RU2419951C2 - Static generator of electric energy - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity. ^ SUBSTANCE: static generator of electric energy includes housing with pack of metal plates of both signs, which are separated with a layer of stabilised monocrystal ferroelectric material; at that, all the layers of the pack tightly adjoin each other. According to invention the metal plates are made of heterogeneous conductors with various concentration of free electrons: two various metals, for example antimony-bismuth, ferrum-nickel, titanium-aluminium; various alloys, for example chromel-alumel, chromel-copel; combinations of metal and alloy, for example ferrum-copel, antimony-alumel, and bismuth-chromel. At that, pack of plates includes at least one elementary cell which consists of one ferroelectric material and two various conductors which are arranged in the following sequence: conductor - ferroelectric material - conductor, and if there is more than one elementary cell in the pack, they are connected to source of in-series or parallel electric energy consumption, or in combination - several elementary cells are connected in series, and several elementary cells are parallel connected. ^ EFFECT: simple design, increasing electric power. ^ 4 dwg, 8 ex, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used to generate electricity.

Along with the widely used traditional industrial generators for generating electricity, less common ones are known that use the energy of chemical reactions, thermal energy, magnetic field energy, etc.

A known capacitor with a charging device (see application RU 95106327, IPC H01G 4/12, publ. 1997.02.20). The capacitor contains a housing in which packets of plates of one and the other sign are enclosed, inserted into each other and separated by a layer of a ferroelectric. The capacitor is made in the form of several sections, each of which has a charge plate in the lower end part, separated from other plates by a layer of the same ferroelectric, and all charge plates are interconnected by a conductor and connected to an additional output. The known device is an upgraded capacitor in which the charge plate is made of metal.

However, in the case of using the known capacitor as a static generator of direct electric current, it is necessary to constantly charge the charge plates with an external additional power source.

A device for producing electrical energy is known, which uses the internal energy of active dielectrics - ferroelectrics and electrets (see patent for utility model UA No. 345282, IPC 6 H01J 45/00, published 2008.08.11).

A device for producing electrical energy is known, including a housing with packages of plates of both signs separated by a ferroelectric layer and equipped with a charge plate separated from the rest by a ferroelectric layer, while the charge plate is made of a bipolar electret, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, calcium titanate, glass, etc. ., and as a ferroelectric, a stabilized single-crystal ferroelectric is used, for example barium titanate, polyvinylidene fluoride, triglycine sulfate, egnet salt, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium niobate, ammonium fluoroberylate, etc., while the package of plates includes at least one element, which consists of one electret, two ferroelectric plates and two metal plates, while all layers are tightly adjacent to each other and placed in of the following sequence: a metal plate-ferroelectric-electret-ferroelectric-metal plate, and if there is more than one element in the bag, they alternate so that each subsequent element is placed in relation uw to the previous, adhering like charges of the conductor.

For the successful operation of the known device requires an ordered polarization of spontaneously polarizing ferroelectrics. Such polarization occurs in a known device under the influence of a constant electromagnetic field, which is created by charge plates, the role of which is played by electrets.

The disadvantages of the known device are the short lifespan of electrets, their low stability during operation, as well as the complexity of manufacturing electrets and, of course, their high cost.

The known device is selected as a prototype. The prototype and the claimed device have the following common features:

- a housing with a packet of conductive plates of both signs, which are separated by a layer of stabilized single-crystal ferroelectric;

- the package of plates includes at least one unit cell, consisting of one ferroelectric and two metal plates.

It is known that in different metals the concentration of free electrons is different, and when they are in close contact, part of the electrons always transfer from the surface of one of them to the surface of the other. As a result of this, a potential difference is created between these metals.

It is known that the farther apart both contacting metals are located in the row below (the metal standing to the left is positively charged), the greater the voltage (see B.V. Nekrasov. Fundamentals of General Chemistry. M: Chemistry, 1973, v.2 , p. 383). Thermoelectric series of metals

Sb Fe Mo Cd W Cu Zn Au Ag Pb Sn Mg Al Hg Pt Pd Ni Bi

The phenomenon described above is inherent not only for all pure metals, but also for their alloys - conductors of electricity, for example, those widely known and used, such as chromel, alumel, copel, etc. (see Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1982, pp. 46, 634, 1473).

If a layer of an active dielectric, for example a ferroelectric, is placed between a pair of dissimilar conductors having a significant difference in the concentration of free electrons, its polarization is ordered in the direction of the lines of interaction of the electron-magnetic fields of the pair of dissimilar conductors.

Thus, a pair of dissimilar conductors having a significant difference in the concentration of free electrons will provide a constant electromagnetic field to order the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric. When an external electric circuit is closed, an electric current arises, the power of which depends on the total internal resistance, the contact area of the ferroelectric with the conductors, the degree of polarization of the ferroelectric, the nature of the ferroelectric itself and the nature of the pair of conductors, and also on the electrical capacitance of the system as a whole. It is known that even the most long-lived electrets (up to a hundred years) in their stability and durability are ten times inferior to any pair of conductors.

In the inventive device there are no moving components, so the electric energy generator is static.

The basis of the invention is the task of creating a device for generating electrical energy by utilizing the internal energy of the substances used.

The problem is solved in a static electric energy generator, which includes a housing with a package of metal plates of both signs separated by a layer of stabilized single-crystal ferroelectric, while in the package all layers are tightly adjacent to each other so that the metal plates are made of dissimilar conductors with different concentration of free electrons: two different metals, for example antimony-bismuth, iron-nickel, titanium-aluminum, or various alloys, for example chromel-alumel, chromel-copel, and and combinations of metal and alloy, for example, iron-copel, antimony-alumel, bismuth-chromel, while the package of plates will include at least one unit cell, which consists of one ferroelectric and two dissimilar conductors, which are placed in the following sequence: conductor - ferroelectric - conductor and if there is more than one unit cell in the package, they are connected to the source of electrical energy consumption in series, or in parallel, or in combination - several unit cells are connected last Essentially, and several unit cells are connected in parallel.

New in the claimed device is that metal plates are made of dissimilar conductors with different concentrations of free electrons: two different metals, for example antimony-bismuth, iron-nickel, titanium-aluminum, or various alloys, for example chromel-alumel, chromel-copel, or combinations of a metal and an alloy, for example, iron-copel, antimony-alumel, bismuth-chromel, while the plate package will include at least one unit cell, which consists of one ferroelectric and two dissimilar conductors, which They are arranged in the following sequence: conductor-ferroelectric-conductor, and if there is more than one unit cell in the package, they are connected to the source of electrical energy consumption in series, or in parallel, or in combination - several unit cells are connected in series, and several unit cells are connected in parallel.

A causal relationship between the totality of significant differences and the technical result achieved is as follows:

- the use of heterogeneous conductors in a single unit cell with a significant difference in the concentration of free electrons between which a stabilized single-crystal ferroelectric is placed allows one to ensure the presence of a constant electromagnetic field necessary for ordering the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric. A pair of conductors has been experimentally installed, allowing to provide a much-needed ordering electromagnetic field.

If there is more than one unit cell in the package, they are connected to the source of electrical energy consumption both sequentially and in parallel, depending on the goal pursued.

In all cases, there is an increase in the electrical power of the package. However, when connected in series, the increase in power occurs due to an increase in electric voltage, and in parallel connection, an increase in power occurs due to an increase in electric current. The combination of unit cell connections dramatically expands the design capabilities in the design and manufacture of static electric power generators with specified current-voltage characteristics.

A static generator of electrical energy, consisting of at least one unit cell, is shown in figure 1. A static electric energy generator consists of a housing 1, inside which a pair of conductors 2 is placed, made of dissimilar conductors with different concentrations of free electrons, between which a ferroelectric 3 is placed, through insulators 4, the conductors 2 are connected to the energy consumer.

Figure 2 shows the appearance of a static generator of electrical energy, consisting of four unit cells connected in series.

Figure 3 shows the appearance of a static generator of electrical energy, consisting of seven unit cells connected in parallel.

Figure 4 shows the appearance of a static electric energy generator, consisting of five unit cells having a mixed connection.

The following metals and alloys are given as examples of materials that are used to make pairs of metal plates;

antimony bismuth

nickel iron

titanium aluminum

chromel alumel

chromel-kopel

iron coffin

antimony alumel

chromel bismuth

in this case, barium titanate is used as a ferroelectric, the Curie point ° C (T _k ) is 120, and the maximum spontaneous polarization (P _s ) μC / m ² is 300.

The unit cell is made by sequential vacuum deposition on a release substrate with an area of 1 dm ² and 0.25 dm ² . Layers of conductors are formed with a thickness of 9-10 μm, a ferroelectric layer is formed with a thickness of less than 1 μm, providing a continuous non-porous uniform coating.

Example 1

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of antimony and bismuth.

On a polished fluoroplastic substrate treated with polymethylsiloxane, a template of a given area (1 dm ² or 0.25 dm ² ) is applied and an antimony layer of 9-10 microns thick is sprayed. The template is removed and sprayed with the next layer of barium titanate, providing a continuous pore-free uniform coating with a thickness of up to 1 μm. Then the template is returned to its original place and a layer of bismuth 9-10 microns thick is sprayed. The template is removed and, using a vacuum suction cup, the finished element is separated from the substrate. Using diethyl ether, traces of polymethylsiloxane are removed from the surface of the antimony layer, and residual diethyl ether is removed by blowing with dry air. Then place the unit cell between the terminals made of antimony and bismuth, respectively. The resulting static generator of electrical energy is connected to a consumer of energy.

Example 2

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of iron and nickel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, while iron was used instead of antimony, and nickel was used instead of bismuth.

Example 3

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of titanium and aluminum.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, with titanium used instead of antimony and aluminum instead of bismuth.

Example 4

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of chromel and alumel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, with chromel used instead of antimony, and alumel instead of bismuth.

Example 5

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of chromel and copel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, while instead of antimony, chromel was used, and instead of bismuth, copel was used.

Example 6

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of iron and copel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, while instead of antimony, iron was used, and instead of bismuth, copel was used.

Example 7

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of antimony and alumel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, while alumel was used instead of bismuth.

Example 8

Production of a unit cell, the conductive layers of which are made of bismuth and chromel.

The unit cell was made according to the procedure described in example 1, while chromel was used instead of antimony.

Table 1 shows the dependence of the electric power (mW), as well as the voltage (V) and electric current (mA) of one unit cell with an external load of 1000 Ohms on the materials from which the pair of conductors is made and their area (dm ² ) .

We studied the duration of each pair of metal plates that make up one unit cell. In the temperature range - 20 ° С + 110 ° С, each unit cell continuously works for more than 18000 hours.

Table 2 shows the dependence of the values of electric power (mW), voltage (V) and current (mA) of a packet consisting of ten unit cells connected in series, with an external load of 1000 Ohms, from the materials of which each pair of conductors is made, and their area.

We studied the duration of each pair of conductors that make up ten elementary cells. In the temperature range - 20 ° C + 110 ° C, each package of ten series-connected unit cells continuously works for more than 18,000 hours.

Table 3 shows the dependence of the values of electric power (mW), voltage (V) and current value (mlA) of a packet consisting of ten unit cells connected in parallel on the materials from which a pair of conductors is made at an external load of 1000 Ohms and the area of the conductors.

We studied the duration of each pair of conductors that make up ten elementary cells. In the temperature range - 20 ° С + 110 ° С, each package of ten parallel connected unit cells with an external load of 1000 Ohms continuously works for more than 18000 hours.

Examples of the dependence of power, voltage and current on geometric parameters and material of conductors and the principle of assembly of packets in a static electric energy generator are given in tables 1-3.

As can be seen from the tables (see tables 1, 2, 3), when using a pair of antimony-bismuth conductors and a barium titanate ferroelectric, the power of one unit cell with working areas of 1.00 dm ² and 0.25 dm ² is 1.268 and 0.301 mW respectively. The power of a package of ten unit cells with the same working areas connected in series and in parallel is 18.97 / 4.514 mW and 18.91 / 4.515 mW, respectively. Such a generator operates in the temperature range - 20 ° С + 110 ° С for more than 18000 hours.

The inventive static generator of electrical energy can find application in electrical engineering as an autonomous power source. Compared with the known inventive generator is structurally simple and allows you to receive electrical energy using the internal energy of the materials used in its manufacture.

Table 1 Conductor pair material 1.00 dm ² 0.25 dm ² Power, mW, cell 1 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 1 dm ² Current, mA, cell 1 dm ² Power, mW, cell 0.25 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 0.25 dm ² Current, mA, cell 0.25 dm ² Antimony bismuth 1,268 1,126 1,127 0,301 1,121 0.269 Nickel iron 1,129 1,062 1,063 0.268 1,055 0.254 Titanium aluminum 1,090 1,044 1,045 0.260 1,030 0.252 Chromel alumel 1,115 1,055 1,056 0.265 1,041 0.255 Chromel-kopel 0.993 0,996 0,997 0.236 0.989 0.239 Iron kopel 1,100 1,048 1,049 0.261 1,094 0.240 Antimony alumel 1,120 1,058 1,059 0.267 1,116 0.239 Chromel bismuth 1,236 1,112 1,111 0.294 1,130 0.260

table 2 Conductor pair material 1.00 dm ² 0.25 dm ² Power, mW, cell 1 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 1 dm ² Current, mA, cell 1 dm ² Power, mW, cell 0.25 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 0.25 dm ² Current, mA, cell 0.25 dm ² Antimony bismuth 18,970 16.80 1,129 4,514 16.78 0.269 Nickel iron 17,870 16.32 1,095 4,138 16.29 0.255 Titanium aluminum 15,670 14.90 1,052 3,742 14.85 0.252 Chromel alumel 17,050 15.73 1,084 4,019 15.70 0.256 Chromel-kopel 12,700 12.55 1.012 2,988 12.50 0.239 Iron kopel 16,120 15.21 1,060 3,651 15.15 0.241 Antimony alumel 14,890 15.95 1,071 3,802 15.91 0.239 Chromel bismuth 17,790 16.50 1,078 4,299 16.47 0.261

Table 3 Conductor pair material 1.00 dm ² 0.25 dm ² Power, mW, cell 1 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 1 dm ² Current, mA, cell 1 dm ² Power, mW cell 0.25 dm ² Voltage, V, cell 0.25 dm ² Current, mA, cell 0.25 dm ² Antimony bismuth 18.91 1,1270 16.78 4,515 1,126 4,009 Nickel iron 17.85 1,064 16.78 4,139 1,062 3,900 Titanium aluminum 15.66 1,045 14,99 3,742 1,044 3,584 Chromel alumel 17.03 1,056 16.13 4,020 1,056 3,807 Chromel-kopel 12.71 1,000 12.71 2,989 0,998 2,995 Iron kopel 16.11 1,050 15.34 3,650 1,094 3,336 Antimony alumel 14.90 1,059 14.07 3,800 1,116 3,405 Chromel bismuth 17.76 1,114 15.94 4,229 1,130 3,742

Claims (1)

A static generator of electrical energy, including a housing with a package of metal plates of both signs separated by a layer of stabilized single-crystal ferroelectric, while in the package all layers are tightly adjacent to each other, characterized in that the metal plates are made of dissimilar conductors with different concentration of free electrons: two different metals, for example antimony-bismuth, iron-nickel, titanium-aluminum, or various alloys, for example chromel-alumel, chromel-copel, or combinations of meta alloy and alloy, for example iron-copel, antimony-alumel, bismuth-chromel, while the package of plates will include at least one unit cell, which consists of one ferroelectric and two dissimilar conductors that are placed in the following sequence: conductor - ferroelectric - conductor, and when if there is more than one unit cell in the package, they are connected to the source of electrical energy consumption in series, or in parallel, or in combination - several unit cells are connected in series, and several Unit cells are connected in parallel.

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