RU2469529C2 - Method of cattle feeding - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of cattle management includes grazing on natural lands or cultivated herbs with mowing. The herbage is distributed to the feed cribs. After grazing the animals are sent to final, intensive feeding on a leash (4) in the field. Mobile sectional machines-stalls (3) are used. The machines-stalls (3) are arranged in the front line. The machines are displaced towards the feed distribution line (2) while the manure is accumulated. The formed manurial excrement (15) is periodically distributed.

EFFECT: reduction of labour intensity of feeding while simultaneous product quality improvement.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for fattening animals.

Known methods for keeping fattening cattle are: Recommendations on the technology for the production of beef M., "Kolos", 1977 (Approved by the scientific session of the Supreme Agricultural Academy on November 22-24, 1977); B.A. Runov. Basics of industrial livestock feed in the USA and Canada. Kolos Publishing House, 1975.

The main disadvantage of this method is the high cost of meat production, the high complexity of removing, transporting, storing and disinfecting manure, inadequate microclimate and environmental pollution.

The most widely used livestock farms and livestock farms are tethered and non-tethered methods of keeping animals in premises and feedlots.

The attached content is used in the final fattening of young and adult cattle. When animals are tethered, they are kept indoors without shelter in stalls on solid floors or with a slotted floor device in the back of the stall. When kept in loose housing, livestock are kept in crevice fields or on deep litter in buildings, with or without walking. There are options for keeping livestock in animal rest boxes. In this case, the sections are equipped with individual boxes for the entire livestock, providing a dry den for animals with minimal or no bedding. Individual boxes can be separate from or adjacent to feeding areas.

Closest to the invention relates to a method of keeping and fattening livestock on open or semi-open type sites (see Livestock breeding complexes of the RSFSR. Rosselkhozizdat. M., 1972, p. 148.).

Feeding grounds year-round, as a rule, are used in the southern and temperate climatic zones of the country.

When keeping livestock in open or semi-open areas, animals are fed and watered in livestock feed yards. Cattle are watered at least three times on cool and at least four times on hot days.

The platforms are equipped with a storm sewer system. With a limited surface area of the soil and solid solid surface, the sites are cleaned of manure at least once every two days and transported to the manure store or in the warm season, lined in a mound one and a half to two meters high right on the site.

Under a canopy or in a room for resting cattle, a den with a deep litter is arranged. The initial layer of litter is 20-30 cm, and then the litter is added as the den is contaminated, at the rate of 2-3 kg per head per day.

Cattle handed over for meat are fed to high standards. With proper organization of feeding of young animals and fattening animals are handed over for meat at the age of 15-20 months weighing 450-500 kg. For the entire period of cultivation, feeding and fattening, uniform herds of 150-200 heads are formed.

Cattle are fed with loose group housing at feedlots. The finished feed mixture is distributed in conventional feeders or stationary and mobile self-feeders made of wooden structures are used. The sizes of self-feeders, as a rule, are 6 meters, a width of 3 meters, a height of 3.5 meters. One self-feeder provides food for a group of 100 animals for 8-10 days. Livestock access to feed is open during the day, but the front of feeding when using self-feeders is limited and is not more than 0.2 m per head. When distributing feed to conventional feeders, the feeding front does not exceed 0.5-0.6 m per head. All this leads to a struggle for food and animal stress. Feeding patterns are often disrupted and animal injuries are observed.

Along with stationary year-round keeping of livestock on premises and on feedlots in a number of regions of the world, for the production of beef, livestock are fed on natural, improved and cultivated pastures. After this, the animals are put to final, intensive fattening, while they are transferred to the farm premises or to the feedlot, in groups of 75-100 animals, which leads to animal stress, worsening habitat, microclimate, lower weight gain and meat quality.

The objective of the invention is a significant reduction in the cost of production by reducing the complexity of fattening while improving the quality of the products.

The task is achieved in that the cattle is fed in two stages. The first stage is grazing on natural forage lands or seeded grasses with skewing and feeding green mass. The next stage is the final, intensive fattening of animals on a leash in the field. For this, animals are tied to mobile sectional stalls with 6-10 heads each, which are lined up in a flat front line. To this end, sections of the machine-stalls are mounted on wooden skid rails impregnated with an antiseptic or on metal channels, coated on top with special paint or galvanizing. As manure accumulates at the edge of the stall area, every 5-7 days the sections are moved to the side of the feed distribution line, and the formed manure excrement is periodically scattered across the field.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing. Figure 1 presents a General view of the front line of sectional machines - stalls. When distributing feed, a mobile dispenser - feed mixer 1, moving along the front feed line 2, evenly distributes feed directly to the ground (feed table). Animals are in machine-stalls 3 on a leash 4. Mobile sections of machine-stalls 3 are covered from above by heat and rain by a canopy.

Figure 2 shows two stalls of a machine 3 with a chain leash 5,6 and a car-drinking 7. The length of the stalls 3 can be 1.3-1.5 meters. The size of stalls varies depending on the size of the animals. Given that the animal’s head is constantly above the feeder in the stall in a lying position, it is better to feed the feed from the feed table (soil), while the inner edge of the feed passage is separated by a beam 8, which should be 0.25-0.3 m above the stall (soil).

When keeping animals in the machine-stalls 3 is important device stall and leash. The leash should limit the movement of animals forward (towards the feeders) and back (towards the manure passage), but not interfere with their rest in a lying position, as well as the constant access and intake of water and feed.

For these purposes, use a chain double-ring semi-flexible leash. It consists of a long vertical chain 9, fixed at the bottom of the stall beam, and upwards fixed on a bar of the stall frame, mounted on a support post 10. Chain 6 is threaded through the lower and upper ring of the short chain-collar 11, which slides when the animal rises or lays down along the vertical chain 9. The fence 12 and the shoulder restraint 13, made in the form of curved pipes, restrict the movement of the animal towards the feeding trough and the neighboring animal.

Machine stalls 3 are moved on skids 14. The amount of displacement is not more than the length of the stall. 15 - line formed manure.

The method of feeding is as follows. For the entire period of cultivation and fattening, uniform herds are formed. For walking, herds of 120-150 heads of adult cattle or 150-200 heads of young animals are formed according to the principle of analogues in age, live weight, sex and fatness.

The sequence of alternation of natural pastures and the timing of their use are determined in each particular farm, depending on local climatic and economic conditions, productivity, nutritional value of grasses, the speed of growth of the aftermath after the next grazing or mowing.

On farms where there is no complete set of seasonal types of natural pastures, the green conveyor for feeding livestock is alternated by grazing on natural lands and on seeded grasses, or with skewing and feeding of green mass in feeders.

After grazing animals put on the final intensive fattening for 6-8 months in the field. To do this, pre-select and prepare a flat section of the field, preferably with a slope of 3-5 degrees. The size of the field should correspond to the number of livestock fed in this section and the timing of its fattening. For example, when feeding 200 gobies for six months, a field of 3 hectares, 250 m by 120 m in size, will be required.

For the entire period of fattening, animals are fixed in mobile stall machines 3 of 6-10 heads. Machine stalls 3 with animals are built in a frontal line right in the field. The size of the front line, made up of individual machine-stalls 3, is determined by the number of herds formed for fattening, and can be from 50 to 500 heads or more (see figure 1).

In the initial period of fattening, animals are fed less valuable succulent and roughage. In terms of quality of nutritional value, the diet should be close to grassland fodder. Then balanced feeds are prepared and fed in the form of mixtures of coarse, succulent and concentrated feeds enriched with protein-mineral-vitamin supplements. Such balanced feed mixtures are prepared and distributed by feed distributors and mixers in an amount of 25-30 kg per head per day. The finished feed mixture is distributed directly to the ground (feed table) or feeders.

Per day, 60-80 liters of water are required per head of fattened cattle (adult). Animals are fed from individual automatic drinkers of the type PA-1A (or AP-1A). Individual drinkers are connected to a water supply network having flexible dividing hoses between separate machine-stands 3. The general water supply to the water supply system is from a pressure tank installed at a certain height from the ground and connected by a flexible water supply system to machine-stands 3. During the day, animals emit 40-45 kg of excrement (manure).

Harvesting and processing of manure during fattening is the most labor-intensive and hard work. In the existing processes of animal fattening when kept in premises or feedlots, when choosing a method of cleaning, transporting, storing and processing manure, it is also necessary to take into account the level of flooring, the availability of bedding material, the place and timing of the introduction of manure into the soil. In all these operations, strict observance of the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for the maintenance personnel and the keeping of animals and safety standards for the environment is required.

The proposed method for keeping cattle in mobile sectional stall machines in the field of fattening allows to completely exclude all operations for cleaning, storage, transportation and processing of manure, which significantly reduces the complexity of the processes, and also creates an optimal natural microclimate, increases the weight gain and meat quality.

Keeping animals in stalls on a chain leash in the field on the ground can reduce the length of the stall by 0.15 m shorter than the length of the body of the animal. So, for example, with an average oblique length of the body of the animal equal to 1.35; 1.45; 1.55 m, the length of the stall, respectively, will be 1.2; 1.3; 1.4 m. In this case, the animal during a bowel movement stands on a stall at the very edge of the lying line and all excrement gets and accumulates outside the lying zone, forming a dunghill 15, which allows the den to remain in good sanitary and hygienic condition for a long time.

Depending on the time of year and weather conditions, all sections of the stalls are periodically moved from 1.3 to 1.5 m in the direction of the feed distribution line after 5-7 days, building them in a flat front line. Dung excrement formed in the form of a shaft is scattered across the field with a rake tedder or other device working in conjunction with an active soil cultivator. Evenly scattered and mulched organic excrement promotes rapid growth of fodder, well restores pastures and does not require the use of mineral fertilizers.

All this reduces the total labor costs by 2.8 times for fattening cattle, removing, transporting and disinfecting manure, improves working conditions for staff and keeping animals, creates a closed production ecosystem, increasing the weight gain and meat quality.

Claims (1)

A method of keeping livestock, including grazing on natural lands or on seeded grasses with skewing and distributing green mass into feeders, characterized in that after grazing the animals are put on final, intensive fattening on a leash in the field in mobile sectional stalls that are built in the front line, while, with the accumulation of manure, the sections are moved towards the line of distribution of feed, and the formed manure excrement is periodically scattered.

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