RU2467174C2 - Piston machine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mechanics and may be used in designs of ICEs, Stirling engines, compressors and other piston machines. Piston machine comprises precast housing 1 with disc rotor 8 fitted on shaft 11 and equipped with two bores to house cylinders 12 arranged in planes perpendicular to rotor axis. Pistons 13 fitted in said cylinders make by means of pins 14 arranged in moving lank a rotary pair with piston sliding in stationary cylinder arranged on aforesaid housing. Piston makes two double strokes per one revolution of the shaft. Plane of intersection of cylinder axis projections is shifted relative to rotor. The latter consists of two discs 8 timed by gear wheels 9, 10 and shaft 11 coupling both. Moving link made up of distribution con-rod 2 is arranged between rotor discs 8 and linked with pistons via pins 14 fitted therein through grooves made in adjoining discs.

EFFECT: working body distribution without valves.

13 dwg, 14 cl

Description

The invention relates to mechanics and can be used in the construction of internal combustion engines (ICE), engines with external heat supply (Stirling engines), compressors and other reciprocating machines.

Known two-speed internal combustion engine containing a main assembly that includes many radially diverging cylinders ending in the upper solutions and having pistons inside, a connecting rod mechanism with a crankshaft and an ignition device, which also contains: an annular element fastening the upper ends of the cylinders and having gas seals covering top solutions of cylinders; a housing with ignition devices having inlet and outlet windows for moving gases made therein with the possibility of direct interaction with the upper cylinder solutions and a planetary gear for coordinated rotation of the crankshaft, the housing and the main assembly placed inside the housing on the same axis. In this case, the main unit in turn brings in the upper cylinder solutions for direct interaction with the inlet and outlet windows and ignition devices. The workflow takes place without the use of a valve mechanism, the patent of Ukraine without substantive examination No. 24536A, F01B 1/00, F01B 13/00, published July 21, 1998, Bulletin No. 0.

A disadvantage of the known engine is the impossibility of organizing a two-sided working process in the cylinders.

A known piston machine, which comprises: a housing in which eccentric shafts with parallel axes are mounted on the supports, cylinder blocks in the form of two arcuate elements, each of which has a pair of opposed cylinders, the pistons in which are reciprocating, and a selection shaft power. The elements of the piston machine are surrounded by a ring, on the inner surface of which the rods with pistons are rigidly fixed, the following is provided: Radially placed cylinders are arranged in a common cylinder block, which is mounted in the crankcase with the possibility of rotation around the distributor axis. The ring, which covers the elements of the piston machine, is rigidly connected to the flange of the power take-off shaft. Pistons are pivotally connected through the connecting rods to the inner surface of the ring. The cylinder block and the power take-off shaft are installed with the possibility of synchronous rotation, which provides a synchronizing mechanism consisting of gears of the cylinder block, power take-off gears and synchronizing gears installed in the housing, Ukrainian patent for invention No. 32462, F01B 13/06, published 15.12. 2000, Bulletin No. 7 (prototype).

The disadvantage of the prototype is the concentration of heat inside the machine, which can cause thermal deformation of the cylinders, complicate the implementation of the cooling system and, as a result, reduce reliability, and there is no possibility of a two-way working process in the cylinders.

Known rocker-lever mechanism of the reversed ellipsograph No. 1005, in which the disk mounted on the shaft is equipped with two mutually perpendicular slots, the axes of which intersect in the axis of the shaft. In these slots slide sliders pivotally connected by a movable link included in the rotary pair with a slider-piston sliding in fixed guides. For one revolution of the shaft, the sliders on the rotating disk and the slide-piston in the motionless guides make two double strokes each, I. I. Artobolevsky, “Mechanisms in modern technology” in 7 volumes, Moscow, “Science”, 1979.

Known connecting rod-sliding mechanism with two slide No. 1415, in which the sliders included in the kinematic pairs with the connecting rod, make a reciprocating motion in motionless guides. The angle between the axes of the guides can be any, I.I. Artobolevsky, "Mechanisms in modern technology" in 7 volumes, Moscow, "Science", 1979.

Known cam-lever mechanism of the needle of the sewing machine No. 1396, in which the disk, rotating around a fixed axis, is equipped with slots, the axes of which are offset with respect to the axis of the disk. Sliders slide in the slots pivotally connected to the connecting rod, which communicates reciprocating movement to the slider and the needle connected to it, I. I. Artobolevsky, “Mechanisms in modern technology” in 7 volumes, Moscow, “Science”, 1979.

The combination of the above mechanisms No. 1005, 1415, 1396 allows you to get a mechanism in which the disk mounted on the shaft is equipped with two slots located at any angle, the intersection axis of which can be offset relative to the axis of the disk. In the slots slide sliders pivotally connected by a movable link that enters into a rotational pair with a slide-piston sliding in fixed guides. For one revolution of the shaft, the sliders on the disk and the slide-piston in the fixed guides make two double strokes each, and, depending on the angle of the mutual arrangement of the slots and the magnitude of the displacement of the slots with respect to the shaft axis, the movement of the sliders in the slots is in some way shifted in phase and differs by speed. The resulting new mechanism can find application in piston machines, in particular engines, for converting reciprocating motion of pistons receiving energy from an expanding working fluid into rotational motion of the output shaft.

The objective of the invention is to create a mechanism for converting the movement of a reciprocating machine, in particular an engine, which would allow for coordinated reciprocating movement of the pistons in the cylinders of a rotating rotor with the implementation of work processes in each of the cylinder cavities, with the possibility of distributing the working fluid without using valves.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that a connecting rod-distributor is installed in the housing, and on both sides of it there are fixed shells with exhaust windows having covers in which the output shaft and discs of the composite rotor are installed. The latter have the possibility of synchronous rotation by means of a gear connection with the output shaft in such a position of the cylinders in the disks when the projections of their axes are mutually perpendicular or correspond to another structurally specified angle of relative position, permissible according to the working conditions of the known connecting rod-sliding mechanism with two sliders No. 1415 (structural implementation possible when the projections of the axes of the cylinders deviate from perpendicularity to 60 degrees). Pistons located in the cylinders of the composite rotor by means of the fingers of the connecting rod distributor are mutually connected. The other end of the connecting rod-distributor is pivotally connected by means of a finger to the slider-piston located in the cylinder on the housing. The previously considered combination of mechanisms No. 1005, 1415, 1396 is obtained with the conditions that the disk having slots is equivalently replaced by a composite rotor, in the disks of which cylinders are installed; the sliders act as pistons. For one revolution of the shaft of the composite rotor, the pistons in the discs and the piston in the cylinder mounted on the housing make two double strokes each. The cylinder mounted on the housing, together with the piston, making reciprocating movements in it, form an auxiliary piston machine "Compressor" ("Pump"), which performs the function of servicing the working processes of the main machine.

Figure 1 shows a simplified drawing of a separate block of a piston machine, front view; figure 2 is a section aa in figure 1; figure 3 - section B1-B1 in figure 2, corresponding to the position of the constituent elements of the section of the piston machine, implemented as an internal combustion engine, shown in figure 2; figure 4 - section B2-B2 in figure 2 with the image of the positions of the constituent elements of the piston machine, implemented as an internal combustion engine when the rotor disk is rotated 45 degrees clockwise relative to the position in figure 3; figure 5 is a section B3-B3 in figure 2 with the image of the positions of the constituent elements of the piston machine, implemented as an internal combustion engine when the rotor disk is rotated 90 degrees clockwise with respect to the position in figure 3; in Fig.6 is a section B4-B4 in Fig.2 with a picture of the positions of the constituent elements of a piston machine, implemented as an internal combustion engine when the rotor disc is rotated 135 degrees clockwise relative to the position in Fig.3; Fig.7 - connecting rod distributor, front view; Fig.8 is a section bb of the connecting rod distributor in Fig.7.

Figure 9 shows a simplified drawing of a piston machine consisting of four blocks in one housing, front view; figure 10 is a section GG in figure 9 of a piston machine, implemented as an internal combustion engine.

In Fig.11 shows a section DD in Fig.1 of a separate block of a piston machine, implemented as a Stirling engine.

In Fig.12 shows a section B5-B5 in Fig.2 with an image of one of the positions of the constituent elements of the piston machine for execution as a compressor; in Fig.13 shows a section B6-B6 in Fig.2 with a picture of one of the positions, different, for clarity, from the position in Fig.12, the constituent elements of the piston machine for execution as a compressor.

A piston engine designed as an internal combustion engine comprises a housing 1. The connecting rod distributor 2 is pivotally connected by means of a finger 3 to a piston 4, which reciprocates in a cylinder 5 mounted on adjacent parts of the housing 1 Shells 6, installed in parts of the housing 1 with covers 7, close the interior of the machine. In the covers 7, disks 8 are mounted pivotally in one axis with the shells 6, which, through the gears 9, 10 and the shaft 11, form a composite rotor of the disks 8. In the cylinders 12 installed in the disks 8, the pistons 13 are articulated with the connecting rod 2 by means of fingers 14. Gas seals 15 are installed on the end surfaces of the disks 8 around the grooves “a”, and gas seals are installed on the cylindrical surfaces of the disks 8 around the outlets of the cylinders 12. 16. Nozzles are installed in the shells 6. All pistons in the cylinders have gas seals not shown on h hertages. Also not shown are elements of cooling, lubrication, power, air conditioning and exhaust systems. The preferred working position of the piston machine is the horizontal position of the axis of the output shaft and the axes of the cylinders mounted on the housing.

A piston machine, executed as a Stirling engine (see Fig. 11), in relation to a piston machine, executed as an internal combustion engine, does not contain nozzles 17, but additionally contains: conditionally depicted elements marked with letters, X - refrigerator (cooler), P - regenerator, N - heater; shutters 18 mounted in discs 8 at the outlet of each cylinder 12; gas seals 19 instead of gas seals 16. In the shells 6 there are no outlet windows “b”, and the annular channels e, f, g, h are made, having exits to the mains through which the working fluid from cylinders 12 sequentially passes through an X-cooler (cooler ), P - regenerator, N - heater and vice versa. The compressor (pump), the constituent elements of which are the piston 4 and cylinder 5, performs the function of forcing the working fluid into the cylinders 12 and maintaining their necessary pressure therein. The drawing does not show the elements of the heat supply system to the heater and the heat removal system from the cooler, as well as elements of auxiliary systems serving the working process. For the purpose of clarity, the proportions in the image of the elements are not maintained.

A piston machine designed as a compressor (see FIG. 12 and FIG. 13) with respect to a piston machine designed as an internal combustion engine, with another design of the shell 6, with some exceptions that are clear when considering the drawings of FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 , when compared with figure 3 - figure 6, further comprises a non-return valve 21 mounted on the exhaust window, made in the shell 6.

The operation of the piston machine, if used as an internal combustion engine, is to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons in the rotor cylinders, which receive movement from the gases expanding during the combustion of the combustible mixture, into the rotational movement of the output shaft. The shaft simultaneously synchronizes by means of gears rotating disks, which are parts of the rotor.

A piston machine, if used as an internal combustion engine, operates as follows.

The operation of the machine is illustrated by the drawings (Fig. 3 - Fig. 6), the constituent elements are shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10.

Figure 3 in the cylinder 12 mounted in the disk 8, in the cavity to the right of the piston 13 ends the purge due to the fact that the cylinder 12 in the rotating disk leaves the exhaust zone "b", made in the form of windows in the shell 6. In the cavity to the left of the piston 13 there is a process of combustion of a combustible mixture. The combustion products, expanding, create pressure and push the piston 13 to the right. The cavities of the cylinder 12 seal the gas seals 15 and 16.

Figure 4 in the cylinder 12 mounted in the disk 8, in the cavity to the right below the piston 13, the process of compression of air. In the cavity to the top left of the piston 13, the process of combustion of the combustible mixture has ended and the process of exhaust gas discharge has begun due to the fact that the cylinder 12 in the rotating disk has entered the exhaust zone "b" made in the shell 6.

5, in the cylinder 12 installed in the disk 8, the process of air compression in the cavity under the piston 13 has ended. Through the nozzle 17, fuel is supplied to the cylinder 12, the process of combustion of the combustible mixture begins, the combustion products, expanding, create pressure and push the piston 13 up. In the cavity above the piston 13, the exhaust process continues. In addition, the purge process begins due to the fact that the groove "a" made in the disk 8 and penetrating into the cylinder 12 connected the groove "d" through the groove "c" and made in the connecting rod 2, the cavity above the piston 13 with a cavity under the piston 4. A compressor is injected into this cavity, the working element of which is a piston 4 reciprocating in the cylinder 5. The cavity under the piston 4 is connected by a pipe to the receiver, in which the compressed air generated by the compressor is accumulated (compressor elements are not shown in the drawings any).

In Fig.6 in the cylinder 12 mounted in the disk 8, in the cavity to the lower left of the piston 13, the combustion process of the combustible mixture occurs. The combustion products, expanding, create pressure and push the piston 13 upward to the right. In the cavity in the upper right, the purge process continues.

The next position of the elements of the piston machine will be the position shown in figure 3.

The same processes occur in another symmetrical disk, which is part of the composite rotor of the piston machine used as an internal combustion engine.

The piston machine, if used as a Stirling engine, operates as follows (see drawing 11).

During the rotation of the composite rotor, consisting of disks 8 installed in the left and right parts of the housing 1, the volumes of the cavities of the cylinders 12 in the disks 8 change, and the maximum and minimum values of the volumes of the above-piston and under-piston cavities in the said parts of the housing 1 are shifted by 90 degrees disks 8. The supra-piston cavity of the right cylinder 12 is connected by means of the heater (H), the regenerator (P) and the cooler (X) to the supra-piston cavity of the left cylinder 12. Accordingly, the sub-piston cavity of the right cylinder 12 is connected in the middle of the heater (H), regenerator (P) and cooler (X) with a piston cavity of the left cylinder 12. Thus, two closed circuits of the working fluid with hot and cold cavities are formed, in which, when the composite rotor consisting of disks 8 rotates, the shift the phase between the volume is 90 degrees. The direction of rotation of the composite rotor, consisting of disks 8, determines in which of the volumes (hot or cold) the piston 13 is the first to reach a dead point. To implement the Stirling engine, the direction of rotation is chosen so that the hot piston is ahead of the cold one by a phase shift of 90 degrees. The rotation of the composite rotor, consisting of disks 8, causes a cyclic change in the volumes of cold and hot cavities, and due to a change in the total volume of the closed circuits, the working fluid is compressed and expanded. Moreover, in a state where the working fluid is mainly in the cold cavity, it is compressed, and when the working fluid is mainly in the hot cavity, it expands. Since the compression work of the cold working fluid is less than the compression work of the hot working fluid in the cycle, useful work is developed that is transferred by the pressure of the working fluid to the pistons 13 and further to the shaft of the composite rotor consisting of disks 8. In accordance with the well-known principle of operation of Stirling engines in the heat exchanger included are heaters (H), which supply heat to the working fluid entering the hot cavities, regenerators (P) and coolers (X), which remove the heat of compression from the working fluid emerging from the cold losty.

A piston machine designed as a compressor operates as follows (see the drawings of Fig. 12 and Fig. 13).

In Fig. 12, the gas through the channel "k" enters the cavity of the cylinder 12 located to the left of the piston 13. When the disk 8 rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow, the piston 13 in the cylinder 12 compresses the gas in the cavity to the right, moving in the direction of the arrow. In Fig.13, compressed gas through a non-return valve 21 enters the pressure line "l".

The best embodiment of the piston machine according to the invention can be an assembly of four blocks placed in a common housing 1, with the connection between the blocks using gears 20, mounted on the shafts of the disks 8. Figure 9 shows a General view of such a unit. Figure 10 is a section GG in figure 9. The arrows indicate the directions of rotation of each shaft. The torque in the execution of the piston engine "ICE", "Stirling Engine" is removed from the two shafts of the disks 8 located diagonally and transmitted by the gears 9 and 10 to the common shaft 11 installed in the covers 7 of the shells 6 mounted on both sides of the housing connector 1, or transmitted in reverse sequence to the shafts of the disks 8 in the execution of the piston machine "Compressor". The common shaft 11 is also an element of synchronization of the disks 8, which are pairwise parts of the composite rotors and located on opposite sides of the plane of symmetry of the unit, coinciding with the plane of the connector housing 1. The moments of inertia of the masses in such an assembly are balanced by oncoming movements of the elements. The unit in this design is compact.

Claims (14)

1. A piston machine comprising a prefabricated housing in which a disk (rotor) mounted on a shaft is provided with two holes with cylinders installed in them, made in planes perpendicular to its axis, in projections at any mutual angle, mainly mutually perpendicular, into which pistons are placed, which, by means of the fingers placed in the movable link, form a rotational pair with a slider-piston sliding in a stationary cylinder placed on the housing, in which the piston makes two double strokes in one revolution of the shaft, as well as shnni in the rotor, and the projections of the axes of the cylinders are shifted relative to the axis of the rotor, characterized in that the rotor is made integral, consisting of two disks, synchronous communication between which is provided by gears and a shaft connecting them, and a movable link in the form of a distributor rod is placed between the rotor disks and has a hinge connection with the pistons in them, through the grooves in the adjacent sides of the disks, by means of the fingers installed in it. 2. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the pistons placed in the cylinders of the rotor discs are double-sided and equipped with seals. 3. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that in the rotor disks, around the grooves, seals are installed that are in conjunction with the adjacent surfaces of the connecting rod-distributor. 4. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the fingers of the connecting rod distributor having a pivot connection with the pistons located in the rotor disks are provided with sealing elements in the form of sliders that are in conjunction with grooves in the disks. 5. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is executed in one block. 6. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of four blocks placed in a common housing, with a connection between the blocks using gear wheels and a common shaft, which is a torque transmission shaft and a rotor disc synchronization element, the mass inertia moments in which are balanced by oncoming movements of the elements. 7. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that if it is used as an internal combustion engine, the rotor disks, with the cylinders installed in them, cover the shells in which there are fuel supply channels and exhaust windows, and around the rotor disks forming surfaces, around Outlets of cylinders are equipped with annular gas seals that are in conjunction with the cylindrical surfaces of the shells. 8. The piston machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the slider-piston having gas seals placed in a cylinder mounted on the housing, being a compressor element, pumps air into the receiver, and air from the receiver is mainly used to purge the cylinders final cycles of duty cycles. 9. The piston machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the movable link in the form of a connecting rod-distributor, placed between the rotor disks, covers the grooves in them with its body, and the grooves and channels made in it are distribution channels of the air coming from the receiver to purge the cylinders. 10. The piston machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the four-stroke duty cycle in the cylinders of the rotor disks is organized on both sides of each piston and occurs twice in one revolution of the rotor disks. 11. The piston machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the exhaust process at the final stage is combined with a cylinder blowdown from a source of compressed air, which is its integral part. 12. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that if it is used as a Stirling engine in cylinders installed in the rotor disks, the cavities on both sides of the pistons are separated by seals and brought into insulated annular channels made in shells covering the rotor disks . 13. The piston machine according to claim 1, characterized in that if it is used as a compressor, the rotor disks, with the cylinders installed in them, cover the shells in which the suction windows and discharge channels with non-return valves are made, and on the forming surfaces of the rotor disks ring gas seals are installed around the cylinder outlets. 14. The piston machine according to item 13, wherein the piston reciprocating in the cylinder mounted on the housing is an element of its first stage.

Images