RU2438026C1 - Device for implementing method of operating efficiency increase of piston-type internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps. ^ SUBSTANCE: engine includes cylinder, piston with piston-rod connected to spring-loaded balance arm swinging on the axis. One end of balance arm is connected to load shaft and its other end is fixed on one of the teeth of toothed pawl. Piston compresses balance arm spring by means of piston-rod and balance arm without connection to load shaft; after that, one end of balance arm is fixed on one of the pawl teeth. And after the fixed end of balance arm is released, the other end of balance arm rotates tooth rim of notched wheel of load shaft under action of balance arm spring at movement of piston with piston-rod and balance arm from lower position. This will allow faster working process of piston. ^ EFFECT: improving operating efficiency of piston-type internal combustion engine. ^ 15 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of power engineering, in particular, improves the device for implementing the method according to patent No. 2335648, intended for power plants, for example, in power plants, ships, diesel locomotives, automobiles and aircraft.

In engine manufacturing, a device is widely known for implementing a method for converting rotational motion of a crankshaft into reciprocating piston motion (Vansheydt VA Shipboard internal combustion engines. - L .: Sudpromgiz, 1962 - p. 81), which includes a cylinder, piston, connecting rod , a crankshaft connected to a load shaft by a gearbox or automatic machine.

The disadvantage of the device for implementing the method is that the crankshaft, being the engine of the piston, makes eight cycles per cycle in a four-stroke engine.

However, the thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke engine has two high-speed and two protracted processes. Thus, devices for implementing the known method operate according to uncoordinated diagrams.

This does not allow to obtain a high effective power (Ne) in the device for implementing the method.

It is also known a device for implementing the method of operation of a piston engine (patent specification RU No. 2163681 C2, 7 F02; B 75/32 for 2001), including a cylinder, a piston with a rod, a spring-loaded rocker arm, a cam fixed to a shaft connected to load shaft by gearbox or automatic machine. This slows down the piston speed during the workflow.

Another disadvantage of the device for implementing the method is that the cam at high speeds creates the effect of a "springboard". This does not allow to obtain high effective power.

Closest to the claimed invention is a device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine (description of the invention to patent RU 2335648, F02B 75/32; F02D 17/02 for 2008), including a cylinder, a piston with a connecting rod, a spring-loaded rocker, one end of which is connected with the load shaft, and its other end can be fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog. The engine also has a control shaft with a drum, on which half-sensors are rotated with the help of an electric motor. Around the drum are electrical receivers. In the case of combining single-cylinder engines into a multi-cylinder engine, the automatic control system ensures the operation of electric drives of the rocker springs in such a way that the processes of the same name in the cylinders of a multi-cylinder engine are carried out either alternately, or simultaneously, or in groups.

The disadvantage of the device for implementing the method is that the speed of the piston during the execution of the working process depends on the speed of rotation of the load shaft. And at this time, the working fluid, having high parameters, gives off thermal energy to the walls of the cylinder, which are cooled by water. This, according to the first law of thermodynamics, does not allow to obtain a high efficiency in the device for implementing the method.

Based on the foregoing, the task was to develop such a device for implementing a method for increasing the efficiency of a piston engine, which will improve the basic technical characteristics of the parameters of a reciprocating multi-cylinder internal combustion engine.

The problem is solved by the claimed device for implementing the method, comprising a cylinder, a piston with a connecting rod, a spring-loaded beam, one end of which is connected to the load shaft, and the other end can be fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog. The springs carry out the movement of the rocker arm at the command of half-rings-sensors rotating on the drum.

In the claimed device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of a piston engine, the features of the invention common to him and his closest analogue are:

- cylinder, piston with connecting rod;

- a spring-loaded rocker, one end of which is connected with the load shaft, and the other end can be fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog;

- the springs carry out the movement of the rocker;

- used the electrical method of controlling the device for implementing the method.

In the claimed device for implementing the method, the features of the invention that distinguish it from the closest analogue are:

- the spring-loaded rocker during the workflow is not connected with the load shaft.

This set of distinctive features of the invention, together with the general features of the claimed device for implementing the method and its closest analogue, provide a positive effect of the invention in all cases to which the requested amount of legal protection applies.

Figure 1 shows the kinematic diagram of a device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine.

Figure 2 is an ideal diagram of the four-stroke single-cylinder internal combustion engine, built according to the method of Grinevetsky-Masing in the coordinates: pressure (P) kG / cm ² ; angle of rotation of the crankshaft (λ ⁰ ) in degrees.

Figure 3 is a diagram of the piston stroke of a four-stroke single-cylinder internal combustion engine, constructed according to the Brix method in coordinates: piston stroke (n) in mm; angle of rotation of the crankshaft (λ ⁰ ) in degrees.

Figure 4 is a real indicator diagram of the four-stroke single-cylinder internal combustion engine in the coordinates: pressure (P) kG / cm ² ; angle of rotation of the crankshaft (λ ⁰ ) in degrees.

Figure 5 is an indicator diagram of the operation of a four-stroke four-cylinder engine in the coordinates: pressure (P) kgf / cm ² ; angle of rotation of the crankshaft (λ ⁰ ) in degrees.

Figure 6 is an indicator diagram of the operation of a four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm, and after switching speed - at 5000 rpm, in the coordinates: pressure (P) kgf / cm ² ; angle of rotation of the crankshaft (λ ⁰ ) in degrees.

In Fig.7 - the forces acting on the crankshaft from the side of the pistons during operation of the four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm, and after switching speed - at 5000 rpm:

1) Forces arising during the course of auxiliary processes (F1);

2) Forces arising during the flow of working cycles in the internal combustion engine cylinders (F2);

3) Forces arising during the course of combustion processes of the air-fuel mixture (F3);

4) Forces acting on the crankshaft during load shedding, at the moment of switching speed (F4).

On Fig - indicator diagrams of the cylinders of a four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine; the same processes in which they occur simultaneously.

In Fig.9 is a diagram of the effective power of the cylinders, the same processes in which are performed simultaneously.

Figure 10 - indicator diagrams of the cylinders of a four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine, the same processes in which are performed alternately.

Figure 11 is a diagram of the effective power of the cylinders, processes of the same name in which are performed alternately.

On Fig - indicator diagrams of the cylinders of a four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine, the same processes in which are performed in groups.

On Fig - diagram of the effective power of the cylinders, processes of the same name in which are performed by groups.

On Fig depicts a single-line electrical control circuit of a device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine.

On Fig - kinematic timing of the first working cylinder on the control drum.

A device for implementing a method for increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine comprises a cylinder 1, a piston 2, a connecting rod 3 and a rocker 4. One end of the beam through the gear rim of the ratchet wheel 5 rotates the load shaft 7 by the gear 6. The spring 9 allows the rocker 4 to swing relative to the axis eleven.

The second end of the rocker arm 4 in the rear part can be fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog 8. The spring 12 allows the gear dog 8 to swing relative to the axis 13 between the actuator 1C and the spring support 12. Using the roller 15, the lever 17 closes the contacts of the signal lamp 1L. On the top cover of cylinder 1, a nozzle 10 is installed, valves 16 for filling the cylinder with air with a 1KN actuator.

In the lower part of the cylinder there is a channel for the release of gases of combustion products 14. The device for implementing the method has a control drum on which half rings-sensors 18, 19, 21, 22, 24 are placed. Around the control drum in rows at intervals of 90 ° at 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 ° electrical receivers are installed.

Using the switch, the driver sets the desired mode and the automatic control system (ACS) quickly and accurately performs the necessary processes in all working cylinders.

Before starting the device to implement a method of increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, the driver checks that the engine is ready to start. In this he is convinced of the signal lights 1L, 2L, 3L and 4L. If the lights do not light, the driver first turns on the 1P switch. This will allow through the switch 1P to apply voltage 12V (volts) to the coil 1KN of the valve 16 of filling the cylinder with air with a 1KN actuator and thereby supply compressed air from the receiver (not shown in Fig. 1) to the first working cylinder (see Figs. 1 and 14 )

The operator learns about the amount of air supplied to the cylinder by the 1L warning light, which should light up at the end of this operation. In addition, the end of the rocker arm 4 is fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog 8.

Similar operations will occur with each working cylinder of a four-cylinder engine, if the operator turns on the switches 2P, 3P and 4P in turn.

Next, the operator turns on the control drum by applying a voltage of 12V to the DC electric motor through a DB switch (see Fig. 14). After turning on the DB switch, the voltage 12V will also appear on the continuous ring 18 of the drum through the brush holder Щ. From ring 18, the voltage is distributed over all half-rings-sensors mounted on the drum. The operator then turns on the 1P switch of the 1P magnetic starter mode. After turning on the magnetic starter 1P, the voltage will appear in the coils of the magnetic starters 1MP-0, 2MP-90, 3MP-180 and 4MP-270. This will allow, during engine start-up, to turn on the cylinders of the four-cylinder engine so that the processes of the same name in different cylinders are performed alternately through an interval of 90 °.

As an example, consider how the first slave cylinder starts to work at startup. During rotation of the drum, the half-ring sensor 19 approaches, and then touches the electrical receiver 1C-0. This will apply a voltage of 12V from the half-ring sensor 19, closed contacts 1C1 of the magnetic starter 1MP-0 to the drive coil 1C of gear dog 8 of the first working cylinder. After that, the actuator 1C compresses the spring 12, rotates the gear dog 8 to the left and releases the shank of the rocker 4. Under the influence of the spring 9, the rocker 4 together with the connecting rod 3, the piston 2 will rise up, and the piston 2 will compress the air in the cylinder 1. In the region of the upper point the stroke of the piston into the cylinder cavity using the nozzle 10 will receive fuel, which will ignite and burn. Under the action of high pressure, the piston will change its direction and quickly begin to move down, dragging the connecting rod 3 with the rocker 4. The rocker 4 will not rotate the gear rim of the ratchet wheel 5 counterclockwise. On the contrary, the load shaft at this moment will stand still or move clockwise. This will allow the piston 2 to quickly compress the spring 9, and in the lower position, the rocker shank 4 will turn the gear dog 8 to the left and fix on one of the teeth of the dog 8. At this time, the half-ring sensor 21 will come closer and then touch the power receiver 1KN-0 at 0 ° and then the voltage 12V, bypassing the closed contacts 1KN1 of the magnetic starter 1MP-0, will enter the coil 1KN of the actuator of the valve 14 filling the first working cylinder. This will allow compressed air from the receiver to flow into the first working cylinder, displacing the exhaust gases through the exhaust gas outlet channel 14. Soon, the end of the half-ring of the sensor 21 will leave the 0 ° mark on the drum. After that, the power supply to the coil 1KH of the drive filling valve 14 of the first cylinder will stop. And at this time, the half-ring sensor 19 will come closer, and then it will touch the 1C-0 power receiver. This will apply a voltage of 12V from the half-ring sensor 19, closed contacts 1C1 of the magnetic starter 1MP-0 to the drive coil 1C of gear dog 8 of the first working cylinder. After that, the actuator 1C compresses the spring 12, rotates the gear dog 8 to the left and releases the shank of the rocker 4. Under the action of the spring 9, the rocker 4 will rotate the gear rim of the ratchet 5 clockwise, which is connected to the load shaft 7 at the same time by the gear 6 Together with this connecting rod 3 the piston 2 will rise upward, and the piston 2 will squeeze the air in the cylinder 1. At the top of the piston stroke, the fuel will come into the cylinder cavity 1 using the nozzle 10, which will ignite and burn. Similar processes will occur in all four cylinders in one revolution of the control drum, and processes of the same name with an interval of 90 ° will occur in different cylinders as the control drum rotates.

In this mode, the engine output will be small, since the working processes in the engine cylinders will take place alternately. Therefore, at any moment of time, only mechanical power identical to the power of one cylinder will act on the output shaft.

In order to double the engine output, the operator must open the 1BP mode switch, and then turn on the 2BP mode switch. This will turn off the coil of the magnetic starter 1P and turn on the coil of the magnetic starter 2P. After turning on the 2P magnetic starter, the voltage will appear in the coils of the magnetic starters 1MP-0, 2MP-0, as well as 3MP-180, 4MP-180. This will allow to carry out the processes of the same name at once in two cylinders, that is, in the first and second at 0 °, in the third and fourth cylinders at 180 °. For an example, we will consider how two cylinders will perform the same processes at once. During the rotation of the control drum, the half-ring sensor 19 will approach, and then touch the 1C-0 power receiver. This will apply a voltage of 12V from the half-ring sensor 19, closed contacts 1C1 of the magnetic starter 1MP-0 to the drive coil 1C of gear dog 8 of the first working cylinder. At the same time, a voltage of 12V will appear in the coil of the drive 2C of the gear dog 8 of the second working cylinder, with a half-ring sensor 22, the closed contacts 2C1 of the magnetic starter 2MP-0. After that, the gear dogs 8 synchronously rotate in the first and second cylinders and release the shanks of the rocker arm 4 in both cylinders. Under the influence of the springs 9, the gear sectors of the rocker arm 4 will rotate the gear rims of the ratchet wheels 5 clockwise, which at this time are connected to the load shafts 7 by means of the gear 6. At the same time, the connecting rods 3 will be lifted up by the pistons 2, and the pistons 2 will compress the air in cylinders 1. In the region of the upper points of the piston stroke in the cavity of the cylinders of the first and second by means of nozzles 10, fuel will come in, which will ignite and burn. Under the influence of high pressure, the pistons of the first and second cylinders will change their direction and quickly fall down, not connected with the shafts of 7 loads. This allowed the pistons 2 of the first and second cylinders to quickly compress the springs 9 and fix the shafts of the rocker arms 4 on one of the teeth of the dog 8. At this time, the half rings-sensors 21, 24 will come closer, and then touch the power receiver 1KN-0 at 0 °, after which the voltage 12V, bypassing the closed contacts 1KN1 of the magnetic starter 1MP-0, will enter the coils 1KN of the valve actuators 14 of the filling of the first and second cylinders. This will allow compressed air from the receiver to go into the first and second cylinders and displace exhaust gases from them through channels 14 located in the lower part. After that, the ends of the half-rings of sensors 21, 24 leave the 0 ° mark on the drum and cut off the power supply to the 1KN, 2KN coils of the valve filling actuators 14 of the first and second cylinders. Then the half-rings sensors 19, 22 will come closer, and then touch the electrical receivers 1C, 2C. This will allow you to apply 12V voltage from the half-rings of sensors 19, 22, closed contacts 1C1, 2C1 of magnetic starters 1MP-0, 2MP-0 to the coils 1C, 2C of the gear dog 8 of the first and second cylinders at 0 °. After that, the gear dogs 8 synchronously rotate in the first and second cylinders and release the shanks of the rocker arm 4 in both cylinders. Under the action of the springs 9, the gear sectors of the rocker arm 4 will rotate the gear rims of the ratchet wheels 5 clockwise, which at this time are connected with the shafts 7 of the loads.

Similar operations will be performed in this mode immediately in two cylinders, that is, in the first and second at 0 °. And also in the third and fourth - at around 180 ° (see Fig. 15). If the situation requires an increase in engine power, the operator will open the 2BP mode switch, and then turn on the 3BP switch. This will make it possible to carry out the processes of the same name in all four cylinders simultaneously at the 0 ° mark. Thus, the engine power will increase four times, that is, it will be equal to the sum of the mechanical powers of the springs 9, equal to the cylinder powers of all the engine cylinders.

In addition, in this mode, the operator will be able to increase the output power by increasing the speed of rotation of the control drum while increasing the pressure of air entering the cylinder during the auxiliary cycle. This will allow you to get the maximum engine power.

Before proceeding to the statement of technical and economic advantages, the purpose of the invention is reinforced by convincing examples. Currently, the world produces ICE vehicles for projects that were created without scientific, technical knowledge. This caused irreparable harm to human society, since today the internal combustion engine capacities are 50-70 times higher than those required for this vehicle. Oddly enough, engine drivers today create such "paradoxical" engines on "legitimate" grounds.

So, today, to determine the efficiency of internal combustion engines, the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics, proposed by the French engineer Sadi Carnot in 1824, is used. However, this formulation was proposed for ideal engines that operate under ideal conditions, i.e. lossless. Today it has become apparent that this formulation does not reflect the losses that occur in modern ICEs due to the imperfection of their designs.

So, according to quantum mechanics, a working fluid (combustion products) having an initial temperature of 2000K emits short waves that propagate at a speed close to the speed of light (300,000 km / s). To save the details of the cylinder-piston group from destruction, the engineers introduced a sophisticated cooling system. Thus, the working fluid in the cylinder with an initial temperature of 2000K began to be cooled with water. Obviously, this process, accompanied by the loss of internal energy in the cylinder, is not reflected in the formulation of Sadi Carnot. In addition, during the workflow, the piston in the cylinder moves “slowly” due to the fact that it is connected to the crankshaft, which has “dead zones”. At the same time, the crankshaft is connected through the gearbox to the load shaft, which is connected with the road with an iron grip.

All this "chain" of mechanisms slows down the speed of the piston during the work process. However, these losses are not reflected in the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Knowing this, we must draw up and then apply a new formulation to determine the efficiency of real engines, which, obviously, will look like this:

,

,

where T ₁ is the initial temperature of the gases of combustion products;

T ₂ is the temperature of the gases of the combustion products leaving the cylinder through the exhaust valves;

T ₃ - the temperature of the gases of the combustion products, which decreased the initial temperature due to the presence in the device of the gearbox or machine;

T ₄ - the temperature of the gases of the combustion products, which decreased the initial temperature due to the connection of the load shaft with the piston during the workflow;

T ₅ - the temperature of the gases of the combustion products, which decreased the initial temperature due to the passage of the "dead zone" of the crankshaft;

T ₆ - the temperature of the gases of the combustion products, which decreased the initial temperature during cooling of the cylinder with water.

Thus, it became clear to us that the ICE, created without scientific justification, was overgrown with “superstructures,” which transferred it to the category of “paradoxical,” with many significant drawbacks.

These disadvantages are absent in the device for implementing the method proposed by the author of the invention. This was made possible thanks to the science-based calculations given above. This made it possible to remove from the design of the device for implementing the method the most complex "superstructures": a crankshaft, camshaft, gearboxes, automatic machines, and a complicated cooling system. The mechanical control system will be replaced by an electrical one. This will not only increase the engine efficiency by eliminating the losses of T ₃ , T ₄ , T ₅ , T ₆ in the formulation for determining the efficiency of a new engine, but also get an easy-to-manufacture, reliable device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. The piston mover is an ordinary rocker. The cylinder will be cooled by air from the inside, which when heated will increase the temperature of the working fluid. This process will occur during the auxiliary measure. Single-mode engines - “giants” will be replaced by single-mode small-displacement engines, which will operate at rated design mode continuously, regardless of the profile of the road, therefore, effectively. The driver will change power over a wide range by means of an automatic control system (ACS) without gearboxes or automatic machines.

Due to the above advantages, devices for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of an internal combustion engine will have greater aggregate power compared to modern internal combustion engines with smaller sizes, which can be increased if necessary, satisfying the growing needs of using engines to solve numerous scientific and technical problems, and also in the defense of the country.

Claims (1)

A device for implementing a method of increasing the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, comprising a cylinder, a piston with a connecting rod connected to a spring-loaded rocker swinging on an axis, one end of which is connected to the load shaft, and the other end is fixed on one of the teeth of the gear dog, characterized in that the piston, by means of a connecting rod and rocker, compresses the spring of the rocker without communication with the load shaft, after which one end of the rocker is fixed to one of the teeth of the dog, and after release Rowan end of the rocker under the action of the compressed spring the other end of the rocker arm of the rocker rotates the ring gear shaft ratchet wheel load during the motion of the piston to the connecting rod and rocker arm from the lower position.

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