RU2442719C1 - Desalination installation and electricity production plant (modifications) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: shipbuilding.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to the field of shipbuilding. The desalination installation mounted on board a ship is performed in three modifications: the first modification is the installation with two-stage evaporators, the second one - with two-stage evaporators and with a condenser group, the third one - with a one-stage evaporator (a steam raising facility). Each of the desalination installations contains an electricity production unit that is connected to the desalination installation in each specific case separately with the help of the inlet and outlet nipple piping, releasing valves etc. The desalination installation, for example, in its first modification includes two stages of evaporation. Each of them contains a separator and evaporator, condenser, pumps, piping, valves. Sea water is fed to evaporation with the help of the pump (9) to the evaporator housing (4) of the second stage (2). The steam that is cooled with the outside water goes to the condenser (5), then the condensed steam fills the gravity tank of the desalinated water (21), passes to the batch (18) where the fresh water is forwarded to the first evaporation stage through the fresh water channels. On this stage the condensate is re-evaporated. The steam gives up heat to the outside water in the evaporator (4) of the second stage (2), it is condensed thus forming the distillate that goes to the collecting tank. The saline solution that appears due to water evaporation on the stages goes to the gravity tank of the brine water (22) from the pumps (8), then to the membrane batch (18), passes through the brine water channels that alternate with the fresh water channels, then it is thrown overboard. Energy conversion of the salinity gradients takes place when the solutions pass through the batch channels (18) that are limited on one side with the anion exchange (20) and on the other -with the cation exchange membrane (19). The obtained power is taken from the end electrodes (34) thus ensuring operation of the auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination installation.

EFFECT: reduction of fuel consumption on the ship power station, improvement of the ecological situation.

6 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of energy and shipbuilding, is intended for energy-saving desalination plants and can be used in desalination plants of a stationary type.

At present, an urgent urgent social need has ripened in the creation of energy-saving technologies. A number of well-known energy industries, including the production of distillate and other desalination products from sea water in industry and in maritime transport, do not adequately meet this requirement.

The increasing pace of development of traditional energy is increasingly showing negative effects associated with it: thermal, chemical, and radioactive pollution of the environment, combined with a rapid decrease in readily available fuel reserves, especially oil, gas, and high-quality coal. Therefore, the improvement, in particular, of ship’s power plants should include solving a set of tasks that meet the requirements of high efficiency, environmental friendliness and comfort for the crew and passengers of the ship.

Such tasks include reducing operational capacity and improving the environmental friendliness of a marine fossil-fired power plant through the use of alternative energy sources to drive various auxiliary mechanisms. As a result, such power plants can have reduced fuel consumption and toxic gas emissions.

Such a solution is especially relevant in systems for the deep utilization of heat of internal combustion engines of ships and thermal circuits of ship steam turbine units, in which desalination plants (DU) are used with surface-type evaporators in order to obtain drinking, washing or nutritious (for boiler units or diesel engine cooling systems) water.

Known ship desalination plant type IKV - 39 / 6M, adopted as a prototype [Slesarenko V.N., Slesarenko V.V. Ship desalination plants. - Vladivostok: Moscow State University, 2001. - 448 p., Fig. 2.10, Fig. 2.11, p. 34-36], including evaporation stages (steam generators), each of which is made in the form of a housing with a separator and a surface-type evaporator (with a coil a heating surface) immersed in the volume of seawater of this building, a condenser, pumps (brine, ejector, etc.) and connecting pipelines with disconnecting fittings, while the evaporator of the second stage of evaporation is communicated at the inlet through a pipe with a cavity in the upper part of the body of the first stage, and evaporator inlet the evaporation stage is communicated by means of a pipeline with a source of heating medium, the inlet condenser is communicated by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage, and the condenser discharge pipe is in communication with the distillate collector, and isolation valves are installed along its length in the bottom of the housing of each evaporation stage a brine discharge pipe is mounted, a brine pump is installed on the brine discharge pipe of the housing of the second evaporation stage, and this housing has communication with a source of sea water, the second stage evaporator outlet conduit of evaporation has a message with a collection of distillate.

The disadvantages of the known technical solutions are:

the pumps serving the desalination plant include circulation, brine, distillate, condenser cooling water pumps and ejector pumps with sufficiently high energy consumption. According to some sources, the specific energy consumption for auxiliary mechanisms is quite high and is equal to 1.4 ... 24 kW · h per ton of distillate obtained, depending on the heat scheme of the evaporation plant.

The technical task to which the claimed technical solution is directed is to eliminate these shortcomings, namely: saving energy consumed by the desalination plant from the ship’s power plant, up to the full compensation of energy costs for the desalination plant’s own needs, accompanied by a reduction in the amount of toxic and greenhouse gases emitted by the ship’s power plant.

The task set is achieved by one of the options in that in a known evaporative installation, including evaporation stages, each of which is made in the form of a housing with a separator and a surface-type evaporator immersed in the volume of sea water of this housing, a condenser, pumps and connecting pipelines with disconnecting valves, the evaporator of the second stage of evaporation is communicated at the inlet by means of a pipeline with a cavity of the upper part of the housing of the first stage, and the input of the evaporator of the first stage of evaporation is communicated by means of a pipeline with a source of heating medium, the inlet condenser is communicated by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the housing of the second stage of evaporation, and the condenser discharge pipe is in communication with the distillate collector, and isolation valves are installed along it, and a brine discharge pipe is mounted in the bottom of the body of each evaporation stage , a brine pump is installed on the discharge pipe of the housing of the second evaporation stage, and the housing itself is in communication with a source of sea water, moreover, the outlet pipe of the evaporator of the second stage of evaporation has a message with the distillate collector, in contrast to it, in the inventive version of this option, an additional device for generating electricity for auxiliary mechanisms providing the operation of the desalination plant with inlet and outlet pipes and an additional brine pump, which is installed on the outlet brine pipe of the housing of the first stage of evaporation. At the same time, the pressure line of the brine pump of the housing of the second stage of evaporation along its length is equipped with disconnecting valves. The condenser discharge pipe to its first isolation valve has a salimeter with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve and a branch to the electric power generation device in communication with the pipe of its first input, and a bypass pipe connected to the housing of the first evaporation stage is allocated from the electromagnetic valve. The pipeline supplying sea water to the second stage of evaporation has a branch with a disconnect valve to a device for generating electricity, communicated after this valve with a pipe of its second inlet and having a connecting jumper with a disconnect valve to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnect valves. The pressure line of the additional brine pump has a disconnecting valve and is connected with this jumper behind its disconnecting valve and with the pipe of the third input of the device for generating electricity. The pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the discharge pipe of the capacitor in the area between its uncoupling valves, and the pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump behind its isolation valves. Moreover, the body cavity of the first stage of evaporation is connected via a corresponding pipeline with a disconnecting valve with the ship's or coastal fresh water system and with the condenser discharge pipe in the area up to its second disconnecting valve, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is communicated with the lower cavity of the body of the second stage of evaporation.

To reduce the energy consumption of the desalination plant, according to this option, as mentioned, the device for generating electricity (its first option) is included as an integral part.

A device for generating electricity with input and output nozzles, adopted as a prototype for this inventive device, is implemented in a power generation method (US Pat. No. 4,171,409), including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating between alternative cationic and anionic exchange membranes, spacer elements between these membranes made of a dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, with sealed on opposite sides with hermetic mating to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and forming alternating channels of movement of streams of salt and desalinated water with these membranes, lamellar rectangular electrodes of corrosion-resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in an electric circuit with an electric circuit load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates, limiting rectangular plate electrodes, dielectric mounted e and together with them having coaxial through holes are installed on the press plate inlet and outlet tubes; while thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by means of fasteners installed in through holes located in them; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates, which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of entry and exit of respectively desalinated and salt water with the corresponding and alternating channels of its movement between fine leaved rectangular membranes, as well as between the outer pressing plates and opposing them membranes.

However, the known technical solution has disadvantages, namely: for circulating each of the solutions through the intermembrane channels in a closed circuit, special circulation pumps are used, and the initial salinity is regenerated in a common thermal separator of both closed circuits. Ensuring the operation of these rather energy-consuming auxiliary mechanisms requires additional energy, which reduces the efficiency of the known device, and in certain cases exceeds the generation of electricity.

To eliminate these disadvantages of the known device for generating electricity with inlet and outlet pipes, as part of the desalination plant in this embodiment of the desalination plant, as a whole, into it (into the device for generating electricity), including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating between themselves alternative cationic and anion-exchange membranes, spacers between these membranes and dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with hermetic conjugation to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and forming alternating channels of movement of streams of salt and desalinated water with these membranes, lamellar rectangular electrodes made of corrosion-resistant material located on opposite the ends of the membrane package and are included in the electrical circuit with an electrical load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates s restricting plate rectangular electrodes and having a dielectrically installed together with them through the aligned holes of clamping plates mounted on inlet and outlet tubes; while thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by means of fasteners installed in through holes located in them; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates, which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of entry and exit of respectively desalinated and salt water with the corresponding and alternating channels of its movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes, in contrast to the known one, auxiliary mechanisms of a desalination plant that provide its operation are introduced as an electric load in this option, and the device for generating electricity additionally contains the gravitational capacity of desalinated and the gravitational capacity of salt water, bottom which are located at a level not less than 1.12 meters above the surface of a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and each of which it is communicated with its lower part by means of the corresponding pipeline for supplying desalinated and salt water with a packet of thin-leaved rectangular membranes. At the same time, an isolation valve is installed on the inlets of the inputs of the device for generating electricity. The first and second inputs of the device itself are in communication with the gravitational capacity of the desalinated water of the device. The third entrance is connected with its gravitational capacity of salt water, and the pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water of a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively to the first and second outputs of the device for generating electricity. Pipes, respectively, for supplying and discharging washing water, are connected to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates; moreover, the washing water supply pipe installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane pack has a message through the isolation valve with the salt water supply pipe to it, and the washing pipe drain pipe water from this upper pressure plate is in communication with a pipe supplying it to the lower pressure plate, and the pipeline for its discharge from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package has bschenie third device with a nozzle outlet for generating electricity, which is mounted razobschitelny valve.

The stated technical task is equally achieved by another version of the desalination plant, according to which, in a known desalination plant, including evaporation stages, each of which is made in the form of a casing with a separator and a surface-type evaporator immersed in the volume of sea water of this casing, pumps and connecting pipelines with disconnecting fittings, while the evaporator of the second stage of evaporation is communicated at the inlet by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the housing of the first stage and arenes, and the entrance of the first evaporation stage evaporator communicates via a conduit to a source of heating medium, the vapor discharge conduit upper cavity of the housing has a second evaporation stage connection with the collection of distillate; a brine discharge pipe is mounted in the bottom of the body of each evaporation stage, a brine pump is installed on the brine discharge pipe of the second evaporation stage, the housing itself is connected to a source of sea water, and the discharge pipe of the evaporator of the second evaporation stage has a message to the distillate collector, in contrast to it in the claimed according to this (second) option, the corresponding (second) version of the device for generating electricity to auxiliary mechanisms is additionally introduced, providing e job desalination plant, with inlet and outlet nozzles, and additional brine pump, which is installed on the brine pipe offtake first evaporation stage housing. At the same time, the pressure line of the brine pump of the housing of the second stage of evaporation along its length is equipped with disconnecting valves. The secondary steam outlet pipe of the cavity of the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage is in communication with the pipe of the first input of the device for generating electricity. The pipeline supplying sea water to the second stage of evaporation has a branch with a disconnect valve to a device for generating electricity, communicated after this valve with a pipe of its second inlet and having a connecting jumper with a disconnect valve to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnect valves. The pressure line of the additional brine pump has a disconnecting valve and is connected with this jumper behind its disconnecting valve and with the pipe of the third input of the device for generating electricity. The pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the receiving pipe of the distillate, on which there is a salt meter with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve, and behind it a disconnecting valve. Moreover, a bypass pipe connected to the housing of the first evaporation stage is allocated from the solenoid valve, which is in communication via a pipeline with an isolation valve, respectively, with a ship or coastal fresh water system; the pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump behind its uncoupling valves, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is connected with the lower cavity of the housing of the second stage of evaporation.

To reduce the energy consumption of the desalination plant, according to this (second) version, as part of it, the corresponding (second) version of the device for generating electricity is integrated in that a known device for generating electricity with input and output pipes, including a control - measuring instruments, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating alternative cationic and anion-exchange membranes, is simple full-time elements between these membranes made of dielectric polymeric material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with hermetic conjugation to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and forming alternating channels of movement of streams of salt water and desalinated medium with these membranes, rectangular rectangular electrodes of corrosion -resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in the electrical circuit with an electrical load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates, bounding plate rectangular electrodes, dielectric mounted and having together with them coaxial through holes for the inlet and outlet pipes installed on the pressure plates; while thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by means of fasteners installed in through holes located in them; two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated medium and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, coaxial with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of entry and exit, respectively, of desalinated medium and salt water with by the alternating alternating channels of its movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes, in contrast to it, auxiliary mechanisms of a desalination plant are introduced into the electric load of the device for generating electricity according to this (second) option, and the device itself further comprises a gravitational salt water tank, the bottom of which is located at spaced no less than 1.12 meters water column above the surface of a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and which is communicated with its own part by means of a salt water supply pipeline with a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes. At the same time, an isolation valve is installed on the inlets of the inputs of the device for generating electricity. The first input of the device itself is connected with the secondary steam supply pipe from the cavity of the upper part of the housing of the second stage of evaporation to the packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and its second and third inputs are in communication with the gravitational salt water capacity of the device. Opposite sides of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are heat-exchange surfaces, form channels of movement of flows of mutually heat-exchanging media in the form of a condensing secondary vapor, as a desalinated medium, and cold salt water flowing between the membranes. The pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water from a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively to the first and second outputs of the device for generating electricity. Pipes for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are connected to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates, and the washing water supply pipe installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane package has a message through the isolation valve with the salt water supply pipe to it, and the washing pipe drain pipe water from this upper pressure plate is in communication with a branch pipe of its supply to the lower pressure plate, and the pipeline for its discharge from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package has a third conduit communicating with the output device to generate electricity, which is mounted razobschitelny valve.

The stated technical task is equally achieved by the third version of the desalination plant, according to which a well-known desalination plant comprising a steam generating device with a separator and a surface-type evaporator placed in its closed housing immersed in a volume of sea water and connected to a source of heating medium, and including a condenser, connecting pipelines with disconnecting fittings, a brine pump mounted on the brine outlet pipe of the housing steam generator unit, the condenser at the inlet is communicated through a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the casing of the steam generating device, the discharge pipe of the condenser is in communication with the distillate collector, and an isolation valve is installed on it, and the casing of the steam generating device is in communication with the source of sea water, unlike , in the claimed according to this (third) option, the corresponding (third) version of the device for generating electricity for auxiliary mechanisms is additionally introduced, providing for the desalination plant, with inlet and outlet nozzles, and a circulation pump. At the same time, the pressure line of the brine pump along its length is equipped with disconnecting valves. The condenser outlet pipe to its uncoupling valve has a salinometer with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve and a branch to the device for generating electricity communicated through the second electromagnetic valve with a pipe of its first input, and a bypass pipe connected to the casing of the steam generating device is diverted from the first electromagnetic valve. The pipeline supplying sea water to the steam generating device has a branch with disconnecting valves extending along its length to the power generation device in communication with the nozzle of its second inlet, and has a connecting jumper with a disconnecting valve between the disconnecting valves to the discharge pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnecting valves , and this section itself has a branch to the device for generating electricity, communicated with the pipe of its third entrance. The pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity has a branch with a third solenoid valve and a subsequent disconnecting valve to the discharge pipe of the brine pump behind its disconnecting valves and is also connected to this third solenoid valve with the receiving pipe of the circulation pump, on which the salt meter is mounted with a sensor electrically connected to second and third solenoid valve. Moreover, the pressure pipe of the circulation pump through the isolation valve is in communication with the second input of the device for generating electricity. The pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area behind its uncoupling valves, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is communicated through a pipeline with the lower cavity of the casing of the steam generating device, and also through the jumper from it with its isolation valve with a branch pipe of the first outlet behind its third solenoid valve.

To reduce the energy consumption of the desalination plant, the corresponding (third) version of the device for generating electricity is integrated into it according to this (third) version of the device, which consists in the fact that in a known device for generating electricity with input and output pipes, including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating alternative cationic and anion-exchange membranes, spacer element s between these membranes made of dielectric polymeric material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with hermetic interface to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and forming alternating channels of movement of streams of salt and desalinated water with these membranes, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes of corrosion-resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in the electrical circuit with electrical load and electrical with pressure gauges, clamping plates, limiting rectangular plate electrodes, dielectrically installed and having together with them coaxial through holes for inlet and outlet pipes installed on the pressure plates; while thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by means of fasteners installed in through holes located in them; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates, which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of entry and exit of respectively desalinated and salt water with the corresponding and alternating channels of its motion between the fine-leaved rectangular membranes, in contrast, claimed in the present (third) embodiment of an electrical load device for generating electric power introduced auxiliary machinery desalination plant. The device itself further contains the gravitational capacity of desalinated water and the gravitational capacity of salt water, the bottoms of which are located at least 1.12 meters above the surface of the package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and each of which is communicated with its lower part through a corresponding pipeline for supplying desalinated and salt water with a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes. At the same time, a disconnecting valve is installed on the pipe of the third input and on the pipes of the second and third outputs of the device for generating electricity. The first and second inputs of the device itself are communicated with the gravitational capacity of the desalinated water of the device, and its third input is communicated with the gravitational capacity of the salt water of the device. The pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water from a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively to the nozzles of the first and second outputs of the device for generating electricity. Pipes for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are connected to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates, and the washing water supply pipe installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane package has a message through the isolation valve with the salt water supply pipe to it, and the washing pipe drain pipe water from this upper pressure plate is in communication with a branch pipe of its supply to the lower pressure plate, and the pipeline for its discharge from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package has a third conduit communicating with the output device to generate electricity, which is mounted razobschitelny valve.

The restrictive and distinctive features of the claimed group of inventions ensure the achievement of the technical task.

As you know, the performance of any operating desalination plant is usually 1.5 ... 2.0 times higher than the daily freshwater consumption on the vessel, which is set according to consumption standards for: domestic needs, to compensate for losses from leaks in technical systems, to ensure technological processes, including fishing and fish processing vessels. The daily water consumption, depending on the type of vessel, can range from 0.5 tons (on small motor ships) to 200 ... 250 tons, and during peak hours - 800 ... 1000 tons (at the fishing bases).

Fresh water is obtained on ships using desalination plants, including thermal plants, in which sea water is evaporated by utilizing the heat of exhaust gases or cooling water from a heat engine.

Thus, if the specific energy consumption for auxiliary mechanisms is 1.4 ... 24 kWh per ton of distillate obtained, depending on the heat scheme of the evaporation plant, then for a desalination plant with a capacity of 10 t / h, quite a lot is spent on own needs: 14 to 240 kW · hours. A marine power plant covers these costs by burning fossil fuels, polluting the atmosphere.

The technical problem that the claimed invention solves is to increase the efficiency of using secondary energy resources and reduce emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases of heat engines.

The specified technical problem is achieved by the fact that if in a known solution - a prototype of the utilization of the heat of cooling water and exhaust gases, fresh water is obtained from sea water, and the residual product in the form of concentrated brine, as well as cooling sea water, are dumped into the sea, then in the claimed after use heat exchangers outboard water or brine, with significant electrochemical potential relative to desalinated water, generate additional energy. Utilization of this energy, called, as is known, the energy of salinity gradients (EHS), is carried out using a package of thin-sheet ion-selective membranes in the process of reverse electrodialysis, with which it is proposed to equip the claimed desalination plant. As a result of utilization of the EHS in the inventive device for generating electricity, as part of the inventive desalination plant, we obtain an electric current whose power is sufficient to operate auxiliary mechanisms serving the desalination plant, and with a corresponding increase in the area of the membranes for other auxiliary equipment of a specific marine power plant.

The indicated effect of the implementation of EHS energy can be used to provide more flexible utilization of the heat of a ship’s power plant (SEC) when operating in variable modes. For example, in the absence of sufficient heat load on the ship, excess heat can be sent to the desalination plant. Additionally obtained fresh water will increase the hydrodynamic load on the device for generating electricity, the power of which will increase.

In the claimed invention, the effect is achieved by the fact that the distillate obtained at the outlet of the thermal desalination plant is completely or partially (depending on the variant of the claimed invention) sent to the packet of thin-sheet membranes and moves in it through the channels that they form among themselves in the packet. Moreover, the channels of desalinated medium (second option) or desalinated water alternate with channels through which salt water moves, coming from a branch from the sea water supply pipe or supplied by a brine pump of evaporators.

The energy conversion of salinity gradients occurs during the flow of solutions in channels bounded on one side by anion exchange membranes and, on the other, by cation exchange membranes.

Sea water, in which a significant amount of various salts are dissolved, is a strong electrolyte. As is known, strong electrolytes, both in dilute solutions and in high concentration solutions, are contained only in the form of ions. Ions of salts tend to pass into a solution of a lower concentration, which moves from the opposite side of the membrane. However, the selectivity of the membranes allows only negative ions (for example, Cl ^- ) to pass through cationic membranes, and positive ions (Na ⁺ ) through anionic ones. The directed movement of ions causes the appearance of electric charges on the membranes: negative on cationic and positive on anionic. The more such channels in the battery, the higher voltage and power can be obtained in the electrical load circuit, which are the auxiliary mechanisms of the inventive desalination plant, which is closed to the extreme plate electrodes.

In the known prototype device for the generation of electricity as working fluids, special salt solutions are used. In addition, the required speed of the movement of solutions through the channels of the device is achieved by pumps consuming additional energy, and with increasing speed, this energy consumption naturally increases [Turek M., Bandura B. Renewable energy by reverse elektrodialysis // Desalination 205 (2007). P.67-74], and the overall efficiency of the device is reduced. The presence in the claimed invention, as part of the whole, as working liquids of the natural products of the energy cycle of a desalination plant (desalinated medium, desalinated water and salt water), which do not require special preparation and additional costs for the implementation of recycling in the elements of the device, in conjunction with gravitational containers , providing a reduction in hydraulic energy losses, ultimately contribute to lower energy costs. The gravitational capacities of desalinated and salt water are provided, which, due to the excess of the bottom level above the packet of thin-sheet membranes by not less than 1.12 m, provide a predetermined flow rate of liquids in it due to gravitational pressure, and much less energy is spent to fill the capacities than required when directly connecting the pump, pipeline and a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which is associated, as is known, with hydraulic losses.

In this way, the claimed presence in a desalination plant of a device for generating electricity with its package of rectangular thin-sheet membranes, gravity tanks and an electric load in the form of auxiliary mechanisms of a desalination plant ensures the achievement of the technical task - increasing the efficiency of using secondary energy resources and reducing emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases of heat engines.

Depending on the design in the inventive desalination plant, options are considered that ensure the achievement of the technical task: 1) with a two-stage design of evaporators; 2) with a two-stage design of evaporators and with a steam condenser, the functions of which are performed by the device for generating electricity; 3) with a single-stage execution of the evaporator (steam generating device).

As is known, the device for generating electricity achieves the greatest effect with a maximum gradient of salt concentration in desalinated and salt water, minimal distances between membranes and high flow rates. Therefore, it is preferable to use brine as salt water, which is provided for all three options. Desalinated water should have some salinity (as is known, about 3 ‰) in order to reduce the internal electrical resistance, for which each option provides for the corresponding design features of its dilution with salt, taking into account the fact that the final product of the desalination plant is distillate, and its consumption should be minimal.

The salt water supply pipeline from its gravitational tank to the thin-sheet membrane package has a branch with an isolation valve through which it is sent to flush (flush water) the channels adjacent to the plate electrodes (electrode chambers), first of the upper channel, and then from the lower one. After washing the lower chamber, the washing water enters the lower part of the evaporator case of the second stage (steam generating device according to the third embodiment).

и ОН^- с выделением кислорода и хлора с образованием побочных продуктов: серной и соляной кислот. На катоде будут восстанавливаться ионы металлов и водород, который в газообразном состоянии удаляется из промывочной воды в испарителе, куда она перепускается по трубопроводу от патрубка третьего выхода, вместе с другими неконденсирующимися газами, а гидроксильные ионы с ионами натрия образуют щелочь.At the anode, Cl ^- ions are oxidized,

and OH ^- with the release of oxygen and chlorine with the formation of by-products: sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. At the cathode, metal ions and hydrogen will be restored, which in a gaseous state is removed from the washing water in the evaporator, where it is passed through the pipeline from the third outlet pipe, along with other non-condensing gases, and hydroxyl ions with sodium ions form alkali.

Thus, alkaline water will come out of the cathode chamber, and acidic water will come out of the anode. Entering the cavity of the evaporator (steam generating device), the liquids are mixed and neutralized with the release of heat (about 57.6 kJ / kmol), which helps to increase the efficiency of the evaporator. The electrode chambers are connected in series through a flush water supply line from the upper pressure plate to the lower.

In the first embodiment, the necessary level of salinity of fresh water at the inlet to the device for generating electricity is achieved by controlling the water flows entering into it and controlling the intensity of the evaporation process in the first stage in a known way (not subject to claims) by changing the separation capacity of a known, for example, louvered (practically used everywhere) separator (restrictive feature), affecting the amount of droplet entrainment from the evaporation mirror. In this case, the salinity is controlled by a salimeter installed behind the condenser, which controls the water flows using an electromagnetic valve (options 1 and 3), transferring water from it to the first stage of evaporation (steam generating device), if necessary, and supplying a signal to the louvre separator.

The second option, unlike the first one, is that there is no traditional type condenser in the desalination plant, and its functions are performed by an electric power generation device in which the opposite sides of rectangular thin-sheet membranes are heat-exchange surfaces, form channels of movement of flows of mutually heat-exchanging media in the form of a condensing secondary steam (desalinated medium) and cold salt water flowing between the membranes. In this embodiment, the salimeter is installed after the device for generating electricity and the solenoid valve that it controls, if the condensate does not meet the salinity norm, directs it to re-evaporate to the first stage, supplying a signal to the louver separator control system, similar to the first option.

The third option relates to a single-stage execution of a desalination plant by means of a steam generating device. Since the stage must generate and direct the distillate that meets the technical requirements for desalination installation in the device for generating electricity, it enters into it in a small amount to feed the circulation circuit containing the circulation pump. In the circuit itself, desalinated water of a given salinity circulates through a circulation pump, which increases insignificantly (about 0.1 ‰) in the outlet section of the first outlet pipe of the device for generating electricity due to the passage of salt water from salt membranes. The salt meter installed on the circuit pipeline controls two solenoid valves, one of which (with the serial number three) discharges part of the circuit solution into the steam generating device for re-evaporation through a jumper with an isolation valve to the pipe for draining water into it from the third outlet pipe, and the other the electromagnetic valve (with serial number two) feeds the circuit with distillate. As a result, the salinity level in the circuit is maintained within specified limits.

The presence in the desalination plant of a device for generating energy, gravitational capacities and electrical load in the form of auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination plant in conjunction with special systems to maintain the corresponding salinity of desalinated and salt water specific to each of the three options, allows to achieve the technical task - increase efficiency use of secondary energy resources and reduction of emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases of heat engines.

This is how desalination plant is characterized in the claimed types of variants of the invention, as a whole object, as well as its device for generating electricity of the same type with it, as its part, intended for use in this whole, and the use of which in the whole object allows you to get additional electricity .

The same technical result is achieved (increasing the efficiency of using secondary energy resources and reducing emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases of heat engines) in embodiments of the object of the same type of group of inventions (including both the whole and the part), and they themselves inventions are so interconnected that they form a single inventive concept.

At the same time, which is essential, the part itself - a device for generating electricity - can be used separately (for example, using a known prototype device) or as part of other objects according to their functional purpose.

Those. the unified inventive concept of this group of inventions in three versions is also manifested in the fact that a functionally independent part of the whole is one of the reasons for achieving the technical result by the whole.

In this way, the technical task is achieved, namely, increasing the efficiency of using secondary energy resources and reducing emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases from heat engines.

The claimed group of inventions - desalination plant and a device for generating electricity (options) is illustrated by the following illustrations:

1 is a diagram of a desalination plant with a device for generating electricity - Option 1.

Figure 2 - device package thin-sheet rectangular membranes in a vertical section.

Figure 3 is the same in cross section.

Figure 4 - diagram of a desalination plant with a device for generating electricity - option 2.

In Fig.5 - the same - option 3.

Desalination plant with a device for generating electricity in the first and partly in the second and third versions contains elements: the first 1 and second 2 evaporation stages, each of which is made in the form of a housing with a louver type separator 3 and a surface type evaporator 4 immersed in a volume of sea water this case and the capacitor 5 for options one and three. In this case, the evaporator 4 of the second evaporation stage is communicated at the inlet by means of a pipeline with a cavity of the upper part of the housing of the first stage, and the inlet of the evaporator 4 of the first evaporation stage is communicated by means of a pipeline with a source (not shown) of the heating medium. The condenser 5 of the first embodiment at the inlet is communicated by means of a pipeline with a cavity of the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage, and of the third variant - with a cavity of the upper part of the housing of the first evaporation stage (steam generating device). The condenser discharge pipe is in communication with the distillate collector (collection tank) (not shown), and isolation valves 6 are installed for the second and third options, 6 and 7 for the first option. A brine pump 8 is installed on the discharge pipe from the bottom cavity of the housing of each evaporation stage, and the housing of the steam generating device of the third variant and the housing of the second stage of the first and second variants are connected to the sea water source by means of the pump 9. The outlet pipe of the evaporator 4 of the second evaporation stage of the first and second variants is in communication with the distillate collector (not shown). The desalination plant also contains, as part of it, a device for generating electricity for auxiliary mechanisms that ensure the operation of the desalination plant, for example, pumps 8, 9 and others. Pressure pipelines of brine pumps 8 of the case of the steam generating device of option three and the cases of the second stage of evaporation of options one and two on along its length are equipped with disconnecting valves 10 and 11. The discharge pipe of the condenser of 5 variants one and three has a salimeter with a sensor 12, e lektromagnitny valve 13 and the branch to the device to generate electricity, communication with the conduit (not shown) its first input (I _Rin). Moreover, the bypass pipe connected to the housing of the first evaporation stage of option one and the steam generating device of option three are allocated from the electromagnetic valve 13. The pump 9 supplying sea water to the evaporator bodies has a branch on the pressure pipe with isolation valves 14 for options one and two and 14, 15 for option three to the device for generating electricity, after these valves are in communication with a pipe (not shown) of its second inlet ( II _Rin) and having a connecting web with razobschitelnym valve 16 to the pressure conduit 8 brine pump housings of the first stage of the first and second embodiments and variants of the steam generating device in the area between three its razobschiteln E valves 10 and 11. Pressure pipe brine pump housings 8 of the first stage embodiments one and two (additional brine pump) has razobschitelny valve 17 and it communicates with this bridge for its razobschitelnym valve 16 and with a nozzle (not shown) of the third input (III _vh ) devices for generating electricity. The pipe (not shown) of the first output (I _out ) of the electric power generation device according to embodiment one is connected to the discharge pipe of the capacitor 5 in the area between its uncoupling valves 6 and 7. The pipe (not shown) of the second output (II _out ) of the electric power generating device all the options are connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump 8 behind its uncoupling valves 10 and 11. The cavity of the housing of the first stage of evaporation according to one or two variants through a corresponding pipeline with a disconnection valve (not yet They are in communication with the ship’s or coastal fresh water system and with the discharge pipe of the condenser 5 (membrane package 18 in option two) in the area up to its second isolation valve 7 (for option one), or to valve 6 (for option two), and the nozzle (not shown) of the third output (III _out ) of the device for generating electricity according to all the options communicated with the lower cavity of the housing of the second stage of evaporation.

Desalination plant contains, as part of it, a device for generating electricity, which contains a packet 18 (figures 1, 4, 5) of thin-sheet rectangular membranes 19 and 20 (figure 2), the gravitational capacity of desalinated water 21 according to variants one and three, and gravitational the salt water capacity 22 according to all variants, the bottoms of which are respectively located at a level no less than 1.12 meters above the surface of the packet 18 of thin-sheet rectangular membranes 19 and 20, and each of which, according to option one and three, is communicated with its lower part by means of a respective favoring the pipeline for supplying desalinated water and salt with fine leaved rectangular package 18 membranes, and the container 22 for all embodiments of its lower part communicated with the package 18 membranes. On nozzles (not shown) of the first (I _Rin) and second (II _Rin) input to the device for generating electricity according to embodiment one and two set razobschitelnye valves, respectively 23 and 24. The first (I _Rin) and a second (II _Rin) inputs of the device according to one embodiment of the three and communicated with the gravitational capacity of desalinated water device, the third input (III _Rin) in all embodiments communicates with its gravitational capacity of salt water, and nozzles (not shown) of the input set razobschitelnye valves 25, 26 and 27. Pipelines desalination and salt water s from a packet of 18 thin-sheet rectangular membranes in all cases are connected respectively to the first (I _out ) and second (II _out ) outputs of the device for generating electricity, while on the branch pipe (not shown) of the second output (II _out ) of option three, an isolation valve 28 is installed The pipeline for supplying washing water to the package 18 is installed on its upper end according to all the options and is communicated through the isolation valve 29 with the pipeline for supplying it from the salt water tank 22. The pipeline for draining the wash water from the upper end is in communication with the pipe (in Figs. 1, 4 and 5) for its supply to the lower end, and the pipe for its discharge from the lower end of the membrane package 18 is connected with the pipe (not shown) of the third output (III _out ) devices for generating electricity on which the isolation valve 30 is installed.

The device for generating electricity with inlet and outlet pipes (not shown) for all three options (FIG. 2) includes instrumentation 31, a package 18 (FIGS. 1, 4, 5) of thin-sheet rectangular membranes 19 and 20 (FIG. 2) containing alternating alternative cationic 19 and anion exchange 20 membranes, spacer elements 32 between these membranes made of a dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame (Fig. 3), adjacent on opposite sides with a tight pair to the edges of thin-sheeted yamougolnyh membranes and membranes forming data channels alternating between a traffic flow of desalinated water and salt, inside which the membranes are fixed baffle 33 in the form of perforated corrugated plastic plates. The package 18 also includes plate rectangular electrodes 34 of a corrosion-resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in the electrical circuit with an electric load 35 in the form of pumps 8, 9 and others and electrical measuring instruments 31, pressure plates 36 bounding the plate rectangular electrodes, dielectric mounted and having together with them coaxial through holes for supplying 37 and outlet pipes 38 mounted on pressure plates. At the same time, thin-sheet rectangular membranes 19 and 20 with spacer elements 21, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes 34 and pressure plates 36 are fastened by fasteners in the form of studs (not shown) installed in through holes 39 located in them (Fig. 3). To the nozzles 37 and 38, located near the central part of both pressure plates 36, pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are attached (not shown in FIG. 2). In this case, the drainage pipe (FIGS. 1, 4, 5) of the washing water from the upper plate 36 is in communication with its supply pipe 37 to the lower plate 36. The two extreme pipes 37 and 38 of both pressure plates 36 are located near their edges and have pipelines attached to them supply and drain, respectively, of desalinated and salt water (not shown in FIG. 2), and in the spacer elements 21 and thin-sheet rectangular membranes 19 and 20, respectively, vertical through holes (channels) 40 are made, coaxial with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes 34 and pressure plates 36, which are respectively connected by horizontal opposing grooves of the inlet 41 and the outlet 42, respectively, of desalinated and salty water with corresponding alternating channels of their movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes (Fig. 3).

To create a voltage of 100 V, a package of 18 membranes of the claimed invention includes 1000 membranes (500 pairs) with a width of B = 1 meter and a height of the package L = 0.5 m. When the water velocity in the inlet and outlet pipes is 0.04 m / s, which due to the height of the bottoms of the containers above the package 18, equal to 1.12 m, and their diameter equal to 0.05 m, provides a steady flow of fluid in the channel of the package and the achievement of the effect. The voltage of a pair of membranes U, as is known, depends on the distance between the membranes s and the velocity of the fluids in the channels w. In the claimed tested: s = 0.1 mm, w = 0.0054 m / s, U = 0.1 V, which is concluded in the known ranges, which are respectively s = 0.1 ... 2.0 mm; w = 0.0005 ... 0.015 m / s; and U = 0.02 ... 0.2 V.

The second option has a similar design. Its difference from the first option is the absence of the gravitational capacity of desalinated water 21 and a condenser 5, the function of which is performed by a package of 18 thin-sheet membranes in conjunction with the gravitational capacity of salt water 22, and the salimeter 12 with an electromagnetic valve 13 is installed on the receiving pipe of the distillate connected to the pipe (not shown) the first output (I _o ) device for generating electricity. Thus the vapor discharge conduit upper cavity of the housing of the second evaporation stage is connected to a connector (not shown) of the first input (I _Rin) of the device to generate electricity.

The third option has a similar design. Its distinction from the others is the presence of only one stage of evaporation (the steam generating device), a brine pump 8 and the circulating circuit with a circulating pump 43 and valve 44 razobschitelnym at its discharge conduit communicated to the second input (II _Rin) of the device to generate electricity. In this case, the discharge pipe of the condenser 5 to its valve 6 has a second electromagnetic valve 45 on the branch to the device for generating electricity, and this branch itself is communicated with a pipe (not shown) of its first input (I _in ). The pipe (not shown) of the first output (I _out ) of the power generation device has a branch with a third solenoid valve 46 and thereafter an isolation valve 47 to the discharge pipe of the brine pump behind its valve 11 and is also connected to this solenoid valve 46 with the receiving pipe of the circulation pump 43, on which a salimeter 48 is mounted with a sensor (not shown) electrically connected to a second 45 and third 46 solenoid valve. A pipe (not shown) of the second output (II _out ) of the device for generating electricity through the valve 28 is connected to the pressure pipe of the pump 8 in the area behind its valve 11. A pipe (not shown) of the third output (III _out ) of the device for generating electricity through the valve 30 is communicated through a conduit with the lower space of the steam generating device body and from it through the conduit to razobschitelnym valve 49 communicates with a branch pipe (not shown) of the first output (I _out) of its third solenoid valve 46. At patrub e (not shown) of the third input (III _Rin) and pipe (not shown) of the second exit (II _O) for power generation device installed valve, respectively, 27 and 28, wherein the first (I _Rin) and a second (II _Rin) input the device itself (their pipes) are in communication with the capacity of desalinated water 21, its third inlet (III _in ) connected with the capacity of salt water 22, the pipelines for discharging desalinated and salt water of package 18 are connected, respectively, to the pipes (not shown) of the first (I _out ) and the second (II _out ) outputs of this device, and the pipe drain water from the package 18 is communicated with a pipe (not shown) of the third output (III _out ) of the device on which the valve 30 is mounted.

Desalination plant is used as follows.

First option. Before starting the installation from the ship’s fresh water system, opening the corresponding valve (not shown), fill the body of the evaporator 4 of the first stage to a certain level, which is maintained by an automatic float type regulator (not shown), and which is closed after the desalination plant reaches the design mode. The housing 2 of the evaporator 4 of the second stage is fed with sea water by turning on the seawater pump 9 with the valve 14 closed (Fig. 1). The water level in the housing 2 is also controlled by a float-operated automatic controller (not shown). At the same time, sea water from the pump 9 is supplied through pipelines to cool the condenser 5 of the desalination plant (not shown). Then, uncoupling valves (not shown) for supplying a heating medium, for example steam, to the evaporator 4 of the first stage are opened, in the body 1 of which steam is formed, called secondary. Secondary steam passes through the louvre separator 3, then passes through the evaporator 4 of the second stage housing 2, where the steam condenses, losing its heat to the sea water contained in the housing 2. The distillate formed in the evaporator 4 is taken by a condensate pump (not shown) of the second stage to the distillate collector ( not shown). In this case, the quality of the distillate is controlled by a corresponding salinometer with an electromagnetic valve (not shown), with which the distillate is automatically returned to the first stage casing 1 bypass pipe (not shown) if its salinity exceeds 5 mg / l. Sea water when heated by the evaporator 4 in the housing 2 of the second stage evaporates, forming the primary steam. This steam through its separator 3 enters from it into a condenser 5, cooled by sea water, where it condenses. With the valve 6 closed, a condensate pump (not shown) through the open valve 23 on the first inlet pipe (I _in ) of the power generation device fills its gravity tank 21 with desalinated water, which flows out of it under pressure, due to its elevation, into the membrane package 18 through its desalination water inlet pipe 37 (Figs. 2, 3) and, further, passing through the desalinated water inlet channels 40 (Figs. 2, 3), inlet grooves 41, intermembrane channels with turbulators 33, outlet grooves 42, outlet channels 40, pipe 38 exit desalinated water package 18, exit um through the first exit (I _out ) from the device for generating electricity. After it, the condensate is sent to the first stage of evaporation with the valve 7 closed. When the device for generating electricity is forcedly disconnected (repaired or replaced), valve 6 is opened and valve 23 is respectively closed. In this case, also with closed valves 16 and 25 and open valve 17 by means of pumps 8, opening valves 10, 11, dump brine from the bodies of the evaporation stages into the bypass of the device for generating electricity overboard. Valve 7 is opened to supply part of the water to the collector of low-quality distillate, which is used for technical needs in cases of exceeding the water level (by the signal of the level regulator) above the allowable in the case 1 of the evaporator 4 of the first stage.

Before turning on the device for generating electricity in operation, close valve 6 and open valve 23. The brine, which is formed as a result of evaporation of water in both stages, is directed through the pipe of the third inlet (III _in ) of the device for generating electricity into the gravity salt water tank 22 using pumps 8, opening the valves 10, 17, 25 when the valve 11 is closed. With its filling, it enters under pressure, due to elevation, into the membrane package 18 through the salt water inlet pipe 37 (Figs. 2, 3), where it passes through the saline water inlet channels 40, inlet grooves 41, intermembrane channels with turbulators 33, outlet grooves 42, outlet channels 40, outlet pipe 38 from the salt water package 18 and is discharged overboard through the second exit (II _out ) of the power generation device. The desalinated water channels in the packet 18 alternate with the channels through which the salt water moves, and are limited on one side of the anion exchange 20 (Fig. 2), and on the other hand, cation exchange membranes 19.

Salt water, in which a significant amount of various salts are dissolved, is a strong electrolyte. Ions of salts tend to pass into a solution of a lower concentration, which moves from the opposite side of the membrane. Membrane selectivity allows only negative ions (e.g., Cl ^- ) to pass through cationic membranes, and positive ions (Na ⁺ ) through anionic ones. The directed movement of ions causes the appearance of electric charges on the membranes: negative on cationic and positive on anionic. The more such channels are in the package, the higher voltage and power can be obtained in the electric load circuit, which is closed to the extreme electrodes. 500 pairs of membranes with a width of 1 meter, a package height of 0.5 meters of the claimed invention create a voltage of 100 V. There may be a variant of 1000 pairs of membranes, then a voltage of 200 V. is created. The specific power (power per 1 m ^{2 of the} total membrane area) of the device for power generation is 4 W / m ² for a salinity gradient of 105 ‰ (salt water) and 3 ‰ (desalinated water).

The maximum power of the membrane package is achieved at the optimum salinity of desalinated water (2 ... 3 ‰), which is controlled by the salimeter 12. The signal from the saline meter is fed to the electromagnetic valve 13, which returns, if the salinity exceeds 3 ‰, condensate for re-evaporation into the evaporator body 1 4 first stage. If the salinity of desalinated water is below 2 ‰, the signal from salinometer 12 is fed to the system (not the subject of claims) for automatically controlling the shutters of the louver separator 3 of the second stage housing, which change the amount of droplet entrainment of liquid during evaporation in the second stage 2. In case of exit from This system provides an option (at salinity less than 2 ‰) for diluting the distillate in the tank 21 with sea water from the pump 9 by opening the valve 14 and valve 24 of the second inlet pipe (II _in ) of the device for power generation. The same valves, as well as valve 16, are opened, being guided by the readings of salinometer 12 to maintain levels in gravity tanks 21 and 22 at variable SED operating modes, when distillate and brine become insufficient to ensure a given water flow through membrane package 18 (valve 25 has been opened previously) .

After the gravitational capacity of salt water is filled to the required level, open the isolation valves 29 and 30 in the device for generating electricity, including it in operation. Salt water from the valve 29 is directed first to the inlet pipe 37 of the package 18 (FIG. 2) to flush the upper electrode chamber, from which water exits through the upper pipe of its outlet 38. Next, the washing water enters the pipe inlet 37 of the package 18 into the lower electrode chamber, rinses it and leaves through the outlet pipe 38. After flushing these chambers, water through the valve 30 on the pipe of the third outlet (III _out ) enters the lower part of the evaporator body of the second stage.

The second version of the desalination plant (figure 4) is used similarly to the first. The difference is that the steam from the second stage through the valve 23 open in the device for generating electricity at its first inlet pipe (I _in ) is supplied to the inlet pipe 37 (figure 2) of the desalinated medium in the form of steam (figure 4), where it passes through intermembrane channels washed by cold salt water. In the channels the steam condenses, the condensate leaves the device to generate electricity. Next, the condensate, the salinity of which is controlled by salinometer 12 and should be in the range of 2 ... 3 ‰, is sent to the first stage by re-evaporation using the electromagnetic valve 13. If the salinity exceeds the specified limits, a signal is sent from the salimeter to the system (not the subject of claims) of automatic control by the shutters of the louver separator 3 of the housing 2, which regulates the evaporation process. Valve 6 is opened to supply part of the water to the collector of low quality distillate, which is used for technical needs, when the desalination plant is operated in cases when the water level is exceeded by the level regulator above the permissible level in the case 1 of the evaporator 4.

The third version of the desalination plant is used similarly to the first. The difference lies in the fact that only one stage of evaporation (steam generating device) is used here. Moreover, if the quality of the distillate, which is controlled by salinometer 12, meets the requirements (salinity not more than 5 mg / l), it also enters the distillate collector through valve 6, otherwise, using the electromagnetic valve 13, it is likewise sent back to the housing 1 the first stage of evaporation. In the device for generating electricity, desalinated water is pumped by a pump 43 through a closed circulation circuit through its open valve 44. The predetermined salinity of the circulation water (2 ... 3 ‰) is controlled by a second saline meter 48 (in this circuit), which supplies signals to the electromagnetic valves of the second and third, respectively 45 and 46. If the salinity is less than 2 ‰, these valves are closed and the salinity increases due to the passage of salt ions through the membranes in the channels of the membrane package 18 from salt water. With an increase in salinity above 3 ‰, a small part of the distillate (approximately 3 ... 4% of the desalination plant capacity) is fed by a solenoid valve 45 to the gravity tank of desalinated water 21 to feed a closed circuit in which desalinated water is circulated by pump 43 using a signal from saline meter 48. At the same time, the same amount of water, according to the signal of saline gauge 48, is discharged from the circuit through the electromagnetic valve 46 with the valve 47 closed and the valve 49 open into the stage housing for re-evaporation together with the flushing water. The isolation valve 47 is opened to discharge overboard water from the circulation circuit when the desalination plant stops. The valves 14 and 15 for supplying sea water from the pump 9 are provided to increase the salinity of desalinated water in the circulation circuit during the start-up of the desalination plant when it is controlled by salinometer 48. The device for generating electricity receives, if necessary, salt water from the brine pump 8 (via valves 10, 27) however, if the brine flow is not sufficient to maintain the level in the gravitational capacity of salt water, which is usually the case in partial modes, salt water is added from the seawater pump (via valves 14, 16, 27). The valve 11 is opened, and the valve 28 is closed when the device for generating electricity is turned off, while the brine is dumped overboard.

The execution of the device for generating electricity in the form of a modular design facilitates the easy connection of the membrane packages into a single hydraulic system, which allows to obtain power that can ensure the operation not only of auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination plant itself, but, if necessary, of other ship's consumers of electricity.

Thus, due to the additional conversion of the energy of salinity gradients, the efficiency of using secondary energy resources and the reduction of emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases from heat engines are increased. This is the advantage of the claimed invention in its three variants.

Claims (6)

1. Desalination plant, including evaporation stages, each of which is made in the form of a housing with a separator and a surface-type evaporator immersed in the volume of sea water of this housing, a condenser, pumps and connecting pipelines with disconnecting fittings, while the evaporator of the second evaporation stage is communicated at the inlet by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the housing of the first stage, and the input of the evaporator of the first stage of evaporation is communicated by means of a pipeline with a source of heating medium, an inlet condenser communicated by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage, and the condenser discharge pipe is in communication with the distillate collector, and isolation valves are installed along it, a discharge brine pipe is mounted in the bottom of the housing of each evaporation stage, and a pipe for the discharge of the brine of the housing of the second evaporation stage is installed brine pump, and this case itself has a connection with a source of sea water, the outlet pipe of the evaporator of the second stage of evaporation has connection with a distillate collector, characterized in that it further comprises a device for generating electricity for auxiliary mechanisms that ensure the operation of the desalination plant, with inlet and outlet pipes and an additional brine pump, which is installed on the brine discharge pipe of the housing of the first evaporation stage, while the pressure pipe the brine pump of the housing of the second stage of evaporation along its length is equipped with uncoupling valves; the condenser outlet pipe to its first isolation valve has a salimeter with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve and a branch to the electric power generation device in communication with the pipe of its first inlet, and a bypass pipe connected to the housing of the first evaporation stage is allocated from the electromagnetic valve; the pipeline supplying sea water to the second stage of evaporation has a branch with a disconnect valve to the device for generating electricity, after this valve is in communication with the pipe of its second inlet and has a connecting jumper with a disconnect valve to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnect valves; the pressure line of the additional brine pump has a disconnecting valve and is connected with this jumper behind its disconnecting valve and with the pipe of the third input of the device for generating electricity; the pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the discharge pipe of the capacitor in the area between its disconnecting valves; the pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump behind its uncoupling valves, and the cavity of the housing of the first stage of evaporation is in communication with the ship or shore fresh water system and communicated with the discharge pipe of the condenser in the area before its second disconnection valve, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is communicated with the lower cavity of the housing of the second drop evaporation. 2. Device for generating electricity with input and output pipes, including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating alternative cation and anion-exchange membranes, spacers between these membranes made of dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with tight mating to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and alternating channels of movement of salt and desalinated water flows with these membranes, rectangular rectangular electrodes of corrosion-resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in an electric circuit with electric load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates limiting rectangular rectangular electrodes, dielectric mounted and having, together with them, coaxial through holes for the supply and outlet mounted on the pressure plates box pipes; wherein, thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by fasteners installed in through holes located therein; to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates, pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are connected; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates, which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of the inlet and outlet of desalinated and saline water, respectively, with the corresponding and alternating channels of its movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes, characterized in that the electrical load of the device for generating electricity are auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination plant, and the device itself further contains the gravitational capacity of desalinated and the gravitational capacity of salt water, the bottoms of which are located at a level no less than 1.12 m water column above the surface of a packet of thin-leaved rectangular membranes, and each of which is communicated with its lower part by means of an appropriate pipeline for supplying desalinated and salt water with a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, while an isolation valve is installed on the inlets of the inputs of the device for generating electricity, the first and second inputs of the device are in communication with the gravitational capacity of the desalinated water of the device, the third input is communicated with its gravitational capacity of salt water, and the pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water from a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively to the first and second through the strokes of the device for generating electricity, to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates are connected pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, and the pipe for supplying washing water installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane package has a message through the isolation valve with a supply pipe to it salt water, the pipe for draining the wash water from this upper pressure plate is in communication with the pipe for supplying it to the lower pressure plate, and the pipe for its discharge from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package has a message with the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity, on which the isolation valve is installed. 3. Desalination plant, including evaporation stages, each of which is made in the form of a housing with a separator and a surface-type evaporator immersed in the volume of sea water of this housing, pumps and connecting pipelines with uncoupling fittings, while the evaporator of the second evaporation stage is communicated at the inlet through a pipeline with the cavity of the upper part of the housing of the first stage of evaporation, and the input of the evaporator of the first stage of evaporation is communicated through a pipeline with a source of heating medium, diverting the secondary p the cavity pipe of the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage has a communication with the distillate collector, a discharge brine pipe is mounted in the bottom of the housing of each evaporation stage, a brine pump is installed on the discharge brine of the housing of the second evaporation stage, the housing itself is in communication with the sea water source, and the discharge the evaporator pipe of the second evaporation stage has a communication with the distillate collector, characterized in that it further comprises a device for generating electric energy uu on support mechanisms that support the operation desalination plant, with inlet and outlet nozzles and additional brine pump, which is installed on the brine pipe offtake first stage evaporation housing, wherein the pressure line of the pump housing brine second evaporation stage is provided along its length razobschitelnymi valves; a secondary steam outlet pipe of the cavity of the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage is in communication with the pipe of the first input of the device for generating electricity; the pipeline supplying sea water to the second stage of evaporation has a branch with a disconnecting valve to a device for generating electricity, communicated after this valve with a pipe of its second inlet and having a connecting jumper with a disconnecting valve to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnecting valves; the pressure line of the additional brine pump has a disconnecting valve and is connected with this jumper behind its disconnecting valve and with the pipe of the third input of the device for generating electricity; the pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the receiving pipe of the distillate, on which there is a salt meter with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve and an isolation valve behind it, and a bypass pipe connected to the housing of the first evaporation stage, which is connected by a pipe with an isolation pipe, is allocated from the electromagnetic valve a valve, respectively, with a ship or coastal freshwater system; the pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump behind its uncoupling valves, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is communicated with the lower cavity of the housing of the second stage of evaporation. 4. A device for generating electricity with input and output pipes, including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating alternative cation and anion-exchange membranes, spacers between these membranes made of dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with tight mating to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and alternating channels of movement of salt water and desalinated medium flows with these membranes, rectangular rectangular electrodes of corrosion-resistant material, located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in an electric circuit with electric load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates limiting rectangular rectangular electrodes dielectric mounted and having together with them coaxial through holes for supplying and installed on the pressure plates outlet pipes; wherein, thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by fasteners installed in through holes located therein; to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates, pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are connected; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated medium and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of the inlet and outlet of the desalinated medium and salt water respectively with the alternating alternating channels of its movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes, characterized in that the electrical load of the device for generating electricity are auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination plant, and the device itself further contains a gravitational salt water tank, the bottom of which is located at a level not less than 1.12 m of water column above the surface of a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and which is communicated with its lower part through the pipeline yes salt water with a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, while an isolation valve is installed on the inlet pipes of the device for generating electricity, the first input of the device itself is connected to the secondary steam supply pipe from the cavity of the upper part of the housing of the second evaporation stage to the packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and the second and third its inputs are connected with the gravitational capacity of the salt water of the device, the opposite sides of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are heat-exchange surfaces, form the channels of movement of the flows of mutually heat-exchanging media in the form of a condensing secondary steam, as a desalinated medium, and cold salt water flowing between the membranes, and the pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water from a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively to the first and second outputs of the device for generating electricity, pipes located near the central part of both pressure plates are connected to the pipes for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, the flush water supply water installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane pack has a message through the isolation valve with the salt water supply line to it, the flush water discharge pipe from this upper pressure plate is in communication with its supply pipe to the lower pressure plate, and its discharge pipe from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package is in communication with the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity, on which the isolation valve is installed. 5. Desalination plant, including a steam generating device, in the closed case of which there is a separator and a surface-type evaporator immersed in a volume of sea water and connected to a source of heating medium, as well as a condenser, connecting pipelines with disconnecting fittings, a brine pump mounted on a discharge brine the pipeline of the casing of the steam generating device, wherein the inlet capacitor is communicated by means of a pipeline with a cavity in the upper part of the casing of the steam generating device The outlet pipe of the condenser is in communication with the distillate collector, and an isolation valve is installed on it, and the casing of the steam generating device is in communication with the source of sea water, characterized in that it additionally contains a device for generating electricity for auxiliary mechanisms ensuring the operation of the desalination plant, with inlet and outlet nozzles and a circulation pump, while the pressure pipe of the brine pump along its length is equipped with disconnecting valves; the condenser outlet pipe to its uncoupling valve has a salimeter with a sensor, an electromagnetic valve and a branch to the device for generating electricity communicated through a second electromagnetic valve with a pipe of its first inlet, and a bypass pipe connected to the body of the steam generating device is allocated to the first electromagnetic valve; the pipeline supplying sea water to the steam generating device has a branch with disconnecting valves along its length to the power generation device in communication with the pipe of its second inlet, and has a connecting jumper with a disconnecting valve between the disconnecting valves to the discharge pipe of the brine pump in the area between its disconnecting valves , and this section itself has a branch to the device for generating electricity, in communication with the pipe of its third entrance; the branch pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity has a branch with an electromagnetic valve and an isolation valve behind it to the discharge pipe of the brine pump behind its isolation valves and is also connected to this third electromagnetic valve with the intake pipe of the circulation pump, on which the salt meter is mounted with a sensor electrically connected to the second and third solenoid valve, and the pressure pipe of the circulation pump through the isolation valve communicated with the second input of the device for generating electricity, the pipe of the second output of the device for generating electricity is connected to the pressure pipe of the brine pump in the area behind its uncoupling valves, and the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity is communicated through a pipe with the lower cavity of the casing of the steam generating device, and also through a jumper from it with its isolation valve is connected with a branch pipe of the first output of the device for generating electricity for its t solenoid valve. 6. A device for generating electricity with input and output pipes, including control and measuring devices, connecting pipelines with fittings, a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes containing alternating alternative cation and anion-exchange membranes, spacers between these membranes made of dielectric polymer material, made in the form of a rectangular frame, adjacent on opposite sides with tight mating to the edges of thin-sheet rectangular membranes and alternating channels of movement of salt and desalinated water flows with these membranes, rectangular rectangular electrodes of corrosion-resistant material located at opposite ends of the membrane package and included in an electric circuit with electric load and electrical measuring instruments, pressure plates limiting rectangular rectangular electrodes, dielectric mounted and having, together with them, coaxial through holes for the supply and outlet mounted on the pressure plates box pipes; wherein, thin-sheet rectangular membranes with spacer elements, plate-shaped rectangular electrodes and pressure plates are fastened by fasteners installed in through holes located therein; to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates, pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, are connected; the two extreme nozzles of both pressure plates are located near their edges and have pipelines for supplying and discharging desalinated and salt water, respectively, and vertical through holes are made in the spacer elements and thin-sheet rectangular membranes, which are aligned with the extreme through holes of rectangular rectangular electrodes and pressure plates, which are communicated respectively by horizontal opposite grooves of the inlet and outlet of desalinated and saline water, respectively, with the corresponding and alternating channels of its movement between thin-sheet rectangular membranes, characterized in that the electrical load of the device for generating electricity are auxiliary mechanisms of the desalination plant, and the device itself further comprises the gravitational capacity of desalinated and the gravitational capacity of salt water, the bottoms of which are located at a level no less than 1.12 m above the surface of the packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, and each of which is communicated by its lower part by the corresponding pipeline for supplying desalinated and salt water with a packet of thin-sheet rectangular membranes, while disconnecting valves are installed on the nozzles of the third input, second and third outputs of the device for generating electricity, the first and second inputs of the device are in communication with the gravity capacity of the desalinated water of the device, the third input is in communication with its gravitational capacity of salt water, and the pipelines for the removal of desalinated and salt water of a package of thin-sheet rectangular membranes are connected respectively but with the nozzles of the first and second outputs of the device for generating electricity, to the nozzles located near the central part of both pressure plates are connected pipelines for supplying and discharging washing water, respectively, and the pipe for supplying washing water installed on the upper pressure plate of the membrane package has a message through the isolation valve with a pipeline for supplying salt water to it, a pipeline for extracting washing water from this upper pressure plate is in communication with a pipe for supplying it to the lower clip plate, and the pipe of its outlet from the lower pressure plate of the membrane package has a message with the pipe of the third output of the device for generating electricity, on which the isolation valve is installed.

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