a lens (along the beam), t .e. towards the lens. On such a conical surface, the lens can be fitted into the frame so that the lens does not protrude above the output optical surface of the lens.

The field of view of such a sight will be small - with a magnification of 4 ^x it can be somewhere around 6 °.

So, the adjustment mechanism can be performed on the basis of two rotary wedges of Figs. 27, 28. In addition to triangular prisms rigidly fixed in the housing, the said assembly can include a pair of wedges (in the particular case of which shafts are rotation axes O ₁ , O _{2 of} which, respectively in the directions E and F - they are crossed and perpendicular if the wedges are located, for example, directly one after another).

So, turning the first wedge in the G direction will lead to a deviation of the optical axis at the output of the alignment mechanism by an angle α.

In another embodiment, the first wedge may be located between the eyepiece of the telescopic system and the first prism, and the second wedge between the first prism and the second. In this case, the axis of rotation of the wedges can be parallel.

With this configuration of the alignment mechanism, it is easy to ensure the tightness of the said assembly (since its output element is stationary) and no adjustment device with such a large gear ratio is required - the axis displacement angle when the wedge is rotated can be several times smaller than when rotated by the same mirror angle or prisms.

You can rotate the first prism and the wedge located between it and the second prism, other options are possible.

The aforementioned assembly made in an autonomous housing can act as a nozzle for a telescopic sight, and can be attached to the housing of the latter as a plug-and-play functional element - it can be inserted if necessary, and, if necessary, removed from the course of the rays from the target.

The option for performing the sight, which is optimal from this point of view, is described above - the aforementioned assembly must be integrated into the sight, and it must fulfill several functions (not only offset the optical axis at the exit of the sight).

In the case of the execution of the said assembly in the form of a nozzle for the sight, the described adjustment can also be carried out by the user himself, since it is extremely simple - it is enough, working on the principle of the remote marker, referring to the controls of the adjustment mechanism, to combine the control point of the enlarged image of the target (which it is supposed to aim - which the target is pointed at in the naturally perceived image of the target) with the control point of the naturally perceived image.

After the output optical surface of the aforementioned assembly, a protective sealing glass may be located in its housing, although the best result will be achieved if the assembly is sealed at the level of its output optical element.

In the telescopic system, a material carrier of information about the sighting mark - the sighting net (if the sight is supposed to be used for guidance, and not exclusively for observation) can be installed. The best option will be achieved when the grid is self-luminous. In this case, it can be achieved that when a wide variation in the ratio of the visually perceived brightnesses of the naturally perceived image of the target and its enlarged image does not occur, a noticeable change in the brightness of the visually perceived image of the aiming mark will not occur.

So, for example, a light emitting diode (preferably a red glow) of a given spatial configuration can play the role of a grid.

The light from the diode can enter the eyepiece when mixed with light from the target and the surrounding space, for example, through the use of a rectangular prism gluing with a reflective face with selective reflection at the working wavelength of the diode, made in the form of an interference mirror.

It is advisable to apply the same interference mirror to the entire surface of the face 5 (Fig. 1) of the output prism of the said assembly.

It is also advisable to apply a non-selective reflective coating with a variable reflectance on this face (Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17 show some options for the possible dependence of the reflectance on the position of the corresponding fragment on the 5 face - different reflectance corresponds to different fill colors - corresponds to a darker 100% reflection, then, for example, 20 and 2%. In the part of the face that corresponds to the work according to the principle of the remote marker (at the periphery, for example, at the upper face), the reflection coefficient should n is less than or reflective coating should be absent altogether.

This (an interference mirror and a reflective coating with a variable reflection coefficient applied over it, made, for example, on the last reflective face of the output optical element of the said assembly) will significantly expand the number of possible combinations of visually perceived images and will eliminate the loss of the aiming image.

In addition to self-luminous, illuminated reticles can also be used.

The best, according to the author, the sight option corresponding to the first of the claimed objects is presented in Fig. 20.

The sight includes a lens, an adjustment mechanism made of a pair of wedges located in front of the focal plane of the lens, a prism gluing, on the inner face of which an interference mirror is applied, reflecting light at the working wavelength (± 5-10 nm) of the light emitting diode, which acts as an aiming network a negative (scattering) optical element mounted near the focal plane of the lens or in such a plane itself, for example, a flat-concave lens that determines the removal of the exit pupil, is a two-component first eyepiece (both components have positive optical power - collecting executed), the first of which is located in front of said first prism assembly, and the second - between the first and second prism of said node (closer to the second). The output optical element of this sight is the second prism of the said node.

Such a sight can be optimized by using the output optical element of the said assembly as the second component of the eyepiece, or at least as an element of the second component — its output optical surface can be convex, as a result of which this element will act as a collecting lens.

The radius of curvature of the discussed convex surface in the case when the output optical element of the sight will replace the second component of the eyepiece even when using light glasses (with a low refractive index) can be about half of the removal of the exit pupil of the sight, i.e. taking into account the actual dimensions of the output optical surface of the sight, its curvature will not be significant.

The first optical surface of such an element along the beam may also be convex. Both such surfaces can also be convex.

It is also allowed such a design of the output optical element, in which lenses, including from different materials, will be glued to its flat faces.

So, for example, to the first surface of the output optical element, made convex, can be glued, for example, a negative plane-concave lens with a lateral cylindrical surface. On this surface, such an assembly can be fixed in the housing of said assembly or sight. In this case, the diameter of the glued lens should exceed the dimensions of the first surface of the output optical element.

In front of the output optical element of the aforementioned assembly having a finite positive optical power, a negative lens can be arranged to provide correction of chromatic aberrations.

Prism gluing, introducing rays from the target into the course of the rays coming from the reticle, can not be used. The negative lens that determines the removal of the exit pupil of the sight can be positioned closer to the first component of the eyepiece or closer to the lens so that the illuminated reticle can be placed in the focal plane of the eyepiece.

The sight shown in Fig. 20 (M1: 1) has the following characteristics: length about 100 mm; height - about 70 mm; width - about 40 mm; optical axis offset - 30 mm; pupil removal (hereinafter from the output optical surface of the sight) 66 mm; the angle of the field of view with the natural perception of the target image under the aiming point from 1.1 to 8 ° (depending on the light); the angle of the field of view of the telescopic system is 2.5 °; entrance pupil diameter - 40 mm; increase - 4 ^x .

With a 1.5-fold increase in the diameter of the exit pupil of the sight, the field of view of its telescopic system can be increased by about the same amount (by analogy with Fig. 35).

It is possible to increase the field of view of the telescopic system by increasing the diameters of its optical parts (Fig. 21) - the sight can be designed in such a way that when the eye approaches it, the field of view will increase.

On Fig presents a sight that does not have a strictly defined working position of the exit pupil. Such a sight includes a lens with an increased light diameter (exceeding the diameter of the light tube in which axial rays from the target propagate through the sight), mounted near the focal plane of the lens or in this plane itself, components with positive optical power - in the simplest case, a positive lens, mainly affecting the course of the extreme field rays (in the presented version of the sight, such a lens, by refracting the main rays, increases the angle between them and the optical axis), which wraps the system with the diameter of the lenses, inside which the alignment mechanism is located, a two-component mirror assembly that provides displacement of the optical axis at the output of the sight and an aim reticle and an eyepiece placed in such a node.

Such a sight can simultaneously perform both the function of a sight for small arms with a limited field of view and the function of a full-fledged observation device with a large field of view.

With such a function, a sight constructed according to the scheme in accordance with FIG. 20, including with an enlarged exit pupil, can also be performed.

The way to use the sights on the first object is simple.

The user turns on the backlight or glow of the reticle of the sight calibrated on the weapon.

Further, for example, by positioning the eye above the output optical element of the sight with the output optical surface 19, as shown in Fig.6 - outside the area of the target’s screening and at least part of the surrounding space by the lens barrel 18 of the telescopic system - and observing the natural images of the target 22, as well as the objects surrounding it 21 (Fig. 10), as well as a rendered marker - “hanging in the air” image of the sighting mark 23, the user carries out preliminary guidance of the weapon.

Then (if necessary), having slightly shifted the head down and to the right, so that the pupil of the eye is in position 20 (Fig. 7), the user proceeds to consider an enlarged image of the target of Fig. 11 (whatever he saw in a traditional optical sight) with perception of the old image of the sighting mark.

Note: only with this position of the eye does the user fully take advantage of the Kepler telescopic system - at the pupil positions of the eye relative to the sight shown in Figs. 6, 8, 9, the field of view of the telescopic system above the aiming point is reduced and the user actually sees only an enlarged image of the target.

Now the user can track the target and accurately point, or, in order not to lose orientation in the events occurring in the surrounding space, simultaneously with the enlarged image of the target see the natural image of the space surrounding the target with an almost unlimited field of view (Fig. 12, 13).

For this, the user needs to slightly move his eye up (Fig. 8, 9). At the same time, changing the degree of overlapping of the pupil of the eye with the output optical surface 19 (Fig. 6) of the output element of the said node, the user can easily adjust the brightness ratio of the naturally perceived image of the space of the targeting objects and the enlarged image of the target, moving from the perception of a brighter enlarged image of the target (Fig. .12) to the perception of a brighter image of the space surrounding the target (Fig. 13).

In contrast to the analogue, the presented sight will make it possible to obtain a field of view symmetrical with respect to the aiming point when considering an enlarged image of the target, as well as to perceive the surrounding space almost evenly lit.

Prior to the shot, the user can position the eye closer to the sight and get a large field of view (for example, 10 ° at 4 ^× magnification - Fig. 21 is the pupil’s closest position to the sight), while right before the shot it can remove the eye from the sight to a point that is safe from the point of view recoil distance. At the same time, he will have a sufficient field of view to aim at the target - tens of times greater than its angular dimensions.

Said assembly may include additional elements 4 (FIG. 1).

So, for example, the upper additional element shown in figure 1 will allow you to go to the observation of the target directly through the telescopic system. It can be the same as the ones described above, a triangular prism glued to the first of the previously described prisms. With this design, a partially reflective coating should be applied to the reflective face of the first prism.

Similarly, a similar additional element can be glued to the second face. In this case, the user will be able to see the un magnified image of the target even when the pupil of his eye is completely closed by the exit optical surface of the said node (partially reflective coating should be applied to the reflecting face of the output element of the said node, for example, with a reflection coefficient of 50%).

If you do not have ultra-high requirements for precision manufacturing of parts, then with the introduction of additional elements, it will be necessary to introduce additional adjustment mechanisms, for example, similar to those described above.

So, for example, before the second (along the beam - in front of the output optical element of the said node) prismatic gluing (if the said node consists of two prisms) - before gluing one of the main optical elements of the said node with the additional one - you should also place two rotary wedges similar to described above, when one of them is rotated, the optical axis in front of the additional element will deviate in the vertical plane, and when the other is rotated - in the horizontal.

The presented sight can be equipped with an eyecup. Such an eyecup should be easily deformable - it should not impede the displacement of the eye relative to the sight in both transverse and longitudinal directions.

Preferably, the eyecup should be made in the form of an additionally installed element, including a mechanism for attaching to the body of the said assembly or to the sight housing.

In relation to the second of the presented objects.

The sight (Fig. 22) should include a telescopic system, for example, made according to the traditional scheme, which assumes the presence of a lens 24 with an entrance pupil 32, a wraparound system 42, a lens 37, defining (together with the eyepiece) the exit pupil 17 and the eyepiece 26. Field course 44 and axial 43 rays of such a system is common.

The sight should include the mentioned node 2 (mirror, prism or mirror-prism), providing a parallel displacement of the rays coming from the target and / or from the surrounding space, with the aim of mixing them with the rays coming from one or another of these devices.

In other words, we can say that such a node should provide a parallel displacement of the optical axis of the user's eye, for example, located in the area of the exit pupil of the telescopic system. Such an offset can be performed in an arbitrary direction, although an upward offset (as shown in FIG.) Is preferable.

The mentioned node in this case will allow the rays coming from the aiming object through the telescopic system to mix the rays coming from the aiming object, bypassing the telescopic system, as a result of which the user will be able to simultaneously view the enlarged and un magnified images of the target and / or the surrounding space.

The height of the displacement can be any conceivable. A good result will be obtained by displacing the optical axis of the eye by a distance from slightly more than D / 2 to 2D. For details, see above (1).

Here, however, it is necessary to ensure that the field of view during natural perception of the target exceeds (in all directions) or at least is equal to the field of view when perceiving an enlarged image of the target (field of view of the telescopic system multiplied by its angular magnification).

As already mentioned above, the aforementioned node must ensure that the axial and field, including the extreme 38, 40 rays coming from the space of the aiming objects, bypassing the telescopic system, get into the user's leading eye during aiming.

This will allow the user to perceive the image of the space of the aiming objects, or even the target itself, according to their optical characteristics, as close as possible to the natural ones during aiming by the leading eye, which will allow to coordinate the perception conditions for both of his eyes.

Here, however, it should be noted that if you do not impose ultra-high requirements on the accuracy of manufacturing an optical element (in the case where the said unit consists of one optical element) or the optical and mechanical parts of the said unit, then to ensure comfortable operation with two open eyes, the said unit should include an adjustment mechanism 39, made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by the rays passing the telescopic system, i.e. in fact - providing coordination of the direction of the optical axes on the upper in accordance with Fig.22 input and output node.

Such a mechanism can be constructed similarly to those described above.

So, for example, it can consist of a pair of wedges located at the entrance of the said node (from the side of the incident rays from the space of objects of aiming), made with the possibility of rotation in two mutually perpendicular planes to offset the optical axis (axial rays from the target) vertically and horizontally in planes parallel to the direction of aiming.

The essence of the adjustment here is, for example, to ensure that the image does not double when the user’s eye is located at the lower edge of the prism — a parallelogram (Fig. 22) so that his pupil in the Projection partially overlaps the projection of the output optical surface of the prism and partially leaves beyond it, outside the area of screening of the axial beam from the target or from the collimator by the details of the sight or the said assembly.

In other words, due to the alignment, the aforementioned assembly (with the alignment mechanism) must be made so that there is no noticeable difference in the angular position of the optical axes at its input and output.

It is preferable to make the adjustment after the final assembly of the sight. To do this, you can use a special adjustment stand. Such a stand may, for example, include a collimator with a large exit pupil diameter (exceeding the transverse dimensions of the sight) and a coaxially mounted lens with a large entrance pupil diameter. Between the collimator and the stand lens, a sight should be installed parallel to the collimator axis (the sight should be aimed at the image of the control (axial) point of the collimator mask). Rays that hit the lens of the stand bypassing the sight, and rays that hit it through the said node should build spatially coincident images.

Such an alignment mechanism indirectly provides coordination of the angular position of the optical axis of the sight and the optical axis of the non-sighted user of the eye.

After the described adjustment, when using the sight, optimal working conditions will be created for both eyes of the user, since such conditions will correspond as much as possible to the natural conditions of observation from the point of view of the mutual angular orientation of the eyes.

For introducing into the user's eye the rays coming from the space of the targeting objects through the telescopic system, the said node must include an additional element 4, for example, glued to the said prism with two reflecting faces, representing in its meridional section parallelograms, a rectangular prism, on the “hypotenous” face of which applied reflective coating.

Leaving the telescopic system, the light enters an additional element, then into the optical element of the aforementioned assembly, and then, having formed the light from the space of the objects of aiming past the telescopic system, it leaves the output optical surface of such a assembly in the direction of the eye.

Thus, the user will be able to simultaneously see the enlarged and un enlarged images of the target.

To coordinate their angular position, the sight must have an additional adjustment mechanism, for example, similar to that described above (from a pair of wedges). Such a mechanism is conveniently located near the focal plane of the objective of the telescopic system or between the components of its wrapping system (the latter is preferred).

This alignment mechanism provides coordination of the angular position of the optical axis at the output of the telescopic system and the optical axis at the output of the said node (without taking into account the operation of the additional element).

Adjustment can be carried out on the stand described above. Three images will be constructed in the focal plane of the stand lens. So, for example, if the mask of the stand collimator is a point aperture set at its focus, then three point images (three light spots corresponding to the point) will be built in the focal plane of the stand lens. The adjustment task is to reduce the images of the point constructed by the rays, 1) passed through the said node, passing the telescopic system (in accordance with Fig. 22, passed above it), and 2) passed through the same and the telescopic system with the image constructed by the rays that hit directly from the collimator of the stand onto its lens, bypassing the said node and the telescopic system, incl.

In this case, the adjustment can be iterative - first you configure the first of the mentioned adjustment mechanisms, then the second, then the first again, etc.

The input optical element of the said node or its input optical surface, the first reflecting face along the beam and so on. in size or area should exceed those of the weekend.

The light tube inside which the rays 41 propagate about the direction of aiming should exceed that inside which the axial rays from the target propagate through the telescopic system. In this regard, it is more expedient to place the reticle in the focal plane of the eyepiece of the telescopic system. So, for example, the reticle can be applied on one of the surfaces of the lens 37, although this is undesirable, since the alignment of the rays will be disturbed when reconciling and making corrections. Illumination of such a grid can be carried out from the end of the lens.

Preferably, the area (and geometry) of the output optical surface of said assembly should correspond to those of the eyepiece of the telescopic system.

However, it can be somewhat larger - they can be significantly expanded in terms of the position of the eye relative to the sight of the possibility of perceiving the image of the aiming mark and underexpected image of the target. In this case, the output optical surface of the said assembly in its projection onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of aiming can be limited by a light tube in which the rays propagate about the direction of aiming, and can somewhat extend beyond it.

In any case, it is preferable that the light tube inside which, after the sight, axial rays propagate from the target past the telescopic system, exceeds that inside which axial rays propagate from the target that pass through the telescopic system (as shown in Fig. 22).

To increase the number of possible compositions of visually perceived images, the said assembly should be made with variable transmission of light from the telescopic system and bypassing it.

For this, for example, on the “hypotenous” face of the additional element, a reflective coating with a variable reflection coefficient depending on the distance from the optical axis can be applied. On Fig presents one of the possible options 48 of this dependence.

So, for example, in the area of axial rays incident on such a face, in particular, within the wake of aperture rays 47 (Fig. 23) from the target, the reflection coefficient may be minimal, whereas as it moves away from the axis in the direction of the wake of the extreme field rays 46 can increase and reach up to about 100% (to a maximum), remaining so outside the area of getting to the face of 45 rays from the space of aiming objects that have passed through the telescopic system.

With the presented variant of the dependence of the reflection coefficient of the coating deposited on the “hypotenous” face of the additional element (or on the reflecting face of the said node), if the eye pupil is located in the area of the exit pupil of the telescopic system II, III (Fig. 23), the user will simultaneously perceive the leading eye an enlarged image of the target, as well as an enlarged and un enlarged image of the space surrounding the target. In this case, as you approach the periphery of the field of view, there will be a gradual "fading" in brightness of the enlarged image and the "growth" of un magnified (Fig.26).

In general, the reflective coating should be performed in such a way that when the pupil of the eyes is located in the area of the exit pupil of the telescopic system, the un magnified image of the target (namely the target itself) is not perceived (does not overlap with the enlarged one - it does not interfere with the latter).

It should be borne in mind that violation of the convergence of the eyes will not occur in the absence of an un magnified image in the center of the field of view within 1-4 ° (depending on the user), i.e. the sight should be made in such a way that when the center of the pupil of the user's leading eye is located in the center of the exit pupil of the sight, the user with his leading eye sees an enlarged image of the target and the space surrounding it, as well as an un magnified image of the space surrounding the target, except for objects located within 1-4 ° from the target (such objects can be represented in the perceived image with low light).

In this regard, the best version of the sight, according to the author, involves the field of view of the telescopic system of the order of 2ω = 1-4 °, and the field of view for the leading eye when examining an un magnified image of the order of 2ω · γ (in less preferred versions ± 50%). In this case, if the eye is located in the exit pupil of the sight in the center of the field of view of the un magnified image within a circle with an angular size of the order of 2ω, the user should not see anything with the leading eye (or almost nothing - un magnified images of objects compared with magnified ones should have a slight brightness). Thus, with the leading eye, the user will see an enlarged image and un magnified outside the field of view of the telescopic system.

The magnification of the telescopic system is preferably selected from a range of 4-20 ^x . For general reasons, it should not be more than 20 / 2ω.

When the pupil of the eye I, IV (Fig. 23) is located outside the region of the exit pupil of the telescopic system, but in the region of the light tube in which the rays propagate information about the direction of aiming, the user will perceive with the leading eye the image of the aiming mark and the un magnified image of the target (Fig. .25).

When the pupil of the eye V (Fig.23) is outside the region of the light tube in which rays propagating information about the direction of aim are propagated, the user will perceive with the leading eye only an un magnified image of the target.

In this case, it is also possible a change in the displacement of the eye relative to the sight of the ratio of visually perceived brightness of various images.

The reflective coating on the “hypotenous” face of the mentioned element can be made selective and have a small (several percent or even percentage percent) reflection coefficient at the working wavelength of the light source illuminating the grid.

Additionally, after the eyepiece and in front of the entrance surface of the said assembly, the sight can include polarizer-analyzer pairs for adjusting the brightness of the enlarged and underestimated images when customizing the sight.

Instead of fabricating a reflective coating with variable transmission, masks with different transmission can be used. One such mask can be applied to the entrance surface of said assembly.

Along the rays from the space of sighting objects that have passed through the telescopic system and / or passed it, you can install a pair of polarizer-analyzer made with electronic control (like working on the lumen of liquid crystal screens) and allowing you to either arbitrarily adjust the brightness decrease parameters of the enlarged and / or un magnified images , or use a number of settings set by the manufacturer.

The telescopic system of such a sight can also be constructed with the possibility of increasing the field of view when the eye approaches the sight - with indefinite vignetting.

The use of such a sight is as follows.

The user enters the output optical surface of the sight into the field of view of the leading eye. In this case, both eyes of the user remain open.

Guided by the un magnified image of the space of the targeting objects (including by its natural perception by the non-leading eye), the user pre-guides the target and then, depending on the task to be solved, either switches to perception by the leading eye of its enlarged image for precise guidance, or simultaneously perceives its enlarged and un magnified images (as described above) or its enlarged image and un enlarged image of a part of the space surrounding the target.

At some stage, the user may close his ignorant eye.

Having brought the eye closer to the sight, the user can use it as an observing device with high magnification.

The described sight combines the advantages of a telescopic sight and an open type collimator sight, surpassing the latter in terms of creating comfortable conditions (in terms of convergence) when working with two eyes open.

When constructing such a sight, it is not necessary to use a telescopic system with a large field of view, which will allow paying more attention to aperture ratio without sacrificing mass and dimensions of the sight, as well as the manufacturability of its optical components.

So, for example, the sight shown in Fig. 22, with a magnification of 4 ^x, has an entrance pupil diameter of 32 mm, the field of view of the telescopic system is 4 °, and the node referred to is more than 16 ° (despite the fact that comfortable working conditions with both eyes are provided - violations convergence will not occur - both eyes see identical spatially consistent images, and therefore, the real field of view when perceiving an un magnified image is not limited), the exit pupil is 40 mm, the length is about 200 mm.

A slight increase in the light diameters of the optical parts of the sight will make it possible to bring the field of view of the telescopic system (when approaching the eye) to 10 ° or more.

In this case, the lens of such a sight can be made in the form of two components, one of which is a two-lens gluing, and the second is a single lens, the components of the wrapping system are two-lens gluing, the lens determining the exit pupil removal is a single lens with one flat surface.

Replacing the telescopic system with a night vision device will make it possible to obtain a night sight corresponding to the second of the declared objects.

The reflective coating on the “hypotenous” facet of the additional element of such a sight should be selective and basically transmit light at the operating wavelengths of the phosphor of the electron-optical converter, as well as light from the glow of the aiming grid or its illumination.

Preferably, the output optical surface of said night sight assembly in the Projection should extend beyond the projection onto such a plane of the output optical surface of the eyepiece of the night vision device.

A night vision device may or may not have an optical zoom.

In relation to the third of the declared objects.

As described above, the sight corresponding to the third declared object should provide the ability to perceive the leading eye close to the natural image of the target during aiming.

This sight should be built on the basis of a night vision device or a thermal imager.

At their output (preferably after the electron-optical converter — after its screen 49 of FIGS. 29, 30, 31, 34, 35 — the possible variants of the ocular parts of these devices are shown in FIG.) Or a node should be located directly at the output of the sight, which provides a parallel displacement of the rays, through which the construction is amplified by brightness and / or transformed by the spectrum of the image of the target or also its surrounding space.

In other words, such a node provides a parallel displacement of the optical axis of one or another of these devices, so that in the direction of aiming at least part of the output optical surface of the said node is located outside the screening area of the space of objects of aiming by parts of these devices.

So, for example, behind the eyepiece 50 of these devices can be located a pair of prisms 29, 25 (Fig.29), similar to those described above. Such a scheme can be used in the absence of the need to remove the exit pupil 51 of the sight. However, it allows you to get a relatively large field of view. Using a prism 52 glued to the reflective face of the first optical element of the aforementioned assembly, as well as the lens 53, information on the aiming direction determined by the relative orientation of the lens 53 and the reticle 31 can be introduced into the beam.

The ocular part made in accordance with Fig. 29 may have the following technical characteristics: optical axis offset - 50 mm; pupil removal (from the output optical surface) 15 mm; the angle of the field of view with the natural perception of the target image under the aiming point: from 3.4 to 22 ° (depending on the illumination); the angle of the field of view in the space of images - 36 °; exit pupil diameter - 10 mm; increase - about 7 ^x ; field - 20 mm.

If you need to have a remote exit pupil, it is better to use a two-component eyepiece with two collecting components 54, 55 (Fig. 30) or a three-component eyepiece with two collecting and one scattering component 58 (Fig. 34, 35).

The second along the beam from the collecting components of the eyepiece should be placed in front of the output optical element of the sight, and the first in front of the first optical element (in front of the first prism) of the said node.

Note: safety glasses, filters, etc. as the output optical elements of the sight are not considered.

The scattering component of the eyepiece (with negative optical power) should be located in front of the first collecting component (along the beam).

Such ocular parts may have the following characteristics: optical axis offset - 50 mm; pupil removal 66 mm; the angle of the field of view for the leading eye with the natural perception of the image of the target under the aiming point: from 1.1 to 8 ° (depending on the illumination); the angle of the field of view in the space of images (hereinafter, for FIGS. 30, 34 and 35, respectively) is approximately 9, 9 and 18 °; exit pupil diameter - 10, 10 and 20 mm; increase - about 5, 4 and 4.5 ^x ; field - 10, 13 and 24 mm.

It should be noted that an increase in the field of view in the image space by a factor of two compared to the analogs was achieved in the ocular part (Fig. 35) due to a doubling of the diameter of the exit pupil. The greatest field of view when perceiving a brightness-enhanced image will be at position 59 of the leading eye in the center of the exit pupil.

In cases where a device with a small screen is used, the eyepiece may include one collecting component 54 (the first along the beam) and one scattering component 56 located directly in front of the output optical element of the sight, for example, in front of the second prism of the said assembly (Fig. 31) .

Such an ocular part may have the following characteristics: optical axis offset - 50 mm; pupil removal 66 mm; the angle of the field of view with natural perception of the image of the target under the aiming point: from 1.1 to 8 °; the angle of the field of view in the space of images is 9 °; exit pupil diameter - 10 mm; magnification - about 12.5 ^x , field - 4 mm.

The output optical element of the aforementioned assembly should be capable of transmitting, in the direction of the leading eye, light from the space of aiming objects that have passed these devices.

To this end, for example, an additional element 4 of FIG. 35 can be glued to such an element. Application of an additional element of selective reflective coating (mainly reflecting screen light) to the “hypotenous” face will allow transmitting light from a target that has passed these devices.

Fields of view for the leading eye of various images can be selected in accordance with the proposals presented for the second of the claimed objects.

The sight should include an adjustment mechanism made with the possibility of angular displacement of the image constructed by one or another of these devices.

In fact, such a mechanism is designed to ensure coordination of the angular position of the optical axes of these devices and the offset optical axis at the output of the aforementioned node (at the output of the sight).

This again can be a mechanism based on two rotary wedges (not shown in FIG.).

It is preferable to place the wedges after the lens in front of the electron-optical converter. With this arrangement of wedges, no additional adjustment of the output optical element of the sight is required - its orientation to the path of the rays is not required.

Like the first of the claimed objects, the sight corresponding to the third declared object may include an output optical element that provides the ability to work on the principle of a marker and / or image constructed using these devices.

As in the case of the second claimed object, it is preferable that the sight additionally includes an adjustment mechanism 39 (Fig. 35), which ensures coordination of the angular position of the optical axis of the sight and the optical axis of the non-sighting eye of the user.

The alignment of this sight should also consist in combining the images constructed by the rays that have passed the specified devices and passed through an additional element, as well as additionally the images constructed by the rays that have passed the sight (for details, see above).

In relation to all three of the declared objects.

The geometry of the relative position of the output optical surface of the sight 19 (Figs. 32, 33) and light tubes in which axial rays propagate from the target and rays about the aiming direction (Fig. Shows imaginary traces of 47 extreme axial rays from the target and imaginary traces of 57 extreme rays that carry information about the direction of aiming) can be such that the traces indicated here would extend beyond the output surface — the output surface can shield part of the axial rays from the target, which will make it possible to not pose hard requirements s to the relative orientation of the output optical element of the sight and other optical components and assemblies.

Accurate guidance can be achieved through the mutual orientation (overlay) of various images (for example, by positioning the un enlarged image in the center of the enlarged image).

In relation to the first and third of the declared objects.

If the output optical element of the sight is the second prism of the said node, then in that part that is designed to work on the principle of an external marker or image, it should include a horizontal (± 1-3 °) face 61 (Fig. 36). In this case, chamfers on the ribs formed by such a face and a reflecting face 60, as well as the output optical surface 19 are not allowed.

The latter is necessary to optimize the course of field rays corresponding to the image constructed by one of the indicated devices (light tube 64).

When the pupil of the eye 66 is positioned, the operation will be ensured according to the principle of an extended marker and / or image - the user will clearly see a part of the aiming object or the surrounding space, from which rays travel through the light tubes 63 and 64.

и ω_m падения на зрачок ведущего глаза крайних полевых лучей 62 и 65 фиг.36, соответствующих естественно воспринимаемому изображению и изображению, построенному с использованием указанных устройств, соответственно под точкой прицеливания и над ней можно определить по формуламAngles $${\omega }_m^e$$

and ω _{m the} fall on the pupil of the leading eye of the extreme field rays 62 and 65 of Fig. 36, corresponding to a naturally perceived image and an image constructed using these devices, respectively, under the aiming point and above it can be determined by the formulas

$${\omega }_m^e=arctg\left(\frac{h_{\mathrm{at}}}{s_{p\text{'}\text{'}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}}\right),\left(2\right)$$

where h _in - the height of the part of the pupil in the projection, protruding above the output optical surface of the sight,

- удаление зрачка от выходной оптической поверхности прицела и $$s_{p\text{'}\text{'}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

- removal of the pupil from the output optical surface of the sight and

$${\omega }_m=arctg\left(\frac{h_n}{\gamma \cdot s_{p\text{'}\text{'}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}}\right),\left(3\right)$$

where h _n - the height of the part of the pupil in the Projection, blocked by the output optical surface of the sight.

и ω_m(2)=17' (видна грудная мишень, удаленная на расстояние 100 м); $${\omega }_m^e\left(8\right)=4°{34}^{\text{'}}$$

и ω_m(8)=1°8'.So, with pupil diameters of 2 and 8 mm, when it is removed from the sight by 50 mm and the last 4 ^x increases, if h _in = h _n , the following values will be obtained: $${\omega }_m^e\left(2\right)=\mathrm{one}°8^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

and ω _m (2) = 17 '(a chest target visible at a distance of 100 m is visible); $${\omega }_m^e\left(8\right)=\mathrm{four}°{34}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

and ω _m (8) = 1 ° 8 '.

In this case, the distance at the exit of the sight from the horizontal face 61 to the extreme (upper in accordance with Fig. 36) beam that runs parallel to the optical axis from the axial point of the target that has passed these devices can be from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. And although the result is a “dead” zone of the appropriate width, this will guarantee to ensure a sufficient angle of the field of view above the aiming point so that you can see the entire enlarged image of the target.

Conclusion

If, to the sight shown in Fig. 1, from the bottom (relative to its position in Fig.), Add a similar sight, which is mirrored from the point of view of the relative position of the optical system and the aforementioned assembly, in which the telescopic system is replaced by a night vision device, we get a combined sight (Fig. .19) with a telescopic system 1 and a night vision device 36, combined with a weapon mount device (not shown in FIG.).

At the output of each of these devices, its own unit must be installed, similar to the node described above, providing displacement of the optical axis of the telescopic system. Each block must include independent adjustments.

And in this case, the preferred embodiment of the sight, in which the eyepiece of the night vision device is made two-component with the same arrangement of components described above.

The output optical elements of the blocks 34, 35 can either be in contact, or one can be located at some distance from the other along the direction of aiming. The latter is preferable because it allows one of the blocks of the output optical surface of the other to overlap with the output optical surface of the other (in normal (orthogonal) projection onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of aiming, one of these surfaces should go behind the other), as shown in FIG.

Preferred is the installation of the nodes of the sight, in which closer to the user's eye will be the output element of the night vision device unit, as shown in FIG.

In this case, the optical axis of the telescopic system should be shifted to the left and up, while the night vision device - to the right and up or vice versa. As a result, when the output elements of the said assembly are positioned above the receiver, for example, a sniper rifle 33, the telescopic system and night vision device are located to the left and to the right of the latter, respectively. At the same time, they can be positioned so that the center of gravity of the sight is at its center.

Such a combined sight will work as follows.

The user, guided by the natural perception of the space of the targeting objects, using the principle of a remote marker, points the target at the intended target or at the proposed location of its detection and then, depending on external conditions, either proceeds to identify the target and perceive its enlarged image received from the telescopic system, for which shifts the eye in the direction of the output element 34 of the corresponding block, or proceeds to the identification of the target and the perception of its image enhanced in brightness - for which biases the eye in the direction of the output member 35 of said night vision device unit.

In this case, the user, without resorting to the controls of the sight, has the opportunity to choose a composition from any combination of the following images: image of the sighting mark; naturally perceived image of the target; enlarged image of the target; target image enhanced in brightness.

It is also possible to change the ratio of visually perceived brightness of the images of the selected composition also without resorting to the controls of the sight.

From the point of view of operational characteristics, the construction of a combined sight is optimal, in which the optical magnification of the telescopic system and that of the night vision device coincide with an accuracy of at least 10%.

The night vision device may not have an aiming grid - the user can obtain information about the direction of aiming by positioning the eye so that his pupil in the Projection overlaps the output element corresponding to the telescopic system.

The combined sight must have additional adjustment - matching the optical axes of the night vision device and the telescopic system. The corresponding mechanism can also be built on the basis of wedges and is located in front of the mentioned additional optical system (in the ocular part of the night vision device) or in front of the eyepiece of the telescopic system, or in another place along the rays.

And here, adjustments should be reduced to combining images constructed by different beams (having a different history).

The night vision device can be replaced with a thermal imager.

It is possible to use all three devices in one sight.

Note: in those cases when it comes to the possibility of perceiving any combination of images from the list, it is assumed that the sight is made with the possibility of providing such a function (i.e. not every sight in which the presented distinctive features are implemented will provide the possibility of perception of any combination of the above images). So, for example, on the “hypotenous” face of an additional sight element (Fig. 23), in the region of incidence on it from the eyepiece of the telescopic system of rays carrying information about the direction of aiming, a reflective coating may be absent. In this case, the user will be able to perceive only the image of the sighting mark.

Claims (4)

1. The sight, designed to orient the angular position of objects in space, which provides the ability to perceive with the leading eye a natural image of the target or its surrounding space during aiming, includes the Kepler telescopic system, while a node is provided at the exit of the sight that provides beam displacement by which are building an enlarged image of the target so that in the direction of aiming at least part of the output optical surface is mentioned of that node was located outside the shielding region of at least part of the space of the targeting objects by the parts of the specified system and the frame of the output optical element of the said node and / or the element itself are made such that 1) the ability to work on the basis of a remote marker and / or 2) the ability to work on the principle of the image taken using these devices, characterized in that between the optical parts of the said node is an eyepiece of the specified system or its com onent. 2. The sight, designed to orient the angular position of objects in space, providing the ability to perceive with the leading eye a close-to-natural image of the target or the surrounding space during aiming, includes a Kepler telescopic system or a night vision device, or a thermal imager, despite the fact that its output is located a node or its output element, despite the fact that such a node provides a parallel displacement of the rays coming from the target and / or from the space surrounding it, in order to mix them with the rays going mi from one or another of these devices, while it provides a shift in the optical axis of the user's leading eye - its parallel shift to the side, so that in the direction of aiming at least part of the input optical surface of the said node, into which the rays come from the space of objects of aim , was located outside the shielding region of at least part of it by the details of these devices, characterized in that the sight includes an optical element with a distance depending on the distance from the optical axis uskaniem and / or reflection, providing as it approaches the periphery of the field of view of a gradual "fading" of the enlarged image brightness and "increase" is not increased. 3. The sight according to claim 2, characterized in that it additionally includes an alignment mechanism located at the entrance of the aforementioned assembly or in front of its output element, which is capable of angular displacement of the image constructed by beams that have passed one or another of these devices in order to coordinate the angular the position of the optical axis of the sight and the optical axis of the non-leading eye of the user. 4. The sight, designed to orient the angular position of objects in space, which provides the ability to perceive with the leading eye a close-to-natural image of the target or surrounding space during aiming, includes a night vision device or a thermal imager despite the fact that it’s located at their exit or directly at the exit of the sight node or its output element, despite the fact that such a node provides a parallel displacement of the rays, through which the construction is amplified by brightness and / or conversion of the target in the spectrum of the image or also of the space surrounding it, while it provides a displacement of the optical axis of one or another of these devices, so that in the direction of aiming, at least part of the output optical surface of the said assembly or sight is located outside the shielding region at least as part of the space of objects of aiming by the details of these devices, while the output optical element of the said node is configured to pass them in the direction of light coming from the space of aiming objects that have passed these devices, characterized in that the frame of the output optical element of the said node and / or the element itself is made in such a way as to ensure 1) the ability to work on the basis of the remote marker and / or 2) the ability to work on the principle an image taken using these devices, and in addition the sight includes located at the entrance of the said node, which receives rays from the target, past the specified stroystva, the adjustment mechanism configured to angularly shift the image constructed rays, passing one or other of said devices, to align the angular position of the optical axis of the sight and the optical axis is not leading the user's eye.

Images