RU2462614C2 - Multi-purpose wind-driven power plant - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power industry.

SUBSTANCE: multi-purpose wind-driven power plant refers to wind plants converting the wind power to electric power or to mechanical operation. Multi-purpose wind-driven power plant includes vertical shaft and wind wheel with blades. Wind wheel is put on hollow shaft of reduction gear and arranged inside fairings - internal and external ones - in the form of hollow semi-discs of aerodynamic shape. External fairing is equipped with internal fairing control device. When wind velocity exceeds allowable values, the above device deactivates the system by turning the internal fairing about vertical axis relative to external fairing, thus closing wind wheel against the effect of incoming air flow. When wind velocity decreases, the device introduces the internal fairing inside external one, opens wind wheel for air flow and activates the system.

EFFECT: invention allows improving the energy conversion efficiency.

3 cl, 26 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of energy, in particular to power plants, and can be used to convert wind energy into electricity or into mechanical work.

Currently used stationary wind power stations are made according to one scheme - in the form of a two-, three-blade propeller. The main disadvantages of this arrangement are the need for a large free space in the area of installation of these power plants, high cost, complexity and low efficiency of using wind power. Since the blades are located at an angle to the direction of the wind force vector, there is a glide of the air flow over the surface of the blades, i.e. only a small fraction of wind energy is used to create torque. To ensure a large torque, it is necessary to increase the length and area of the blades, therefore, the diameter of the circle described by the blades and the height of the support column are increased. When the wind is intensified to a hurricane, such installations are weathering, but even in this position there is a flutter of the blades and their ends, the possibility of spontaneous unwinding of the blades is not excluded. As a result of flutter, the ends of the blades are often destroyed. The cost of stationary installations of this type is quite high since in addition to the basic structural elements, in addition, each blade has its own gearbox for turning and holding the pitch of the blade, each gearbox has its own electronic control unit and synchronization of the pitch of the blades. The tower also has a separate gearbox for turning and an electronic control unit for turning the tower. This entire system is controlled by a complex electronic system, or by an operator. Installation of such installations is carried out using high-altitude cranes, or cranes with a long boom and a lifting capacity of more than 30 tons. Outwardly, such installations look very light and elegant, but in fact the weight of only the supporting column is on average about 100-150 tons, and the foundation under the column is a powerful reinforced concrete structure that can withstand the weight of the column and a large bending moment, because in wind, the column acts as a loaded console. In addition, during operation, the ends of the blades describe a circle of large diameter, therefore, the linear speed of the ends of the blades is very high, hence the increased wear of the ends of the blades from air erosion. To eliminate these phenomena and increase efficiency, the blades and the ends of the blades are given a more complex aerodynamic shape, which leads to a rise in the cost of the blades and the entire installation as a whole. Installations of this type are mainly stationary, and existing mobile installations are low-power.

The well-known “wind power station with a vertical two-stage vortex wind turbine with centrifugal speed limiters of a wind turbine” (Patent RU No. 2392489, IPC F03D 3/00, published on 06/20/2010), containing a wind turbine mounted on horizontal supports and made of two vertically placed one above another turbine with individual bearing shafts connected to electric generators or other consumers of rotational energy through transmission systems, couplings and multipliers or gearboxes, while the shaft of the lower turbine is made floor well, inside it, through the bearings, there is a shaft of the upper turbine attached by bearings to horizontal bearings, disks with grooves on their circles are mounted on the surface of the shafts, in which the inner ends of the blades are mounted, made in the form of a surface cut off from the hollow cylinder by a plane parallel to the generatrix, and the outer ends of the blades are pulled together by narrow hoop rings, the top and bottom of the ends of the blades are closed by bases in the form of disks, rigidly connected with them and with the shafts, forming multi-blade turbines s, the blades in which have opposite bends, cylinders are attached to the turbine bases with removable joints, while conical, cup-shaped containers with ribs in which they are movable, in the form of liquid or loose, are built into the outer cylinders, closed by conical fairings strung on shafts substances, ballasts, in the middle cylinders there are elements of centrifugal turbine speed limiters, while the cylinder of the lower turbine enters the cavity of the cylinder of the upper turbine, on the inner surface after a belt of high-strength friction material and permanent magnets forming a radial magnetic field are fixed, and the cylinder of the lower turbine is made in the form of a rotor with insulated conductors located in the zone of the magnetic field on its lateral surface, the upper ends of which in the form of collector plates form a horizontal collector, and the lower connected by a conductive plate at the lower base of the rotor, and on the upper base of the lower cylinder levers are fixed with conductive plates on the bottom and fritz onnym material at the ends of rotating on axes and held in an inoperative position by springs.

This technical solution has the following disadvantages:

- too much bending of the turbine blades, which, although it allows minimizing the braking force of the ceiling of the air running on the non-working half of the turbine, it also reduces the force of the air flow and the working side of the blades. With such bends of the blades, the air flow slides along the working surface and a significant part of the energy of the air flow is not used, the torque is less than with straight or slightly curved blades;

- a three-stage speed control system for turbines of this kind introduces additional complications to the design and is not advisable in the proposed form. The proposed dynamic method of speed control increases the weight of the structure due to the presence of a movable ballast. This system is only an inertial speed stabilizer and in the proposed form cannot effectively regulate speed. Regarding the electrodynamic controller, we can say that this is absolutely not a working system. The description says that the conductors are interconnected from below by a conductive plate, we are talking about just one plate, i.e. from below they are all shorted and mounted on the same ring, and the upper ends are free and not shorted. Turning levers will close only the conductors located in the sector of their rotation, and the rest of the conductors remain open. Even if we assume that the upper ends of the conductors will be shorted or closed, still this design is not the rotor of the electric motor and there can be no talk of any electric current in the conductors, much less an electromagnetic field. As for the mechanical system with friction elements, the system is not functional. With a strong wind, the turbine rotation speed will tend to the maximum, the levers under the action of centrifugal force will press against the friction belt, of course, the turbines will reduce the rotation speed but will not stop, but will tend to increase the rotation speed and the friction will be constant. No matter how strong the friction belt and levers are, heating will inevitably occur, then overheating and destruction of this system. Thus, it turns out that this speed control system is absolutely not functional;

- the use of this installation on ships is impossible. The dynamic method of controlling the speed, i.e. the use of liquid or bulk ballast in ship's conditions is not acceptable. At sea, the ship experiences rolling and keel pitching, during a storm the pitching is very sharp, when a wave hits the ship’s hull, there is a strong vibration of all structural elements of the ship and the presence of moving ballast in the upper part of the proposed installation will give additional vibration in its upper part, which and will lead to the destruction of the upper bearing assembly. There is a gap between cylinders 4 and 10, water dust will certainly get into the sea and salt will build up inside drums 4 and 10. All elements inside drums 4 and 10 will be covered with a layer of salt for a short time and will disable the electrical and mechanical system braking;

- the installation is absolutely not protected from very strong and hurricane winds.

The famous "Giant" wind turbine ", selected as a prototype (Patent RU No. 2065992, IPC F03D 3/00, publ. 08.27.1996) containing a vertical shaft and a wind wheel with blades fixed at an angle to the radius of the wind turbine. The shaft is kinematically connected with electric generators, the wind wheel with the blades is made in the form of a crown with a U-shaped groove, and the angle of attachment of the blades is 60 °, and pockets are formed between the blades. The disadvantages of this system are the following:

- large dimensions, a large number of kinematic links (ring-track rollers, drives for 10 generators) limit the scope and reduce the reliability of the entire system;

- there is no protection against vertical movements. In the proposed embodiment, with large dimensions, the wind wheel should be light enough and with a strong ascending or turbulent air flow, it is possible to raise the wind wheel and break it from the supports;

- the presence of support columns determines the location of the entire system at a low height from the earth's surface, but it is at low altitudes that the air flow is not constant and is subject to turbulence, i.e. the efficiency of the wind wheel in such conditions is low;

- the diagram shows the direction of rotation of the wind wheel counterclockwise. But even with a cursory glance at the diagram, it can be seen that the wind wheel should rotate clockwise. If we take the wind direction as 0 °, then in the sector of 300 ° -0 ° -70 ° the summing vectors of the wind force acting on the blades of the wind wheel will spin it clockwise. Moreover, in the sector 270 ° -300 °, the blades will tend to rotate the wind wheel counterclockwise and thereby slow down the rotation of the wind wheel.

In such conditions, the efficiency of using wind power will be low;

- the installation is absolutely not protected from strong and hurricane winds. The proposed technical solution is devoid of all these disadvantages.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is to create a simple, cheap, universal wind power installation, with the maximum possible range of applications and which makes maximum use of wind power.

The task is achieved in that in a universal wind power installation containing a vertical shaft and a wind wheel with blades, a wind wheel with blades is placed inside the fairings - external and internal, made in the form of hollow half-disks of an aerodynamic shape, and planted on the hollow shaft of the gearbox, while the outer fairing is equipped with an internal fairing control device, which, when the wind speed is higher than the permissible values, takes the system out of operation by turning the internal fairing I am around the vertical axis relative to the outer fairing, while closing the wind wheel from the impact of the incoming air stream, and when the wind speed decreases, the device introduces the internal fairing inside the outer one, opens the wind wheel for air flow and puts the system into operation. The control device of the internal fairing is made in the form of a wind wheel with a centrifugal magnetic switch.

The universal wind power plant can be used in a stationary version, as a mobile wind power plant and as an auxiliary power plant on sea and river vessels.

Figure 1 presents a General view of the installation in the open operating position.

Figure 2 - view of the installation in the closed position.

Figure 3 - outer fairing, top view.

Figure 4 - outer fairing, section AA.

5 is an outer fairing, a bottom view.

6 is an outer fairing, front view.

7 is an outer fairing, side view.

Fig - internal fairing, top view.

Fig.9 is an internal fairing, front view.

Figure 10 is an internal fairing, side view.

11 is an internal fairing, section BB.

Fig - rail, view 4.

Fig - part of the staff (General view).

Fig - General view of the installation in section.

Fig - wind wheel, top view.

Fig.16 is a wind wheel, side view.

Fig - wind power unit control system of the internal fairing.

Fig - disk centrifugal magnetic switch, top view.

Fig - disk centrifugal magnetic switch, side view.

Fig - fairing wind power unit, top view.

Fig - fairing wind power unit, General view.

Fig. 22 is a sectional side view of a gearbox of an internal fairing control system.

Fig - gearbox control system of the internal fairing in section, top view.

24 is a general view of a wind power installation (ship version).

Fig - auxiliary ship wind power installation, the layout of the vessel.

Fig is a diagram of the use of the installation on the ship.

Fairings (1, 2), the outer 1 and the inner 2 are made in the form of hollow semi-disks of an aerodynamic shape. At the outer fairing (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) in the rear there is a vertical keel 3, similar to the tail vertical keel of aircraft, in the bow (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) there is a protruding horizontal platform 4, on which there is an internal fairing control device. The side surface of the fairings is made continuous, with a width equal to about 1/3 of the length of the blade. The upper and lower surfaces of the fairings (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7) have transverse through-cuts extending from the longitudinal beams towards the side surfaces and forming a set of transverse plates, the plane of which is inclined towards the nose of the fairings (Fig. four). The inner fairing 2 (Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11) is located inside the outer fairing 1, a U-shaped rail (Fig. 8, 9, 10, 12, 13) with vertical rollers 5 is installed along the outer perimeter of the inner fairing 5. In the rear parts of the inner fairing (Figs. 1, 8, 9, 10) on the longitudinal beams are two vertical (upper and lower) restriction plates 6. Both fairings (Fig. 14) in the upper part are supported by bearings mounted on the central supporting axis 7, and in the lower part they rely on a rotary device 8 located around the perimeter of the outer wall eduktora 9.

The wind wheel 10 (Fig.1, 14, 15, 16) is located inside the inner fairing 2, is planted on the upper end of the shaft 11 and consists of a hub, spokes and blades. The blades can have any shape, but the most appropriate is the shape of the sheet with a spherical concave inner (working) surface and a spherical convex external (not working) surface. In any case, the outer edges of the blades should repeat the shape of the inner surface of the inner fairing 2. The shaft 11 is hollow, the lower part is supported by a thrust bearing, seated on the lower end of the support axis 7 and supported on the base plate of the gear 9. In the lower part, on the shaft 11 the pinion gear 12 is set, the upper end of the shaft 11 has slots on which the hub of the wind wheel 10 sits. A gear ring is attached to the lower edge of the flange of the shaft 11, which engages with the gear wheel of the oil pump 13. The supporting axis is 7 p is located with a radial clearance inside the shaft 11, the lower end of the axis 7 is tightly mounted and fixed in the base plate of the gearbox 9, inside the axis 7 there are longitudinal axial and transverse oil channels along which the oil from the oil pump 13 is supplied to the upper bearings of the shaft 11. Torque from the wind wheel 10 is transmitted through the gear 9 to the generator 14. Depending on the layout of the installation, the generator 14 can be connected directly to the gear 9 or through an intermediate angle gear 15 (Fig. 14).

The control device of the inner fairing 9 (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7) is located on the site 4 in front of the bow of the outer fairing 1 and consists of a wind power unit 16, a generator 17, a battery 18, a DC motor 19, a gearbox 20 and gear wheel 21. The wind power unit 16 (Fig.17) consists of a wind wheel 16 (a) with a stationary fairing 16 (b) and a centrifugal magnetic switch. The front fairing 16 (b) covers the non-working side of the wind wheel 16 (a) moving towards the wind in the 90 ° sector. Under the wheel 16 (a), inside the housing 22, there is a disk 23 with magnets 24, a magnetic switch 25 is attached to the bottom of the housing 22. The centrifugal magnetic switch consists of two parts, a centrifugal part and the switch itself. The centrifugal part is made in the form of a disk 23 (Fig.17, 18, 19) with radial drilling from the edge to the hub and through radial cuts along the radial drilling. The width of the slots is less than the diameter of the radial drilling. Hollow cylindrical bushings 26 with a flange at one end are inserted into the slot. Sleeve flanges 26 enter grooves along the slots. Inside the bushings, cylindrical magnets 24 are tightly pressed, forming an integral connection of the magnet 24 with the bushings 26. The bushings 26 move freely along the slots and are spring-loaded by springs 27 inserted into radial drills. The springs 27 are fixed from the outer end by threaded plugs 28. The disk 23 is seated on the splines of the shaft 29 and is fixed by a spring retaining ring. A magnetic switch 25 is attached to the bottom of the housing 22. The shaft 29 is connected through the coupling halves 30 to the generator shaft 17. The gear housing 20 (FIG. 22) is inserted into the profile cutout in the platform 4 and in front of the outer fairing 1. Inside the gear housing 20 (FIG. 22, 23) the worm 20 (a), the worm wheel 20 (b), the driving gear 20 (c) and the driven gear 20 (d), the gear wheel 21 are located. The gear wheel 21 is engaged with the rollers of the rack 5, located around the perimeter of the inner fairing 2. The shaft of the worm 20 (a) is connected to the shaft of the electric motor 19. A bottom is attached to the platform accumulator 18 in an airtight box.

Installation works as follows.

With a small, medium and strong wind, the air flow acts on the blades of the wheel 10 and makes it rotate, the rotation through the gear 9 and 15 is transmitted to the generator 14 and the generator generates an electric current. The internal fairing control device also works at this time, the wind wheel 16 (a) rotates, the generator 17 generates a current that is used to recharge the battery 18 and to ensure the operation of secondary consumers (flashing beacons). When the wind speed increases above the permissible values, the rotation speed of the wind wheel 16 (a) increases, the magnets 24 under the action of centrifugal force are displaced to the edge of the disk 23 and act on the magnetic switch 25, the switch is activated and closes the contacts to close. In this case, power is supplied from the battery 18 to the electric motor 19, which starts to rotate, drives the gearbox 20 and the gear 21. The gear 21 acts on the rollers of the rack 5 and drives the internal cowling 2. The cowling 2 rotates around axis 7 , leaves the outer fairing 1 and closes the working part of the wind wheel 10 from the effects of air flow. The wind wheel 10 stops. In the extreme (closed) position, the cowl 2 presses the thrust plates 6 to the limit switches (not shown), which open the closing circuit, the electric motor 19 stops. Since the worm and reduction gears are used in the gearbox 20, the gear wheel 21 cannot turn spontaneously or under the influence of vibration of the internal cowl 2, i.e. the system is quite rigid and cannot spontaneously open or close. When the wind speed decreases, the rotational speed of the wind wheel 16 (a) decreases, the centrifugal force decreases, the magnets 24 under the action of the springs 27 move toward the center, again act on the magnetic switch 25, which switches the contacts to the opening and supplies power to the electric motor 19. Electric motor 19 begins to rotate in the opposite direction, drives the gearbox 20 and the gear 21, which, rotating, rotates the inner fairing 2 around axis 7 into the outer fairing 1. Entering completely inside the outer shell of the wheel 1, the inner fairing 2 by the thrust plates 6 presses the limit switches (not shown) and breaks the opening circuit, the electric motor 17 stops. The wind wheel 10 begins to rotate under the influence of the incoming air flow and drives the generator 14. Thus, in the proposed embodiment, there is a fully autonomous wind power installation, which, depending on the wind speed, can itself be switched on and off. In the control device for the internal fairing, the wind power unit and generator are a fairly inertial system that does not respond to short-term gusts of wind, i.e. the system works smoothly and only responds to really increasing and decreasing wind speeds. Fairings 1 and 2 cover the non-working side of the wind wheel 10 from the impact of the incoming air flow, i.e. the braking force acting on the non-working side of the blades by the incoming air flow is removed, and the working side of the blades in the 90 ° sector completely eliminates the air flow slipping over the blades. Thus, the wind wheel 10 quite effectively uses the force of the air flow acting on it. Since fairings 1 and 2 freely rotate around the wind wheel 10 and gear 9, and the outer fairing 1 has a vertical keel 3 in the rear, the installation does not depend on the direction of the wind, because the fairings themselves unfold in the wind.

In the proposed embodiment, the installation can be used in any conditions, in an open area, in settlements (on the roofs of houses and high-rise buildings), can be installed on any mobile ground and sea-based platform. In addition, it is possible to use a similar installation as an auxiliary wind power installation on sea and river vessels. For this, the installation has a slightly different shape (Fig. 24), the blades of the wind wheel 31 are short and wide, without spokes, and the cowling 1 can be one external, freely rotating around the gearbox 32. At least two installations are installed on both sides above the ship’s superstructure, slightly below the radar bridge (Fig.25). It is advisable to use the angular gear 32 and the generators 33 to place horizontally, towards the center of the vessel, perpendicular to the center line of the vessel. Ship auxiliary wind power system (Fig. 26) consists of at least two wind turbines of wind turbines, distribution board 34, battery pack 35, electric heaters 36, consumers operating from alternating current and electric motor 37. This system works as follows : the current generated by the wind turbine is supplied to the switchboard 34 and from there to the battery pack 35. Depending on the needs of the vessel, power, through the switchboard 34, is supplied to the secondary consumers Ithel through the current converter (if a AC) or direct heaters 36 (here it is possible to use direct current). Heaters 36 should be used mainly for heating water. This option is used while the vessel is in port or at roadstead and does not replace the use of diesel generators, it simply provides additional power and partially removes the load from the diesel generators and steam boiler, thereby saving fuel. When the ship goes along the river or at sea and there is enough wind to drive the wind turbine, power is supplied to the electric motor 37, which is connected to the gearbox 38 through the automatic coupling 39. The main engine 40 is connected to the gearbox 38 through the disconnectable coupling 41. During operation the electric motor 37 tightens the gear 38 and gives additional power to the propulsion system. From here the load on the main engine decreases, speed increases, fuel consumption decreases. In the event of a failure of the main engine 40, the coupling 41 is disconnected and, in case of weak and medium waves, the electric motor 37 can provide the vessel with the smallest - low speed, and during the storm maintain the controllability of the vessel, i.e. will make it possible to keep the ship either nose on the wave, or along the wave. Thus, the possibility of turning the ship with a lag in the wave or the wind is reduced and the danger of severe tilting or tipping of the ship is eliminated. In the proposed ship's version, the use of such a system leads to the saving of all types of marine fuel and increases the survivability of the vessel in stormy conditions. Fairings and a wind wheel are made of lightweight composite materials using carbon fiber. In the proposed embodiment, the installation is mounted on a support column.

Thus, the advantage of the proposed installation is that with smaller dimensions it is capable of delivering more power, does not require complex electronic-mechanical devices for the blades. The layout of the installation is such that it can be mounted in any environment, in open areas, in settlements (on the roofs of houses and high-rise buildings), on sea and river vessels, or on any mobile platform and used as a mobile wind power station, pump station , or to drive various mechanisms and devices. The installation uses wind energy more efficiently and is resistant to hurricane winds, as with the strengthening of the wind, it is capable of itself, without the participation of operators, being taken out of work, and when the wind is weakened, it is automatically switched on.

Claims (3)

1. A universal wind power installation containing a vertical shaft and a wind wheel with blades, characterized in that the wind wheel with blades is placed inside the fairings - external and internal, made in the form of hollow half-disks of an aerodynamic shape, and planted on the hollow shaft of the gearbox, while the outer the fairing is equipped with an internal fairing control device, which, when the wind speed increases above the permissible values, takes the system out of operation by rotating the internal fairing axis relative to the outer fairing, while closing the wind wheel from the impact of the incoming air flow, and when the wind speed decreases, the device introduces the internal fairing inside the outer, opens the wind wheel for air flow and puts the system into operation. 2. The universal wind power installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the internal fairing control device is made in the form of a wind wheel with a centrifugal magnetic switch. 3. The universal wind power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that it can be used as a mobile wind power plant and as an auxiliary power plant on sea and river vessels.

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